First-person- and third-First-person- and third-person-oriented genericity in person-oriented genericity in

RussianRussian

Elena PaduchevaElena Paducheva (Moscow)(Moscow)http://lexicograph.ruslang.ru/http://lexicograph.ruslang.ru/

elena.paducheva@yandex.ruelena.paducheva@yandex.ru

SPE-6SPE-6,, St.Petersburg, St.Petersburg, 110-140-14.0.066.201.20133

The paper deals with Russian The paper deals with Russian generic-personal generic-personal sentencessentences ( (GPSGPS) – this term being applied, in the ) – this term being applied, in the first place, to subjectless sentences with the first place, to subjectless sentences with the predicate of the predicate of the secondsecond person singular (present or person singular (present or future tense), with the implied subject referring to future tense), with the implied subject referring to the generalized the generalized firstfirst person and meaning something person and meaning something like ‘me and those like me’. (Some of the examples like ‘me and those like me’. (Some of the examples below are taken from the Russian National Corpus, below are taken from the Russian National Corpus, http://www.ruscorpora.ru )http://www.ruscorpora.ru )

(1) a. Est’ mnogo slov, kotorye (1) a. Est’ mnogo slov, kotorye proiznosish’proiznosish’ po po privychke ‘there are many words that <you> privychke ‘there are many words that <you> pronouncepronounce as a habit’. as a habit’.

b. Vechno tebja b. Vechno tebja zhdesh’zhdesh’ (L.Tolstoj) ‘<you> always (L.Tolstoj) ‘<you> always wait for you’ [wait for you’ [ ‘one always has to wait for you’] ‘one always has to wait for you’]

(2) S nachal’stvom (2) S nachal’stvom ne posporish’ne posporish’ ‘with the authorities ‘with the authorities <you> <you> won’t arguewon’t argue’. ’.

In Moltmann 2010 the meaning of genericIn Moltmann 2010 the meaning of generic oneone in English is described in basically the in English is described in basically the same way. It is claimed that this pronoun same way. It is claimed that this pronoun expresses expresses first-person-oriented genericityfirst-person-oriented genericity. . Taking into consideration the fact that in the Taking into consideration the fact that in the American variety of English American variety of English youyou is often used is often used instead of instead of oneone, I suggest that the implied , I suggest that the implied subject of a Russian GPS (with the predicate subject of a Russian GPS (with the predicate of the second person) also expresses first-of the second person) also expresses first-person-oriented genericity.person-oriented genericity.

Jespersen (Philosophy of grammar) about Jespersen (Philosophy of grammar) about one one and and youyou; example from “Martin Eden” by Jack London.; example from “Martin Eden” by Jack London.

Ruth: “By the way, Mr. Eden, what is Ruth: “By the way, Mr. Eden, what is boozebooze? You ? You used it several times, you know.” “Oh, used it several times, you know.” “Oh, boozebooze, it’s , it’s slang. It’s whisky and beer – anything that will make slang. It’s whisky and beer – anything that will make you drunk.” Ruth: “Don’t use you drunk.” Ruth: “Don’t use youyou when you are when you are impersonal. impersonal. YouYou is very personal, and your use of it is very personal, and your use of it just now is not precisely what you meant” “I don’t just now is not precisely what you meant” “I don’t just see that.” “Why, you said just now to me just see that.” “Why, you said just now to me ‘whisky and beer – anything that will make you ‘whisky and beer – anything that will make you drunk’ – make drunk’ – make meme drunk, don’t you see?” “Well, it drunk, don’t you see?” “Well, it would, wouldn’t it?” “Yes, of course”, she smiled; would, wouldn’t it?” “Yes, of course”, she smiled; but it would be nicer not to bring but it would be nicer not to bring meme into it. into it. Substitute Substitute one one forfor you you, and see how much better it , and see how much better it sounds.”sounds.”

So So one one andand you you do not mean the same. Still it do not mean the same. Still it is clear that 2d person pronouns and verb is clear that 2d person pronouns and verb forms express first-person-oriented genericity forms express first-person-oriented genericity easier than the 1st person ones do, both in easier than the 1st person ones do, both in English and in Russian. Perhaps in some English and in Russian. Perhaps in some other languages as well.other languages as well.

