Abstract

This article presents the Finnish library system,

and briefly discusses museums and archives. A

historical overview is offered, placing the de-

velopment of these institutions within the con-

text of Finnish politics. Profiles of major insti-

tutions are also included. Some international

comparisons are made to make the develop-

ment more understandable.

An up-dated version of this article will be published in the

e-supplement of the Encyclopedia of Librarianship and

Information Science (3rd ed.) by Taylor & Francis.

Keywords

Contents

Cultural institutions in

the Finnish history

2

Library and information

services

3

Archives and archival

science

8

Museums and museology 9

Convergence and coop-

eration among infor-

mation institutions

12

Conclusions 12

Vaasa City Library– Regional Library Photo Jussi Tiainen © librarybuildings.info

Libraries and librari-

anship – Finland;

Archives and archival

science – Finland;

Museums and

museology – Finland.

Tuula Haavisto

FINLAND: LIBRARIES, MUSEUMS AND ARCHIVES IN FINLAND September 2009

2

CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE

FINNISH HISTORY

Since the second half of the 19th Century, promoting and developing culture in the Finnish language has been a priority. There is a high education level; litera-cy has been nearly 100% for decades and Finns enjoy reading. Information and communication technolo-gy is heavily used. Nowadays globalization has given a new push to efforts to maintain national cultures and languages, and the digitization policy is usually based on national and cultural interests. From the 12th Century to 1809 Finland was a prov-ince of Sweden, and from 1809 to 1917 a grand duchy under the Russian rule. The status of Finland was improved under Russian rule, more autonomy was allowed and many local Finnish institutions were founded or strengthened. These included the Senate Archives (f. 1816), which then developed into the National Archives. During the period of Swedish con-trol, archives were held in Stockholm. The general nationalist awakening, which took place throughout Europe in the 19th century, also strengthened na-tional institutions. Finland gained its independence from Russia in 1917. Because of the complex political history of the coun-try, the Finnish National Library contains some unique special collections due to its role as a depos-itory library. The predecessor of the national library was the Royal Academy in Turku and like all other Swedish university libraries, it was granted the right to collect deposit copies from the entire Swedish realm beginning in 1707. From 1809 to 1917, Finland had the right to deposit copies of all publications printed in Russia. That right resulted in the largest collection outside Russia of literature from the pre-1917 Russian Empire. Especially in the Soviet period, but also today, the collection, housed since 1828 in the Helsinki University Library (now the National Li-brary), is actively used by scholars and publishers from around the world. The National Museum was founded in 1893 as the State Historical Museum by combining several older collections. The origin of the National Gallery is dif-ferent, but also mirrors the national awakening. It was founded by the Finnish Art Society (est. 1846), an association of idealistic individuals who wanted to systematically promote art in the country. Their main achievement was the Ateneum building. Com-pleted in 1887, the building housed two art schools, the Museum of Applied Art, and the art collection. The National Gallery was not placed under the gov-ernment administration until 1990. Public libraries , as well as regional and national mu-seums, were central institutions of the Finnish en-lightenment movement, which was active from the second half of the 19th Century. The movement had

two purposes: to raise the educational and cultural level of the nation in order to meet the needs of in-dustrial development and to promote the nationalist movement. At the same time and for the same rea-sons, public schools and the Finnish press were born. For museums, folk handicrafts and furniture were collected to show the richness of the nation’s cultur-al heritage and talents of the Finnish people.

Immediately after achieving independence, in the spring of 1918, a devastating civil war flared up. The two parties were the Reds (socialist revolutionaries) and the Whites (non-socialist government forces) and this conflict was closely connected with the Rus-sian revolution. The White party won and the conse-quences could be seen for decades. Ideologically, all official institutions supported the White side, and thus alienated part of the population from them. As a result museums found it difficult to present nation-al history in a balanced way. The civil war also led to the establishment of archives on both sides—and resulted in a certain ideological separation in the archival field, After the civil war, public libraries had an important task of reconciliation: they were per-ceived as an instrument that could be used to over-come feelings of anger and integrate the losing side into society. In spite of the tragic civil war, the first decades of independence were a fruitful period in building up the nation, and the libraries, museums and archives proudly took part in the process. After the Winter War (1939-1940) and the Continua-tion War (1941-1944) against the Soviet Union, Fin-land's borders were changed. Part of Karelia was handed over to the Soviet Union. The archives partly were destroyed or left behind. Thousands of Finns had to be evacuated. After the evacuation, library service for the Karelian evacuees all around the country were offered. In the following decades, the memory of the ceded province of Karelia was main-tained in many ways. The Lappeenranta Regional Museum specialized in collecting material from the ceded region.

National Museum, 1916

by architects Gesellius—-Lindgren -

Saarinen

Photo © Finland's

National Board of Anti-

quities

3

LIBRARY & I NFORMATION SERVICES (1)

In Finland, municipal, research, special libraries, and libraries at educational institutions form a well-integrated national network. They are also active part-ners with the international information services net-work. Both municipal and research libraries are open to all and students use both public and research librar-ies.

The guiding principle in libraries is to offer free access to cultural and information sources. It is one of the important political choices in a Nordic welfare state to offer equal opportunities for everyone irrespective of their educational level, place of residence, or financial standing. No fee is charged for either borrowing or the use of library collections at the library.

Technically, the Finnish library system is based on ex-tensive use of information and communications tech-nologies (ICT). Library services are both accessible and cost-effective. Library activities are computerized at 97% of the public libraries. At least nine out of ten municipal libraries provide Internet access for their users. Research, polytechnic, and special libraries have a nationwide joint library system.

The high quality of library architecture is one of the specialities of the Finnish librarianship (2). Library build-ings even in smaller towns and villages are of very good standard, purpose-built by professional archi-tects. Outstanding architecture is also found in muse-um and archives buildings. FINANCING AND GOVERNANCE In terms of administration, the Finnish tendency to create comprehensive, flexible systems has resulted in very similar structures in cultural heritage institutions. The vast majority of Finnish libraries belong to the public sector. On a national level, library matters are under the Ministry of Education, which in spite of its name also takes care of the cultural matters in the country. However it is the municipalities that are responsible for public libraries. They receive statutory state aid and special grants from the Ministry of Edu-cation for offering library services to their citizens and for special projects such as the Multilingual Library, Saami Library and Co-Nordic mobile services. Howev-er, local authorities allocate the funds at their discre-tion. This has resulted in a lack of uniformity. The most significant example is the lack of unified library sys-tems: academic and other state-run libraries have had a unified library system since the 1970s, but public libraries still operate several systems that do not com-municate with each other. Helsinki City Library is mandated by law to serve as the Central Library for the public libraries. At the next level, the 20 provincial libraries provide information and interlibrary services in their regions. All of these institutions are city libraries, receiving special govern-

ment grants for these purposes.

