Firestopping & Compartmentation - New England Building ... · Passive Protection = independent from...
Transcript of Firestopping & Compartmentation - New England Building ... · Passive Protection = independent from...
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Firestopping & Compartmentation
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FIT Level 2 Certified
Designated Responsible Individual (DRI)
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Inspections/Consulting• Firestopping• Fire/Smoke Barriers• Barrier Remediation• SOC surveys• Project Management• Quality Control/Assurance• Installation Training• Codes• Plan/spec review
Inspections/Repairs• Fire/Smoke Dampers• Door/Hardware
Vetted Contractors• Firestop Installation• Firestop Remediation• Barrier Remediation
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ASTM 2174/2393 Inspection StandardsFully divested from & not a competitor of:
Manufacturer, distributor, installer
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Life Safety
Triangle
Suppression
Compartmentation
Detection
Active Protection = requires other systems to operatePassive Protection = independent from other systems
A Balanced Approach
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Passive Fire Protection Components
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Compartmentation = containment of flame, heat, smoke, toxic gas
Fire resistive assemblies = F-rating of 1 to 4 hoursFire WallsFire Barriers – 1 to 4 hoursSmoke Barriers – 1 hourSmoke Partitions – no rating
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Compartmentation starts with the Assembly
Concrete
GWB
CMU
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Wood frame
Pre-cast planks
Concrete / Metal DeckHollow core planks
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Where ratings come from
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Post burn & temperature rise
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Hose stream = structural integrity
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Pass ALL tests, get a UL #
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Only LISTED designs are useable
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All passive components are tested similarly
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Why do we need all of this testing?
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Neutral
Plane
High Pressure
1200+ F
115+ psi
Low Pressure
Air Flow Air Flow
CorridorRoom
Room Room
Fire Zones are NOT gentle.
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Sprinklers suppress flames, NOT smoke
75%
Source: Hall, Jr. John R. NFPA Fire Analysis & Research, Quincy, MA. “Burns, Toxic Gases, and other Hazards”.
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Smoke can kill almost immediatelyOver 100 toxins gasses, aerosol or attached to soot.
Carbon Monoxide
Hydrogen Cyanide
Phosgene
Hydrogen Chloride
Acrolein
Sulphur
Nitrogen Dioxide…
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Carbon Monoxide = Hypoxia = death
Headache
DizzinessCollapse
Out of breathNausea
Unconsciousness
Signs of too much alcohol consumption or Carbon Monoxide poisoning?
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max exposure – 8 hours
max exposure – 1 hour
Life threatening in 3 hours
Death within 2 hours
Death within 1 hour
Death in 1-3 minutes
Immediate Detriment to Life & Health
9 ppm
400 ppm
35 ppm
800 ppm
1200 ppm
1600 ppm
12800 ppm
10000 ppm
1500 ppm
40000 ppm
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Smoke Does Not Always Rise
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Visibility
• 50% of survivors could not see more than 12 feet.
• Walking speed drops
• Men 3.5 to 1.7 mph
• Women 3.2 to 1.6 mph
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Top of Wall joint = 5/8” high x 20 feet longHallway - 100’ long, 10’ wide, 8’ high
Hallway will fill with smoke in 4-5 minutes
SpeedSmoke & toxic gases travel up to 420 ft. /minute at temperatures of 1500 degrees or more.
155in2
235in2
Properly firestopped = 594 minutes
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115
135
285
450
1550
1800
1050
1300
Movement Intolerable
Two minutes have passed
5 minutes
10 minutes
30 minutes
2 hours
Ambient Temperature
Fiberglass insulation melts 3
413o PVC Melts 2
1220o Aluminum melts 4
Fo
1. Moritz & Henriques2. SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 1st Ed.
Table 1-12.1. Pg. 1-166.3. Owens Corning SSL I or II Fiberglas Insulation specification
sheet.4. NFPA Fire Protection Handbook, 18th Ed. Table 4-16A. Pg 4-
183.
462 Fire Fighters face masks melt
925 Structural steel begins to distort
1st degree burns develop
3rd degree burns develop
Thermal Injuries
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15%
25%
60%
…of victims are outside the room of origin Source: NFPA Fire Protection Handbook, 18th Ed. Table 1-1P. Pg. 1-15.
