Q994.02 BIC

FIRST GOVERNMENT HOUSE SI'IE, SYDNEY

A REPORT REVIEWIN::; PHASE IIa AND PROVIDIN:;

RfXXM;lENDATIONS FOR '!HE COMPLE.'TION OF PHASE

IIb

Bv -Anne Bickford

Consultant Archaeologist

Excavatlon D1rector

F1rst Government House Project

4 r·:arch 1984

Q994.02 BIC

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FIRST GOVERNMENT HOUSE SI'IE, SYDNEY

A REPORT REVIEWIN::; PHASE I!a AND PROVIDII'l3

REX:.X:M-1ENDATIONS FOR THE COMPLETION OF PHASE

Ilb

LIBRARY

1 ~ 0 ' kf 0 Anne Blc ord

Consultant Archaeologist

Excavatlon D1rector

Flrst Government House Project

4 1•1arch 1 984

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CONTENTS

1.00 INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Brief 1.2 A Brief History of the FGH Site 1.3 The Excavation Project 1.4 Previous Reports Concerning Phase IIa

2.00 REVIEW OF PHASE Ila

2.1 The Site and the Work

2

3

2.2 The Evidence Provided by the Excavations 5 2.21 The Main Building Phases of FGH 6

and the Principal Structures Related to Each 2.211 1788 Phillip 2.212 1811 Macqua r ie 7 2.213 The 1845 Plan by Mortimer Lewis 10 2.22 Other Significant Structures 11

Excava ted Dur i ng Phase Ila 2.221 The Darling Extension 2.222 The FGH Government Printing Office 12 2.223 The Privy 13

2.3 The Portable Artifacts of te FGH Period 2.31 A Selection of the Most Important 14

Portable Artifacts Excavated

3.00 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE COMPLETION OF PHASE IIb

3.1 Phase lib 3.2 A Note on the Contract Term "Documentation

and Research".

4.00 CONSERVATION AND INTERPRETATION OF THE SITE 16

4.1 Conse rvation 4.2 Interpretation

4.21 Excavation and Interpretation

5.00 FURTHER EXCAVATION

PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS Figures 1-21

1 7

18-38

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1. INIRCDUCTION

1.1 The Brief

This Report fulfils that part of the Contract bet.....een myself and the Departrrent of Envirorurent and Planning (DEP) for the Second Phase of the archaeological investigation of the FGH site - Section 7.1 Nurrber 2 of the Study Brief, Armexure "A" of the Deed of Agreenent - "The Consultant shall be required to subni t: A rep::>rt reviewing Phase II a and providing reccmrendations for the carpletion of Phase lib"

1.2 A Brief History of the FGH Site

The site is located on the site of a farner car park on the corner of Bridge and Philll.p streets, Sydney. Here Governor Phillip built his Government House, a two storey six roared building, carrrenced in May 1788. Subsequent governors, notably King, Macquarie, and Darling added on to the original structure to the east and south, and all governors authorized repairs and additions to the house, and to the outbuildlngs to the west. In June 184 5 Governor Gipps rroved in to the New Governrrent House located in the inner Danain, and derroli tion of the old carplex of buildings was ccmrenced in 1846.

The building took over a year to demolish and those materials which could be saved were used elsewhere in other governrrent construct1on works. For exarrple, three hundred cart loads of stone were taken from the site to form part of the sea wall then being built around Farm Cove.

The bricks from the site were collected and sold, so few elements of the old complex ~ernalned after demolition.

In 1859 the site was used for the City Engineers stores, and subsequently as a carter's yard occupied by Mr. Bernard M:::Glade who built a cotta9e and sheds on the eastern half of the site. In the 1880s John McHugh, a fuel merchant, occupied the site.

In the late 1880s and around the turn of the century small shops were built on the corner of Bridge and Phillip streets, and further da.vn Bridge Street, fronting the Bridge Street footpath.

By 1912 these were demol1shed, and a Public WOrks Department corrugated iron offlce buildlng kno.vn as the "Tin Shed" was built to occupy rrost of the site. This ranained until the late 1960s when 1 t was demolished and a public service car park built in itsplace. The terraces flanking the site in Young Street were constructed in 1876 .From that year to 1883 the Department of Mines occupied these terraces and built a small rnusetnn on what is nCJ\.Y the s1te of thek1tchen block.