There are other varieties of GPS in Russian – There are other varieties of GPS in Russian – sentences with the generic sentences with the generic ty ty ‘you’, ex. (3), ‘you’, ex. (3), (generic (generic vy vy is also possible – when interpreted is also possible – when interpreted as a form of politeness, as a form of politeness, not pluralnot plural):):

(3) Chto (3) Chto ty ty budesh’ delat’ s bessovestnymi budesh’ delat’ s bessovestnymi ljud’mi! ‘what will ljud’mi! ‘what will youyou do with dishonest do with dishonest people!’people!’

Generic use of the implied subject of the Generic use of the implied subject of the imperativeimperative is also possible: is also possible:

(4) Podi (4) Podi dokazhidokazhi, chto ty ne verbljud ‘, chto ty ne verbljud ‘go and go and proveprove that you are not a camel’ that you are not a camel’..

Other means of expressing first-person-oriented Other means of expressing first-person-oriented genericity – generic genericity – generic my my ‘we’, ex. (5), and generic ‘we’, ex. (5), and generic chelovekchelovek ‘man’, ex. (6): ‘man’, ex. (6):

(5) Oxotno (5) Oxotno mymy darim, chto nam ne nadobno samim darim, chto nam ne nadobno samim ‘gladly ‘gladly wewe give <to others> what we need not give <to others> what we need not ourselves’.ourselves’.

(6) S vozrastom (6) S vozrastom chelovekchelovek stanovitsja bolee stanovitsja bolee snisxoditelen k ljudskim slabostjam ‘with age, snisxoditelen k ljudskim slabostjam ‘with age, a a personperson becomes more forgiving of human becomes more forgiving of human weaknesses’. weaknesses’.

The referential status of the 1st person pronoun in The referential status of the 1st person pronoun in philosophical contexts, such as philosophical contexts, such as cogito ergo sumcogito ergo sum (Decartes), won’t be discussed.(Decartes), won’t be discussed.

In what follows I deal with generic use of In what follows I deal with generic use of subjectless second person predicates, as in subjectless second person predicates, as in (1), (2), and of the second person pronouns, (1), (2), and of the second person pronouns, as in (3).as in (3).

I am ready to accept that English generic I am ready to accept that English generic oneone behaves approximately in the same way behaves approximately in the same way as as youyou in the American variety of English. in the American variety of English. So I compare the English generic So I compare the English generic oneone described in Moltmann 2010 with the described in Moltmann 2010 with the Russian first-person-generic Russian first-person-generic ty ty ‘you’ and the ‘you’ and the implied 2d person subject of the GPS.implied 2d person subject of the GPS.

The first obstacle. In Moltmann 2010 The first obstacle. In Moltmann 2010 generic generic oneone is usually equated with the is usually equated with the arbitrary PRO – or controlled PRO. But in arbitrary PRO – or controlled PRO. But in Russian Russian zerozero (and non-zero) (and non-zero) 2d person 2d person subject of a GPS usually subject of a GPS usually is notis not interchangeable with the arbitrary PROinterchangeable with the arbitrary PRO..

Russian GPSs are not synonymous with constructions Russian GPSs are not synonymous with constructions implying arbitrary PRO. Generic implying arbitrary PRO. Generic oneone should rather be should rather be translated into Russian by an translated into Russian by an impersonal predicativeimpersonal predicative construction, and not by a GPS or 2d person pronoun. Cf. construction, and not by a GPS or 2d person pronoun. Cf. example (1a) from Moltmann 2010 and its Russian example (1a) from Moltmann 2010 and its Russian equivalents (Ra)-(Rd):equivalents (Ra)-(Rd):

