first aid

Part IVPart IVPart IVPart IV

First AidFirst AidFirst AidFirst Aid

FIRST AIDFIRST AID

An immediate and temporary care given to the victim of an accident or sudden illness until the service of a physician can be obtained.

Two Main Two Main PointsPoints

1. Attend immediately to the most serious injury; and

2. Speed

Sequence of ActionsSequence of Actions

Give the urgently necessary first aidGive the urgently necessary first aid

Have the victim lay downHave the victim lay down

Check for injuriesCheck for injuries

Plan what to doPlan what to do

Carry out the indicated proceduresCarry out the indicated procedures

Give the urgently necessary Give the urgently necessary first aidfirst aid

While first aid is being administered to the patient, someone else should call for a physician.

Keep the patient lying Keep the patient lying downdown

Protect the patient from necessary disturbance and handling to prevent shock.

Check for InjuriesCheck for Injuries

Consider the important cues, the story of what happened, reaction of the patient after the incident and your own findings.

Plan what to doPlan what to do

Call a doctor or an ambulanceCall a doctor or an ambulanceTake all the precautions in handling the patientTake all the precautions in handling the patient

Discuss the problem with responsible relativesDiscuss the problem with responsible relatives

Instruct helpers on what to doInstruct helpers on what to do

Carry out the indicated first Carry out the indicated first aidaid

Stop the bleeding first, then know if artificial respiration is needed and then a more thorough examination will be done.

Three Hurry Cases That Three Hurry Cases That Need Urgent First AidNeed Urgent First Aid

PoisoningPoisoning

Stoppage of

Breathing

Severe Bleeding

Severe Bleeding

Severe Bleeding

Severe Bleeding


Ways of controlling Ways of controlling bleedingbleeding

Direct pressure Direct pressure Elevating the bleeding part of the bodyElevating the bleeding part of the body

Applying pressures on the pressure pointsApplying pressures on the pressure points

Use of a tourniquetUse of a tourniquet

Direct PressureDirect Pressure

Elevate the Bleeding Elevate the Bleeding WoundWound

Finger pressure on brachial Finger pressure on brachial arteryartery

Finger pressure on femoral Finger pressure on femoral arteryartery


Stoppage of Breathing

ChokingChoking

Treatment for Treatment for ChokingChoking

Causes of breathing Causes of breathing StoppageStoppage

Heart attackHeart attack

Shock Shock

Choking Choking

Carbon monoxide poisoningCarbon monoxide poisoning

Compression of the chestCompression of the chest

Strangling Strangling

HangingHanging Drowning Drowning Electrocution Electrocution Suffocation Suffocation

Signs of Stoppage of Signs of Stoppage of breathingbreathing

The patient becomes unconsciousThe patient becomes unconscious

Tongue, lips and fingernails become bluish Tongue, lips and fingernails become bluish

The pupils become enlargedThe pupils become enlarged

How to verify if breathing How to verify if breathing stopped?stopped?


PoisoningPoisoning

Practices that may cause Practices that may cause poisoningpoisoning

Carelessness on the part of parentsCarelessness on the part of parents

Leaving medicines within the reach of childrenLeaving medicines within the reach of children

Improper storage and disposal of poisonous Improper storage and disposal of poisonous substancessubstances

Taking medicines in the darkTaking medicines in the dark

Keeping unlabeled medicinesKeeping unlabeled medicines

Mixing alcohol and medicinesMixing alcohol and medicines

Improper use of insect sprayImproper use of insect spray

Poison transferred from the original container to jars Poison transferred from the original container to jars or soft drink bottlesor soft drink bottles

Inhalation or swallowing of dangerous substancesInhalation or swallowing of dangerous substances

Symptoms of Symptoms of poisoningpoisoning

Vomiting Vomiting

Abdominal painAbdominal pain

Nausea Nausea Headache Headache

Dizziness Dizziness

First-Aid Treatment for First-Aid Treatment for PoisoningPoisoning

Find out what poison he/she swallowedFind out what poison he/she swallowed

Treat the victim as unconscious and bring to the Treat the victim as unconscious and bring to the nearest hospital as quickly as possible.nearest hospital as quickly as possible.