Research, academic, and most special libraries are state-run, and they are an integral part of their parent organization, which in most cases are universities or governmental research institutions. Some polytechnics are administered by the municipal sector. The admin-istration, financing and activities of research and poly-technic libraries are determined by the organization in question. The Ministry of Education grants funds to the parent organizations for the operations of their libraries, but each institution can allocate these re-sources at its discretion.

The activities of other libraries and information ser-vices are determined by the organization they serve. The information services of private enterprises form a professional network of their own, using the resources of public information services when needed.

The yearly statistics on both research and public librar-ies is available on the Internet. The research library statistics also cover the polytechnic and some special libraries. (3)

Aalto University Otaniemi

Campus Library

by architect Alvar Aalto , 1970

Photo © Aalto University

LEGISLATION CONCERNING LIBRARIES (4) The Library Act (1998) and Library Decree (1999) con-cern public libraries. Academic libraries are covered in the University Act (1997) and University Decree (1998). These two acts also regulate the National Li-brary functions. The 2008 Law on Collecting and Pre-serving Cultural Materials repealed and replaced the previous Legal Deposit legislation.

There are two government run libraries whose mis-sion is laid down in legislation and both are adminis-tered by the Ministry of Education. The first is Celia - the Library for the Visually Impaired (the Act and the Decree on the Library for the Visually Impaired, both 1996) and the second is the Repository Library (the act in 1988, the decree in 1992)

The Repository Library in Kuopio is a common service for all library sectors. Founded in 1989, it is meant to store library material in the most economical way. This reduces the need to build new space for library collec-tions. Other laws of concern to libraries are, for example, the copyright legislation (1961 with major amend-ments 1995, 2005-2007) and the Act on the Financing of Education and Culture (1998, concerns public librar-ies).

4

THE NATIONAL LIBRARY (5)

The Helsinki University Library also serves as the Na-tional Library of Finland. The history of the Helsinki University Library began with the establishment of a secondary school (gymnasium) in Turku, which in 1640 was converted into a university. In 1642 the Academy employed the printer Peder Wald who printed the first books in Finland. Prior to that all books for Finland were printed either in Sweden or Germany--including the first book printed in Finnish which was Mikael Agricola's ABC-book (ABC-kiria) issued in Stockholm in 1543. The first book printed for use in Finland is the mass book Missale Aboense, printed in Lübeck in 1488.

In 1827, the Royal Academy in Turku was destroyed in a great fire that devastated the whole town and nearly all of its 40 000 books were burned. Only some 800 books that had been lent out were saved. After the fire, the university was transferred to Helsinki and reo-pened in 1828 under the name "The Imperial Alexan-der University of Finland" (more commonly known as the Helsinki University) A new library building by the architect Carl Ludvig Engel was opened in 1845. The 6,000 volumes of the Senate library were donated to the university as a basis for the university library. By 1917, when Finland became independent, the collec-tions had grown to 300,000 volumes. Later on, several enlargements to the classic main building were added, among them a basement under the City Campus of the university. Numerous collections that had previously been located in various facilities around the city got permanent stacks.

F

Beautiful pillars in the

National Library building,

by architect C.L. Engel, 1840

Photo Ari Aalto

© National Library of Finland

As the National Library, the Helsinki University Library functions as a service and development center for Finnish libraries and also has a mandate to promote both national and international co-operation. In addi-tion, it is responsible for acquiring and preserving the national heritage in the form of publications , as well as maintaining its collections of research material and providing access to them. The National Library helps other libraries to improve access to resources. It pro-vides support to build and maintain digital library ser-vices. It funds high quality information resources, es-pecially in digital form, and develops evaluation meth-ods to assess the impact and results of library activi-ties. In 2007, the National Library had some 2.6 million books and perodicals and the same number of special materials: Manuscripts, maps, printed music, posters, and ephemera. The most important special collections

are the A.E. Nordenskiöld Collection, famous for its maps, the Monrepos Manor Library, and the Jean Sibe-lius Music Manuscripts. The American Resources Cen-ter was added to the library in 1995. From 1982 the library has been receiving legal deposit copies of recordings which enable the creation of a National Archive of Recorded Music. The collections of music literature and recordings are complemented by a continuously growing collection of musical manu-scripts.

ACADEMIC, RESEARCH AND SPECIAL LIBRARIES

In Finland, it is difficult to define the demarcation lines between research and special libraries, even to sepa-rate the academic libraries. For example, all medical libraries serve as libraries of faculties of medicine in universities. The same is true for the law libraries ex-cept one, the Library of Parliament. Finland has 20 universities, all state-run, and 31 poly-technics, run either by local authorities or by private foundations. There are over 100 different research institutions. Accordingly, there are more than 150 re-search libraries, including university, polytechnic and special libraries, which serve higher education, learn-ing and research. The nucleus of this group is the aca-demic library network, composed of university librar-ies, the Helsinki University Library / the National Li-brary, and the Repository Library.

The number of higher education and research institu-tions began to grow in the 1960s, when a political de-cision was made to promote research and to raise the education level of the nation. Universities were estab-lished in several regional centers and lower-level busi-ness, art and technical schools were upgraded to uni-versities. Beginning in the 1980s, many secondary-level institutions were transformed into polytechnics.

In university libraries, the 1960s were a period of con-siderable change. New universities wanted to pro-mote literature and reference tools instead of just making them available, and they also adopted a more dynamic approach to service. Older university libraries also met new challenges, when masses of students poured in. Individualized services for professors had to be replaced with services suitable for mass use by students. International influence also strengthened new ideas, especially on the field of the information technology (IT) . (6) The libraries at the polytechnics were the newcomers on the field, originating in the 1980s. These libraries were established to help raise the education level in their parent organizations. At the beginning they also got a special advantage: the Ministry of Education or-dered that 5% of the yearly budget of the polytechnics must be used for libraries and information services.

