ContentsIntroductionTypes of the Fire Alarm Detectors Types of the Fire Alarm Control Panels Commissioning & Testing of the Fire Alarm systemsFire Alarm System Management Fire Alarm Systems Design ConceptsReview of a Fire Alarm Systems Design Fire Alarm Standards, samplesCase Study ,, ,, *

1. Introduction 1.*

FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS CODE OF PRACTICE* * 1. Scope This Part provides recommendations for the planning, design, and servicing of fire detection and alarm systems in and around buildings. This Part does not cover systems whose primary function to extinguish or control the fire, such as sprinkler or automatic extinguishing systems, even though they might have a secondary alarm function; it does cover the use of a signal from an automatic extinguishing element of a fire alarm system. 1 . .

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FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS CODE OF PRACTICE* * 2. Definitions: - 2.1 Addressable System: A system in which signals from each detector and/or call point are individually identified at the control panel. Hybrid systems are possible in which groups of devices on a circuit can be separately identified, but not individual devices within the group.2.2 Aspirating detector: A detector system in which a sample of the atmosphere in the protected space is sucked by a fan or a pump into a detector which may be remote from the protected space. 2 . : - 2.1 : / .2.2 : .*

FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS CODE OF PRACTICE* * 2.3 Automatic System: A system in which an alarm of fire can be initiated automatically.2.4 Competent person: A person competent to perform a task.2.5 Detector: A part of an automatic fire detection system that contains at least on sensor which constantly or at frequent intervals monitors at least one suitable physical and/or chemical phenomenon associated with fire to the control panel and indicating equipment. 2.3 : .2.4 ( ) : .2.5 ( ): - / .*

Fire Detection: Scope : Fire Detection Scope:The basic objectives of effective fire detection (protection) measures is to protect human lives, material assets and the environment from dangers and the effects of fire.Specifically this means:Preventing danger to life and health (Personnel protection )Preventing material damage (Asset protection)Preventing ecological damage (environment protection) : ( ) . : ( ) ( ) ( )*

Fire Detection Scope ( Continue ) :To ensure adequate fire safety most countries have enacted national and regional regulations that allocate the responsibility as follows:Personnel protection is normally governed by laws and ordinances.Asset protection is usually governed by insurance companies which publish corresponding guidelines and regulations.Such laws, ordinances, guidelines and standards have in all cases precedence over the recommendations in this security guide and must be conscientiously taken into consideration when planning a fire alarm (protection) system.In cases where no laws and ordinances exist, the fire detection system should be planned in accordance with sound fire protection practice. ( ) :

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& Fire Detection and Gas Warning Systems Automatic fire detection systems:An automatic fire detection system is designed to detect a fire in its incipient stage and to automatically initiate programmed control functions.For example: Alarming persons who are in danger.Calling the fire fighting forces and rescue teams.Activating devices for restricting smoke and fire propagation, for example, closing fire doors, fire dampers, and the like. : . : . . ...*

& Fire Detection and Gas Warning SystemsAutomatic fire detection systems( Continue )Activating fixed extinguishing systems,Activating smoke and heat venting systems, escape route pressurization,De-energizing technical systems (installations),Controlling building services systems, particularly heating and ventilation systems and elevators,Activating the emergency lighting,Activating the evacuation systems, and the like. : . () . . . . .... *

2. 2. Types of the Fire Alarm Detectors *

ELECTRONIC DETECTOR HEAT FLAM ESMOKE VISIBLE S.MOKE INVISIBLE S.MOKE ULTRAVIOLETRAY INFRARED RAY Fixed Temp. Rate of Temp. change OPT ICAL S.MOKE OPT ICAL S.MOKE FLICKERED INFRARED RAY DETECTOR FLICKERED ULTRAVIOLET RAY DETECTOR RATE OF TEMP. CHANGE DETECTOR RATE OF TEMP. CHANGE DETECTOR*