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Evidence of all these phases of occupation of the site -fran the 1788 house and outbuildings through the derrolition of the FGH and subsequent uses - has been found in the excavation.

The location of the main structures in relation to the site and streets can be seen in Figures 1 to 9 •

1.3 The Excavation Project

Before any excavation cammenced the Premier's department through the DEP commissioned an historical study of the FGH by Helen Proudfoot - The First Governrrent House, Sydney, and the Subsequent History of the Site After 1845, 17 March 1983.

I cammenced excavation at the site on 15 February 1983. The excavation ran for tv.o weeks. This was a preliminary exploratory excavation financed by the Premier's Department throw;~ the DEP. This season is known as Stage I.

Following the results of Stage I in which footings of the back wall of Phillip's house, and other structures of the FGH were identifled, a second excavation season was planned. This again was financed by the Premier' s Departrrent through the DEP. A contract was negotiated for two weeks preparatory work and 12 weeks excavatlon (Phase Ila), and 12 weeks documentation and research on the finds, plus 12 weeks preparation of a Report (Phase lib). (See Contract Annexure A Section 6.6). Of course, this estimate was made with no knowledge of the magnitude of the remains actually found, and Phase IIa took much longer -2 weeks preparatory work, 22 weeks excavation, and 5 weeks analysis of records, which included same final excavation work. This will be discussed in IIDre detail in Chapter 2 of this Report.

Because the State Government decided it was necessary to ascertain what other ran.:uns of the FGH existed on the site as soon as possible, a further excavc.tlon season of ten weeks was announced in November by the Premier. (Hansard: Legislative Asserrbly : 24 November 1983).

This further season, Phase Ilia, which cammenced on the 31 January 1984, and its subsequent analysis period of 20 weeks, Phase IIIb, has lntervened ln Phase lib of the Phase II Contract.

1.4 Previous Reports Concerning Phase Ila

Two Reports were prepared during Phase Ila, and should be referred to in conjunction with this Report.

3

As stated in the Contract Annexure A 7.1 paragraph 1 - a Report oo progress six ~s fran the date of CCl'T'ITencerrent was provided - The Excavation of the Site of the First Government House, Bridge and Phillip Streets, Sydney : A Report on the First Five weeks of the Second Excavation Season, Stage Ila, From Wednesday 15 June to SUnday 17 July 1983, 30 July 1983.

A second Report, not specified in the Contract, but n .. :oquested under the category 7.1 paragraph 3 - "other reports fran tll!'e to ti.rre as required by the Project Director " was subrrutted on 7 October 1983 - Progress Report on the Archaeological Invest1gation of the First Government House Site, Up to 2 October 1983 Addressing Certain Questions Posed by the Prerruer' s Departnent to the Depart:rrent of Environrrent and Planning, 29 September 1983. This document reviews the findings of Phase Ila up to 7 October and contains plans of the area excavated by 2 October. A further 6 weeks of excavation took place subsequent to that Report. As it discusses the main developrrents and conclusions from Phase IIa to 2 October, it should be referred to in that context.

2. REVIEW OF PHASE II a

2.1 The S1te and the Work

The area of the development site which was investigated was:

the car park area the bike parking area, where a test trench was dug by

bulldozer to bedrock a one metre square next to the cellar steps pf terrace

number 36 Young Street, which was dug to find the end of the t-1acquar1e drain for conservat1on purposes .

a one metre test square in the Macquarie Place park to the south-west of the obellsk, dug for the soil scientist to expose an undisturbed soil profile near the site.

The preparation period ran for tv.D weeks fran 30 May to 12 June.

The excavat1on period cCl'T'ITenced on wednesday 15 June and formally ended on Sunday 13 Noverrber, the YK>rking week being fran vednesday to Sunday.

A further five weeks was taken on site in analys1ng and checking f1eld notes, plans, and sections, and in completing the excavat1on of a few features in certain squares.

From \-ednesday 14 D 2eerrber to Tuesday 20 D ece.rnber a plurrber from the BC and M branch of the PWD dug a square, 40ROO, adjacent to the 36 Young Street terrace cellar steps to find the end of the Macquarle drain so it could be tapped out to prevent flushing back during flc:x:xll.ng. This measure was recarrrended by Dr. George Glbbons 1n his Report to the DEP on in situ conservation of the rema1ns and was to be completed before the site could be backfilled.

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Several of the excavation personnel Vo.lere engaged in excavating and planning tills drain and other features found in the square.