““(1a)” One can see the picture from the entrance =(1a)” One can see the picture from the entrance = (Ra) Etu kartinu (Ra) Etu kartinu mozhno videt’mozhno videt’ ot vxoda = ‘ ot vxoda = ‘it is possible it is possible

to see to see the picture from the entrance’the picture from the entrance’ (Rb) *Etu kartinu (Rb) *Etu kartinu mozhesh’ videt’mozhesh’ videt’ ot vxoda, lit. ot vxoda, lit. ‘‘<you> <you>

can seecan see the picture from the entrance’; the picture from the entrance’; (Rc) ?Etu kartinu (Rc) ?Etu kartinu vidish’vidish’ ot vxoda, lit. ot vxoda, lit. ‘‘<you> see<you> see the the

picture from the entrance’; picture from the entrance’; (Rd) ?Etu kartinu (Rd) ?Etu kartinu ty mozhesh’ videt’ty mozhesh’ videt’ ot vxoda, lit. ot vxoda, lit. ‘‘you you

can seecan see the picture from the entrance’. the picture from the entrance’. The literal translation, by a GPS with the modal verb in the The literal translation, by a GPS with the modal verb in the

2d person, is definitely impossible, see (Rb). Sentences 2d person, is definitely impossible, see (Rb). Sentences (Rc), (Rd) are not impossible but they are not neutral: there (Rc), (Rd) are not impossible but they are not neutral: there is kind of undue emphasis, which is out of place.is kind of undue emphasis, which is out of place.

In fact, there are contextual restrictions on the verb in a GPS. In fact, there are contextual restrictions on the verb in a GPS. A semantic operator is needed that provides the verb with the A semantic operator is needed that provides the verb with the modality of irrealismodality of irrealis. In (1a), (1b) it is quantification. In (7)-. In (1a), (1b) it is quantification. In (7)-(10) it is negation, explicit or implicit; in fact, (7)-(10) (10) it is negation, explicit or implicit; in fact, (7)-(10) express impossibility: express impossibility:

(7) Tebja (7) Tebja ne ubediš’ne ubediš’ lit.‘ lit.‘<you> won’t persuade<you> won’t persuade you’ = ‘it’s you’ = ‘it’s impossible to persuade you’;impossible to persuade you’;

(8) (8) Nichego Nichego ne podelaeš’ne podelaeš’! ! ‘‘<you’ll>do<you’ll>do nothing’ = ‘nothing to nothing’ = ‘nothing to do’;do’;

(9) Razve vse (9) Razve vse zapomniš’?zapomniš’? ‘whether ‘whether <you>remember<you>remember everything?’; everything?’;

(10) V tramvae krasivuju zhenshchinu (10) V tramvae krasivuju zhenshchinu ne vstretiš’ne vstretiš’ ‘in a tram ‘in a tram <you> won’t meet<you> won’t meet a beautiful woman’. a beautiful woman’.

The same in ex. (2): The same in ex. (2):

(2) S nachal’stvom (2) S nachal’stvom ne posporiš’ne posporiš’ ‘with the authorities <you> ‘with the authorities <you> won’t arguewon’t argue’.’.

In (11) the modal context is created by the fact In (11) the modal context is created by the fact that the situation is that the situation is conditionedconditioned; the condition ; the condition is expressed in phrase is expressed in phrase ot takoj zhizniot takoj zhizni ‘because ‘because of the life like this’:of the life like this’:

(11) (11) Ozvereesh’Ozvereesh’ ot takoj zhizni ‘< ot takoj zhizni ‘<you’llyou’ll > > become a beastbecome a beast because of the life like this’. because of the life like this’.

GPSs are often used in the context of GPSs are often used in the context of conditional, causal, temporal or some other conditional, causal, temporal or some other connection between different situations: connection between different situations:

(12) Tishe (12) Tishe edeš’edeš’ – dal’she – dal’she budeš’budeš’ (Russian (Russian proverb) ‘the slower <you> go the further proverb) ‘the slower <you> go the further <you’ll> get’.<you’ll> get’.

The pronoun The pronoun tyty ‘you’ can be interpreted ‘you’ can be interpreted generically if there is a possibility to generically if there is a possibility to interpret the situation as being not interpret the situation as being not referential. In (13b) referentiality is referential. In (13b) referentiality is cancelled with the help of the conjunction:cancelled with the help of the conjunction:

(13) a. Xorošo, (13) a. Xorošo, chtochto u tebjau tebja est’ dom est’ dom [referential [referential tyty] ‘it’s good ] ‘it’s good thatthat youyou have a have a house’.house’.

b. Xorošo, b. Xorošo, kogdakogda u tebjau tebja est’ dom est’ dom [generic [generic tyty] ‘it’s good ] ‘it’s good whenwhen youyou have a have a house’.house’.

