FirstNetSession 5AApril 15, 2014

Speakers:

Brandon Abley, Statewide Interoperability Program ManagerBrandon.abley@state.mn.us

Mark Navolio, Televate LLCProject Manager MnFCPFirstNet Consultation Project

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Agenda• Quick Introductions• Act establishing FirstNet• FirstNet Organization & Duties• State Duties– Minnesota/FirstNet Consultation (MnFCP)

• Stakeholder Responsibilities.

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About ECN

Our Expertise

• Broadband Networks (700 MHz, 4.9 GHz, LTE, Wi-Max, Wi-Fi, Microwave, Fiber)• Land Mobile Radio (P25 Voice & Data, Narrowbanding, RF Testing)• Network Planning and Project Management• Business Modeling and Development• Interoperable Communications• Strategy and Planning

Emergency Communication Networks is a division of the Minnesota Department of Public Safety

• The statewide 9-1-1 program• Allied Radio Matrix for Emergency

Response (ARMER)• Communications Interoperability• Statewide Emergency Communications

Board standards and projects• Minnesota/FirstNet Consultation

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About Televate

Our Expertise

• Broadband Networks (700 MHz, 4.9 GHz, LTE, Wi-Max, Wi-Fi, Microwave, Fiber)• Land Mobile Radio (P25 Voice & Data, Narrowbanding, RF Testing)• Network Planning and Project Management• Business Modeling and Development• Interoperable Communications• Strategy and Planning

Company Overview

Founded in 2001, Televate is a leading engineering consultancy delivering innovative communications and IT services and solutions for public safety and critical infrastructure industries. Our technology and program management experts design sustainable, interoperable land mobile radio, wireless broadband networks and applications, and advanced information technology solutions.

Who is FirstNet?

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• Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012, passed Congress on February 17, 2012, establishes:– “FirstNet” First Responder Network Authority, build & operate – “NPSBN” Nationwide Public Safety Broadband Network– Requires FCC to allocate the D Block spectrum to public safety; D Block, 10

MHz; for a total of 20 MHz• The FCC tasked with Technical Advisory Board for define requirement

for interoperability – Develop minimum technical requirements– Ensure nationwide standards for use and access to the network

• FirstNet is the sole authority to build, operate & maintain the NPSBN– Issue open, transparent, and competitive request for proposals (RFP) to

private sector entities

Creation of FirstNet

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FirstNet TimelineDate Milestone

February-12 • Legislation authorizing and funding of FirstNet is signed

August-12• FirstNet Governance Board members appointed• State and Local Implementation Grant Program (SLIGP) requirements

announced

February-13 • FirstNet releases State and Local Implementation Grant Program (SLIGP) Federal Funding Opportunity (FFO)

May-13 • FirstNet Regional Workshops were held initiating their outreach with the States

To be determined • FirstNet visit to the state to determine users & coverage needs.

Q3/Q4-2014(estimated) • FirstNet issues RFP for NPSBN construction & operation

Q1-2015(estimated) • FirstNet informs the State of their deployment/funding Plan

Within 90 Days after notice of plan

• States inform FirstNet whether they will participate in NPSBN deployment or build their own Radio Access Network (RAN);

• Opt-In / Opt-Out

180 Days after Opting-Out

• Opt-Out Scenario: States must develop & complete RFPs for constructing, maintaining, and operating the state RAN

• Approval by the FCC

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Why FirstNet?• Carrier networks are often overwhelmed with

commercial traffic during emergency events• For obvious reasons public safety does not

want to preempt this communication

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FirstNet Advantages• LMR does a great job of providing mission critical voice, however…• Public safety agencies have been relying more and more on wireless

data services (Verizon, AT&T, etc.), but there have been problems:– Lack of Availability: commercial network tend to become busiest during

emergency events– Lack of Reliability: most commercial networks are not built with the level

of redundancy as public safety– Lack of Coverage: commercial networks prioritize populated areas first;

whereas public safety strives for ubiquitous coverage• Benefits

– Better Price & Choice: adopting a commercial standard (LTE) provides a much greater marketplace (2 billion vs. 25 million public safety worldwide)

– Keeps Pace with Technology; with a great emphasis on backward compatibility

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Why LTE? Throughput

High Data Throughput• Comparable with Wi-Fi data

throughput speeds

Supports multiple data services simultaneously• Unlike radio, which is

dedicated to providing mission critical voice over a single frequency channel, LTE can support multiple data streams (bearers) at the same time and even on the same device

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Dedicated Frequencies

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Public SafetyN

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LTE Band 17LTE Band 17 LTE Band 13 LTE Band 13LTE Band 14 LTE Band 14