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Duct Mounting Smoke Detector BASE Ionization Smoke Detector *

How do Ionization fire detectors work?The sensing part of the detector consists of two chambers: an open, outer chamber and a semi-sealed reference chamber within. : . Ionization Smoke Detector*

How do Ionization fire detectors work?Mounted in the reference chamber is a low activity radioactive foil of Amercium 241helping current to flow between the two chambers when the detector is powered upAs smoke enters the detector, particles become attracted to the ions, causing a reduction in current flow in the outer chamber and an increase in voltage measured between the two chambers.The voltage increase is monitored by the electronic circuitry which triggers the detector into the alarm state at a preset threshold, lighting externally visible red LED when the detector changes to alarm state. ( 241 ) . ( ) . .*

Integrating Ionization Smoke DetectorThis type of detector works on the same principles as the ionization smoke detector, but has a modified signal processing circuitry which allows an alarm threshold to be present for up to 20 seconds without initiating an alarm. This type of detectors is suitable for use in areas where transient high levels of smoke may be expected. The integrating effect in Analogue Addressable Systems can be mimicked in both ionization and optical smoke detectors by adjusting the control equipment software to cause an appropriate delay. (20) . . *

( ) Optical ( Photo-electric ) Smoke Detector LED - . *

( ) Optical ( Photo-electric ) Smoke DetectorOptical smoke detectors utilize a pulsing infrared LED located in a chamber within the housing of the detector. The chamber is designed to exclude light from any external source. At an angle to the LED is a photo-diode which normally does not register the column of light emitted by the LED. When a smoke enter the chamber, the above light pulse will be scattered and hence registered by the photo-diode. *

( ) Beam DetectorA beam detector is designed to protect large, open spaces and is made up of three main parts:

1. The transmitter, which projects a beam of infra-red light.2. The receiver registers the transmitted light and produces an electrical signal.3. The interface, which processes the signal and generates alarm or fault signals.When a fire develops, smoke particles obstruct the beam of light and, once a pre-set threshold has been exceeded, the detector will go into alarm. ( ) : -: . : . : . .*

: - . . FLAME DETECTOR: -

A Flame detector is designed to detect either ultraviolet (UV) or infrared (IR) radiation emitted by a fire. The flame detector is sensitive to low-frequency, flickering radiation.This means that the detector can operate even if the lens is contaminated by a layer of oil, dust, water vapour or ice.*

FLAME DETECTORFLAME DETECTOR: -

The flame detector has been designed for use where open flaming fires may be expected. Applications include aircraft hangers, coal handling , paper manufacturing plants, and wood working environments.The detector is: Loop powered.Sensitive to flickering IR/or UV.Able to detect open flames, and glowing embers.Has a 90 or 360 field of view. : - . : - . ( ) . . 90 360 . *

HEAT DETECTOR : *

HEAT DETECTOR Most conventional heat detectors operate by using a matched pair of thermistors to sense heat. One thermistor is exposed to the ambient temperature, the other is sealed. In normal conditions the two thermistors register similar temperatures, on the development of a fire the temperature recorded by the exposed thermistor will increase rapidly, resulting in an imbalance of the thermistors, causing the detector to change into alarm state. .*

HEAT DETECTORExternally, the heat detectors are distinguishable from the smoke detectors by having wide openings to the surroundings to allow good movement of air around the external thermistor.A heat detector may be more appropriate than a smoke detector where the environment is dirty or smoky under normal conditions. It must be recognized, that any heat detector will respond only when a fire is well established and generating a high heat output. . . *

Linear Heat Detector *

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Distributed Temperature Sensing ( DTS )Features & BenefitsConventional systems have limitations.Fiber optic systems provide intelligent solutions.Real time temperature profilesFire location & direction of propagationProgrammable functionsBreak detection and recovery remote interrogation & : - . : . . . .*