“…“…an agent generalizes a self-ascription of an agent generalizes a self-ascription of a property by abstracting from the a property by abstracting from the particuliarities of his own situation and thus particuliarities of his own situation and thus ascribing the property to anyone else — or ascribing the property to anyone else — or rather anyone the agent can assume is as rather anyone the agent can assume is as normal as he himself. Both of these normal as he himself. Both of these components, the components, the first-person connectionfirst-person connection, in , in whatever way it may manifest itself, and the whatever way it may manifest itself, and the generalizationgeneralization, are part of the meaning of , are part of the meaning of generic generic oneone <…> or so I will argue.” <…> or so I will argue.” (Moltmann 2010). (Moltmann 2010).

1) Generalization1) Generalization

A GPS usually denotes a repeatable situation – A GPS usually denotes a repeatable situation – namely, it describes a situation that can take namely, it describes a situation that can take place with place with different participantsdifferent participants, as in (14):, as in (14):

(14) Slovo ne vorobej, vyletit – (14) Slovo ne vorobej, vyletit – ne pojmaeš’ne pojmaeš’ ‘a ‘a word is not a sparrow – if it flies away word is not a sparrow – if it flies away <you> <you> won’t catchwon’t catch it’. it’.

A GPS can also describe an event that concerns A GPS can also describe an event that concerns exactly exactly one personone person, namely, the speaker. Then , namely, the speaker. Then pronouns (and verbs) of the 1st and 2d person pronouns (and verbs) of the 1st and 2d person alternate – their reference being identical; see alternate – their reference being identical; see example from Knjazev 2008:example from Knjazev 2008:

(15) Znaesh’, na rabote (15) Znaesh’, na rabote jaja tak tak vymatihvajus’vymatihvajus’. . EzdiEzdišš’’ po Moskve so vsyakimi inostrancami, gid-po Moskve so vsyakimi inostrancami, gid-perevodchik. <...> perevodchik. <...> MenyaMenya mutit ot zvukov mutit ot zvukov angliyjskoyj rechi. <...>. Tak chto do domu angliyjskoyj rechi. <...>. Tak chto do domu doberedobereš’š’syasya – i nikuda. – i nikuda. (A. Gladilin). ‘You know (A. Gladilin). ‘You know I’m I’m so so exhaustedexhausted at work. at work. <You> go<You> go back and back and forth through Moscow with foreigners, as a guide-forth through Moscow with foreigners, as a guide-translator <...>translator <...> I I feel sick from the sounds of feel sick from the sounds of English speech. So English speech. So <you> get<you> get home and cannot home and cannot move anywhere.’move anywhere.’

And even iterativity is not obligatory: And even iterativity is not obligatory:

(16) Odnazhdy (16) Odnazhdy obnaruzhivaeš’obnaruzhivaeš’, chto tebja net. , chto tebja net. Ty razbit na tysjachu kuskov, i u kazhdogo Ty razbit na tysjachu kuskov, i u kazhdogo kuska svoj glaz, nos, uxo. (L.Ulickaja. People kuska svoj glaz, nos, uxo. (L.Ulickaja. People of our king) ‘one day <of our king) ‘one day <youyou>> find out find out that you that you do not exist. You are broken into thousand of do not exist. You are broken into thousand of pieces, and each piece has its own eye, nose, pieces, and each piece has its own eye, nose, ear’ ear’

NB. The fragment is the very beginning of the NB. The fragment is the very beginning of the book. book.

An example from Bulygina 1990: An example from Bulygina 1990:

(17) S toboj ser’ezno (17) S toboj ser’ezno razgovarivaeš’razgovarivaeš’, a ty kak , a ty kak balabolka, lit. “balabolka, lit. “<you> speak<you> speak seriously to you seriously to you and you behave as a chatterbox” = ‘I speak and you behave as a chatterbox” = ‘I speak seriously to you, seriously to you, as I used toas I used to, and you behave , and you behave as a chatterbox’.as a chatterbox’.