If the patient has burned lips, mouth or tongue, DO If the patient has burned lips, mouth or tongue, DO NOT MAKE THE PERSON VOMITNOT MAKE THE PERSON VOMIT

First-Aid Treatment for First-Aid Treatment for PoisoningPoisoning

Make the person vomit by giving four or more glasses of warm water with Make the person vomit by giving four or more glasses of warm water with salt or baking soda in it to dilute the poison. Milk to protect the digestive salt or baking soda in it to dilute the poison. Milk to protect the digestive track lining.track lining.

Refer the patient to the nearest hospitalRefer the patient to the nearest hospital

After vomiting give him/her an activated charcoal powder mixed with After vomiting give him/her an activated charcoal powder mixed with water, milk with eggs, flour mixed with water, crumpled burnt toast.water, milk with eggs, flour mixed with water, crumpled burnt toast.

Putting a finger down his throatPutting a finger down his throat

Give one tablespoon of syrup of Ipecac if possible.Give one tablespoon of syrup of Ipecac if possible.

An injury to the soft tissues, such as the ligaments, muscles, tendons and blood vessels surrounding the joints.

First-Aid for Bone and First-Aid for Bone and Joint InjuriesJoint Injuries

SprainSprain

Commonly sprained Commonly sprained parts of the bodyparts of the body

Fingers Fingers

Ankles Ankles

Wrist Wrist

knees knees

Symptoms of Symptoms of SprainSprain

Tenderness Tenderness

Swelling Swelling

Pain in motionPain in motion

Discoloration of the skinDiscoloration of the skin

First aid treatment for First aid treatment for sprained anklesprained ankle


Apply ice of cold compress to relieve the pain on Apply ice of cold compress to relieve the pain on the first daythe first day

Avoid walkingAvoid walking

Rest the joint for one or two weeksRest the joint for one or two weeks

Elevate the sprained ankle to comfortable Elevate the sprained ankle to comfortable positionposition

Consult a doctor if pain and swelling do not subsideConsult a doctor if pain and swelling do not subside

An injury to the muscle due to overexertion, the muscles are overstretched and sometimes partially torn.


Strain

Commonly strained parts Commonly strained parts of the bodyof the body

Back muscles Back muscles

Symptoms of Symptoms of StrainStrain

Muscle painMuscle painCramps Cramps

First aid treatment for First aid treatment for strained backstrained back

First aid treatment for First aid treatment for strained backstrained back

Lie at a hard surface such as the floor rather than a Lie at a hard surface such as the floor rather than a soft bedsoft bed

Person with strained back are advised to restPerson with strained back are advised to rest

If severe back pain it needs medical careIf severe back pain it needs medical care

A break in a bone


Fractur

e

Kinds of Kinds of FracturesFractures

Break in the bone without a wound


Has wound caused by the end of the broken bone tears through the skin


Bone is broken into small pieces

Commonly fractured Commonly fractured parts of the bodyparts of the body

Ribs Ribs

Upper armUpper arm

Elbow Elbow

knee knee

Ankle Ankle

Foot Foot

Symptoms of Symptoms of fracturefracture

Feeling a grating of broken bones rubbing Feeling a grating of broken bones rubbing togethertogether

Hearing or feeling a bone snapHearing or feeling a bone snap

Obvious deformities, swelling and Obvious deformities, swelling and discoloration of the injured partsdiscoloration of the injured parts


Stop bleeding by applying hand pressure (except Stop bleeding by applying hand pressure (except compound fracture) to the supplying blood vesselscompound fracture) to the supplying blood vessels

Examine the victim for other serious injuryExamine the victim for other serious injury

Immobilize the broken bones and the adjacent Immobilize the broken bones and the adjacent joint with a splint or an arm sling.joint with a splint or an arm sling.

Cover all open fractures with a clean pad or clothCover all open fractures with a clean pad or cloth

Don not attempt to push back the bone endDon not attempt to push back the bone end

Apply an ice bag on the injured areaApply an ice bag on the injured area

Give first aid for shockGive first aid for shock

Do not allow the victim to see his / her own Do not allow the victim to see his / her own injuryinjury

Seek medical helpSeek medical help

An abnormal, violent, and involuntary series of contractions of the muscles in an infant or a small child.