Distributed Temperature Sensing ( DTS )Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) using optical fibers established since 1986.Used in a number of safety critical applications: Temperature profiling of power cables. Hot spot location on process plant. Cryogenic leak detection in storage tanks. Subsurface temperature monitoring of oil production wells. Advanced linear heat fire detection for tunnels. 1986 : . . . . .*

8. . . : : - 40 /+ 0 8 : - 185 /+ 300 : & : DESIGN CRITERIAMultiple loop capability up to 8 kmFire authority approval Loop design for high integrity & fast responseWide temperature range:Acrylate: range 40 c to + 90cPolyimide : range 185 c to + 300 c Distributed Temperature Sensing ( DTS )*

Distributed Temperature Sensing ( DTS )

: - 316 . 3 . 6. & . .DESIGN CRITERIA (continued) Metal jacket for best results316 stainless steel3 mm diam tube factory inserted fiber6 mm diam tube field blown fiberEmc immunity & hazardous area safetySafe for human exposure*

Distributed Temperature Sensing ( DTS )

( ) . : - . . . MULTIPLE FUNCTIONALITY Separate determination of peaks & averagesDifferentiation between fire and ambient conditionsAverage temperature for ventilation control peak temperature for fire control Post data processing & condition monitoring*

In conclusionIn order to enhance safety, fire detection systems need to provide a higher level of information and continue to operate throughout the emergency situation Fiber optic based distributed linear heat detection is a cost effective intelligent heat detection that provides the features required. . . *

() . Multisensor Detector Multisensor detectors are general purpose detectors which respond well to a wide range of fires.*

Carbon Monoxide CO ) ) Carbon Monoxide (CO) is a poisonous gas produced by a combustion and a CO fire detector is used to indicate the outbreak of a fire by sensing the level of Co in the air. The detector has an electrochemical cell which senses CO, not smoke or other combustion products. The cells do not require much power, so the detector can be made electrically compatible with ordinary smoke and heat detectors. CO detectors are particularly good at detecting deep-seated smouldering fires. ...- . . *

Carbon Monoxide Detectors Carbon Monoxide Detectors *

Combustible Gas Detectors

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/ & Pneumatic / Heat Fire Detectors & Extinguishers*

/ & Pneumatic / Heat Fire Detectors & Extinguishers*

Pneumatic Control Head Pneumatic Heat Fire Detector ( ) Fire Extinguisher (Pressurized Type ) / & Pneumatic / Heat Fire Detectors & Extinguishers*

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Listed Fusible Links *

Pendent Upright Quick-Response Recessed Water, ... Sprinklers

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3. 3. Types of the Fire Alarm Control Panels *

Addressable Control Panel*

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Integrated Fire Alarm System *

4. 4. Commissioning & Testing of the Fire Alarm systems*

4. 4. Commissioning & TestingSYSTEM NETWOK: - 1.1 Make final review and check the network circuitry characteristics according to the final approved* design, and prepare the as-built drawings. 1.2 Take care to keep the documents related system network preventive maintenance program in good order, and enough copies too.2. SYSTEM COMPONENTS : - 2.1 Start to make the initial visual and conformity inspection of the system components according to the manufacturer instructions, for example dont store more than 30 ionization detectors particularly in adjacent packages : -

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2. : - 2.1 24 . Final approved* design: i.e. it is complying with relevant codes, and clients demands*

4. 2. SYSTEM COMPONENTS: - 2.2 Take care to keep the related components catalogues in good order, and enough copies too. 2.3 Take care to keep the related commissioning & testing components catalogues in good order, and enough copies too. 2.4 Take care to keep the related running & maintenance components catalogues in good order, and enough copies too. 2.5 Take care to keep the related spare components in good order, and enough numbers according to the manufacturer instructions.

2. : - 2.2 .2.3 .