5

There are about 70 members of the Council for Spe-cial Libraries, and they represent both the public and the private sector. The largest of them are the Library of Parliament and the Library of Statistics Finland. Other members are libraries in government agencies and research institutions, associations, hospitals, mu-seums, etc., and in private enterprises. In contrast to most parliamentary libraries in other countries, the Library of Parliament is open to the public. In addition to serving the Parliament of Fin-land, the library serves all who need parliamentary, legal, or social and political information. At the end of the first decade of the 21st Century, there is a great deal of change in the Finnish higher education and research field. Independent institutions are being merged into larger units, and their libraries are being combined. The financial responsibility for these institutions is also changing: the government funding is at the moment replaced with establishing foundations that would take charge of certain univer-sities. In that challenging situation, the long tradition of voluntary co-operation between research and spe-cial libraries has helped them reorganize their work. In terms of service, all of these libraries are challenged by promotion of information literacy, active learning environments, and integration into the research and learning process. Public Libraries and Services for Schools The rates of lending and library use are high in public libraries. About 80% of Finns are regular public library users, and each Finn visited a library an average of 12 times in 2008 and an average Finn takes out 20 books, discs, or magazines yearly. Library Internet sites regis-ter more than 47 million visits a year.

Before independence in 1917, libraries were mostly based on volunteer staff and local efforts. Afterward, a State Library Committee was founded, and a Library Bureau was established to provide technical advice and training for librarians. For the first time, state grants were made available for public libraries. The first Library Act was adopted in 1928 which was at about the same time when other Nordic countries passed library legislation. The beginning of the 1960s meant a real break-through for the Finnish public libraries. The new Li-brary Act came into force in 1962, providing public libraries with much better financial support from the state. New buildings, more and better educated staff, and more money for acquisition raised the service level remarkably. The investment paid off: usage sta-tistics increased steadily over the next 40 years. The 1960s also had another effect on the library field: a very clear paradigm and generation shift took place. As a part of the Finnish cultural movement, radical young students of librarianship begun to demand new

openness towards library users and their needs. The aquisition policy of public libraries, as well as the li-brarians’ attitudes in general were criticized for be-ing too patronizing. Within a few years younger li-brarians attained influential positions in the Finnish library field. Today many of these innovators have already retired. Although the younger generation has not advocated a clearly articulated program for change, library professionals who have grown up in the era of computers are, in practice, taking part in a silent revolution by developing new tools with the help of the Internet. The effect is still to be seen.

In spite of efforts beginning in the 1930s and 1940s, a formal library network structure with state financing and a system of regional central libraries was not launched until the1960s. The ICT era began in Finnish public libraries in the 1980s and has kept the atten-tion of the library profession for a long period. Com-puterized catalogues, their Internet conversions at different stages, and other digital services all needed concentrated effort. However in the first decade of this century reading, literature and other content matters such as music once again began to be raised as professional issues, and these concerns have begun to occupy an almost equal position with discussion of the Internet phenomena. As in higher education, the local government struc-ture in Finland is under reconstruction. The target is to create larger administrative units, and a wave of mergers of local jurisdictions (or independent local communities) is under way. This means combining their libraries, too. In some regions, the public librar-ies are ahead of this general trend. Three regional libraries have been established, with shared admin-istration and finances. More mergers were in the works in 2009. Finland is a country with very few school libraries. Instead, there has been a long tradition of public li-braries serving schools. In many smaller communities branch libraries and in some cases, main libraries, are located in school buildings. Finland also has a high number of mobile libraries (160 in 2008) and these facilities also provide for library services to schools. Most public libraries offer systematic training for school classes in information searching and sources. Approximately half of Finnish school pupils are reached via these programs. Librarians are also dis-cussing what their role should be in media education. Finnish librarians now and then comment that the lack of school libraries might have a positive impact in the usage of public libraries. When children learn in their school years to use the public library, they con-tinue using the library when they leave the school.

6

LIBRARY COOPERATION AND DIGITAL LIBRARY SERVICES The digital activities in Finnish libraries are numerous. Nearly all library catalogues are available on the web, forming an important basis for a multitude of services. Most of the basic Internet services are also available in Swedish and English. In the 1990s, libraries were pioneers of Internet in Finland, gaining praise for their use of advanced com-puter applications like web catalogues and for provid-ing access to the Internet. This was not accidental. The history of ICT in the Finnish libraries is long, especially in research and special libraries, where early efforts were made to create a union catalogue. One step to-wards the goal was reached in 1972, when the first national cataloguing rules were adopted. Somewhat later a unified national list of subject headings was also produced in Swedish. The most advanced library and information services were in technical and business universities and re-search institutions where IT-based shared union cata-logues were established on the Nordic level; these were already functioning at the beginning of the 1970s. The library of the Helsinki School of Economics established the commercial reference database HELECON in 1975. In 1974 the IT Unit for Research Libraries began its work to realize a long-term dream - an IT-based union catalogue. These efforts succeeded in the mid-1980s. The online version, LINDA, was launched in 1990, and that is still the name of the Union Catalogue in univer-sity and polytechnic libraries. The Linnea2 network produces cataloguing for LINDA; Linnea2 also manag-es the joint library system of the Finnish university libraries, the Library of Parliament and the National Repository Library. The system maintains the data-bases of the individual libraries, the National Bibliog-raphy and the Union Catalogues produced by the Na-tional Library of Finland. There are several other databases of Finnish language materials that are widely used. ARTO is the database of Finnish articles and also provides full-text access to some of them. These databases require a user license, but the Finnish national bibliography FENNICA and the national discography VIOLA are both freely accessible. (7) Beginning in the 1980s, the public libraries organized themselves into 51 voluntary cooperatives to maintain shared library systems with catalogues, user registers, etc. Because the average Finnish community is small, libraries must unite their resources to provide better service. The largest public library cooperative is Helmet in the capital region. Helmet serves more than one million inhabitants and has holdings of more than 3.45 million items.