An average of 20 pecple per day Vo.lere working on the site for ~ season fran June to Decerrber. 'Ihe staff consisted of myself as director, two assistant directors, farr supervisors, a conservator, site architect, photogyapher, fifteen people erployed on the Carnom ... eal th Governrrent • s Wage Pause progyarrne, and several full and part-tirre volunteers. Fran 13 July to the beginmng of Noverrt:>er four public servants with archaeolo:Jical experlence were seconded to the excavation fran Wednesday to Fnday each week. 'Ihese Vo.lere Miss Helen Terrple fran the DEP, Mr. John Wade and Mr. Darryl Mead from the Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences, and Dr. Michael Pearson from the National Parks and Wildlife Service.

By the end of the season a total number of 2241 stratigraphic record sheets and 547 plans and sections were produced. 180 cubic metres of deposit had been excavated by hand, seived, and sorted.

At the close of work on Thursday 22 December the supervisors, engaged in writing summaries of the excavation and interpretation of the areas they were responsible for, had still not completed the1r work -though we all worked from the 1st to the 22nd December through the weekends, w1th only two days free. I decided that all the site records would be packed away and stored at the DEP for safe keeping over the Christmas break, and we could resume work on these summaries from the middle of January, beforethe commencement of the third excavation season - Stage IIIa . These summar1es are now completed and fill 227 foolscap pages.

At the end of each week during the excavation period the Slte architect, a final year arch1tecture student, drew up an overall plan of work completed, showing what 1n s1tu features were revealed during the sequential development of the excavation. The final plan, of 22 December 1983, is used in this Report to illustrate the major features found in Phase IIa, and the state 1n which the site was left at the end of the season. (see F1gures 1 to 8 Final Plan of Excavated Features).

Three scientists were engaged to analyse and report on special aspects of the environment and materials excavated - Mr. Roy Lawrie of the Department of Agr1culture on soils, Dr. George Gibbons of the Department of Econom1c Geology, NSW Institute of technology on bricks and mortars, and Dr. Helene Martin of the Department of Botany, UNSW on pollens. Extensive discuss1ons were held on s1te, but as yet I have not received their f1nal Reports.

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All of the finds excavated were sorted into broad categories, described, bagged, and stored for future analysis in boxes. The intervention of Phases IIIa and b has meant that the analysis of the finds must await the return to Phase lib - at least a further eight or nine months from now. ---

The knowledge that the Phase II Contract was not to be followed as stated - with the analysis of finds and further historical research following immediately on the excavation period, leading to the final Report (see Annexure A 6.6) - made it imperative that all the excavation records were thoroughly checked, and detailed summaries written, before the end of the Phase II season.

Therefore the excavation period on site was immediately followed by five weeks of Phase IIb (i) Documentation and Research when this documentatiOn and checking of records took place.

2.2 The Evidence Provided bv the Excavations

The excavation of the site in Phase IIa was oriented towards answering:

historical questions about the location of the FGH, how it was built, and how it was used

questions about the location of features on the 1845 Lewis plan, posed by the Premier ' s Department.

At the end of the excavation season many of these questions were answered or explored. But more questions remain which can only be answered by excavat1on. In other words to know more about how the site functioned more excavation needs to be done in the Car Park area.

This is not to say that there 1s not ample evidence to demonstrate the great s1gnif1cance of the site and its status as our primary settlement site (see my Report of 7 October and the Statement of Cultural S1gnificance of the Austral1an Archaeolog1cal Association, November 1983), but to point out that because the dig is over in that part of the site does not mean that it doesn't have any more to say.

Most of the excavated squares were dug to their earliest features. As the s1te is to be filled in with sand and there is no guarantee that it will be exposed aga1n, or that the area will be available for excavation in the future, I considered it essential to complete the work started as far as possible. In October some 1788 outbuilding footings began to appear in the south western segment of the site. I considered that their excavat1on should be completed to g1ve us more information about

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these ill -documented structures, so excavation in some of these squares continued on into part of the Phase IIb stage.

On the other hand, Tin Shed footings, paved areas, and a buried goat of the late 19th century, plus parts of the b1tumen car park were deliberately left in situ so that future visitors to the site will experience a visual sense of the site's 200 years of history.