First Aid for Sudden First Aid for Sudden IllnessIllness

Convulsion in children

Symptoms of Symptoms of convulsions in childrenconvulsions in childrenHas rigidity of body muscles which may last from Has rigidity of body muscles which may last from a few seconds to perhaps half a minute.a few seconds to perhaps half a minute.

A child in convulsion is foaming at the mouth A child in convulsion is foaming at the mouth or droolingor drooling

Symptoms of Symptoms of convulsions in childrenconvulsions in childrenThe child may stop breathing, bite his or her own The child may stop breathing, bite his or her own tongue, and lose bladder and vowel controltongue, and lose bladder and vowel control

There is bluish discoloration of the face and There is bluish discoloration of the face and lips of he childlips of he child

First aid First aid treatmenttreatment

Place the child in a cool placePlace the child in a cool place

Remove the clothes of the childRemove the clothes of the child

Wet the front part of the body with cold water, or Wet the front part of the body with cold water, or apply wet cold compress on the foreheadapply wet cold compress on the forehead


Get medical assistance immediately or bring the Get medical assistance immediately or bring the child to the hospitalchild to the hospital

Give the child plenty of cold-waterGive the child plenty of cold-water

Neurological disorder characterized by seizure of convulsion, which may either be petitmal or grandmal seizure.


Epilepsy

Epilepsy


Keep his/her airway openKeep his/her airway open

Keep the patient lying downKeep the patient lying down

Remove nearby objectRemove nearby object If the victim’s mouth is open, place a rolled handkerchief If the victim’s mouth is open, place a rolled handkerchief

between the side teeth to prevent him from biting his/her tonguebetween the side teeth to prevent him from biting his/her tongue

Loosen victim’s collar, belt and pantsLoosen victim’s collar, belt and pants

Turn his/her head to one side to allow saliva to Turn his/her head to one side to allow saliva to drooldrool

Allow the victim to sleep and dress after seizureAllow the victim to sleep and dress after seizure

If breathing stops apply artificial respirationIf breathing stops apply artificial respiration

Get medical help if convulsion occurs againGet medical help if convulsion occurs again

Do not give the victim any liquidDo not give the victim any liquid

The infection of the vermiform appendix connected to the large intestine at the right side of the abdomen.


AppendicitisAppendicitis

Symptoms of Symptoms of appendicitisappendicitis

Intense pain in the abdomenIntense pain in the abdomenUsually felt around the area of the navel, pain Usually felt around the area of the navel, pain

moves to the lower right side of the abdomen moves to the lower right side of the abdomen

Pain causes the victim to lose appetite, vomit, be Pain causes the victim to lose appetite, vomit, be constipated, and have feverconstipated, and have fever

First aid First aid treatmenttreatment Immediately get the help of a doctor or bring Immediately get the help of a doctor or bring

him/her to the hospitalhim/her to the hospital

Do not give the patient any fluid or solid food Do not give the patient any fluid or solid food and enema.and enema.

Let him / her rest in an inclined positionLet him / her rest in an inclined position

A depressed state body functions that threatens life. Can be a temporary shock or an emotional shock.


Shock

First aid First aid treatmenttreatmentThree basic things to remember position, heat Three basic things to remember position, heat

and fluidand fluid

If the victim is lying on the floor, place a blanket beneath If the victim is lying on the floor, place a blanket beneath him/her according to the temperature of the environmenthim/her according to the temperature of the environment

Do not allow the victim to sweat, prevent large Do not allow the victim to sweat, prevent large loss of body heatloss of body heat

First aid First aid treatmenttreatmentFluids are important. Plain water, either hot or cold. It should Fluids are important. Plain water, either hot or cold. It should

only be given when the victim is conscious, not nauseated.only be given when the victim is conscious, not nauseated.

Give necessary first to other injuries. Avoid disturbing the victim Give necessary first to other injuries. Avoid disturbing the victim by unnecessary questioning, manipulation, and noiseby unnecessary questioning, manipulation, and noise

May occur when the blood pressure of a person is higher than 140/90.


