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Transcript of Fire Explosion Hazard Management IRP18
8/14/2019 Fire Explosion Hazard Management IRP18
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Fire and ExplosionHazard Management (FEHM):
An Overview
Overview of Fire and Explosion Hazard Management Figures
Figure 1. Accident Investigation and Causal Analysis
Figure 2. Fire and Explosion Incidents:Relationship of Key FEHM Components
Figure 3. Understanding Fire and Explosion Mechanics : Fault-Tree-Analysis Diagram based on Ball Energy Model
Figure 4. Preventing Fires and Explosions:Understanding the Expanded Fire Triangle
Figure 5. Fire and Explosion Hazard Management (FEHM)
ProcessFigure 6. Stages of a Fire and Explosion Hazard Management
Process
Figure 7. Potential Fire and Explosion Controls
Figure 8. Fire and Explosions – Overview of System Dynamics
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Overview of Fire and Explos ionHazard Management Figures
The purpose of the document is to provide a printable version and briefexplanation of the diagrams used to develop Industry Recommended PracticeIRP 18 – Fire and Explosion Hazard Management. These diagrams were createdas part of the work of a Canadian Oil and Gas Industry Committee looking intofires and explosions in the upstream industry. Enform has issued an IndustryRecommended Practice prepared by the IRP18 Committee. Further informationabout this IRP can be found on the Enform website http://www.enform.ca/316 .These diagrams were created by Walter Tersmette, P. Eng., as part of his role asthe Co-chairman of this industry committee.
Figure Discussion
1 Accident Investigat ion and Causal AnalysisOne focus of the IRP18 Committee’s work was to identify and analyze relevantfire and explosion case studies. To complete the analysis, two accident theorymodels used by the safety industry were applied: 1) James Reason’s “SwissCheese” model and 2) Edward Adam’s “Organizational Responsibility Model”.Reason’s “Swiss Cheese” model sets out the basic relationships betweenhazards, defenses and losses. The model identifies three basic levels ofdefenses based on organizational, local workplace and human factors and thepotential holes in those defenses. Adam’s “Organizational Responsibility Model”looks more closely at the activities of managers, supervisors and workers, the keypeople in every management system.
2 Fire and Explosion Incidents: Relationship of Key FEHM ComponentsThis diagram illustrates the relationship between the key components of fire andexplosion management relative to the sequential events in an accident.
• What was the fire and explosion hazard management process? (FEHM - Thisis described by Figures 5, 6 and 7)
• Were the potential hazards fully recognized: fuel, oxygen-air and ignition-energy sources? (Figure 4)
• What were the preventive barriers and controls? What plans and procedures
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Figure Discussion
3 Understanding Fire and Explosion Mechanics: A Simplif ied Fault-Tree AnalysisThis is a simplified fault-tree-analysis diagram based on the Ball Energy Model.One important addition resulting from the analysis of fire and explosion casestudies was the recognition that dealing with a ‘closed’ system, there is a need toassess how oxygen may enter that system and the potential consequencesshould this occur.
4 Preventing Fires and Explosions - Understanding the Fire TriangleBased on the case studies reviewed, the committee ascertained that many of theincidents were the result of failure to recognize potential fire and explosionhazards. Figure 4 shows a more complete range of potential hazards related tofuel, oxygen and ignition sources .
5 Fire and Explosion Hazard Management (FEHM) ProcessThis diagram depicts the relationship between an employer’s philosophy, fire and
explosion hazard management process and prevention plans and controls.6 Stages of a Fire and Explosion Hazard Management Process
This diagram depicts the five stages of an effective FEHM process. The figureincludes reduced images of a number of the other figures to help clarify therelationships between the figures in this document.
7 Potential Fire and Explosion ControlsThis diagram shows a list of potential controls that should be considered toprevent or reduce the risk of fires and explosions.