LTE Band 12LTE Band 12

• Dedicated Frequencies: the FirstNet NPSBN will utilize dedicated frequency channels, Band Class 14.– Two (2) paired 700MHz channels of 10MHz each for total of

20 MHz– Do not compete with commercial users during emergencies

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Ability to Support High Bandwidth Applications

Applications Capacity Impact

Text Based NCIC look-ups, RMS entries, text messages

Low

Geographical Information Systems

Automatic vehicle location, CAD location display

Low to Medium

Preplans, Building Utilities Layers High

Video Traffic, Helicopter, School, Dashboard, Security, Helmet/Lapel cams, etc. (varies in resolution)

High to Very High*

Telemetry Patient and responder biometrics, offender bracelets

Low

Common Apps Email: varies depending on content of messages; web browsing: plug-ins, images, animation affects throughput needs

Medium to High

Applications made possible by 4G Wireless Broadband Capacity

Text BasedDatabase Lookups

NCIC look-ups, RMS entries, text messages

Low

Geographical Information Systems

Automatic vehicle location, CAD location display

Low to Medium

Preplans, Building Utilities Layers High

Video Traffic, Helicopter, School, Dashboard, Security, Helmet/Lapel cams, etc. (varies in resolution)

High to Very High*

Telemetry, AVL Patient and responder biometrics, offender bracelets

Low

Common Apps & Desktop Extension

Email: varies depending on content of messages; web browsing: plug-ins, images, animation affects throughput needs

Medium to High

Long Term Evolution (LTE)

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LTE Overview

RAN

3GPP• GSM, HSPA

3GPP2• CDMA, EVDO

UE

UE

UE

EPC

LTE = Long Term Evolution

3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) standard to achieve broadband data 4G speeds and features

Evolution of current technologies: GSM/GPRS (T-Mobile), WCDMA/HSPA (AT&T), CDMA/EVDO (Verizon and Sprint)

Globally adopted by dozens of major commercial carriers – nearly all US carriers have adopted LTE

Centralized portion of the network is called Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

Radio Access Network (RAN) provides wireless coverage to User Equipment (UE)

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Key LTE Attributes

Peak data rates (for 20 MHz)• 86 Mbps downlink• 36 Mbps uplink

Improved spectral efficiency (in bits/s/Hz)• 3 to 4 times higher than 3G

Reduced latency (5 to 100 mS)

Spectrum and bandwidth flexibility for deployment• Multiple bandwidths• TDD and FDD

Improved Mobility

Improved Coverage• Capacity: 200 users per cell• Cell edge throughput 3-4x DL/2-3x UL

Key Aspects of the EPC• All-IP flat network architecture• Separation of control and data planes• End-to-end Quality of Service (QoS)• No circuit-switched core• Support for multiple access networks

OFDM (DL) and SC-FDMA (UL) Air Interface

Use of Multi Inputs Multi Output (MIMO) antennas

Tens of megabits throughput and sub 50 mS latency

10 band classes (incl. Band Class 14 for PS) and in seven bandwidths

Cost efficiency with reduced CAPEX & OPEX• Simpler all-IP flat architectures • Self-Organizing Network (SON)

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PSBN Reference Model

Source: NPSTC: Public Safety Broadband High-Level Statement of Requirements for FirstNet Consideration

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PSBN Reference Model

Source: NPSTC: Public Safety Broadband High-Level Statement of Requirements for FirstNet Consideration

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• May 2010: FCC requires all 700MHz waiver recipients to use LTE release 8. Objective is to ensure consistency and interoperability in the Public Safety Community

• May 2012: FirstNet Technical Advisory Board requires release 9• LTE Advanced (Release 10) was approved as a 4G technology by ITU• Release 12 will provide Public Safety Enhancements (Proximity Based

Services, Group communications, High Power User Equipment). • Planned for Q2 2014, Commercially available by Q2 2015

Standards Timeline

Dec 19983GPP is

established from GSM

Q1 2009Rel 8 LTE

Q1 2010 Rel 9 LTE

Q2 2012 Rel10 LTE Adv.