Heart

Attack

Symptoms of heart Symptoms of heart attackattack

Pain at the back of the headPain at the back of the headSuffers from dizzinessSuffers from dizziness Shortness of breathShortness of breath Chest painChest pain Lips and fingernails turn bluishLips and fingernails turn bluishA chronic cough A chronic cough Swelling of the ankleSwelling of the ankle

First aid First aid treatmenttreatmentWhile waiting for the doctor, have the patient lie While waiting for the doctor, have the patient lie

down with head raise higher than the bodydown with head raise higher than the body

Provide adequate ventilation, guarding against Provide adequate ventilation, guarding against drafts and coldsdrafts and colds

Do not give fluids to an unconscious patientDo not give fluids to an unconscious patient


If breathing stops, but pulse is felt, apply artificial If breathing stops, but pulse is felt, apply artificial respiration or mouth to mouth resuscitationrespiration or mouth to mouth resuscitation

Caused by blood clot or bleeding involving a vessel of the brain due to the hardening of the entries and high blood pressure.


Stroke

Symptoms of strokeSymptoms of stroke

The patient becomes unconscious, breaths heavily, and suffers paralysis The patient becomes unconscious, breaths heavily, and suffers paralysis of the upper or lower extremities or both. The pupils of the eyes may also of the upper or lower extremities or both. The pupils of the eyes may also be unequal in size. be unequal in size.

Symptoms of strokeSymptoms of stroke

If the damage to the brain is mild, there may be dizziness or headache, a If the damage to the brain is mild, there may be dizziness or headache, a sudden failure of memory, muscular difficulty involving some body parts, a sudden failure of memory, muscular difficulty involving some body parts, a speech defect or ringing of the ears.speech defect or ringing of the ears.

Call a doctor immediately and kept the victim Call a doctor immediately and kept the victim lying flat on his/her back.lying flat on his/her back.


Turn the patient’s head on its side to allow drooling Turn the patient’s head on its side to allow drooling from the mouth if having difficulty in breathingfrom the mouth if having difficulty in breathing

Do not give fluids to an unconscious patientDo not give fluids to an unconscious patient


Apply wet compress or towel on the foreheadApply wet compress or towel on the forehead

Keep the body temperature normalKeep the body temperature normal

If the breathing stops apply immediately If the breathing stops apply immediately cardiopulmonary massagecardiopulmonary massage

Caused by too much intake of alcoholic beverages.


Severe Intoxication

Symptoms of severe Symptoms of severe intoxicationintoxication

Redness or paleness of the faceRedness or paleness of the face

Fast or weak pulseFast or weak pulseBreath smells of alcoholBreath smells of alcohol

Loss of consciousness Loss of consciousness

Sponge the drunken person with a wet, warm Sponge the drunken person with a wet, warm toweltowel


Give him a hot milk or coffee without sugarGive him a hot milk or coffee without sugar

Induce vomiting if he is already conscious Induce vomiting if he is already conscious

First aid First aid treatmenttreatmentMassage the hands, arms, and feet to allow Massage the hands, arms, and feet to allow

blood to circulateblood to circulate

If the breathing stops apply immediately If the breathing stops apply immediately cardiopulmonary massagecardiopulmonary massage

Call a physicianCall a physician


SnakeBite

SnakeBite

Symptoms of snake Symptoms of snake bitebite

Aside from the fang marks, are severe pain in the Aside from the fang marks, are severe pain in the area of the bitearea of the bite

Swelling and darkening around the side of the Swelling and darkening around the side of the woundwound

Weakness due to difficulty in breathingWeakness due to difficulty in breathing

Pulse change, nausea, blurring of vision until the Pulse change, nausea, blurring of vision until the victim losses consciousnessvictim losses consciousness


Let the victim lie down without moving the bitten Let the victim lie down without moving the bitten part to prevent the spread of the poisonpart to prevent the spread of the poison

Apply a tourniquet just above the bite, seek medical Apply a tourniquet just above the bite, seek medical care at once from the hospital for anti-venom injectioncare at once from the hospital for anti-venom injection

Do not give alcohol and other stimulants to a victim of poisonous Do not give alcohol and other stimulants to a victim of poisonous insect bite, it could cause the rapid spread of the poisoninsect bite, it could cause the rapid spread of the poison


Sucking the venom and spitting it out is no Sucking the venom and spitting it out is no longer recommended longer recommended

The process of allowing air to and from the lungs by mechanical or manual means.