Nelli is the name of the national information retrieval portal with regional and local applications, produced in cooperation between the National Library and other libraries. It is used to direct simultaneous searches of several different databases. Nelli offers personal re-mote access services based on authentication of the customer’s identification. Libraries.fi provides access to several library Internet services under one user interface. It is maintained by the Helsinki City Library, but all public libraries in Fin-land participate in it. The portal serves as a starting point, especially for users seeking information about libraries, culture and information services. It is meant to be an every-day tool for library professionals, but it is also available to anyone cooperating with, or inter-ested in, library matters (8). From the very beginning of the portal in 1994, it has been a strategic decision by Finnish public libraries to jointly provide most library Internet services under this umbrella. Since 1997, the purchasing of e-resources in Finland is con-centrated in the FinELib (National Electronic Library) con-sortium, which is a part of the National Library. It negoti-ates contracts with vendors, based on the needs of the libraries. In 2007 there were 128 licensed reference data-bases, 278 reference books in e-format, approximately 20,000 electronic periodicals and 295,000 e-books. There were 53 million searches, and 8.3 million articles printed. Regular user questionnaires provide information used to improve service. (9) The public libraries finance their acquisition of electronic materials themselves, but the Ministry of Education funds most of the e-resources for research and study purposes. Although e-materials are available in most public libraries, the usage of them is rather limited, perhaps because the content of the resources is less interesting for the general public. Another problem is lack of material in ones’ own language.

Librarianship and Information Education and Research, LIS as a Discipline and Profession All libraries in Finland have qualified staff and this is one of the real strengths of Finnish librarianship. Information studies research in Finland is also carried out at an ad-vanced level. One of the explanations given is the new con-ception of LIS that emerged in Finland in the early 1980s: It shifted the attention from institutions onto users and their actions. An other explanation is the internationalization of research (10). University education of librarians and information special-ists began at Tampere University in 1971 and was offered under the rubric of Library and Information Science. Be-fore this library education was based on in-house appren-ticeship training in academic libraries, or on professional courses. Beginning in the 1940s these courses were locat-ed in Helsinki at the School of Social Sciences , which was

7

transferred to Tampere in 1960. Currently the disci-pline is called Information Studies. Tampere and Oulu Universities provide Finnish-language programs; the Åbo Akademi program is in Swedish. Information specialists who already hold an academic degree can obtain qualifications by completing a training course in the Helsinki University of Technolo-gy. Most of these students find jobs in private enter-prises. Library assistants were originally educated in several secondary level institutions, which then devel-oped into polytechnics. As a result, the education level of the programs was raised. New lower-level study programs have been established in some voca-tional schools.

Ylöjärvi Municipal

Library, a latern in the

dark Nordic winter night

Photo Antero

Tenhunen

© librarybuildings.info

The competences expected of public library profes-sionals are broadly defined by the Library Decree, but in fact employers decide on what is needed for a given position. The critical element concerning the librarian post is the type of education and the level of study; a library professional either comes from a university or a polytechnic. The difference is in orientation. A univer-sity education prepares students better for planning and leadership responsibilities, while the polytechnic education is more practical, and equips graduates to manage increasingly complicated ICT and other sys-tems. Although different, both types of qualifications are at an advanced level. The librarians and information specialists in public and re-search libraries cooperate more with each other than with their colleagues in the private sector. In private enterpris-es, information specialists have become more and more integrated into the structures of their parent organizations. Accordingly, their professional interests and practices have distanced them from those of their public sector col-leagues. It seems the status of information specialists in the private sector has improved, although their numbers have diminished.

Professional Associations and the Councils of the Library Sectors All Finnish library associations have personal member-ships, and each provides a professional forum for li-brarians working in the type of library setting that is the focus of the association. Until now, the efforts to combine two or more library associations have failed. Association membership is open to anyone interested, although most members are professionals.

Founded in 1910, the Finnish Library Association (Suomen kirjastoseura) is the oldest professional asso-ciation; in 2008 it had 2,000 members. Its focus is on public library matters. Established in 1929 the Finnish Research Library Association (Suomen tieteellinen kir-jastoseura) now has approximately 750 members. The Finnish-Swedish Library Association (Finlands svenska biblioteksfoerening, founded in 1962) has only 300 members but has been active serving as a liaison, especially for Finnish-Swedish libraries, and as a sup-port for Finnish-Swedish culture. The Society for Finn-ish Information Specialists with approximately 1,000 member (Tietoasiantuntijat, founded 1947) is the asso-ciation for information specialists, especially those in private enterprises. One example of the work of professional associations was the establishment of the national list of subject headings in the 1980s. This project was initiated by practicing librarians, developed and promoted by the Finnish Library Association, and then moved on to offi-cial channels. The Ministry of Education took the re-sponsibility for financing the project, and the National Library was charged with the maintenance of the list. The Swedish version was realized thanks to the efforts of the Finnish-Swedish Library Association. Since the 1990s, all library sectors in Finland have cre-ated councils that coordinate cooperation between the libraries on a national level, and represent them in issues related to the activities and development of national library networks. The councils also cooperate with each other and run joint activities.

The councils are: Council for Finnish University Libraries Council for Special Libraries Council for Public Libraries The councils are based on voluntary co-operation of libraries. In a way, they were founded to replace the associations of library institutions which don’t exist in Finland. Their financing is based on the participating libraries. In most cases one big library allows one or two of its’ employees to work for the council. The libraries at polytechnics also have a formal consor-tium (AMKIT-konsortio) serving the same purposes. Compared with the councils, the consortium has a broader mandate and can make contracts on behalf of the members. These organs have gained a strong position on the Finnish library field.

8

ARCHIVES AND ARCHIVAL SCIENCE (11) The key national legislation on archives includes the Archives Act and Archives Decree (both adopted in 1994). This legislation applies to the deposit of rec-ords generated by public bodies, government agen-cies and persons carrying out public duties regulated by government acts and decrees. Other relevant legis-lation consists of the Act on the Openness of Govern-ment Activities (1999), the Decree on the Openness of Government Activities and on Good Practice in In-formation Management (1999), and the Personal Data Act (1999). The newest law is the Act on Electronic Services and Communication in the Public Sector (2003). (12) The National Archives Service is composed of a central board and seven Provincial Archives. The first provin-cial archive was founded in 1927 in Haemeenlinna. The National Archives Service is under the authority of the Ministry Of Education. The task of the National Archives Service is to ensure the preservation of documents belonging to the na-tional heritage and to promote research based on the-se materials. The National Archives also guides and oversees the work of archivists throughout the coun-try. The Parliament, the municipalities and the parishes have their own archives. The parish archives together with the archives of the courts of justice are the oldest sources of information concerning individuals, and are actively used by genealogists. Much full-text material from these repositories is available on the Internet. The Finnish Film Archive was renamed to the National Audiovisual Archive in 2007. At that time its responsi-bilities were expanded to cover television and radio programs. It shares legal deposit-collecting obligations with the National Library. (13) Significant social movements and parties have their own archives. The Finnish Labour Archives and the People’s Archives are, by scope and amount of materi-al, larger than the archives of the non-socialist parties. These, as well as others (such as the Central Archives for Finnish Business Records and the Archive of the Central Organisation of Finnish Trade Unions) are po-litical in nature. In fact, they serve research interests as do any other archives. The literary archives of the Finnish Literature Society and the Society of Swedish Literature in Finland are of great cultural importance, and both maintain large collections of manuscripts. More interesting for the public is the newcomer in the field of open archives-- The Living Archive (Elaevae Arkisto). This digital ar-chives consists of selected programs from the archives of the Finnish Broadcasting Company YLE, which are made available on the Internet.