8 Fire and Explos ions – Overview of System DynamicsThis diagram shows the complex interrelations between the three components ofthe fire triangle and the factors affecting the probability of ignition.
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Figure 1
Investigation and Analysis of Fire and Explosion Incidents
Worker Supervisor Management
Organizational Workplace Human
Engineering Controls
Admin is tra tive Controls
ProtectiveEquipment
Defenses
FireExplosion
Incident
Fire & ExplosionHazard - Threat
Incident Causation Model
Determining the Nature of Incident Dynamics
Understanding the Physical Operations Being Completed
Identifying Site Layout, Equipment and Protection
Assessing the Abil ity of People to Avoid Errors
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Figure 3
Understanding Fire and Explosion MechanicsFault-Tree-Analysis Diagram based on Ball Energy Model
HazardThreat
Present
Barriers /Controls
Fail
IgnitionSource
Fire andExplosion
Incident
Heat (Ignition) Oxygen (Air)
Fuels [6]
FEHM
Strategy
Procedures
Must be considered for thoseoperations where oxygen may beintroduced into a “closed”system. For hydrocarbonreleases into atmosphere, thereis no opportunity to affect thisdimension of the fire triangle.
OxygenSource
HazardThreat
Present
Barriers /Controls
Fail
Barriers /HazardThreat
PresentControls
Fail
FuelSource
Fire & Explosion Hazard Management Diagrams.doc5_DR1
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Fire & Explosion Hazard Management Diagrams.doc5_DR1
Heat / Igni tion Sources [5]
1. Hot Work2. Vehicles (Inluding engines and3. Other Open Flames (i.e. Flare
Stacks, Burners, Torches)4. Electric Arcs and Sparks (i.e.
non-explosion proof equipment)
5. Static Electricity6. Hot Surfaces7. Friction and Mechanical Sparks8. Chemical Reactions and Sparks
(i.e. fuel - oxidizer reactions)9. Spontaneous Combustion10. Pyrophors (i.e. Iron Sulphide)
11. Pressure / Compression Ignition(Dieseling)12. Sudden Decompression13. Catalytic Reactions
Oxygen SourcesPlanned Introduction of Airo Air-based operationso Air Purging
Unplanned Introduction of Airo Underbalanced operationso Swabbing & other operations
that create a vacuumo Pockets of air created during the
installation and servicing ofEquipment
o Oxidized (Weathered)Hydrocarbons
o Oxidizerso Chemical Reactionso On-Site Generated Nitrogeno Tank Drawdown
Release of Hydrocarbons into Ai r
Liquids / Vapourso Crude oil / Condensateo NGL liquidso Hydrocarbon based frac
fluidso Gasoline, Diesel & other
fuelso Methanol
Solidso Lubricantso Sealants,o Packings, “O” rings,
diaphragms and valveseats
o Paints and Coatings
Oxygen / Air
Fuels [6]
FEHM
Strategy
Procedure
Ignition /
Chemicalso Solvents and cleaning
agentso Special compounded
hydraulic fluids &lubricants
o Chemicals used for wellservicing and stimulations
Gaseso Natural Gaso Hydrogen Sulphideo LPG Gases (Including
propane and butane)o Other hazardous gases
(i.e. hydrogen, acetylene,carbon monoxide)
Figure 4Preventing Fires and Explosions: Understanding the Fire Triangle
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Figure 5
Fire and Explosion Hazard Management (FEHM) Process
Fire and Ex losion Mana ement ProcessThe overall strategic approach the company establishesfor managing fire and explosion hazards.
• Inherently Safe Design• Hazard / Risk Assessment
FEHM • Process Safety Management• Assigned Responsibilities• Safety Management Systems• Education & Training
Philosophy • Communication (Worksite &
Industry)
• Site-Specific Prevention
PlanningWhat a companybelieves. Its approach
to hazard managementand what risk it iswilling to accept.
Prevention Plans The specific measures thatdetermine how the FEHMprocess is implemented.