2) 1st person-orientation2) 1st person-orientation EgocentricalEgocentrical (i.e. (i.e. indexicalindexical) linguistic entities, i.e. ) linguistic entities, i.e.

egocentricalsegocentricals, in Russian were thoroughly studied , in Russian were thoroughly studied during the last two decades, see a survey in during the last two decades, see a survey in Paducheva 2012. Egocentricals are words, Paducheva 2012. Egocentricals are words, grammatical categories and constructions that grammatical categories and constructions that presuppose the speaker as a participant of the presuppose the speaker as a participant of the situation described, such as situation described, such as edva liedva li ‘hardly’ in ‘hardly’ in He’ll He’ll hardly be in timehardly be in time. .

It is characteristic of egocentricals that they It is characteristic of egocentricals that they presuppose the speaker in a presuppose the speaker in a canonicalcanonical communicative situation, i.e. in the communicative situation, i.e. in the dialogicaldialogical registerregister. Otherwise they can undergo . Otherwise they can undergo projectionprojection. . Two types of Two types of projectionprojection are to be distinguished: are to be distinguished: narrative projectionnarrative projection and and hypotactical projectionhypotactical projection..

GPS is an egocentrical construction.GPS is an egocentrical construction. Prototypically, Prototypically, GPS refers to the speaker. But GPSs are used not GPS refers to the speaker. But GPSs are used not only in canonical communicative situations but also only in canonical communicative situations but also in other types of discourse. So in other types of discourse. So narrative projectionnarrative projection is is possible for the implied subject of GPS,possible for the implied subject of GPS, see example see example (18) (from Knjazev 2008): (18) (from Knjazev 2008):

(18) No kak postupit’, kogda chuzhdoe segodnjashnemu (18) No kak postupit’, kogda chuzhdoe segodnjashnemu dnju zhilo dnju zhilo v nem samomv nem samom <…>. S soboj ved’ <…>. S soboj ved’ ne ne poporvrveeshsh’’, ne perestanesh, ne perestanesh’’ vstrechat vstrechat’’ssjja. a. [V.Grossman. Life and fate] ‘But what to do when [V.Grossman. Life and fate] ‘But what to do when something alien to today’s life was alive something alien to today’s life was alive in himself in himself <…>. <…>. <You> cannot break<You> cannot break with yourself, with yourself, stopstop meeting yourself’.meeting yourself’.

As for the hypotactical projection, it’s OK for As for the hypotactical projection, it’s OK for English generic English generic oneone, cf. Moltmann 2010: , cf. Moltmann 2010:

““Generic Generic oneone differs from a first-person differs from a first-person pronoun such as pronoun such as II in English in that it need not in English in that it need not relate to the speaker as the first person, but in relate to the speaker as the first person, but in embedded contexts relates to whoever is the embedded contexts relates to whoever is the agent of the attitude or speech act, for example agent of the attitude or speech act, for example John in (1c): John in (1c):

(1c) John thinks that (1c) John thinks that oneone can see the picture can see the picture from the entrance. ” from the entrance. ”

On the contrary, the implied subject of a On the contrary, the implied subject of a Russian GPS Russian GPS cannot undergo hypotactical cannot undergo hypotactical projectionprojection. Only arbitrary PRO can be used . Only arbitrary PRO can be used in the Russian translation of English (1c):in the Russian translation of English (1c):

(R1c) John s(R1c) John sččitaet, itaet, ččto ètu kartinu to ètu kartinu momožžno videt’no videt’ ot vxoda ‘John thinks that ot vxoda ‘John thinks that it is possible to seeit is possible to see the picture from the entrance’;the picture from the entrance’;

(R1c’) **John s(R1c’) **John sččitaet, chto ètu kartinuitaet, chto ètu kartinu vidi vidišš’’ ot ot vxoda [lit. ‘John believes that vxoda [lit. ‘John believes that <you> see<you> see the the picture from the entrance’]picture from the entrance’]