Q4 2012 Rel 11

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• Uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA for downlink) and SC-Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA for uplink)

• Resource Block (RB) = 180 kHz for 0.5 milliseconds

• Each RB delivers capacity• Speed per resource blocks depends

on signal conditions– Higher signal to noise ratio uses

more bits per second• LTE scheduler allocates different RB

depending on user needs, radio conditions, priority

LTE Air Interface Basics

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Frequency Reuse• LMR = site

separation• LTE = frequencies

reused at all sites

• Sites reuse frequencies but are separated so that interference is not harmful• Capacity is reduced by partial spectrum use

F1

F1

F3

F2

F1

F1

F1

F1

• Sites reuse and are not separated• Full spectrum capacity usable at each site• Inter-site interference degrades performance between sites

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Category LTE PerformanceChannel Bandwidth 10 MHzPeak Downlink Data Rate Theoretical peak 86 MbpsPeak Uplink Data Rate Theoretical peak 36 MbpsEstimated Avg DL Throughput 16 MbpsEst. Cell-Edge DL Throughput 0.5 Mbps per userEst. Avg UL Throughput 9.0 MbpsEst. Cell-Edge UL Throughput 0.3 MbpsVoIP Capacity 400 Users per sector

Source: NPSTC BBTF

• Total 10 MHz in each direction

• Estimated >3x more spectral efficiency than 3G

• Varies based on antenna configuration– 2x2 MIMO– 4x4 MIMO

• Highly variable based on signal-to-noise ratio

• Quality of Service (QoS) provides dynamic application type, user and throughput management capabilities

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LTE Performance Considerations

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Air Interface Details

• The maximum bit rate greatly depends on the modulation scheme, antenna transmission scheme (MIMO), and number of RB’s allocated (PSBN will have 50 RB).

• Adaptive Modulation and Coding in Uplink and Downlink: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM.

• Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)– Multiple users transmit data at the same time over the same

bandwidth with relatively minimal interference

Bandwidth (MHz) 1.25 2.5 5 10 15 20

Subcarrier bandwidth (KHz) 15

Resource Block bandwidth (KHz) 180

Number of available Resource Blocks 6 12 25 50 75 100

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Modulation & Coding Schemes

• LTE changes the modulation and coding scheme (MCS) based on the channel quality– The better the signal quality, the higher the throughput

• Only the modulation and coding scheme with the best throughput is selected.– QPSK: 2 bits/symbol– 16 QAM 4 bits/symbol– 64 QAM (Optional Uplink) 6 bits/symbol

0

1

2

3

4

5

-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25SNIR, dB

Thro

ughp

ut, b

ps/H

z

ShannonDLUL

0.8 MB; low # of RBs; QPSK

8 MB; High # of RBs; 64QAM

2 MB; Med # of RBs; 16QAM

LTE Architecture

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Data Multiplexing• MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)

– Spatial data multiplexing of several data streams– Uses 2 or more antennas to transmit and receive over air interface. This increases throughput.

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Potential Peak Rates (Single user consuming all radio resources and close to site)

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• Other performance enhancing techniques– Frequency Selective Scheduling

• Improves spectral efficiency and cell edge throughput• Scheduler uses CQI values sent by UEs and their

throughputs to set the priority of every resource of every UE

• Best resources, based on average channel quality, are selected for UE use

• Fractional Frequency Reuse (FFR)– Similar to old systems with frequency planning– Small portion of sector resources are either never

used by eNodeB or are used with reduced power– Provides performance increase for users at cell

edge

LTE Performance Considerations

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• Users close to sites have high signal compared to noise

• Users between sites or with poor coverage have low signal to noise

• LTE automatically chooses speeds based on signal quality

• Design impacts coverage and capacity

• More capacity possible with cell splitting

Interference vs. Speed

0

1

2

3

4

5

-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25SNIR, dB

Thro

ughp

ut, b

ps/H

z ShannonDLUL

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LTE Design Assumptions

End User Requirements

Coverage Environments

• In-Building• On Street• In Vehicle

Throughput Requirements

Site Selection (Government and

Commercial Assets)

Radio Parameters (eNodeB)

Backhaul Parameters

Network Priority and Quality of Service (QoS)

Interoperability Requirements

Operational Requirements

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Typical LTE Architecture

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Design for Coverage

Region ARMER Sites

New Sites Total % New

Central 63 20 83 24%

Metro 70 36 106 34%

Northeast 97 35 132 27%

Northwest 59 18 77 23%

South Central 20 3 23 13%

Southeast 39 18 57 32%

Southwest 32 11 43 26%

Total 380 141 521 27%

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Assess Development

County SitesSites to

Redevelop New

GeneratorsExisting

FiberUpgrade

MWNew

LeasedNew

BackhaulCounty 1 25 6 0 8 0 0 17County 2 40 20 32 16 4 2 18County 3 9 1 6 5 0 0 4County 4 18 5 14 1 4 1 12County 5 40 16 32 32 0 0 8County 6 15 8 10 1 6 0 8County 7 13 3 8 0 0 0 13County 8 9 3 7 0 3 4 2County 9 23 13 22 2 4 0 17County 10 13 6 12 4 0 0 9