There are archives also on such fields as art, land sur-veying and sports. The most important archive devot-ed to a single individual is the Archives of President Urho Kekkonen (1900-1986).

The outer walls of the new building of the Provincial Archives of

Hämeenlinna are decorated with letters and symbols. Photo © YLE. Digital Archival Collections and Digital Finding Aids (14) The VAKKA Archival Database of the National Archives Service is an online archival catalogue, which contains descriptive information on archival materials kept in the National Archives and Provincial Archives. VAKKA has a separate complementary database called Aarre, covering documents from the previous Military Ar-chive. It was incorporated into the National Archives in 2008. The National Archives Digital Archive provides primary information in digitized format, Only a small part of the material has been digitized, but the amount is constantly growing. Several databases related to war times have been cre-ated, such as the database Menehtyneet, which gives information on all who died in the wars 1939-45. An-other database called War Victims of Finland 1914-1922 (Suomen sotasurmat) provides information on those who perished in war-related circumstances in this difficult period of the nation’s history. A common register of the Private Archives Association members covers the basic information on 19,000 rec-ords from 10 different archives. The association also maintains the KARK- Image database. Education for Archivists and Records Managers Professional archivists have a university degree. In some cases the degree includes an archival specializa-tion, but in other instances archivists may have com-pleted an archival qualification in addition to their university degree. The highest degree is a doctorate offered by the University of Tampere. One can obtain an archival qualification either through universities or the National Archives. In addition a lower level course can be taken through one of the archival associations or at the Mikkeli polytechnic. The National Archive and the associations both pro-vide such training courses.

9

Professional Associations The Society of Finnish Archivists (Suomen Arkistoy-hdistys 1947) promotes contacts between profes-sionals in the archival field and supports knowledge and research in the archival domain. The society issues publications and arranges meet-ings, seminars and study trips and participates in domestic and foreign networks in the archival field. In addition the society prepares policy statements on the acts, regulations, instructions, and recom-mendations issued by the authorities. The Society of Finnish Business Archives (Suomen Liikearkistoyhdistys 1960) has a very similar profile, but its focus in on archival work in private enter-prise. The Association of Finnish Municipal Archives (Kunnallisarkistoyhdistys 1980) concentrates on local government archiving. The Private Archives Association (Yksityiset keskusarkistot 1999) gathers archives collecting private records and archives of different associations.

MUSEUMS AND MUSEOLOGY

Museum Legislation and some Statistics (15)

The most important legislation governing museums consists of the Antiquities Act, the Museums Act and the Museums Decree (1992), the acts on Re-strictions to the Export of Cultural Goods (1999) and on the Protection of Buildings (1985). The Na-tional Museum, run by the National Board of Antiq-uities, has an Act (1972) and Decree (1992) of its own, as does the Finnish National Gallery (2000). Some other laws touch on museum activities: the Copyright Act, the Act on the Financing of Educa-tion and Culture (concerns municipal museums), and the Act concerning State Indemnity for Art Exhibitions.

According to the Finnish Museums Association da-tabase, there were more than a thousand muse-ums in Finland in 2008; of these 163 were profes-sionally run. Most Finnish museums are small local or district museums, open mainly during the sum-mer and based on citizens´ efforts and volunteer staff. Half of the museums run by professional museum workers are cultural history museums (49%); one quarter (26%) are specialized museums; 20% are art museums; and 6% natural history mu-seums. Cultural and natural heritage preserved by Finnish museums in 2007 (16) included: - More than 4 million artifacts - Almost 300,000 works of art - 19 million pictures - 19 million specimens in of natural history collec-tions

To give an example of specialized museums, there are 40 museums related to transportation with the new Maritime Museum of Finland in Kotka (2008) as their flagship. According to a 2008 study, these transportation museums are very popular.

The information and statistics on the museums is very detailed in Finland. For example, it is known that there are 23 ships in museums, and 87 Finnish ships are registered in the database of historical ships.

The government body responsible for museums and cultural heritage is the Ministry of Education. However, some issues may fall under the Ministry of the Environment while others may be within the jurisdiction of the National Board of Antiquities.

In addition to their ordinary research, documenta-tion, and exhibition work, the 21 regional museums of cultural history are charged with promoting and supervising museum activities in their respective regions. The regional museums also have certain administrative duties concerning the export of cul-tural items and the preservation of buildings and antiquities. These museums are owned and operat-ed by the city where they are located, but they a granted a state subsidy to finance these regional tasks. The same model of local administration and regional responsibilities is applied to the 16 art museums of Finland.

The elk head of Huittinen, 7000-600 BC

© National Museum of Finland

Significant Museums in Finland The most important Finnish national museums are all located in Helsinki. In addition to exhibitions in their own premises, the museums serve the public with travelling exhibitions and by providing adviso-ry and educational services and publications.

Museums Online is a joint search portal of Finnish culture historical museums, providing access to their collections. At present information can be found on the collections of the National Board of Antiquities (National Museum), the National Muse-um of Finland and 26 other museums around the country. The number of participating museums and the amount of searchable material is continually growing.

10

The National Museum of Finland presents Finnish his-tory from prehistoric times to the present. The Finnish National Gallery consists of the Ateneum Art Museum, the Museum of Contemporary Art Kiasma, the Sinebrychoff Art Museum and of the Central Art Ar-chives. The Finnish Museum of Natural History focus-es on the fields of zoology, botany, geology, and pal-aeontology; its staff conducts research as well as keeping an inventory of Finnish nature and surveying the state of the environment. There are several major art museums and galleries around the country in addition to those that are part of the regional art museum system. Located in the very heart of the old city of Turku, Aboa Vetus & Ars Nova is not only an interesting art museum but also an archaeological museum presenting the results of the on-site archaeological excavations. The Retretti Art Centre in Punkaharju is located in the calm of the Finnish countryside; the art center has both modern and contemporary art and features changing exhibi-tions that are located underground, in caves, The Sara Hildén Art Museum in Tampere, which is based on a large collection by a private collector, exhibits modern art, both Finnish and foreign. The Waeinoe [Wäinö] Aaltonen museum in Turku concentrates on the sculptures of one artist; Aaltonen (1894-1966) created monumental sculptures that now can be seen in most significant places in Finland, such as the Parlia-ment House.

