First overview of the CAROLS measurements in september 2007earth.esa.int/smos07/pres/22_pres.pdf ·...
Transcript of First overview of the CAROLS measurements in september 2007earth.esa.int/smos07/pres/22_pres.pdf ·...
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FirstFirst overviewoverview of of thethe CAROLS CAROLS
measurementsmeasurements in in septemberseptember 2007 2007CAROLS: CAROLS: Combined Airborne Radio-instrumentsCombined Airborne Radio-instruments
for Ocean andfor Ocean and!! Land Studies Land Studies
Zribi Mehrez (PI), Hauser Danièle (co-PI), Zribi Mehrez (PI), Hauser Danièle (co-PI), Pardé MickaëlPardé Mickaël, Fanise, FanisePascal, Leroy Paul, Monique Pascal, Leroy Paul, Monique DechambreDechambre
CETPCETP
Boutin Jacqueline, Gilles Reverdin Boutin Jacqueline, Gilles Reverdin LOCEANLOCEAN
WigneronWigneron Jean-Pierre Jean-Pierre INRA - EPHYSEINRA - EPHYSE
Calvet Jean-Christophe Calvet Jean-Christophe Météo - FranceMétéo - France
Nicolas Nicolas ReulReul IFREMERIFREMER
Antonio Antonio RuisRuis BarcelonaBarcelona universityuniversity
Niels Niels SkouSkou
SobjaergSobjaerg Sten Sten SchmidlSchmidl TechnicalTechnical UniversityUniversity of of DenmarkDenmark
andand all CAROLS team all CAROLS team
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PresentationPresentation Plan Plan
1 Mission objectives
2 Flight plans / Configuration
3 CAROLS instruments
4 Other instruments on board
5 Ground measurements overview
6 First Results -radiometric measurements
7 Conclusions
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1 Mission objectives1 Mission objectives
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- Aeronautic certification with ATR-42
-First validation and qualification of the CAROLS radiometer and STORM
radar on board
- Scientific objectives :
Validation of L-Meb model for modeling the ground-vegetation
L-band emission
Development and Validation of ocean emission models
Development and Validation of forest emissivity models
Test of synergy between RADAR (STORM) and passive
measurements (CAROLS)
ObjectivesObjectives
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CAROLS CAROLS experimentexperiment
• CAROLS: Cooperative Airborne Radiometer for Ocean and Land
Studies (scientific lead Mehrez ZRIBI)
• STORM: Système de Télédetection pour l’Observation par Radar de la
Mer, (scientific lead Danièle Hauser)
• GOLD-RTR: GPS Open-Loop Differential
Real-Time Receiver, (scientific lead A. Rius)
• Infrared CIMEL radiometer (SAFIRE instrument)
• 1 visible camera (SAFIRE instrument)
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CAROLS technical collaborationCAROLS technical collaboration
CETPScientific and technical
Coordination
CAROLS building
STORM instrument
SAFIRE (CNRS/Meteo-France)Instrument/Aircraft interface building
Co-organisation of experimental
Campaigns
Aircraft operations
DTUN. Skou
CAROLS
CSIC/IEEC
GPS instrumentA. Rius
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2 Flight plans / Configuration2 Flight plans / Configuration
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AircraftAircraft : ATR 42 (SAFIRE) : ATR 42 (SAFIRE)
•• FlyingFlying performance performance
• Max. Cruising speed: 134 m/s
• Ceiling: 25000ft
• Max. endurance: 6h
•• Information for Information for scientificscientific usersusers
• Scientific payload: 2500 kg
• Max range at 4000 km: 3000 km
• Min. altitude: above sea: 100m
• Above ground: 100m
• Speed: 100m/s (min 70m/s max130m/s)
• Seat available for users: 2 experimentoperators, and 7 scientifists
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ConfigurationsConfigurations
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RadiometerRadiometer (2 (2 antennasantennas))
aircraft
Position of the antenna footprints
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RadiometerRadiometer++radarradar
aircraft
Position of the antenna footprints
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Flight path and ground measurement sites
1) SmosRex : Météo-France
site
3) Nezer Site : Les Land forest
5) Buscaway gulf (Boat and
drifting buoys)
6) Gascogne buoy
2) SMOSMANIA
4) Hourtin lake
1
2
3
45
6
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Airborne measurements
• 24 september (4h30mn) : CAROLS (2 antennas) + GPS
• 25 september (4h30mn) : CAROLS (2 antennas) + GPS
• 27 september (4h30mn) : CAROLS (1 antenna)+ STORM + GPS
• 28 september (4h30mn) : CAROLS (1 antenna)+ STORM + GPS
• 1 october (45mn) : STORM calibration flight
Departure: Francazal military base, 19h30 local hour
Let’s Go !
