Fire Ground Search and Rescue Final 2005

8/4/2019 Fire Ground Search and Rescue Final 2005

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Frederick County / WinchesterBasic Fire Academy

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Fireground Search and Rescue


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Objectives

Distinguish between rescue andextrication operations.

State the objectives of building search.

Define primary search and secondarysearch.

Select guidelines for rescue fromburning buildings.


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Objectives (cont.)

Select facts about firefighters whobecome trapped or disoriented.

List safety guidelines for search andrescue operations within buildings.

Select facts about victim removal.


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Physical Objectives

Conduct a primary search of a building(residential and commercial).

Conduct a secondary search of abuilding (residential and commercial).

Move an injured victim to safety usingappropriate carries, drags, andstretchers.


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Whats The Difference Between

Rescue and Extrication

Rescue

Natural elements, structural collapse,

elevation difference, or any situation notconsidered extrication.

Extrication Man-made machinery or equipment.


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Building Search Objectives

Finding victims:

Search for life.

Obtain information about the extent ofthe fire:

Searching for fire extension.


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Size-Up Of The Incident

Factors that effect search and rescueoperations:

Type of occupancy.

Season.

Time of day.

Weather.

Other clues of people being there.


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Occupancy:

Depending upon the occupancy, it may

lend you a lot of information to number ofvictims and their location. Example: youhave a structure fire at a nursing home.We know that the operation is 24 hours aday and that most of the occupants are notable to get out on their own.


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Season: Depending on the season or the time of

year, it may lend you a lot of information.Example: you have a structure fire at oneof the hotels in the Frederick County /Winchester area during the Shenandoah

Apple Blossom Festival. We know thatthey are at full capacity and this is going topose a large problem for the searchteam(s).


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Time Of Day:

The time of day can lend you a lot of

information on many occupancies as to thepossibility of people being trapped inside.You have a structure fire at 0200 hours in aDaycare Facility, what do you think the lifehazard is going to be for this type ofstructure?


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Weather:

Times during a major storm such as a

snow storm, a lot of people do not go outand are stuck at home. Now you get thatstructure fire mid-week at lunch time, theodds of people being at home are muchmore greater.


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Other clues of people being in thestructure:

Cars in the drive way.

Sheet or blanket hanging out a window.

A window open on arrival during the middle

of winter. Reports from bystanders.


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Gather Information Prior ToSearch

Question neighbors or those who havealready escaped the fire. These people

may be able to tell you if there isanyone left in the building and if thereis, a possible location of the victim.


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My Baby Is Inside

Many times when firefighters arrive on thescene, the first information they will receive

from the occupants is a baby is trappedinside. Question people as to what their babyis? Many times firefighters have risked theirlives to save the baby to later find out that

the baby is a dog or cat. So make surebefore we risk our lives that the baby is ahuman being not the family pet.


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Size-Up The Building

Just as the first arriving fire departmentofficer, the search and rescue team

must also size-up the building.

The most likely places to find victims ina building, is places of egress.

Especially those that the occupants arethe most accustom to using, such as thefront door.


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Size-Up The Building

What information can you gather by justlooking at the building?

Possible location of victims. Location of different rooms (i.e. bedrooms).

Entrance and egress points for victims andfor the search team.

Location of the fire.

Type of tools that the search team mayneed.


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Size-Up The Following BuildingsFor Search

Answer the following questions:

Time of day, season, weather?

What is the occupancy?

Entrance and exit points?

Location of possible victims?

Clues that their someone is there?

Location of fire?


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Hazards To Fireground Search

What hazards pose a great risk to us asfirefighters doing a search of this

structure?

Our fellow brothers and sisters found

out the hard way in Worchester,Massachusetts in December 1999.


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Primary Search

Conducted before or during firesuppression operations.

Rapid but thorough.

Known or likely locations of victims.

Verify fire conditions.

Report surprises.


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Primary Search

At all times when performing a primarysearch, rescuers should operate in ateam of two or more using the buddysystem.


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You Must Be Able To Contact YourTeam Member(s) One Of The

Following Ways:

By sight.

By touch.

By voice (via a radio does not count).

By rope or webbing between the two ofyou.


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Secondary Search

Conducted after fire is under control.

Conducted by personnel other thanthose who conducted primary search.

Thorough and painstaking.


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Multi-Story Buildings

When searching in multi-story buildings,the most critical areas are the fire floor,

the floor directly above the fire, and thetopmost floor. These floors should besearched immediately because this is

where any remaining occupants will bein the greatest jeopardy due to risingsmoke, heat, and fire.