205 81 143 69 21 7 108

• Redevelopment:– 62% of the sites will utilize existing structures– 38% New towers, monopoles or rooftop towers

• Backhaul:– 46% of the sites have sufficient backhaul

• Half the sites will need new microwave– 7 sites will require leased connectivity

• Generators:– more than 80% of the sites will require new

generators• Supplemental Sites

– 15 additional sites are budgeted as supplemental sites

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Assess Cost: CAPEX

eNodeB Electronics; $18,304,000

Tower including construction; $7,500,000

Microwave Radio; $5,535,000Deployment Services -RAN specific; $5,441,300

LTE Core Enhancements; $5,100,000

Deployment Services -Core and RAN; $3,293,310

MPLS Router; $2,293,500

eNodeB Cable; $2,283,600

eNodeB Antenna; $2,080,980Power Generator; $2,054,000

Microwave Antennas; $1,718,310

Site Remediation /Im-provement; $1,395,000

Power Supply System, $1,260,750

Core Spares; $1,005,000 RAN Spares; $840,440 Access Road For Mountain Sites; $750,000

Backhaul Engineering; $375,150

NOC ; $375,000Dehydrator; $362,850 Backhaul Spares; $302,317Solar Batteries for Mountain Sites; $300,000Microwave Cables; $295,200LTE Core Enhancements

10%

Upgrade Existing MW ; $71,925

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Assess Cost: OPEX

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• Many cell phones are made to support global frequencies and global technologies

• One billion annual cell phone sales vs. < 17 million US government workers total

• Even as BC 14 chipsets become available, handset vendors may not be willing to support them due to low quantities

• The BC 14 market may not be large enough to support iPhones, iPads, Blackberries, etc. by itself

• If public safety cannot leverage commercial economies, device choices will be limited

Device Economies of Scale

Global Commerci

al

US Commerci

al

US Firs

t Resp

onder

US All G

overnment

1,000,000

10,000,000

100,000,000

1,000,000,000

10,000,000,000Total Users

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• Priority / Pre-emption– Carriers unwilling to provide special government

priority access or preemption of non-public safety users on their networks

– Continued commercial data growth is expected to pose increased risks of network congestion* (*AT&T data growth 8,000% 2007-2010)

• Coverage– Little commercial benefit to meet similar to LMR

county-by-county coverage requirements• Handover between Commercial and FirstNet

– Unclear whether carriers will support seamless two-way handovers between public-private networks

• Network Availability– Carrier networks estimated at 99.5% available. Limited

redundant backhaul.• Potential Device Issues

– Two band (not three) 700 MHz expected

Assess Carriers

LTE Design Approach

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• In the SAE is the Evolved Packet Core (EPC), which consists of only 2 node types now referred to as Evolved Packet System (EPS)– eNodeB (eNB) in the user plane

• The eNB comprises all radio access functions from the node B and radio network controller (RNC). Connected to each other via X2 interface.

– MME (Mobility Management Entity) in the control plane• In control plane connected to EPS gateway which

has two parts, SGW and PDN gateway

• The SGW, PGW and MME can be integrated into the same box or the MME can be integrated into the eNB

System Architecture Evolution

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• The evolved RAN for LTE is compressed into a single node; the eNodeB• The eNB hosts the PHYsical (PHY), Medium Access Control (MAC), Radio

Link Control (RLC), and Packet Data Control Protocol (PDCP) layers that include the functionality of user-plane header-compression and encryption

• It performs many functions including radio resource management, admission control, scheduling, enforcement of negotiated UL QoS, cell information broadcast, ciphering/deciphering of user and control plane data, and compression/decompression of DL/UL user plane packet headers.

Radio Access Network (RAN)

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• The Mobility Management Entity (MME) is the key control-node for the LTE access- network.

• It is responsible for idle mode UE tracking and paging procedure including retransmissions.

• The MME also provides the control plane function for mobility between LTE and 2G/3G access networks.

Mobile Management Entity (MME)

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• The Serving Gateway (SGW) – routes and forwards user data packets– acts as the mobility anchor for the user during inter-eNB

handovers and– anchor for mobility between LTE and other 3GPP

technologies– Manages and stores UE contexts, e.g. parameters of the IP

bearer service, network internal routing information

Serving Gateway (SGW)

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• The Packet Data Network Gateway (P-GW) – Provides connectivity to the UE to external packet data

networks by being the point of exit and entry of traffic for the UE.

– Assigns IP addresses– Acts as the anchor for mobility between 3GPP and non-3GPP

technologies such as 2G, 3G, WiMAX and 3GPP2 (CDMA 1X and EvDO).

