Fire resistance of timber doors Part II Technical solutions and...
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11 Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW Forestry and Wood Technology № 92, 2015: 113-116 (Ann. WULS - SGGW, For. and Wood Technol. 92, 2015) Fire resistance of timber doors – Part II Technical solutions and test results DANIEL IZYDORCZYK, PAWEŁ SULIK, JACEK KINOWSKI, BARTŁOMIEJ SĘDŁAK Building Research Institute, Fire Research Department ul. Ksawerów 21, 02-656 Warszawa, e-mail: [email protected], d.izydorczyk @itb.pl Abstract: This paper discusses the main issues related to the fire resistance of timber windows. Technical solutions which help to achieve the expected fire resistance class have been described. Moreover, an example of temperature rise results for unexposed surface of the tested specimen has been presented. Keywords: timber glazed window, fire resistance, integrity, thermal insulation, radiation Technical solutions The structure of the hinged, swinging, glazed fire resistant timber window leaf consists usually of the following: window leaf frame of the specific cross-section depending on the expected fire resistance class (two horizontal members: head and sill, and two vertical members: lock and hinge), made of hardwood or softwood; the frame members are bonded together or jointed using e.g. steel staples, fire resistant glass panes. All components of the window leaf filling are jointed to the frame and lining using a special adhesive. An important component of the entire window assembly is the window frame, consisting of vertical members and the head, usually jointed together using steel screws. The window frame is made of timber or MDF. The window frame cross section and density of its material depend on the expected fire resistance class. Fire resistant timber window assemblies should also be equipped with intumescent (temperature expandable) seals. They are mounted in specially milled grooves or directly bonded along all edges of the door leaves and frame. Timber windows may be equipped with a wooden sill, and in such case the sill edge of the window leaf is equipped with a special falling seal. Temperature rises during the fire resistance test of glazed timber double leaf, hinged, window assemblies heated from hinged and opposite to hinge sides. Fig. 1 shows graphs of temperature rises on unexposed surface of the timber window frame of EI1 30 type heated from opposite to hinge side in comparison with temperature rises on unexposed surface of the timber window frame of the same type heated from hinged side. Fig. 2 shows graphs of temperature rises on unexposed surface of the timber inactive window leaf profile of EI1 30 type heated from opposite to hinge side in comparison with temperature rises on unexposed surface of the timber inactive window leaf profile of the same type heated from hinged side. Fig. 3 shows graphs of temperature rises on unexposed surface of the timber active window leaf profile of EI1 30 type heated from opposite to hinge side in comparison with temperature rises on unexposed surface of the timber active window leaf profile of the same type heated from hinged side.
Transcript of Fire resistance of timber doors Part II Technical solutions and...
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increased greatly since 2013 and its level has been visibly higher than in industrial processing and total industry. BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Financial results of economic entities in 2008 , Central Statistical Office 2. Financial results of economic entities in 2009 , Central Statistical Office 3. Financial results of economic entities in 2010 , Central Statistical Office 4. Financial results of economic entities in 2011 , Central Statistical Office 5. Financial results of economic entities in 2012 , Central Statistical Office 6. Financial results of economic entities in 2013 , Central Statistical Office 7. Financial results of economic entities in 2014 , Central Statistical Office 8. Grzegorzewska E., Niziałek I., Olkowicz M.: The impact of clustering on the
innovativeness of furniture industry. Management and Production Engineering Review, Vol. 5, No. 2, June 2014, pp. 12-19.
9. Lähtinen K. 2007, Linking Resource-Based View with Business Economics of Woodworking Industry: Earlier Findings and Future Insights, ,,Silva Fennica”, No. 41 (1), pp. 149-165.
10. Ratajczak E., Szostak A., Bidzińska G., Pozycja konkurencyjna polskiego sektora drzewnego na rynku krajowym i europejskim, Drewno – Wood 2008, vol. 57, nr 179, pp. 95-121.
11. Więckowska M., Structural changes of furniture industry entities in Poland according to the Regon Register in the years 2009 – 2014, Intercathedra, No. 3, 2014, pp. 96-102.