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2.5 .Final approved* design: i.e. it is complying with relevant codes, and clients demands*

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SYSTEM INSTALLATION : - 3.1 Make sure to attend each zone commissioning and testing according the related BS*, NPFA, and Egyptian codes, including individual detectors testing, manual alarm stations, audible and visual components etc, and any related auto-programmed ancillaries. 3.2 Perform entire system commissioning and testing according the related BS, NPFA, and Egyptian codes, including individual detectors testing, manual alarm stations, audible and visual components etc, and any related auto-programmed ancillaries.

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3.2 . BS* : 5839 Part 1*

5. 5. SYSTEM MANAGEMENT*

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5. SYSTEM MANAGEMENT: - 5.1 Adopt the system manufacturer technical advices for running and maintaining the system. 5.2 Initiate all standards and manufacturer recommended technical recommended log-books for the installed system. 5.3 Keep a copy of the system guarantee certificates. 5.4 Keep all the related system documents in an orderly file showing all relevant data.

5. : -5.1 ( ) .5.2 .

5.3 . 5.4 . BS* : 5839 Part 1*

6. 6. Fire Alarm Systems Design Concepts*

Overall Fire Protection Concept

... 1. Area of Protectionbuildings, room, processetc2. 2. Automatic and manual fire detection 3. 3. Evacuation of building occupants4. 4. Automatic and manual suppression systems ... Smoking prohibition, fire load reduction etc Smoke detection, occupant warning, calling the fire department Exit signs, emergency lighting, intercom etc5. / 5. Structural fire protection / containment Fire resistive architecture, compartmentation Multilevel fire protection concept56

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Choosing a suitable detector systemChoosing a suitable detector system: -Which detectors need to be specified, where, depends on the : Monitoring category or the general monitoring objectives of the fire detection system. Room height. Environmental conditions, including deceptive phenomena.I. Choosing a detector for normal applications: - Normally a smoke detector can be chosen based on the following table, provided that disturbance variables are minor and occur only rarely. The principle criteria for choosing a detector and parameter set or sensitivity are the monitoring objective and the assessment of the fire risk exposure. : - : . . ( )I . : - : .*

Influence of the room height: -With increasing of room height the influence of fire phenomena weakens which means that more sensitive detectors must be installed. : - . *

Choosing a suitable detector system Room Suitable detector SuitabilityHeight type Flaming Fire Smoldering 6 m Heat detector (Cl .2) - 7.5 m Heat detector (Cl .1) - 12-20 m Smoke detector / or Linear Smoke detector 12 m Smoke detector 20 m Flame detector - + 6 m (Cl .2) - 7.5 m (Cl .1) - 12-20 m / 12 m 20 m - *

Choosing the appropriate detectorThree different detector series are available:Interactive detector systemAnalogPLUS detector systemCollective detector systemEach of these systems has its own special characteristics and is suited to specific applications *

( )Choosing the appropriate detector*

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7. 7. Review of a Fire Alarm Systems Design 65

Review a Design of a Fire Alarm System Data Required to Review a Design of a Fire Alarm System Complete set of Alarm system design drawings for the project building in details, if possible - + specifications and bill of quantities book. Sufficient description for nature of users and occupants of the areas to be protected. Architectural and decoration drawings ( To determine the volumes, ceilings heights and types, and any projected slabs- if existing as far ceilings heights are reversely proportional to the protected areas, also the upper volumes of the fall ceilings should be protected too, finally the falling slabs are forming a delaying obstacles to the smokes currents. + . . ( ... .

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Review a Design of a Fire Alarm System

Air-conditioning and ventilation drawings ] To ensure early smoke detection for the air sucked by the air-conditioning ... etc hence special duct smoke detectors must be employed ( or a continuous air sample must be drawn for early smoke detection ). Moreover it enables the design reviewer to determine the dimensions and ducts roots to ensure that it forms no obstacles similar to the falling slabs. 5. A primary design review to the available fire alarm detectors distribution. a. The number and types of the detectors according to E.S , B.S. & NFPA. b. The fire alarm zones according to E.S., B.S. & NFPA. 4. ( ( ) .