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3 CAROLS3 CAROLS instruments instruments
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CAROLS CAROLS radiometerradiometer
built by collaboration CETP-DTU
! Similar to EMIRAD2 for COSMOS2 campaign
! Correlation radiometer with direct sampling
!Fully polarimetric (i.e 4 Stockes)
!Freq : -6 dB @ 1400 MHz 1427 MHZ
- 3 dB @ 1403 MHz 1424 MHZ
! Advanced analog filter for RFI suppression
!Sensitivity : 0.1 K for 1 s integration time (300K target)
!Stability: better than 0.1K over 15 min
!Internal calibration : load and noise diode
!2 large potter horns (HPBW 37,6°)
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G=87dB
Tsys= 218K
!T=0,06K
@1s &Tb=100k
AnalogicAnalogic part part
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Antenna pattern measurements in CNES
70cm
9,75 kg
80 cm
18,8kg
Nadir Nadir andand slantslant antennaantenna
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Slant Antenna
Nadir Antenna
Relative angles to the airplane:
Roll = + 0.33°
Pich = - 0.82°
Heading = 0.22°
Relative angles to the airplane:
Roll = - 33.73°
Pich = -1.5°
Heading = 1.17°
Inside the plane
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CAROLS interface CAROLS interface withwith ATR-42 ATR-42
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Slant antennaNadir antenna
Antennas outside of the plane
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Cables and OMT temperature regulation
Distance between the nadir and the slant antenna : 7m
"Using of cables with very low looses
"5 probes are measuring the cable temperature
during the whole flights
" The OMT’s (orthomode tranducers) are isolated
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ReceiverReceiver insideinside thethe plane plane
Receiver
Transcoder
Power distribution unit
Power supply unit
PXI acquisition system
Hard disk SATA
IRIG B generator
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CAROLS / AcquisitionCAROLS / Acquisition
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CAROLS / InterfaceCAROLS / Interface
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Activities performed before the campaign:
• Instrument Characterization, i.e. determination
of Niose Diode characteristics
• External component (RF-cables, OMT, Antennas)
characterization using cryogenic load
Activities performed during the campaign:
• Internal calibration, using the built-in Load and the Niose Diode
• Correction of the internal calibration using the characteristics (S-
parameters) of the external components and knowledge of their
physical temperature (included in the data set).
• Possible end-to-end calibration check when over flying a known
target
Calibration of the radiometerCalibration of the radiometer
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CAROLS / CAROLS / InternalInternal calibration calibration
The radiometer delivers a numerical value , function of the noise
temperature presented at the entrance . To determine this temperature, we
have to use the calibration line for each channels (H and V) :
To calibrate each channel, we need two know temperatures to estimate the
gain and the noise radiometer temperature
-Tr 0K 320K 320 K + Tdiode
Tb
V N= GT + Tr
)*( TTRIN
GN +=
N
T IN
G T R
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cryogenic
load (80 K)
Before the flights, we measured the attenuation in both cables using a
cryogenic load placed at the end of each cable. The measured attenuation was
around 0.2 dB for the 4.5 m cables.
ReceiverReceiver andand RF RF cablecable calibration calibration
cable
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4 Other Instruments on board4 Other Instruments on board
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• C-Band (5.6 cm)
• Geometry :
900 m!
X(elevation)x
y
Y (azimuth)!
X(elevation)x
y
z
Y (azimuth)
Look directionLook direction
Incidence range from5 to 35 !
Scan over360 !
– Mean incidence 20°, incidence range 5 to 35°(or more with airplane roll in circle flights)
– Antenna : rotation over 360° (3r/min) or fixedazimuth angle (between 0 and 360°)
– High range resolution (1.53m) => highhorizontal resolution in the elevation direction
STORMSTORM
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STORM calibrationSTORM antenna
STORM receiver
STORMSTORM
STORM screenshot
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It Captures GPS signals reflected on the Ocean'ssurface to retrieved surface properties(mean level, roughness, etc.)
GOLD-RTRGOLD-RTR
A Ruis
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GPS system
GPS receiverAntenna on the ceiling of the plane
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5 Ground truth measurements5 Ground truth measurements
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Ground parameter measurements
SMOSMANIA: 6 Thetaprobe continuous measurements; West of
Toulouse
(Resp. Jean Christophe Calvet)
Nezer Site: soil moisture measurements
(Resp. Jean Pierre Wigneron)
Hourtin lake: physical temperature measurements
(Resp. J. Boutin and G. Reverdin))
Ocean measurements: buoys, Boat (Cote de la Manche) measurements
(Resp. G. Reverdin and J. Boutin)
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- In order to support Airborne CAROLS experiment, a ship campaign was
organized from September 24 to 28, under the airplane track.
- Measurements of sea surface salinity (SSS), sea surface temperature
(SST), wind speed, foam, wave spectrum, heat and momentum flux were
collected on the ship.
- 3 drifters measuring SSS, 12 drifters measuring SST, 1 drifter
performing acoustic wind measurements were deployed.
Ocean measurements
G. Reverdin
J. Boutin, G. Reverdin
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In situ SST varies between
18 and 20°C, with a decrease
of ~0.5°C between September
24 and September 28.
Although the campaign took
place in September , a more
than 1 psu gradient was
observed between coastal
and open ocean SSS
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During CAROLS flights, wind
speed in the open ocean was
between 7 and 9 m s-1 (as
recorded by Gascogne
meteorological buoy).
CAROLS flights
Strong wind speed
gradient between
coastal and open
ocean observed on
QuikSCAT image on
September 28.
Wind speed
SST
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6 First results6 First results
Radiometric measurements Radiometric measurements
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Radiometric measurements
Sept 24th Sept 25th
Sept 27th Sept 28th
Tb every 8 ms
Slant antenna
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circleswing
wags
First Flightsept 24th 07
Radiometric measurements
Measurements
on Ocean
Measurements
on ground
Hourtin lake
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The RFI problemFirst Flightsept 24th 07
Kurtosis = m(4)/m(2)2
Periodic perturbations during the flights
when the aircarft is flying over the soil
Possibility to delete
contaminated data
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7 Conclusion and perspectives7 Conclusion and perspectives
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For the next months
• Finishing calibration of CAROLS instrument
• Analysis of CAROLS data and RFI
• Preparation of CAROLS flights in october-
November’2008
• Discussion of improvements in CAROLS
instrument
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Thank you
To the next flights!
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CAROLS / Calibration testsCAROLS / Calibration tests
Measurements on target Measurements on sky
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Nadir measurements
Flight AS 0740 Flight AS 0741