Streszczenie: W opracowaniu zaprezentowano tendencje zmian w poziomie rentowności przedsiębiorstw sektora drzewnego w Polsce. Analizę porównawczą przeprowadzono w przemyśle drzewnym, meblarskim i celulozowo-papierniczym. Przedstawiono zmiany na tle przemysłu ogółem i przetwórstwa przemysłowego, do którego zaliczane są przedsiębiorstwa sektora drzewnego. Badaniami objęto lata 2008-2014. Wśród wskaźników poddanych analizie znalazły się: wskaźnik rentowności ze sprzedaży, wskaźnik rentowności obrotu brutto i wskaźnik rentowności obrotu netto. Słowa kluczowe: przemysł, przetwórstwo przemysłowe, sektor drzewny, przedsiębiorstwa, rentowność Corresponding author: Grzegorzewska Emilia Department of Technology and Entrepreneurship in Wood Industry Faculty of Wood Technology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW) 02-776 Warsaw, 159 Nowoursynowska st., Poland e-mail: [email protected]
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Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW Forestry and Wood Technology № 92, 2015: 113-116 (Ann. WULS - SGGW, For. and Wood Technol. 92, 2015) Fire resistance of timber doors – Part II Technical solutions and test results
DANIEL IZYDORCZYK, PAWEŁ SULIK, JACEK KINOWSKI, BARTŁOMIEJ SĘDŁAK
Building Research Institute, Fire Research Department ul. Ksawerów 21, 02-656 Warszawa, e-mail: [email protected], d.izydorczyk @itb.pl Abstract: This paper discusses the main issues related to the fire resistance of timber windows. Technical solutions which help to achieve the expected fire resistance class have been described. Moreover, an example of temperature rise results for unexposed surface of the tested specimen has been presented. Keywords: timber glazed window, fire resistance, integrity, thermal insulation, radiation Technical solutions
The structure of the hinged, swinging, glazed fire resistant timber window leaf consists usually of the following:
window leaf frame of the specific cross-section depending on the expected fire resistance class (two horizontal members: head and sill, and two vertical members: lock and hinge), made of hardwood or softwood; the frame members are bonded together or jointed using e.g. steel staples,
fire resistant glass panes. All components of the window leaf filling are jointed to the frame and lining using a
special adhesive. An important component of the entire window assembly is the window frame, consisting
of vertical members and the head, usually jointed together using steel screws. The window frame is made of timber or MDF. The window frame cross section and density of its material depend on the expected fire resistance class.
Fire resistant timber window assemblies should also be equipped with intumescent (temperature expandable) seals. They are mounted in specially milled grooves or directly bonded along all edges of the door leaves and frame.
Timber windows may be equipped with a wooden sill, and in such case the sill edge of the window leaf is equipped with a special falling seal. Temperature rises during the fire resistance test of glazed timber double leaf, hinged, window assemblies heated from hinged and opposite to hinge sides.
Fig. 1 shows graphs of temperature rises on unexposed surface of the timber window frame of EI1 30 type heated from opposite to hinge side in comparison with temperature rises on unexposed surface of the timber window frame of the same type heated from hinged side.
Fig. 2 shows graphs of temperature rises on unexposed surface of the timber inactive window leaf profile of EI1 30 type heated from opposite to hinge side in comparison with temperature rises on unexposed surface of the timber inactive window leaf profile of the same type heated from hinged side.
Fig. 3 shows graphs of temperature rises on unexposed surface of the timber active window leaf profile of EI1 30 type heated from opposite to hinge side in comparison with temperature rises on unexposed surface of the timber active window leaf profile of the same type heated from hinged side.
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Fig. 4 shows graphs of temperature rises on unexposed surface of the timber active window leaf (additional procedure) of EI1 30 type heated from opposite to hinge side in comparison with temperature rises on unexposed surface of the timber active window leaf (additional procedure) frame of the same type heated from hinged side.
Figure 1 Temperature rises on unexposed surface of the timber window frame of EI1 30 type heated from opposite to hinge side (dTE14 ÷ dTE18) in comparison with temperature rises on unexposed surface of the
timber window frame of the same type heated from hinged side (dTE40 ÷ dTE44)
Figure 2 Temperature rises on unexposed surface of the timber inactive window leaf profile of EI1 30 type
heated from opposite to hinge side (dTE6 ÷ dTE9) in comparison with temperature rises on unexposed surface of the timber inactive window leaf profile of the same type heated from hinged side (dTE49 ÷ dTE52)
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Figure 3 Temperature rises on unexposed surface of the timber active window leaf profile of EI1 30 type heated from opposite to hinge side (dTE10 ÷ dTE13) in comparison with temperature rises on unexposed surface of the
timber active window leaf profile of the same type heated from hinged side (dTE45 ÷ dTE48)
Figure 4. Temperature rises on unexposed surface of the timber active window leaf (additional procedure)
of EI1 30 type heated from opposite to hinge side (dTE23 ÷ dTE26) in comparison with temperature rises on unexposed surface of the timber active window leaf (additional procedure) of the same type heated from hinged
side (dTE32 ÷ dTE35)
The timber window assemblies were tested according to standard EN 1634-1 [2] (by heating from the hinge side and from opposite to hinge side). The EI1 30 fire resistance class window had thickness of 51 mm, the frame was made of pine wood, and had a cross section of 90 x 92 mm. Summary The presented test results indicate that the properly designed glazed timber windows make an excellent fire barrier. Temperature rises on the unexposed door frame surfaces of the window frames and leaves are relatively low, which indicates that the glazed timber window assembly can be an excellent solution. The only problem in designing the fire resistant timber structure
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Fig. 4 shows graphs of temperature rises on unexposed surface of the timber active window leaf (additional procedure) of EI1 30 type heated from opposite to hinge side in comparison with temperature rises on unexposed surface of the timber active window leaf (additional procedure) frame of the same type heated from hinged side.