The few science and natural history museums are con-centrated in the Helsinki region, most of them being departments of the Finnish Museum of Natural Histo-ry. Another group of natural history museums can be found in Oulu where they are part of Oulu University. The Finnish Science Centre Heureka with its many in-teractive exhibitions is of great interest to children and young people. Heureka's exhibitions have also attract-ed international interest; the Heureka Overseas Pro-ductions Ltd has been set up to facilitate exhibition planning and export. Historical Museums and Historic Homes Several medieval stone churches and castles have sur-vived in Finland. The oldest one is the Turku Castle, which was founded in the 1280s to serve as an admin-istrative castle of the Swedish Crown in Turku. In gen-eral, castles served both defensive and administrative purposes, when Finland was under the Swedish rule (-1809). Among the most significant are the Haeme Castle in Haemeenlinna, built at the end of 13th centu-ry, and the Olavinlinna Castle in Savonlinna (1475). Aside from castles and churches, most buildings in Finland were made of wood. There were many fires in towns, and only few historical buildings have sur-vived; for example, the oldest surviving building in Helsinki is only 250 years old. This fact is important

because the lack of prominent historical monuments led to a profusion of small-scale museums. As a re-sult, the number of small local museums in Finland is high compared with other countries. Another motiva-tion to found local museums in the countryside emerged after the Second World War. Old farming and cultivating methods and tools were quickly giving way to more mechanized agriculture. Many farmers, teach-ers, and others began to enthusiastically collect and preserve traditional knowledge and artifacts. House museums are also an important kind of local museum. Ainola in Jaervenpaeae was the home of Jean Sibelius (1865-1956), the best known Finnish composer and his house is now a museum. Like Sibe-lius, many other artists of the first half of the 20th Cen-tury built beautiful and impressive houses in the coun-tryside. Of these, Tarvaspaeae in Espoo and Hvittraesk in Kirkkonummi are located close to Helsinki. Outside the capital region, Visavuori, the home of the sculptor Emil Wikstroem, and the home of J.V. Snellman in Kuopio are well known to museum visitors. Snellmann (1806-1881) was an influential statesman whose work in promoting the Finish language helped to lay the basis for Finland’s independence. Definitely worth mentioning is the only permanent Lenin museum in the world, located in Tampere.

An example of recent development in the museum and cultural field in Finland occurred in Maenttae, a small town of less than 10,000 inhabitants whose main livelihood was wood processing and woodworking. In the 1990s city leaders decided to develop Maenttae’s cultural assets as a means to promote tourism and stimulate the economy. Their efforts were greatly assisted by Maenttae’s major wood in-dustry company, which already owned a large art col-lection. The former home of the paper mill director was turned to a beautiful art museum and the previ-ous Home Office of the company was transformed into the G.A. Serlachius Museum, an exiting interactive museum which opened in 2003. Covering the period from the 19th century to the present, the museum shows how a small village grew into the headquarters of a major forest industry company. An annual exhibi-tion of modern art is held in Maenttae, complete with a week-long festival of piano music. In 2006, the G.A.Serlachius Museum won the Museum Achieve-ment of the Year prize of the ICOM Finland commit-tee. All in all, the town has managed to create new livelihood activity around these cultural offerings.

The only real zoo in Finland is Korkeasaari in Helsinki, located on an island. It is a partner in the European Endangered Species Program, coordinating the protec-tion of snow leopards and wolverine. As a partner in the European Breeding Programmes, the zoo also keeps the pedigree book of two speecies, the endan-gered markhors (a species of goat-antelope) and the forest reindeer. The Botanical gardens of the univer-sities of Helsinki and Turku are well known and popu-lar.

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Digital Museum Exhibits and Services

Information and communication technology is heavily used in Finnish museums. In summer 2008, more than a hundred digital exhibits were listed on the shared website of the Finnish museums; themes of these ex-hibits ranged from architecture and digitized corre-spondence to the documentation of the Lapland trip of an Italian explorer Giuseppe Acerbi in 1799 (17).

Some of the digital exhibits are made especially for handicapped people. The exhibits, by small and large museums of all kinds, present past or current phe-nomena all over the country. Several portals present Finnish museums through stories and experiences. Museot.fi is the systematic way to find information on museums, and includes a museum search.

More and more museum catalogues can be found in digital format. The most advanced of them incorporate new ideas on cataloguing and searching. The MuseoSuomi portal is a prototype of semantic-web technologies providing means for integrating different databases and a basis for intelli-gent information retrieval systems for several data reposi-tories at the same time (18). A more advanced version is the collection database of the National Gallery (19).

Museums Online is a joint search portal of Finnish cul-ture historical museums, providing access to their col-lections. At present information can be found on the collections of the National Board of Antiquities (National Museum), the National Museum of Finland and 26 other museums around the country. The num-ber of participating museums and the amount of searchable material is continually growing. (20)

Museology in Finland, Education for Museum Professions (21)

Since 1983, specialized university-level education has been available for the museum field. Nowadays it can be studied at the universities of Jyvaeskylae, Tampere, Joensuu, Turku, Oulu and Helsinki; the University of Jyvaeskylae offers education on the highest level. Con-servators are educated in two polytechnics.

The number of professional staff in Finnish museums has multiplied in recent decades, and in 2007 there were about 1,800 curators and other museum profes-sionals. To be entitled to the state subsidy, a museum must have, at the minimum, a museum director and at least one other full-time staff member. Both must have university education.

Professional Associations in the Museum Field (22) The Finnish Museums Association (Suomen Museoliit-to, founded in 1923) is the national organization for museums. Its main tasks are to represent museums´ interests and promote their activities. The Museums Association belongs to national and international net-works. The association provides professional know-

how, applied services, education, and consultation. It also offers information services and publications, and is engaged in development and research projects.