PDN GW – Packet Data Network Gateway (P-GW)

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• The Policy and Charging Rules Functions (PCRF) entity performs the following functions:– Ensures traffic mapping and treatment is in accordance with the user's subscription

profile.– Derives the QoS level and the associated Guaranteed Bit Rate (GBR) and Maximum

Bit Rate (MBR) limits for the session.– Derives the priority based on prioritization policy.

• Home Subscriber Server (HSS)– Contains user subscription data

PCRF & HSS

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• A bearer is an aggregate of one or more IP flows related to one or more services. – Each bearer is assigned a QoS Class Identifier (QCI) that decides how the data is treated. QCI is a

scalar value mapped to specific bearer level packet forwarding treatment.• Guaranteed bit rate• Priority• Packet delay budget• Packet Error Loss Rate allowed

• Bearer extends from UE to PGW– Quality of Service of bearer assigned based on subscription– All service data flows within a bearer receive same level of QoS

• Dedicated bearers established when specific treatment of data is required– They can be Guaranteed Bit Rate (GBR) or non-GBR– Non-GBR bearers belonging to the same UE share an Aggregate Maximum Bit Rate (AMBR).

Quality Of Service

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Security Management

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Other LTE Capabilities

Self Organizing Networks (SON) improves provisioning of network elements:• Automatic site configuration• Load balancing, • Site optimization • Recovery from failures• Self healing (automatic fault detection and adjustment of parameters and algorithms in surrounding cells)

InterCell Interference Coordination (ICIC)

Relays

Multi Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS)• Point-to-multipoint service, data transmitted from a single source entity to multiple

recipients.• Allows the sharing of network resources.

Summary

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Lesson 1: Coverage Is Not Equal

• LMR link budget is better than LTE at broadband speeds– 4G requires far more sites to

match coverage– E.G. Washington, DC – 12

broadband sites to cover 90% outdoors versus 10 LMR sites to cover 95% indoors

• However, LTE could scale to non-broadband speeds

LMR Coverage

4G Coverage

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Lesson 2: Not all LMR sites may be Ideal for LTE

• Throughput drops as signal to noise ratio drops

• Degraded service at cell borders – highly variable throughput over coverage area

• Overlapping service means lower signal to noise ratio

• LTE is not well suited for LMR “boomers”

• But may be able to go lower on a tower

• High overlap on LMR design will cause interference

Large overlap areawith poor SNR

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Lessons 3: Bandwidth Control is Critical

• Overloading By A Few Users– Inauguration Day 2005– Inefficient video codecs from only

six users!– Instituted rate caps to manage

bandwidth• Poor Service Quality

– Streaming content almost unusable– Other content delayed

• LMR traffic variation is high, but broadband will likely be higher due to video

• Designing networks for 95th percentile traffic is critical

System Overloading ExampleLoading (%) On Downtown Cells (1/20/05)

0102030405060708090

100

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

UL Cell 1UL Cell 2UL Cell 3DL Cell 1DL Cell 2DL Cell 3DL Cell 4

0.E+00

2.E+09

4.E+09

6.E+09

8.E+09

1.E+10

Total Bytes Transfered Per Day

Example of Pixilated Video

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Lessons 4: Application Interoperability Is Key!

• LTE = ½ of the problem!• Without interoperable applications, packets

delivered but not understandable• For Data, the network and the application

must be interoperable– Wherever the users are on the Internet– Securely and with quality of service– Independent of who serves the application

• E.G., Video:– Multiple different video solutions from

different vendors– Using “standard” codecs– Gateway style solution is extremely expensive– There are many video codecs and tradeoffs

for public safety to consider

Internet

你好 ?

Core A

eNB A

Core B

eNB B

MPEG4 versus MJPG Video

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Lesson Learned 5: The Benefits of QoS

• With circuit switched voice, every call has it’s own virtual road– Blocked Calls

• Broadband systems share a much bigger interstate– Degraded throughput

• QoS critical for streaming – Poor quality if BW suffers (e.g.,

video sample )• QoS mechanisms needed for

usable communication– Dynamic codecs– “Blocking” non-priority calls Example of Pixilated Video

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Questions?Brandon Abley, MN DPS-ECNbrandon.abley@state.mn.us

651 201 7554John Tonding, Central/Metro RIC

john.tonding@state.mn.us(763) 587-8234

Marcus Bruning, Northern RICMarcus.Bruning@state.mn.us

(218) 232-3762Steve Borchardt, Southern RIC

steven.borchardt@state.mn.us (507) 398-9687

Mark Navolio, Televate PMmnavolio@televate.com

(301) 922-6691