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When searching these buildings it isimperative that all doors are kept shut to

stairways to prevent smoke, heat, andfire extension into the egress areas.This can be a problem when trying to

advance hose lines into the fire floor orventilate. A well coordinated plan mustbe relayed by the Incident Commander.


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Many times certain stairwells will bedesignated for certain operations such

as fire attack, rescue, victim removal,and ventilation. This keeps stairwellsbeing used for fire attack clear of victims

due to the smoke and heat that will bereleased into the stairwell.


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Search and Rescue Tools

The search and rescue team shouldmake sure when entering the structure

that they have the tools to do the job.The tool chest will vary some

depending on the occupancy that you

respond to.


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Every Firefighter shall have the following:

Personal Protective Equipment (P.P.E.).

Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (S.C.B.A.). Personal Alert Safety System (P.A.S.S.).

Flashlight.

25 feet of webbing.

Door chocks.


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Single Family Dwelling Fires, the searchand rescue team should have the

following: Forcible Entry and Exit tools (flat head axe

and a Halligan Bar).

Thermal Imaging Camera (T.I.C.).

At least one portable radio, a radio for eachteam member is preferred.

Pressurized Water Extinguisher.


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Multi-Family Dwelling Fires, the search andrescue team should have the following: Same Forcible Entry and Exit tools for a single

family dwelling along with a Hydraulic Tool (i.e.Rabbit Tool, Hydra-Ram).

Thermal Imaging Camera (T.I.C.).

At least one portable radio, a radio for each team

member is preferred. Pressurized Water Extinguisher.

Search rope.


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For Commercial and IndustrialBuildings, the tool cache shall be the

same as for a Multi-Family Dwelling. The use of a search rope is a must

when we start dealing with these type of

structures due to the floor layouts, withlarge open areas and small cubicaloffice areas.


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Search Techniques


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Frederick County / WinchesterBasic Fire Academy 45

Following A Wall

Lead team member keeps contact withthe wall when you enter the structure.

This can be either the left or right wall,this should depend upon your scenesize-up. The team leader must stay in

contact with the wall to ensure a wayout of the building.


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Following A Wall

When you choose a wall to follow youmust stay with that wall the entire time

as it will lead you back to where youstart. Once you run low on air you canthen switch hands on the wall and it will

lead you back to where you started.


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Following A Wall


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Searching A Room

When multiple firefighters enter a roomto search, make sure you fan out and

keep in contact to cover more area.Everyone going through the room like asnake does not cover the entire room

and victims will be missed.


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Searching a building


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Searching Rooms

When searching small rooms, one wayto search the room is for one team

member to stay at the entrance andmaintain voice contact with the otherteam member(s) as they enter the room

to search. Once you have completedthe search of the room, the team rejoinsand continues onto the other rooms.


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Searching Rooms

If all of the team enters the room tosearch, a light or tool shall be left at the

entrance to the room for a referencepoint as to where you entered the room.In many buildings today, there are

rooms off of rooms and team memberscan very easily get lost or disoriented.


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Search priorities and methods

U Of Th l I i i


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Use Of Thermal ImaginingCameras

Search and rescue teams can be aidedby Thermal Imagining Cameras

(T.I.C.s). These cameras work bydetecting changes of temperature ofdifferent objects. The hotter an objectgets, the object will appear to be very

white, while some new cameras it mayappear red. Colder objects will appearto be black.


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Th l I i i C


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Thermal Imagining Cameras(T.I.C.s)

Thermal Imagining Cameras (T.I.C.s)must be used as a tool when searching,

just as using a flat head axe. If yousolely rely on TICs you will missoccupants. You never enter a buildingwith a TIC and not maintain contact with

the wall, for if the battery goes dead inthe camera then you have no way out ofthe structure.

Th l I i i C


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Thermal Imagining Cameras(T.I.C.s)

Use of these cameras takes practice tounderstand what you are looking at.

What may appear to be nothing can bea victim hiding. Also, these camerascannot see through glass, walls, or

other objects. They only detect heatthat is present.


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Marking Systems

Wh Sh ld Fi fi h Wh


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What Should Firefighters WhoBecome Trapped or Disoriented Do?

Remain calm.

Try to retrace steps.

If retracing is not possible, seek an exitfrom the building or fire area.

Shout for help periodically.

If possible, follow hoseline to exit ornozzle team.

Find window and signal for assistance.


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What Should Firefighters Who BecomeTrapped or Disoriented Do?

If equipped with radio, try to contactother personnel as quickly as possible.

If trapped, immediately activateP.A.S.S. device.

If unsuccessful finding a way out, findplace of relative safety, stay close to awall, activate P.A.S.S. device, and shineflashlight toward ceiling.