Artificia

l

Respira

tion

Artificia

l

Respira

tion

Mouth-to-Mouth Mouth-to-Mouth ResuscitationResuscitation

Mouth-to-Mouth-and-Nose Resuscitation on a Mouth-to-Mouth-and-Nose Resuscitation on a Child Under Age 8 or on an Infant Child Under Age 8 or on an Infant

First Aid First Aid TreatmentTreatment

Place the child on a hard, flat surface.Place the child on a hard, flat surface.

Look into the mouth and throat to ensure that the airway is clear. Look into the mouth and throat to ensure that the airway is clear. If an object is present, try to sweep it out with your fingers If an object is present, try to sweep it out with your fingers

If vomiting occurs, turn the child onto his or her If vomiting occurs, turn the child onto his or her side and sweep out the mouth with two fingers.side and sweep out the mouth with two fingers.

Tilt the head back slightly to open the airway.Tilt the head back slightly to open the airway.

Place your mouth tightly over the nose and mouth. Blow two quick, Place your mouth tightly over the nose and mouth. Blow two quick, shallow breaths (smaller breaths than you would give to an adult). Watch shallow breaths (smaller breaths than you would give to an adult). Watch for the chest to rise.for the chest to rise.


Remove your mouth. Look for the chest to fall as Remove your mouth. Look for the chest to fall as the child exhales. the child exhales.

Listen for the sounds of breathing. Feel for the child’s breath on your Listen for the sounds of breathing. Feel for the child’s breath on your cheek. If breathing does not start on its own, repeat the procedure.cheek. If breathing does not start on its own, repeat the procedure.


Mouth-to-Mouth Mouth-to-Mouth Resuscitation on a Child Age Resuscitation on a Child Age

8 or Older or on an Adult 8 or Older or on an Adult

Make sure the person is lying on a hard, flat surface. Make sure the person is lying on a hard, flat surface.

Look into the mouth and throat to ensure that the airway is clear. If an Look into the mouth and throat to ensure that the airway is clear. If an object is present, try to sweep it out with your fingers (wear disposable object is present, try to sweep it out with your fingers (wear disposable surgical gloves if they are available). surgical gloves if they are available).


If vomiting occurs, turn the person on his or her side and sweep out the If vomiting occurs, turn the person on his or her side and sweep out the mouth with two fingers. Do not place your finger in the mouth if the mouth with two fingers. Do not place your finger in the mouth if the person is rigid or is having a seizureperson is rigid or is having a seizure


Tilt the head back slightly to open the airway. Put Tilt the head back slightly to open the airway. Put upward pressure on the jaw to pull it forward.upward pressure on the jaw to pull it forward.

Pinch the nostrils closed with thumb and index finger. Place your mouth Pinch the nostrils closed with thumb and index finger. Place your mouth tightly over the person’s mouth. Use a mouthpiece if one is available. Blow tightly over the person’s mouth. Use a mouthpiece if one is available. Blow two quick breaths and watch for the person’s chest to rise.two quick breaths and watch for the person’s chest to rise.


Release the nostrils. Look for the person’s chest to fall as he or she exhales. Release the nostrils. Look for the person’s chest to fall as he or she exhales. Listen for the sounds of breathing. Feel for the person’s breath on your cheek. Listen for the sounds of breathing. Feel for the person’s breath on your cheek. If the person does not start breathing on his or her own, repeat the procedure If the person does not start breathing on his or her own, repeat the procedure


Transferringthe victimwithout support

Keep your back as straight as possible. Keep your back as straight as possible. Try to keep the pull as straight and in-line as possible. Try to keep the pull as straight and in-line as possible.

Keep aware that the head is unsupported and may bounce over Keep aware that the head is unsupported and may bounce over bumps and surface imperfections. bumps and surface imperfections.

Grasp the victim by both ankles or pant cuffs. Grasp the victim by both ankles or pant cuffs.

Pull with your legs, not your back. Pull with your legs, not your back.

Ankle PullAnkle Pull

Try to keep the pull as straight and in-line as possible. Try to keep the pull as straight and in-line as possible.

Try to keep the pull as straight and in-line as possible. Try to keep the pull as straight and in-line as possible.

Grasp the victim by the clothing under the shoulders. Grasp the victim by the clothing under the shoulders.

Keep your arms on both sides of the head. Keep your arms on both sides of the head.