Figure 1 Temperature rises on unexposed surface of the timber window frame of EI1 30 type heated from opposite to hinge side (dTE14 ÷ dTE18) in comparison with temperature rises on unexposed surface of the
timber window frame of the same type heated from hinged side (dTE40 ÷ dTE44)
Figure 2 Temperature rises on unexposed surface of the timber inactive window leaf profile of EI1 30 type
heated from opposite to hinge side (dTE6 ÷ dTE9) in comparison with temperature rises on unexposed surface of the timber inactive window leaf profile of the same type heated from hinged side (dTE49 ÷ dTE52)
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Figure 3 Temperature rises on unexposed surface of the timber active window leaf profile of EI1 30 type heated from opposite to hinge side (dTE10 ÷ dTE13) in comparison with temperature rises on unexposed surface of the
timber active window leaf profile of the same type heated from hinged side (dTE45 ÷ dTE48)
Figure 4. Temperature rises on unexposed surface of the timber active window leaf (additional procedure)
of EI1 30 type heated from opposite to hinge side (dTE23 ÷ dTE26) in comparison with temperature rises on unexposed surface of the timber active window leaf (additional procedure) of the same type heated from hinged
side (dTE32 ÷ dTE35)
The timber window assemblies were tested according to standard EN 1634-1 [2] (by heating from the hinge side and from opposite to hinge side). The EI1 30 fire resistance class window had thickness of 51 mm, the frame was made of pine wood, and had a cross section of 90 x 92 mm. Summary The presented test results indicate that the properly designed glazed timber windows make an excellent fire barrier. Temperature rises on the unexposed door frame surfaces of the window frames and leaves are relatively low, which indicates that the glazed timber window assembly can be an excellent solution. The only problem in designing the fire resistant timber structure
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to achieve the expected fire resistance class is to select the appropriate thicknesses, densities, cross sections and proper jointing of the door structure components. Graphs also shows that hinged side is indeed the “worse” side, as it was pointed out in first part (Fire resistance of timber doors – Part I Technical solutions and test results) of this work. REFERENCE 1. EN 13501-2+A1:2009 Fire classification of construction products and buildings elements
– Part 2: Classification using data from fire resistance tests, excluding ventilation services 2. EN 1634-1:2015 Fire resistance and smoke control tests for door and shutter assemblies,
openable windows and elements of building hardware – Part 1: Fire resistance test for door and shutter assemblies and openable windows.
3. EN 1363-1:2012 Fire resistance tests - Part 1: General Requirements 4. EN 1363-2:1999 Fire resistance tests - Part 2: Alternative and additional procedures 5. EN 15269-03:2012 Extended application of test results for fire resistance and/or smoke
control for door, shutter and openable window assemblies, including their elements of building hardware – Part 3: Fire resistance of hinged and pivoted timber doorsets and openable timber framed windows.
6. EN 14600:2005 Doorsets and openable windows with fire resisting and/or smoke control characteristics. Requirements and classification.
7. IZYDORCZYK D., SĘDŁAK B., SULIK P., 2014: Fire Resistance of timber doors - Part I: Test procedure and classification., Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW Forestery and Wood Technology, No. 86, 125-128.
8. IZYDORCZYK D., SĘDŁAK B., SULIK P., 2014: Fire Resistance of timber doors - Part II: Technical solutions and test results., Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW Forestery and Wood Technology, No. 86, 129-132.
9. IZYDORCZYK D., SĘDŁAK B., SULIK P., 2014: Problematyka prawidłowego odbioru wybranych oddzieleń przeciwpożarowych., Materiały Budowlane, nr 11, 62-64.