In (19) the 2d person pronounIn (19) the 2d person pronoun ty ty with the 1st- with the 1st- person-generic interpretation person-generic interpretation isis possible in the possible in the embedded position, but only because it is co-embedded position, but only because it is co-referent with the arbitrary PRO (= the implied referent with the arbitrary PRO (= the implied 1st person generic subject) of the predicative 1st person generic subject) of the predicative neprijatnoneprijatno ‘unpleasant’in the main sentence: ‘unpleasant’in the main sentence:

(19) Kak (19) Kak neprijatno neprijatno videt’, chto videt’, chto tyty chto-to chto-to terjaesh’ v glazax ljudej ottogo, chto goloden i terjaesh’ v glazax ljudej ottogo, chto goloden i beden. ‘How beden. ‘How unpleasant unpleasant <for you><for you> it is to it is to realize that realize that youyou lose something in the eyes of lose something in the eyes of the people because <the people because <youyou> are hungry and > are hungry and poor’. poor’. (example from Zalizniak Anna 2012) (example from Zalizniak Anna 2012)

See (20), which is the Russian translation of See (20), which is the Russian translation of example (8a) from Moltmann 2010:example (8a) from Moltmann 2010:

(8a) (8a) One One ssometimes thinks one’s life is too short.ometimes thinks one’s life is too short. The pronoun The pronoun tyty (i.e. the possessive (i.e. the possessive tvojtvoj) with the ) with the

1st person generic interpretation is possible in 1st person generic interpretation is possible in the subordinate clause in (20). But it is because the subordinate clause in (20). But it is because it is co-referent with the implied subject of the it is co-referent with the implied subject of the GPS in the main clause – licensed by the context GPS in the main clause – licensed by the context of quantification (of quantification (inogdainogda = ‘sometimes’): = ‘sometimes’):

(20) Inogda (20) Inogda dumaeš’dumaeš’, , ččto to tvojatvoja žžizn’ sliškom izn’ sliškom korotka ‘sometimes korotka ‘sometimes <you> think<you> think that that youryour life is life is too short’. too short’.

Thus, the implied subject of a GPS can be accounted Thus, the implied subject of a GPS can be accounted for as the 1st person PRO in generic use. Its semantic for as the 1st person PRO in generic use. Its semantic and referential properties become clearer when and referential properties become clearer when compared with those of the implied subject of the compared with those of the implied subject of the indefinite personal sentenceindefinite personal sentence (IPS) in its generic (IPS) in its generic variety.variety.

In Russian the first-person-oriented genericity, as in In Russian the first-person-oriented genericity, as in GPS, is opposed to the third-person-oriented GPS, is opposed to the third-person-oriented genericity, represented by generic use of the 3d person genericity, represented by generic use of the 3d person PRO in the IPS: PRO in the IPS:

(21) Cypljat po oseni (21) Cypljat po oseni schitajutschitajut ‘ ‘<they> count <they> count chickens chickens in the automn’ [generic use of the 3d person PRO].in the automn’ [generic use of the 3d person PRO].

The generic 1st person PRO differs from the The generic 1st person PRO differs from the 3d person plural PRO in several respects.3d person plural PRO in several respects.

11. Generic 1st person PRO refers, in the first . Generic 1st person PRO refers, in the first place, to the speaker; while the 3d person place, to the speaker; while the 3d person PRO rather excludes the speaker. In (22) the PRO rather excludes the speaker. In (22) the speaker opposes himself to those who revile speaker opposes himself to those who revile the autumn:the autumn:

(22) Dni pozdnej oseni (22) Dni pozdnej oseni branjatbranjat obyknovenno. obyknovenno. No No mnemne ona mila (Pushkin) ‘Days of the late ona mila (Pushkin) ‘Days of the late automn – automn – <they> scold<they> scold them usually. But them usually. But for for meme it [i.e. the automn] is nice’. it [i.e. the automn] is nice’.

Another example:Another example:

(23) a. Kogda(23) a. Kogda uez uezžžajtajt, , ostavljajut ostavljajut adres. A ja ne adres. A ja ne ostavila. ‘when ostavila. ‘when <they> go away <they> leave <they> go away <they> leave the address, but I didn’t’.the address, but I didn’t’.

b. Kogdab. Kogda uez uezžžaeš’aeš’, , ostavljaeš’ ostavljaeš’ adres. *A ja adres. *A ja ne ostavila. ‘when ne ostavila. ‘when <you> go away <you> <you> go away <you> leave leave the address, but I didn’t’.the address, but I didn’t’.