Other museum sector organizations are the Finnish National Committee of ICOM (ICOM Finland), the Finn-ish Section of the Nordic Association of Conservators (Pohjoismainen konservaattoriliitto, Suomen osasto) and the Finnish Association for Local Culture and Her-itage (Suomen Kotiseutuliitto).

Key Contemporary Issues – Preservation, Access, Edu-cational role The large number of museums in Finland was ques-tioned in the 1980s; a lot of resources are needed to maintain such an extensive museum network. In addi-tion, the demands for high quality museum services are also growing and museums run by volunteer staff no longer meet the expectations of modern visitors. Accordingly, a trend towards shared museum facilities can be seen in Finland. Good examples are the Wee-Gee House in Espoo and Vapriikki in Tampere. Both are located in old industrial buildings, a typical solu-tion to providing space shared by several museums. The WeeGee House offers a cornucopia of exhibitions and events and houses five museums, a modern art gallery, a media-art centre, a café, a museum shop and an art school. Vapriikki has a very similar profile, providing exhibition spaces, facilities for collections, a preservation laboratory, a photo archive, a reference library, and an auditorium. There are also educational facilities for school children as well as space for re-search and offices. Facilities in the WeeGee House and Vapriikki can also be rented for private functions; this kind of commercial thinking did not belong to the traditional museum ideology in Finland. Another trend, related to the advancement of the mu-seum centers, is the expanding number of museum events and campaigns. More lectures, guided tours, etc., are organized in Finnish museums. Museum edu-cation is a part of this trend and can be found in more and more museums. Discussion about weeding collections has begun, espe-cially in art museums. Could they sell selected items from their collections? Not necessarily all of the piec-es of art bought over the years are worth keeping for-ever. The number of works is continuingly growing, however and exhibition space is not expanding at the same pace. A new exhibition strategy is also evident. More exhibitions are produced based on a museum’s own collections. In-stead of short-term exhibitions on special topics, displays lasting longer are produced.

12

CONVERGENCE AND COOPERATION AMONG

INFORMATION INSTITUTIONS

Libraries, museums, and archives today face increas-ingly similar challenges as the interest of those who fund and administer all three kinds of cultural herit-age institution has become keener. For example uni-versities, government bodies, cities, and other parent organizations carefully formulate their own strate-gies, wanting to better integrate all their subordinate units. The decision-makers ask what the benefits are of every function they run and finance, and the im-pact must be proven. A sense of direction is needed. The internet has also forced institutions to clarify their mission and objectives. To make a website, an organization must present its mission, organizational structure, and other basic information in an under-standable way. This helps libraries, museums and archives to respond to concerns of the parent organi-zation. All together it forces them to clearer goal-setting and resource allocation.

Libraries, museums and archives co-operate mainly on a national level. A number of large shared digitiza-tion projects have been completed, and others are under way. A formal cooperative (electronic libraries, archives and museums) has been established; the eKAM partners are the major cultural heritage organi-zations in Finland. The most concrete result of the cooperation is the Finnish Michael (Multilingual In-ventory of Cultural Heritage in Europe) portal, one of 19 similar portals in Europe. The Finnish version was opened in 2008, and at that time it covered 57 collec-tions and seven organizations. Through it, one can find and explore digital collections of Finnish muse-ums, archives, libraries, and other cultural institu-tions. A shared digitization center is also planned. (23)

In 2008, the Ministry of Education of Finland started a project called ”The National Digital Library” aiming to encompass digitization of cultural heritage material of museums, archives and libraries, as well as to grant online access and long term preservation of both dig-itized and born-digital cultural material. During the project, one national access point, a public interface to digital resources - collections, databases and repos-itories - and services of libraries, archives and muse-ums will be established. It will be divided to end user services and a management system to back them. In addition, the Finnish National Digital Library will cre-ate a common infrastructure for long-term preserva-tion of digital cultural heritage materials of libraries, archives and museums. (24) The education program The Broadband of Culture (Kulttuurin Laajakaista) was created for schools by nine national cultural institutions in Helsinki with guided study visits to these magnificent buildings. In addition, the project is publishing both printed and web material on the participating institutions. The major national institutions are also partners in several international projects creating new ways for libraries, archives, and museums to cooperate.

On a regional and local level the situation varies greatly. For example, the municipal archives in Finland are only administrative and therefore do not cooperate with mu-nicipal museums and libraries

CONCLUSION By comparison internationally, Finnish libraries and cultural institutions are doing well. They have a wide-ly respected status in the society, they are well at-tended and used, and they have been able to expand their work into the digital sphere. In all three fields a structural shift toward larger entities can be seen and this has resulted in larger administrative entities as well as shared physical facilities and shared portals in the virtual sphere. The administrational structures found in these three fields are very similar, and typically Finnish; there are national and regional organs established by legisla-tion. The state supports regional archives, museums, and libraries which are mandated to help smaller in-stitutions in their respective regions. Education and training for librarians, archivist and museum profes-sionals is available at the university and polytechnics level, and each field has research activities. In Finland, public libraries are traditionally very popu-lar, used much more, on average, than in other coun-tries. At the same time museums are gaining more and more significance. The development of research libraries follows international trends of the field. However archives in Finland are oriented more to-wards administrative, professional, and research us-age than in most other countries; e.g., very few Finn-ish archives organize exhibitions for the public. The social role of museums, archives and libraries is still changing. These institutions themselves, individ-ually and as participants in national networks, are motivated to seek new perspectives and new meth-ods of working. In addition their parent organizations expect them to mount new initiatives. For example, the role of museums in cultural tourism has been tak-en into consideration. Internet as a phenomenon is likely to create still more new services and other inno-vations in all cultural heritage institutions. Finland is a small country, where many solutions can be ex-plored and where it is sensible to do this within a na-tional framework. For example, there has been dis-cussion of a nationwide public library web catalogue. The internet also offers global possibilities, which were earlier unattainable. Museums, archives, and libraries can present local history and current developments that can be read and studied by anybody having an interest in Finland (such as. the descendants of Finnish immigrants living abroad). This possibility for broader outreach has been explored by larger institutions that have better resources to create web material in English and other foreign languages.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WEB SOURCES