Fire & Explosion Hazard Management Diagrams.doc5_DR1
Preventive Barriers and ControlsFEHM Process System & Equipment Design
Layout and SpacingThis is the company’s overall, systematicapproach to identifying, reducing and
managing hazards. It defines how and when acompany plans to execute its philosophies.
Equipment Inspection &Maintenance
Operating Procedures
Protective & Emergency Contro ls Gas and Fire Detection
Fire and Explosion Prevention PlansThese concise plans document the protocols required for
specific operations. They show how the FEHM philosophy andprogram will be applied to a specific job and work site.
Emergency Controls andShutdowns
Emergency ResponseEquipment and Procedures
Fire Protection Systems
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STAGE 1 Assess Fire and
Explosion Hazardsfor PlannedOperations
STAGE 2Identify Need for Site-
Specific Fire &Explosion PreventionPlan
Preventive Controls
Emergency Procedures
Emergency Equipment
Detection / SuppressionSystems
Alarms and Controls
Protective Controls
EquipmentRequirements
Planned Operations
Incident Experience
What Are You Doing?
Fuel Source
Ignition Sources
Oxygen Sources
What Can Go Wrong?
STAGE 4Develop &
Implement Fire& ExplosionPrevention Plan
STAGE 5Monitor
Effectiveness &Revise Processas Needed
STAGE 3Evaluate and
Choose Fire andExplosion ControlMeasures
Equipment Designand Barriers
Worker Training
Operating Plans
and Procedures
Figure 6– Stages of a Fire and Explosion Hazard Management Process
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Vehicle Access Control
Lease / Equipment Layout
Equipment Design Specifications
Equipment and Design Contro ls
O2 / LEL sensors
Fixed Fire Protection Systems
Warning & Alarm Systems
Detection and Suppression Systems
Isolate - Blank and Blind.(Lock-out / Tag Out)
Purge Out of Service(Clean or Clear)
Fuel – Hydrocarbon Source Controls
Explosion Proof Electrical Equipment
Elimination of Open Flames
Pressure / Temperature Control
Energy – Ignition Source Controls
Site-Specific Operating Procedures
Codes of Practice & Related IRPs
Equipment Inspection & Maintenance
Emergency Transporation Plans
Escape Equipment & Routes
Emergency Response Plans (ERP)
“ O x y g e n –
A i r S o u r c e
”
C o n
t r o
l
Grounding and Bonding Spill Containment / Control
Fire Control Equipment
First Aid Equipment
Evacuation Plans
Inert Gas Blanket
Seals & Gaskets
Purging Into Service
Material Inventory Control
Figure 7
Potential Fire and
Explosion Controls
Gas and/or FireDetection
Equipment
EmergencyShutdowns &
Controls
Area Classifications
Material Substitution
Ventilation
Safe Work Permit System
Management of Change
Pre-Startup Safety Review
Worker Training & Education
Emergency Controls
Operating Plans and Practices
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There are 3 key points that must be remembered:1. Anytime all three sides of the fire triangle can co-exist, there is real potential for a fire or explosion.2. There are 8 critical risk factors that increase the probability of a fire and explosion significantly.3. The system is dynamic and circumstances change over time. As a result, safe situations may become unsafe.
Ignition Delays:Is there enough timefor the required heat
transfer to take place?
What are the potential fuel– hydrocarbon sources?
How are workactivities affectingfuel quantity andquality?
Can work activities
introduce additionalignition sources?
What are thepotential energy orignition sources?
What are theoxygen or airsources?
Are work activitiescausing oxygen/air to beadded into the system?Is it possible for fuels tobe released into theworkspace?
OxygenAir
Fuel Hydrocarbon
Energy Ignition
Figure 8 Fire and Explosions – Overview of System Dynamics
What controls are in placeto ensure worker and
equipment safety?
Fire & Explosion Hazard Management Diagrams.doc5_DR1