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What Should Firefighters Who BecomeTrapped or Disoriented Do?

If exhausted or close to losingconsciousness, assume horizontal

position on floor next to exterior wall,hallway, or doorway and shine flashlighttoward ceiling.

H Sh ld R S h F A


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How Should Rescuers Search For ALost or Disoriented Firefighter?

First try to quickly obtain an idea of thefirefighters last known location.

Stop every so often and becomeperfectly quiet to hear calls for distressor the downed firefighters P.A.S.S.

device tone. Use any means possible to remove

downed firefighter from hostile

atmosphere.


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How Should Rescuers Search For A Lostor Disoriented Firefighter?

If downed firefighter has functioning S.C.B.A.,carefully move firefighter so as not to

dislodge S.C.B.A. If downed fire fighter does not have a

functioning S.C.B.A., connect mask to buddybreathing connection on rescuers S.C.B.A.

and/or quickly remove victim from hazardousatmosphere.


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How Should Rescuers Search For A Lostor Disoriented Firefighter?

At no time should rescuers remove theirfacepieces or in anyway compromise

the proper operation of their S.C.B.A. inan attempt to share them with anotherfirefighter or victim.

Safety Guidelines For Search


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Safety Guidelines For SearchOperations Within Buildings

Dont enter buildings in which the fire has

progressed to the point where viable victims

are not likely to be found. Attempt entry only after ventilation is

accomplished.

Work from a single operational plan.

Maintain contact with Command.

Constantly monitor fire conditions that affectsearch teams and individual firefighters.



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Have a Rapid Intervention Team (R.I.T.) ready toassist firefighters.

Used a Personnel Accountability System.

Be aware of secondary means of egress.

Wear full Personal Protective Equipment(P.P.E.).

Including S.C.B.A. and P.A.S.S. device.

Work in teams of two or more and stay inconstant contact with each other.



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Search systematically to increaseefficiency and to reduce the possibility

of becoming disoriented. Stay low and move cautiously.

STAY ALERT use all senses.

Monitor continually the structuresintegrity.

Feel doors for excessive heat beforeopening.



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Mark entry doors into rooms and remember thedirection turned when entering the room.

Maintain contact with a wall when visibility isobscured.

Have a charged hoseline at hand wheneverpossible when working on the fire floor.

Coordinate with ventilation teams beforeopening windows to relieve heat and smokeduring search.



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Close the door report the condition.

Inform the Division / Group Supervisor

immediately of any area and/or room(s)that could not be searched, for anyreason.

Report promptly to the Supervisor oncethe search is complete.


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Victim Removal

Be aware that the primary danger of moving avictim quickly is the possibility of aggravating

a spinal cord injury. Pull victims in the direction of the long axis of

the body, not sideways.

Whenever possible, use two or more adults

when attempting to lift or carry an adult.

Guard against losing your balance.

Always lift as a team.


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Victim Removal

Keep your back straight and lift withyour legs, not with your back.

If immobilization of a fracture is notfeasible until the victim has been moveda short distance, support the weight of

the injured part while other rescuersmove the victim.


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Cradle in arms Lift/carry


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Seat Lift/ Carry


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2-3 person lift/carry

Moving a victim on a


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Moving a victim on abackboard I

Moving a victim on a


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Moving a victim on abackboard 2


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Extremities lift/carry


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Chair lift/carry 1


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Chair lift/carry 2


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Incline Drag


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Blanket Drag


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Frederick County / Winchester

Basic Fire Academy 89

Practical Exercises

Refer to Student Workbook Job Sheet: 7-1, page SA 7-7.

7-2, page SA 7-9. 7-3, page SA 7-11.

7-4, page SA 7-15.

7-5, page SA 7-19.

7-6, page SA 7-23.

7-7, page SA 7-27.

7-8, page SA 7-29.


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Summary

What is the difference between rescueand extrication?

What are the objectives of a buildingsearch?

What are the differences between aprimary search and a secondary search?

What techniques and guidelines shouldrescuers use when searching astructure?


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Summary (cont.)

What are the search priorities for a multi-story building?

What general methods should rescuersfollow when searching rooms andbuildings?

What should firefighters do if they

become trapped or disoriented? How should rescuers search for a lost or

disoriented firefighter?


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Summary (cont.)

What safety guidelines should rescuersfollow?

What conditions necessitate emergencymoves of victims?

What general guidelines for emergency

moves should rescuers follow?


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Questions

Fire Ground Search and Rescue Final 2005

Documents

Transcript of Fire Ground Search and Rescue Final 2005