SHOULDER SHOULDER PULLPULL

Blanket DragBlanket Drag

The shoulder drag is accomplished by placing the victim in a supine position (laying on his back), The shoulder drag is accomplished by placing the victim in a supine position (laying on his back), grasping the clothing behind his shoulders, and dragging him in the desired direction.grasping the clothing behind his shoulders, and dragging him in the desired direction.

Place the casualty in the supine position on a blanket and pull the blanket Place the casualty in the supine position on a blanket and pull the blanket along the floor. Always pull the casualty head first, with the head and along the floor. Always pull the casualty head first, with the head and shoulders slightly raised so that the head will not bump against the floor.shoulders slightly raised so that the head will not bump against the floor.

Blanket DragBlanket Drag

Fireman’s DragFireman’s Drag

Put the victim’s hands on his chest while he is lying on the floorPut the victim’s hands on his chest while he is lying on the floor

Fireman’s DragFireman’s Drag

Tie both hands with a handkerchief, a piece of cloth or bandageTie both hands with a handkerchief, a piece of cloth or bandage

Straddle over the victim with the body supported by the arms and kneesStraddle over the victim with the body supported by the arms and knees

Put the tied hand around your neckPut the tied hand around your neck Slowly crawl while carefully dragging the victim toward a safer placeSlowly crawl while carefully dragging the victim toward a safer place

Lover’s CarryLover’s Carry

Pack-a-back Pack-a-back carrycarry

Pack-strap-CarryPack-strap-Carry

Fireman’s CarryFireman’s Carry

Hook your elbows underneath the person's shoulders as they're laying face Hook your elbows underneath the person's shoulders as they're laying face down. Lift them up gently until their chest is against yours.down. Lift them up gently until their chest is against yours.

Grasp the person's right wrist with your left hand Grasp the person's right wrist with your left hand and place it over your right shoulder. and place it over your right shoulder.

Fireman’s CarryFireman’s Carry

Squat down, keeping your back as straight as Squat down, keeping your back as straight as possible. possible.

Place your right hand between the legs of the victim and behind their right Place your right hand between the legs of the victim and behind their right thigh. thigh.

Using the muscles in your legs, rise from the squatting position and hoist the person's right thigh over Using the muscles in your legs, rise from the squatting position and hoist the person's right thigh over your right shoulder. Keep your back straight. The left leg and arm of the person should now be hanging your right shoulder. Keep your back straight. The left leg and arm of the person should now be hanging behind and the body is supported by your shoulders. Hold onto their right arm and leg with your right behind and the body is supported by your shoulders. Hold onto their right arm and leg with your right and left hands, respectively, as you stand up. and left hands, respectively, as you stand up.

Assisting a victim to Assisting a victim to walkwalk

Carry and Transfer without

The Use of Equipment

Fore-and-Apt Fore-and-Apt CarryCarry

Two-handed Two-handed Seat/SwingSeat/Swing

Four-handed Four-handed SeatSeat

Three Man CarryThree Man Carry

Carrier number one supports the head and the shoulderCarrier number one supports the head and the shoulder

Carrier number kneels on the other side of the Carrier number kneels on the other side of the victim, support the bodyvictim, support the body

Carrier number three kneels in line with carrier number Carrier number three kneels in line with carrier number one to support the thighs and legs of the victimsone to support the thighs and legs of the victims

Three Man CarryThree Man Carry

Six Man CarrySix Man Carry

Six Man CarrySix Man CarryThree carriers kneel on their right knees at one side of the victim and the Three carriers kneel on their right knees at one side of the victim and the

other three kneel on their left knees at the opposite side.other three kneel on their left knees at the opposite side.

The hands and arms of the carriers are placed The hands and arms of the carriers are placed alternately under the victim’s body.alternately under the victim’s body.

Carry and Transfer with

The Use of Equipment

Lifting the Lifting the BlanketBlanket

Lifting the Lifting the BlanketBlanketThree carriers kneel on their right knees at one side of the victim and the Three carriers kneel on their right knees at one side of the victim and the

other three kneel on their left knees at the opposite side.other three kneel on their left knees at the opposite side.

The hands and arms of the carriers are placed The hands and arms of the carriers are placed alternately under the victim’s body.alternately under the victim’s body.

Using a StretcherUsing a Stretcher

Chair CarryChair Carry

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