2.21 The Main Building Phases of FGH and the Principal Structures Related to Each

It is known from the historical records that Phillip, King, Macquarie, and Darling built and altered rooms to the main house, and that most governors made minor repairs to the structure and services to the house. By comb1n1ng the historical information I have been provided with from Helen Proudfoot, Brian Roser (P~~),

Bob Irving (UNSW), and Sandy Blair (UNSW),and my own research,with the evidence of the excavated remains I am able to define three major building phases on the site:

1788 Phillip 1811 Macquarie those parts of the outbuildings conforming

to the 1845 Plan, which were probably built in the late 1820s or early 1830s.

It is important to note here that because of the intervention of Phases Ilia and b into Phase IIb, · there has been no analysis of the portable finds-to ref1ne the dating and function of these areas. Nor has there been any opportunity for historical research in the State Archives or the Mitchell Library to provide essential detail about events at Government House. Helen Proudfoot's Report was only financed to the level of prel1minary work, and much more historical research needs to be done.

Therefore, these conclusions about the site must be seen as preliminary and open to revision once the Phase lib artifact analysis and historical research has taken place.

2.211 1788 Phillip (see Figures 11, 15, and 16)

The 1788 elements are:

House footings

The southern part of the west wall has been revealed, and the south (back) wall of Phillip's house is exposed in

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several places. The return of the east wall north can just be seen in 36R38. The footings are 2'6" wide or 76cm.

House and outbuildings drain

The stone covered drain running behind the south wall is probably 1788, but may have been built in December 1797, when it is recorded that a drain was cut all around the house.

This drain continues in the same line west behind the house and Inside the outbuilding wall where it changes from a stone drain to a sarnel brick structure bonded with pipeclay. It has been excavated as far west as 38R6, where it was cut into by a later brick pathway.

Outbuilding footings

Before any outbuilding construction took place the topsoil In the southern three-quarters of the site was shaved off down to the yellow sand layer of the B Horizon. As the site slopes down to t he north-west , this clearance would have levelled off the ground surface to conform with the level of the house. As the soil was so poor for g rowing plants, this topsoil may have been used to make more fertile the vegetable garden in front of the house.

The footings of the outbuildings containing the kitchen and other rooms used to service Phillip's house are one of the most outstanding features of this excavation.

These massive rectangular stone blocks mortared with pipeclay indicate that the service wing was seen to be a substantial structure built to last; not a fl1msy bush shack as had been previously assumed by architectural historians. The revelation of the substantial nature and careful construction of these first outbuildings has changed some of the basic assumptions of architectural htstory 1n Australia.

These outbuilding footings are 2 foot or 61cm w1de, 6 inches narrower than the house footi~~s.

The footings show one internal and two external north-south walls, the whole of the east-west front wall, and elements of the east-west back wall. Part of an east-west "garden wall of rougher construction was found 2m to the north of the northern outbuilding wall.

2.212 1811 Macquarie (see Figures 12, 17 and 18)

Several features which can be dated to Macquarie's 1811 alterations and extensions have been found.

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House extensions

In 1811 Macquarie demolished the back wall and stairwell of Phillip's house replacing them with larger rooms, shown on the 1845 Plan. There is no evidence of these walls, except for that in line with the eastern side of Phillip's house. Mortar from the 1845 demolition of this wall was found in the line of the wall in 38R36.

Bay window saloon

This room was referred to by Macquarie as a "saloon". To the south of the eastern wall discussed above, the construction trench and destruct1on rubble of the western wall of the saloon also constructed at this time appear in 34R36 and 34R38.

Sleeper walls

About 4 metres (10 feet) to the east of this wall and running parallel to it is a one course brick sleeper wall. Such walls were used to support floorboards.

A sleeper wall of the same ~er1od appears in 38R36. This wall was built on top of the 1788 wall, using sandy mud mortar, and stops abruptly where Macguarie's southern extension of Ph1llip's north-south wall would have been. The sleeper wall runs across the new room, about half way along its length, again to carry the floorboards.

Stone-ca£Eed dra1n ! The "Macauarie Drain")

Another major structure from this period of alterations 1n 1811 is the stone-covered brick sided dra1n which runs in front of the outbuildings and curves almost at r1ght angles in 40Rl6 to cont1nue beside the house.

