The First Amendment By Michael Flax. The First Amendment Five Parts.
First Five
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Transcript of First Five
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First Five
• Define and give an example of:– Carbohydrate– Lipid– Protein– Nucleic Acid
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Enzymes
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Major Characteristics of Enzymes
• Enzymes are special proteins present in the cytoplasm of all cells
• They help speed up the chemical reactions in cells
• There are hundreds of different kinds of enzymes, but each enzyme only speeds up one reaction.
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Enzymes
For example, glucose and fructose might join up slowly to form sucrose
glucose- -fructose
With the right enzyme present, the reaction happens faster
glucose- -fructose
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Enzyme Action
• Enzymes are large proteins– like all proteins, each enzyme molecule has a
certain shape– the shape determines which reaction the enzyme
can speed up• In speeding up the reaction, the enzyme
combines temporarily with a substrate– substrate: any substance an enzyme acts on
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enzyme
substrate A
substrate B
The substrate molecules fit the shape of the enzyme
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STAG
E 1
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two substrates combine temporarily with enzyme
the enzyme joins the two substrates together
STAG
E 2
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new compound released by enzyme
enzyme unchangedand ready fornext reaction
STAG
E 3
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Different Types of Enzyme Reactions
• Enzymes can–join substrates together–break a substrate apart
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A ‘breaking-down’ reactionthe shape of the substrate molecule fits the enzyme shape
this is calledthe active siteof the enzyme
STAG
E 1
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substrate combinestemporarily with enzyme
enzyme will breakmolecule here
STAG
E 2
A ‘breaking-down’ reaction
A ‘breaking-down’ reaction
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A ‘breaking-down’ reaction
substrate splits andseparates from enzyme
STAG
E 3
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Final break-down products
end-products
enzyme ready for next reaction
STAG
E 3
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Properties of Enzymes
1. Enzymes can act on only one type of substrate
2. Enzymes always produce the same end-products.
3. Enzymes are not used up in the reaction.– They return to their original state after the
reaction.
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Enzymes can act on only one type of substrate
this substrate cannot combine with this enzyme
this substrate cannot combinewith this enzyme
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Properties of Enzymes
4. Enzymes – like any protein – are denatured by heat or some chemicals.– Denaturing changes the shape of a protein– For an enzyme, this means that it can no longer
combine with the substrate.5. Each enzyme works best at a particular
temperature and pH (acidity or alkalinity)– These are referred to as the optimal temperature
and optimal pH
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Because enzymes are proteins, they are denatured by heat or some chemicals
enzymedenaturedby heat
denatured enzyme cannot combine with substrate
enzyme +substrate
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1
glucosemolecules
E
1. A glucose molecule combines with the active site on the enzyme phosphorylase
ENZYME ACTION
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E
2 A region of the active site is still available
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part of starchmolecule
E
3 One end of a growing starch molecule combines with the glucose molecule at the active site
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E
4 The growing starch molecule breaks free from the enzyme phosphorylase which is now free to repeat the reaction
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Enzyme action
E
E
E 2
E 3
E 4
part of starchmolecule
1
glucosemolecules
E1
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Enzymes Reading
• Read the text individually• Mark the text as you read:• Answer the summary questions in
your journal.–Put all answers into your own words.
• Finish as homework. Due Tuesday