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Curtain WallEdge of
SlabJoint
Expansion Joint
Sprinklers
Fire Doors
Barrier Joints
Block-Outs
Cable Trays
HVAC Ducts
Stub-Outs
Insulated Pipe
Top of WallJoint
De-Rating = Loss of Compartmentation
Through Penetrations
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Cross Corridor Barrier (XCB)High Challenge location
½” annular space around each penetrationDoes not include top of wall joint
70 sq. in..
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What happens whencompartmentation is not
established or is lost?
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On November 21, 1980 a fire occurred at the MGM Grand Hotel on the 1st floor in the casino
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• Sprinklers activated on the 26th floor.
• 785 people injured
• 84 people died.
• 67 victims on the 16th
floor or higher.
The flames never left the first floor
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Greenwood Manor – Hartford CT
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Photos: Bob Duval - NFPA
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February 2003 - 16 deaths
Photos: Bob Duval - NFPA
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2nd floor mechanical room fire contained to room of origin
Credit: Associated Press
NYC - 2008
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$19,000,000.00
Repair, clean up and lost revenue
Credit: Associated Press
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Code Requirements
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IBC 2009
• Sections 712.3.1.2 & 712.4.1.2: • “Through-penetrations shall be protected by an
approved penetration firestop system installed as tested in accordance with ASTM E814…
•Sections 712.3.2 & 712.4.2 : Membrane Penetrations•Section 712.1: Fire Resistive Joint Systems•Section 712.4: Exterior Wall Assemblies
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Listed SystemsWhat are they and where do they come from?
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Listed Systems start with the manufacturers.
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Through-Penetration Test
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Through-Penetration Test
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ASTM E-814 Time Temperature Curve
Melting Points (approximate)
PVC plastic pipe = 413 °F 1
Fiberglass insulation = 1050 °F2
Aluminum = 1220 °F 3
Sources:
1. SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 1st Ed. Table 1-12.1. Pg. 1-166.
2. Owens Corning SSL I or II Fiberglas Insulation specification sheet.
3. NFPA Fire Protection Handbook, 18th Ed. Table 4-16A. Pg4-183.
450 @ 2 mins
1050 @ 6 mins
1220 @ 9 mins
1510 @ 25 mins
2080 @ 5 hrs
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What Failure Looks Like
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Post Burn Test
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Hose Stream Test
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Hose Stream Failure
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… then submit to Third Party Testing Labs for testing and Listing
American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM)
E814 – Through penetrations
E1966 - Joints
Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL)
1429 – Through penetrations
2079 - Joints
Labs Test the Systems to Exact Standards
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ASTM E 814 / UL 1479 Test Standards forThrough Penetration Firestop Systems
F-RatingThe duration of time in which flames must not pass through the system
T-RatingThe time it takes for the non-fire side to reach 400ºF
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• L-Rating (currently optional)• Amount of air leakage through the system
at ambient and 400°F • Measured in CFM/sq. ft. The lower the
number, the better.
• W-rating (currently optional) • the ability of a system to restrict the flow
of water• Class 1-rated systems resist a 3 foot water
column for 72 hours
ASTM E 814 / UL 1479 Test Standards forThrough Penetration Firestop Systems
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There are 3parts to a
ListedFirestopSystem
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1st Part of a Listed System:
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Wood frame
Pre-cast planks
Concrete / Metal DeckHollow core planks
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2nd Part of a Listed Firestop System:
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3rd Part of a Listed System:
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Listed System, Listed System, Listed System…
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• Specific Listed Systems categories for:– Walls– Floors– Floor/Wall combos
• Each category has subsets for:– Blank openings– Metallic pipe– Non metallic pipes– Insulated metallic pipe– Cables– Duct work– Multiple penetrants
• Joints have separate categories for:– 6 different joint types– Static vs. dynamic joint movement potential
Over 10,000 Listed Systems most with UL
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So, what is the F-rating of the firestop material?
ZERO!Only Listed Systems have ratings.
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Firestopping vs Fireblocking
• Fireblocking is done inside the stud and joists cavities of wood frame buildings. (Type V)
• Products are NOT tested to ASTM E814 firestop standards• Tested to ASTM E136 “Non-combustibility” test• No UL Systems are involved.• Fireblock products CANNOT be used in firestop applications
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Through Penetrations Basics
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Annular Space (AS)
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1. Centered 2. Off-Centered
3. Point Contact4. Continuous Point
Contact
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Measure Annular Space Carefully
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Installs must meet Annular Space limits
3” pipe, 6” opening 1 ½” annular space
2” pipe, 6” opening 2” annular space
UL System CAJ-1380Annular space = 0” to 1 7/8”
4” pipe, 6” opening 1” annular space
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Check all parameters carefully
Max
Diameter?