The drain has been dated to 1811 on the following evidence:

George Gibbons suggested that the bricks used for the sides are pre or early Macquarie

on a preliminary analysis all the artifacts excavated in the original fill cover1ng the drain are of the early Macquarie or pre Macguarie period

lts location and form conform Wlth the major alterations made by Macquarie at this time.

itcuts through the 1788 drain which runs behind Phillip's house.

The drain was an underground drain. It probably ran beh1nd Macguarie's new southern wall (as indicated in the Sketch Plan, F1gure 12) and JOined the ease-west drain 1n 32R24 to 32R30 excavated in Stage I, February 1983.

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The fall of the drain is to the west. Its furthest extension on the site is in 40ROO east of the cellar steps behind 36 Young Street. Here the drain has been cut off by the excavation for the terrace cellar in the early 1870s. It would originally have travelled further westward, perhaps draining into the well seen in the Watling Collection drawing of c. 1794 (see Figure20).

Brick drain

Another brick-sided stone-capped drain, with only one fragment of the stone capping remaining, appears to the north of Phillip's wall on 40Rl8 and 20 and cuts across this wall, parallel to the back wall of the house. Although the drain is lined with clay tiles in 38R23 and 36 and 34R23 the mortar of sandy clay and shells appears the same in both areas.

The evidence suggests that this drain was constructed durlng Macquarie's 1811 alterations when he demolished Philllp's back wall and extended the rooms. However, Macquarie only bu i lt two rooms here. The west side was left open, as can be seen in the 1813 engraving by A. West (see Figure 21). This drain would have followed the outside of Macquarle's new walls and jolned the east-west drain to the south of Macquarie's back wall. The 1788 drain running directly behind Phill ip 's house lS deliberately blocked by br1cks of the 1811 drain in 38R24, and this adds weight to the theory that this dra1n is part of the complex built during the demolition of Phillip's rear rooms and the wholesale redesign of that part of the house.

If the drain was built at a later time it may have been installed during Darling's alterations, to drain off stormwater from the Darling extens1on at its north - west corner.

Brick pavement and wall

The other excavated structures which can be dated to Bacquarie's 1811 building programme are the brick pavement and wall to the north and west of the outbuildings in 38R5 and6 and 40ROO.

The pavement covers and renders obsolete the 1788 brick draln. It is stratigraphically later than the long 1811 drain, as can be seen in the e~st section of

40R00, but probably belongs to the same period of redevelopment.

To the south are the footings of a brick wall of sim1lar bricks, running parallel to the pavement.

This complex appears to be a garden wall and pavement bullt at the north west corner of the outbuildings in 1811.

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2.213 The 1845 Plan by Mortimer Lewis (see Figures 9. 10. 13)

The structures on the Lewis Plan excavated in Phase IIa are mainly found in the outbuildings.

These outbuildings are actually two buildings butted together on about the 20R line on the Plan . Many parts of the 1845 Plan wall footings have been excavated, including the footings of the bread oven in the northern part of the southern building (20R4 and6).

There is evidence that major alterations were made to the outbuildings. The walls were rebuilt. The 1788 walls on the eastern and northern sides were demolished, and the footings reused. The central and western 1788 walls were demolished, and the footings left in the ground, mostly undisturbed. The central and western 1845 Plan walls dio not follow the 1788 line, but were moved further to the west, enlarging t he rooms.

Though this Plan was drawn in 1845 it is not known when these alterati ons took place. The excavation itself does not provide any dat~ng evidence. The many small­scale ground plans are contradictory, although it does seem that there was a s outhern build~ng butting on to the 1788 structure in a similar configuration to the 1845 Plan at least as early as 1802 (see the painting by Edward Dayes of 1802, Mitchell Library) and certa inly by 1807 (see Meehan Map of Sydney in 1807, Figure 14 ).

The three phases of the walls and drain of the Government Printing Office which was situated in the northern part of the southern outbuilding, must allhave occurred in or before 1795, when the Office first began print1ng Government and General Orders. Therefore there must have been a structure there prior to 1795.

The historical evidence available suggests that the major alteration the the outbuildings, when the walls conforming to the Lewis Plan were built, took place in 1826-7 or the early 1830s.

In 1826 and 1827 William Dumeresq, the Col0nial Eng~neer, and brother-in-law to Governor Darl i ng, supervised major alterations and repairs to the house, and the outbuildings may have been altered at this time. Ten years before, Macquarie described them as "ill constructed in regard to Plan and on Much too Small a Scale" exhibiting '' a most ruinous and shabby appearance" (Proudfoot 1983 p.49). As he was arguing with the Colonial Office for a new government House to be built, his description would have over emphasised the negative aspects of the buildings.