10. LASKOWSKA Z., MUSIELAK Z., 2008: Drzwi przeciwpożarowe - badania, klasyfikacje, wymagania., Świat Szkła, nr 4 (118), 79-83.
11. SĘDŁAK B., 2012: Metodyka badań odporności ogniowej drzwi przeszklonych Cz.1, Świat szkła; R.17, nr 3, 56-58,60
12. SĘDŁAK B., 2012: Metodyka badań odporności ogniowej drzwi przeszklonych Cz.2, Świat szkła; R.17, nr 4, 55-58,60
13. SULIK P., SĘDŁAK B., IZYDORCZYK D., 2014: Odporność ogniowa i dymoszczelność drzwi przeciwpożarowych na wyjściach awaryjnych z tuneli – badania i klasyfikacja., Logistyka, nr 6, 10104-10113.
14. WALK M., 2015: Drzwi przeciwpożarowe – zmiany w metodyce badawczej., Świat Szkła, R.20 (nr 3), 34-37.
15. ZIELIŃSKI K., 2008: Szkło ogniochronne., Świat Szkła, nr spec. styczeń, 9-11. Streszczenie: Odporność ogniowa okien drewnianych – Część 2: Rozwiązania techniczne i wyniki badań. W niniejszym artykule omówione zostały główne problemy związane z odpornością ogniową rozwierno – uchylnych okien drewnianych, przeszklonych. Przedstawione zostały rozwiązania techniczne pozwalające na osiągnięcie oczekiwanej klasy odporności ogniowej takich zespołów drzwiowych. Ponadto zaprezentowano oraz porównano przykładowe wyniki przyrostów temperatury na nienagrzewanej powierzchni drewnianych okien. Corresponding author: Daniel Izydorczyk [email protected]
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Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW Forestry and Wood Technology № 92, 2015: 117-121 (Ann. WULS - SGGW, For. and Wood Technol. 92, 2015) Dynamics of heartwood formation in mature Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees origin from different site conditions
MARCIN JAKUBOWSKI, TOMASZ JELONEK, ARKADIUSZ TOMCZAK, DAMIAN KAŁUZIŃSKI
Abstract: Dynamics of heartwood formation in mature Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees origin from different site conditions.The study was attempt to determine the difference of dynamics of heartwood formation in Scots pine stems between two different forest site type. The performed experiments comprised the analysis of woody disks taken from bottom of the 129 trees grown in four forest areas. Two of forest areas represents: fresh coniferous forest, and the other mixed broadleaved forest. Age of trees fluctuated from 105 years to 115 years. Dynamics of heartwood into bottom of the tree is highly variable between trees in the same sample plots, average dynamics of heartwood is slightly higher in mixed forest than coniferous forest.
Keywords: Scots pine, macrostructure, heartwood, sapwood,
INTRODUCTION Discussion about the function of heartwood in living trees and factors caused process of
heartwood formation and variations of shape and area of heartwood in cross section of trees is still open. There were many publications on this topic in last decades and researches not found satisfactory solution. The comprehensive study concerning recent literature was presented by Taylor et al. (2002). Authors discuss the function of heartwood and sapwood, structure and wood properties, nutrients, repository for toxic substances, factors influencing the natural durability of heartwood, process of heartwood formation, variations of heartwood distribution and quality in trees and more. Heartwood in coniferous forests in Poland was subject of research of Pazdrowski (1988), Jakubowski (2004), Jakubowski and Koszewski (2004), Nawrot et al. (2008), Tomczak et al. 2009, Jelonek et al. (2010). Dynamics of heartwood formation in pines was subject of interests of Pazdrowski (1992). Pazdrowski and Szaban (2002) compared dynamics of hardwood formation in the stems of black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) growing in similar site conditions, authors found relevance between hardwood formation process and proportion of heartwood and sapwood in pine stems. Jelonek et al. (2010) state that age and social class of the tree position in the stand play significant role in the process of heartwood formation, biggest dynamics was found for trees after 50 years old and into dominant trees. Nawrot et al. (2008) that dynamics of heartwood formation increases with the age of a tree and with the improved social class of tree position in the stand. Greater dynamics of heartwood formation was found in trees growing in a more fertile site – fresh mixed forest. Research carried out by Pazdrowski et al. (2005) shows that European larch was characterised by a higher dynamics of heartwood formation than Douglas fir. Based on current literature suggestions we can state that favorable conditions for increasing dynamics of hardwood formation are: intensive growth of trees and fertile site conditions. The aim of that research was to find difference of heartwood dynamics formation between two forest site types: fresh coniferous forest and mixed broadleaved forest.