All legislation mentioned in the text is available in Finnish and in Swedish, most of them also in English on the Finlex database, http://www.finlex.fi/en/ (visited 21 July 2008) Finnish Michael (Multilingual Inventory of Cultural Heritage in Europe): https://www.michael-culture.fi/pub-mpf/index.html (visited 21 July 2008) Karvonen Minna: National Digital Library – Ensuring of availabil-ity of electronic information resources of libraries, archives and museum now and in the future. Paper presented in the World Library and Information Congress: 75th IFLA General Conference and Council, 23-27 August 2009, Milan, Italy. http://www.ifla.org/files/hq/papers/ifla75/190-karvonen-en.pdf (visited 4 September 2009) Libraries: general information: http://www.minedu.fi/OPM/Kirjastot/?lang=en (visited 21 July 2008) general information: http://www.nationallibrary.fi/libraries/tilke_eng/resources.html (visited 22 July 2008) general information: http://www.libraries.fi/en-GB/info/ (visited 11 July 2008) National Library: http://www.nationallibrary.fi/index.html (visited 18 July 2008) statistis / public libraries: https://yhteistilasto.lib.helsinki.fi/index.jsp (visited 21 July 2008) statistis / research, academic and special libraries: http://tilastot.kirjastot.fi/default.aspx?langId=en (visited 21 July 2008) Archives: general information: http://www.narc.fi/Arkistolaitos/eng/ (visited 13 July 2008) National Audiovisual Archive: http://www.sea.fi/english/ (visited 13 July 2008) Museums: general information: http://www.museums.fi/english/ (visited 13 July 2008) general information: http://www.museot.fi/en.php?k=9036 (visited 13 July 2008) Science Centre Heureka: http://www.heureka.fi/portal/englanti/ (visited 13 July 2008) MuseoSuomi: http://www.seco.tkk.fi/applications/museumfinland/ (visited 20 July 2008) National Gallery, collection database: http://kokoelmat.fng.fi/wandora/w?lang=en&action=gen (visited 21 July 2008) Museums Online: http://www.suomenmuseotonline.fi/SIR/smol/museot_etusivu_en.html (visited 21 July 2008)

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PRINT RESOURCES

Berndtson, Maija. Helsinki's New Central Library: The Heart of a Flour-ishing City. Scandinavian Public Library Quarterly; 41 (4) 2008, pp. 8-11

Haavisto, Tuula. New competencies in libraries. Scandinavian Public Library Quarterly; 41 (1) 2008, pp. 18-19 Huotari, Maija-Leena; Valtonen, Marjo Rita. Emerging themes in Finnish archival science and records management education. Archival Science; 3 (2) 2003, pp.117-129 Hyvönen, Eero et al. MuseumFinland—Finnish museums on the seman-tic web. Web Semantics: Science, Services and Agents on the World Wide Web 3; (2-3) 2005, pp. 224-241 Karhula, Paivikki. United voice: library associations' challenge for the future in Finland. Library Management; 27 (1) 2006, pp.101-107 Kontiainen, Kristiina; Sulin, Hannu. Finland's public library strategy im-plemented in projects. Scandinavian Public Library Quarterly; 39 (2) 2006, pp. 12-15 Maekinen, Ilkka. The widow's mite, or crumbs from the rich man's ta-ble: popular support for public libraries in Finland during the nineteenth century. Libraries and Culture; 31 (2) Spring 1996, pp.394-408 Maekinen [Mäkinen] Ilkka: From marginal to excellence: the develop-ment of the research in Information Studies in Finland. In: Advances in Library Administration and Organization. Vol. 25. Ed. by E.D. Garten, D.E. Williams, J.M. Nyce & S. Talja. Amsterdam [etc.]: Elsevier JAI Press, 2007, pp. 155-174 Muhonen, Ari; Jauhiainen, Annu; Vattulainen, Pentti. Sharing resources in Finnish university libraries: reorganising the national document supply system. Interlending and Document Supply; 34 (2) 2006, pp. 51-56 Saarti, Jarmo. From printed world to a digital environment: The role of repository libraries in a changing environment Library Management; 26 (1/2) 2005, pp.26-31 Vattulainen, Pentti. Access to print materials - role of print repositories: the development of the concept Library Management; 26 (1/2) 2005, pp.42-48

References

(1) http://www.minedu.fi/OPM/Kirjastot/?lang=en (2) http://www.librarybuildings.info/country/finland

(3) https://yhteistilasto.lib.helsinki.fi/index.jsp, http://tilastot.kirjastot.fi/

default.aspx?langId=en

(4) http://www.finlex.fi/en/

(5) http://www.nationallibrary.fi/index.html (6) Maekinen 2001

(7) http://www.nationallibrary.fi/libraries/tilke_eng/resources.html

(8) http://www.libraries.fi/en-GB/info/

(9) http://www.nationallibrary.fi/libraries/finelib/annnualreport2007.html

(10) Maekinen 2007 http://www.info.uta.fi/julkaisut/pdf/ilkan-juttu-laitoshistoria.pdf

(11) http://www.narc.fi/Arkistolaitos/eng/

(12) http://www.finlex.fi/en/

(13) http://www.sea.fi/english/ (14) http://www.narc.fi/Arkistolaitos/sahkoiset/

(15) http://www.museot.fi/

(16) http://www.museot.fi/en.php?k=9382

(17) http://www.museot.fi/verkkonayttelyt

(18) http://www.seco.tkk.fi/applications/museumfinland/ (19) http://kokoelmat.fng.fi/wandora/w?lang=en&action=gen

(20) http://www.suomenmuseotonline.fi/SIR/smol/museot_etusivu_en.html

(21) http://www.museot.fi/en.php?k=9392

(22) http://www.museot.fi/en.php?k=9388

(23) https://www.michael-culture.fi/pub-mpf/index.html

(24) Karvonen 2009

14

Finland is a Nordic country

with a relatively large land

area but a small population

(5,340,783 –2009 estimate)

which is largely concentrated

in the southern part of the

country. Finland borders

Sweden on the west, Russia

on the east, and Norway on

the north, while Estonia lies

to its south across the Gulf of

Finland.

The Finnish language is spo-

ken by only 5.4 million people,

the vast majority of whom

live within the Finnish bor-

ders. The Swedish language

also has official status in

Finland. The geo-political

location in between Sweden

and Russia, has affected eve-

ry kind of institution in Fin-

land, including libraries, mu-

seums, and archives.

Information and knowledge institutions in Finland

Tampere City Library -

Pirkanmaa Regional Library

P.O. Box 152

Tel.: +358 400 985991

E-mail: tuula.haavisto@tampere.fi

Tampere City Library, Main library Metso. Photo Jyrki Nisonen

Tuula Haavisto