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Proudfoot says that only the most essential repairs were carried out in the 1830s (p.65), and that nothing was spent from 1848-1845 according to the yearly Returns of the Colony (B~e Books), apart from £121. for repairs to the roof of the outbuildings damaged by fire in 1840.

The Colonial Architect records indicate that in 1837 new privies were built, and general repairs carried out at Government House. These references cannot refer to the major rebuilding project indicated by the archaeological evidence.

The new -Government House was commenced in 1836, and Governor Gipps vacated FGH and moved into the new building

in JLne 1845. It seems unlikely that once the new Government House was under way any major changes would be considered at the current residence.

Clearly, further research needs to be done in the NSW State Archives, to search for evidence of this bu i lding programme, and therefore allow it to be more firmly dated.

2.22 Other Significant Structures Excavated During

Phase IIa

2.221 The Darling Extension ( see Figures 9 and 13)

During the period of Darling's major alterations to the house he added on a large rectangular room to the south. This is probably the "new Servant's Hall" described in Proudfoot (p.59).

The Premier's Department felt that by pinpointing the southern corners of this room the Lewis Plan could be la id over the site plan with greater accuracy and thus the location of the FGH predicted more firmly .

Two L-shaped test trenches were excavated at the supposed corners, and opened out when evidence was forthcom1ng. For the south-east corner, 27R32, the construction trench cut into bedrock was found, while footings mortared with pink shelly mortar were revealed 1n 28R24, the south-west square.

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2.222 The First Government Printing Office ( s ee Figure 19 )

In 1795 Governor Hunter established the first Government Printing Office in the outbuildings of Government House. This remained in operation here until 1805 when Governor King built "a separate brick printing office'' in the government house grounds. The Office printed Government Proclamations and General Orders and in 1803 the Sydney Gazette, Australia's first newspaper, was established here.

In 20R4 a partly collapsed brick barrel drain was excavated. On looking along the uncollapsed part in the west section of the square it can be seen to run westward at least another two metres, and appears to branch out into a "T" junction. The fill of this drain contained crushed laterite pebbles and many pieces of lead type - most with a letter on one end. This drain must be part of either the first or the second printing office.

I have been assisted in my interpretation of this structure by Sandy Blair, a PhD student in history at the University of NSW who is completing a thesis on the history of the Sydney Gazette. She considers that the remains must be part of the flrst Offlce, as King's separate structure was probably located near Macguarie Street or behind the Phillip Street terraces.

The excavation of 20R4 and 17R4 and 22R4 on either s i de of it has revealed a series of walls cut by later developments:

1) a brick wall with mud mortar about half a metre long which extends into the south section of 20R4

2) a stone wall with a brick wall with shelly mortar running at right angles to it

3) this br i ck wall is cut by the printing press drain and a brick wall laid nine courses deep into the natural soil, parallel to it

4) the final structure here is the stone footlngs for the bread oven which appears in the 1845 Plan. The footings of this structure collapsed in the top of the barreldrain, which had already become obselete.

If this drain is part of the first press office then it must have been constructed by 1795 , and the walls of the first two phases are previous to it.

This is supported by the earliest pictorial evidence which shows various small outbuildings behind the main outbuildlng structure to their north.

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2.223 The Privy (see Figures 13, 18)

On the 1845 Plan in the northern room of the outbuildings is a row of three holes. These are privies (toilets). On the site two are covered by the 1970 car park drain, but part of the most westerly privy has been excavated.

This shows two, three, or four phases of development. The phasing of this area is difficult as the north wall of the 20th century boiler house has cut into all of these features and disturbed the connections between them.

Phase one is the fragment of barrel drain or the circle of unmortared samel bricks, which are similar to the 1788 bricks. These two features could be contemporary and part of the same structure.

another phase is the haunching bricks built 1nside the c1rcle and forming a downward funnel

this may be connected to the brick-sided stone­capped draln to their west

or one could be a later feature than the other.

We have almost no documentary evidence about these structures. References in the NSW State Archives state that 1n the mid 1830s a water carrier was employed to flush the prlv l es at Government House, and the Colonial Architect records refer to new privies being built 1n 1837.