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Review a Design of a Fire Alarm System Review the cables and wires types, specifications, and the connectors too.Review the conduits types and specifications too.Review the communication link with other intelligent systems e.g. Auto-fire fighting systems.Review the evacuation plans and techniques. .... . ( ... )

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Review a Design of a Fire Alarm System ALARM ZONESWhen a signal of fire is ALARM ZONES n it is necessary that there should be no confusion about the zone from which it is received. To facilitate response by persons providing assistance, the zone should be small enough for a fire to be located quickly. The search distance should not exceed 30m.Remote indicator lamps outside doors , etc., may be helpful, especially if doors are likely to be locked . 30 . ( ) . *

8. 8. Fire Alarm Standards, samples*

Standards for fire detection systemsEuropean standards:In Europe the standards are defined by CEN) European committee for standardization), and CENELEC (European committee for Electro-technicalStandardization). Number Title EN54-1 Components of automatic fire detection systems: Introduction. EN54-2 Control and indicating equipment. EN54-3 Audible fire alarm devices.EN54-4 Power supplies.EN54-5 Heat sensitive detectors point detectors containing a static element. : CEN ( ) CENELEC ) )

EN54-1 : EN54-2 EN54-3 EN54-4 EN54-5 *

Number Title

EN54-6 Heat sensitive detectors rate of rise point detectors without static element.EN54-7 Smoke detectors - point detectors using scattered light, transmitted light, or ionization.EN54-8 High Temperature heat detectors.EN54-9 Fire Tests for smoke detectors.EN54-10 Flame detectors.EN54-11 Manual call pointsEN54-12 Optical beam detectors.EN54-13 System requirements.EN54-14 Guidelines for planning design, installation, commissioning, use and maintenance.EN54-15 Point type multi-sensor fire detectors incorporating a smoke sensor in combination with a heat sensor. EN54-6 .EN54-7 . EN54-8 .EN54-9 . EN54-10 .EN54-11 ( ). EN54-12 .EN54-13 .EN54-14 .EN54-15 . ( ) Standards for fire detection systems*

( ) ( ) UL standards ( Underwriters Laboratories Inc. USA)

UL521 Heat detectors for fire protection UL521 signaling systems. UL268 Smoke detectors for fire protection UL268 signaling systems. UL268A Smoke detectors for duct application. UL268A UL38 Manual call point. UL38 UL864 Control units for fire protection UL864 signaling systemsUL827 Central station for watchman, fire alarm UL827 and supervisory systems. UL217 Single and multiple-station smoke UL217 detectors.

UL985 Household fire warning system unit UL985 *

The major testing laboratories are :ANPI: Association Nationale pour la Protection contre Iincendie ( Belgium )CNPP: Centre National de Prvention et de Protection ( France )DELTA: DELTA Electronics Testing (Denmark(LPC Lab: Loss Prevention Council laboratories ( UK )VDS Lab: Verband der Schadenversicher e.V. (Germany )ULI: Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (USA)ULC: Underwriters Laboratories of CanadaFMRC: Factory Mutual Research Corporation (USA) :

ANPI :

CNPP:

DELTA :

LPC Lab :

VDS Lab :

ULI :

ULC :

FMRC : ( ) Testing laboratories*

9. 9. Case Study*

& ... [ - ] Design a Special profile Detection System for Mains & Control Panelsetc, at Al-Maliah Towers Project, Abbasia, Cairo This case study are briefed as the following: -The above mentioned panels are shown on the attached schematic drawing.The consultant demanded to utilize Ceiling Detector / Extinguisher Modular CO2 type (i.e. Sprinkler is the heat detector).Instead, pneumatic detector was proposed to be looped within the panels, Polymer pressurized tube, rather than above mentioned sprinkler, for much earlier alarm, faster and reliable extinguishing. :

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& Distribution & Control Panels CO2& CO2 Extinguisher & Pneumatic Detector*

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