A GPS cannot exclude the speaker from the set A GPS cannot exclude the speaker from the set of possible agents of the situation described.of possible agents of the situation described.

22. Generic 1st person PRO is eager to enter co-. Generic 1st person PRO is eager to enter co-reference relationships, cf.: reference relationships, cf.:

(24) Podal’she (24) Podal’she polozhiš’polozhiš’, poblizhe , poblizhe voz’meš’ voz’meš’ ‘the ‘the farther farther <you> put<you> put <something> the safer <something> the safer <you><you> take take it back’; it back’;

And the 3d person PRO is not characteristic of co-And the 3d person PRO is not characteristic of co-reference marking. reference marking.

(25) Po plat’ju (25) Po plat’ju vstrevstreččajutajut, po umu , po umu provoprovožžajutajut ‘<they> ‘<they> meet you according to your dress, <they> see you meet you according to your dress, <they> see you off according to your wit’. off according to your wit’.

In fact, IPS lowers the rank of the participant: it is In fact, IPS lowers the rank of the participant: it is thrown out of the field of vision and doesn’t make thrown out of the field of vision and doesn’t make an appropriate antecedent.an appropriate antecedent.

33. The difference in the . The difference in the grammatical numbergrammatical number of the of the predicate is also relevant. In a single use the plural predicate is also relevant. In a single use the plural form of the GPS predicate doesn’t express plurality form of the GPS predicate doesn’t express plurality of the subject: a singular person counts her chickens of the subject: a singular person counts her chickens or reviles the late autumn. But in the context of the or reviles the late autumn. But in the context of the anaphoric reference anaphoric reference the pluralthe plural of the 3d person PRO of the 3d person PRO reveals itself; e.g., in example (26) (from Bulygina, reveals itself; e.g., in example (26) (from Bulygina, Shmelev 1997) the first clause introduces Shmelev 1997) the first clause introduces a seta set of of running men referred to in the second clause:running men referred to in the second clause:

(26) Skoro (26) Skoro begut begut – dal’nix ne – dal’nix ne zhdutzhdut ‘when ‘when <they> run<they> run fast fast <they> do not wait<they> do not wait for those behind’. for those behind’.

44. The verb with the 3d person PRO has the . The verb with the 3d person PRO has the subjunctive mood:subjunctive mood:

(27) Esli (27) Esli byby vybory mogli vybory mogli ččto-to izmenit’, ix davno to-to izmenit’, ix davno by by otmeniliotmenili ‘if elections could have influenced ‘if elections could have influenced anything anything <they> would have prohibited<they> would have prohibited them long them long ago’. ago’.

But the predicate of a GPS cannot be in the But the predicate of a GPS cannot be in the subjunctive. Sentence (28), a GPS equivalent of an subjunctive. Sentence (28), a GPS equivalent of an example from Moltmann 2010, has no example from Moltmann 2010, has no counterfactual version in Russian:counterfactual version in Russian:

(28) Esli ty angel, ty ni (28) Esli ty angel, ty ni ččelovek, ni boelovek, ni božžestvo ‘if you are estvo ‘if you are an angel you are neither human nor divine’. an angel you are neither human nor divine’.

Conclusions Conclusions FirstFirst. Russian . Russian tyty ‘you’ and PRO, both being ‘you’ and PRO, both being

1st person-oriented generics and translational 1st person-oriented generics and translational equivalences for the English equivalences for the English oneone, have , have different appropriateness conditionsdifferent appropriateness conditions. So it . So it would be misleading to call them the same would be misleading to call them the same name. The difference is to be described.name. The difference is to be described.

SecondSecond. Comparison of the English . Comparison of the English oneone with with the Russian the Russian tyty ‘you’ gives rise to a suspicion ‘you’ gives rise to a suspicion that English that English oneone and American and American youyou are not are not quite alike.quite alike.

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