It is possible that the redesign of the privy with haunch1ng bricks and stone-capped drain took place at this time. On the other hand it could have been at the stage when the outbuildings were rebuilt, though this event too cannot be firmlydated. Further, there is a separate privy block of two to the south of the outbuildings and one other in the Macquarie extension shown on the 1845 Plan. The 1837 structures could be one or the other of these.

2.3 The Portable Artifacts of the FGH Period

The artifacts excavated, bagged, and stored, were separated into groups according to materials - ceramics, glass, metal, bone, wood, building materials, and ''other".

Finds of particular interest were classified as "Spec1al Finds". these were recorded separately, each on a separate sheet, and given a running number. A description, precise location, and depth below datum was recorded, the location of the object was planned, and

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it was photographed in situ. recorded.

276 special finds were

All finds were catalogued and boxed in archive document record boxes filling 171.67 metres of shelving. There are 955 boxes of finds, all stored in the Young Street terraces.

During the excavation period the Conservator, Ms. Glennda Marsh, conserved the portable finds so that they were able to be stored in a stable condition.

2.31 A Selection of the Most Im£ortant Portable Artifacts

Excavated

46 p1eces of lead type from the Government Printing Office. These were brought out in the First Fleet, along w1th the wooden printing press.

many fragments of clay roof1ng tiles and bricks made in the earliest years of settlement. Those bricks used 1n the 1788 footings and dra1n have been left in situ.

a farthing of 1799

a penny of 1806

many fragments of window pane glass brought out 1n the F1rst Fleet and used in the house.

seals from French w1ne bott l es, some from "Chateau Lafitte' and some "St. Julien Medoc."

a gilded plate of c. 1800.

a cup with sprigged flowers pattern in iron red enamel with gilt stalks c. 1800-1815.

a bowl made for the Australian Club and ordered from London in 1838

a dressed an d carved sandstone architectural ornament decorated with an oval fan pattern. This is sim1lar to the designs on the ocrners of the Macguarie Place obelisk. The obelisk was designed by Francis Greenway and built in 1818. The Greenway extension to FGH, the north-eastern wing, was built at the same time. The stonemason Edward Cureton ("of consummate skill" Moreton Herman p.l04) built the obelisk, andit was probably he who carved the architectural ornament found 1n the excavat1on.

fragments of plaster and bricks painted with several layers of paint.

pieces of plaster moulding from the cornice of Macguarie's bay windowed room.

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4.00 CONSERVATION AND INTERPRETATION OF THE SITE

4.1 Conservation

Arrangements have been made for the conservation of the remains - both the in situ relics and those removed and stored for analysis.

In Annexure "C" 1.8 the Contract allows for the services of a conservator for the full research and analysis period. This is for work on the portable _ artifacts.

Advice on the conservation of the in situ remains is given to the Department by George Gibbons, and I am guided on site by his recommendations.

Advice on the conservation of the portable finds was provided by the Stage IIa Conservator Ms. Glennda Marsh.

4.2 Interpretat1on

There is no allocation in the Contract for research and report writ1ng on the interpre~ation, or presentation to the public, of the site.

This aspect of the site must be given careful cons1deration.

How the s1te is to be presented to the Publ1c, and what story 1t w1ll be used to tell about our past are 1ssues of great 1mportance.

I recommend that the DEP consider commissioning an analysis of the site in relation to interpretation, with recommendations on its presentation to the public. This report should involve consulta~7~n with the archaeological staff including the conservators and the site architect.

4.21 Excavation and InterEretation

It may be necessary to excavate certain areas of the site for interpretation purposes. For example, it may be decided that more of Phillip's wall, or Macquarie's long dra1n need to be seen to better explain the site.

Such excavation will be for presentation, rather than for archaeological research purposes, and must be seen as necessary in that light.

Excavation for interpretation will have to be we1ghed aga1nst the desirab1lity of leaving areas unexcavated for conservation purposes.

1 7

5.00 FURTHER EXCAVATION

Although the Phase IIa excavation period is over, this does not mean that all excavation within the perimeter of the excavated squares is now completed. This part of the site retains archaeological research potential. It may be decided not to realize this potential, but it cannot be claimed that the work here has now reached a state of finality.

Questions still to be answered about the location of the Government Printing Office, the extent and link-ups of the large Macquar1e drain, the final plan of the 1788 outbuildings, and the relationship between the outbuildings and the house, ie what was in the space between them, can only b e answered by further excavation.

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