6. Max total area of opening3. Min/max distance to edge of opening
1. Type of penetrants allowed.
4. Min/max distance between penetrants
5. Max dimension of opening
EMT
Cast Iron
EMT
2. Max size penetrants allowed.7. Must be framed out??
People. Property. Protected
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Sealant depth & location
5/8” called for in Listed System
1/4” installed in the field
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Sealant depth & location
5/8” depth called for in most Listed Systems
¼” commonly installed… …or worse
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Pen
etra
ting
Item
Sealant ToolingFailed Sealant
Footprint
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Sealant Tooling
Pen
etra
ting
Item
Sealant MUST be tooled to get the proper coverage!
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Bead at Point
Contact
Proper Installation
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Current Realities
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Inspection failure – GC’s & subs self installed
81%
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Drywall Mud & Tape
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• Tape and Mud will not withstand the effects of fire.
• Depending on fire conditions, the tape & mud may burn away leaving an unsealed opening.
“Fire taping”
Mud & Tape vs. Firestopping
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Courtesy Firestop Institute LLC
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What is hidden by drywall compound?
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What is hidden by drywall compound?
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Red over white ain’t right!
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Red over white ain’t right!
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Not on the wall…
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… in the wall!
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Hodge Podge
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No scab patching
• Not to Code• Not rated• Not Listed• Cannot be
approved
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Surface mount technology??
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Must Have Good AS
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Watch out for “smear attacks”…
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…and what is behind them.
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Pipe shields do!
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Have to look up top
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Partial Installations
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High Noon Syndrome
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Spaghetti Style Firestop
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Non-compliant Materials
Any material NOT called for
in the Listed System
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Any Expanding Foam
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Yagottabekiddinme!
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Extend the wall through the flutes
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Enforcement = change for the better
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… hope this does not happen
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IBC 2012 code changes
• 1705.16 - Third party firestop inspections mandated for:• Risk Category III - Buildings and other structures
that represent a substantial hazard to human life in the event of failure.
• Hospitals• Public Assembly• Most schools• Some Nursing Homes, SNF, etc• Jails & detention centers
• Risk Category IV • Fire, rescue and police • Designated earthquake, hurricane or other
emergency shelters. • High Rises = 75 ft or more taller
MUST be conducted in accordance with ASTM 2174 and 2393
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Components
2174 & 2393
Truly Qualified
No Conflict of
Interest
Accepted by AHJ
Inspection Protocols
Final Reports
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Qualified
Be acceptable to the AHJ and:
1. Minimum 2 years experience in construction field inspections
2. Education, credentials & experience acceptable to the Authorizing Authority (AA)
OR1. Meet criteria in ASTM Practice E699
for agencies involved in quality assurance;• Translates to being AC291
accredited
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No Conflict of Interest
• “… shall be independent of, and divested from,…”
• “… shall not be a competitor of…”• Installer• Contractor• Manufacturer• Supplier
• FSC’s and reps cannot inspect.
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Inspector Conflict of Interest Affidavit
Apply for AcceptanceFirestop Inspector Statement
of Qualifications
Submitted before bidding
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Inspection Protocol #1
• Randomly observe 10% of each type of penetration firestop being installed per ten thousand sq. ft.
• Randomly observe 5% of total lineal feet of each type of joint firestop being installed.
…or
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Destructive Testing
Inspection Protocol #2
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Inspection Protocol #2
Through Penetrations• Minimum 2% but not <1 of
each type.• Each UL System & EJ.• Per 10,000 sq ft.
• One wrong? Do one more…up to 10% of total.
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Inspection Protocol #2
Joints• One sample of each type
for every 500 LF• One wrong = one more…• 10% failure, inspection
stops.
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Reporting
Executive Summary
% of deficiencies per type
Within 1 day
Total as % of all penetrations
Type & quantity of each
1 page per…
Deficiencies
Chronologically
Within 2 days
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Inspection or Inspection?
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Wayne Barrow603-769-4108