Fingerprints have been used since 1901 Fingerprints? DNA Fingerprints ! DNA Fingerprints since 1986.
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You will understand:
➢ Why fingerprints are individual
evidence.
➢ Why there may be no fingerprint
evidence at a crime scene.
➢ How computers have made personal
identification easier.
Objectives
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You will be able to:
✓ Identify the anatomy of fingerprints
✓ Distinguish among types of fingerprints
✓ Define the three basic properties that allow individual identification by fingerprints.
✓ Obtain an inked, readable fingerprint for
each finger.
✓ Recognize the general ridge patterns
(loops, whorls, and arches).
✓ Identify friction ridge characteristics and
compare two fingerprints with at least ten
points of identification.
✓ Explain the differences among latent,
plastic, and visible fingerprints.
✓ Develop latent prints (make them visible)
using physical and
chemical methods.
Objectives, continued
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Dactyloscopy: The study of Fingerprints
History from 1850 to 1900
William Herschel—required Indians to put their fingerprints on contracts, and used fingerprints as a means of identifying prisoners
Henry Faulds—claimed that fingerprints did not change over time and that they could be classified for identification
Alphonse Bertillon—proposed body measurements as a means of identification; termed anthropometry
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Francis Galton—developed a primary classification scheme based on loops, arches, and whorls
Edward Richard Henry—in collaboration with Galton, instituted a numerical classification system
Juan Vucetich—developed a fingerprint classification system based on Galton’s that is used in Spanish-speaking countries
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Dactyloscopy, Continued
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Fingerprint Short Clips: Smithsonian
https://www.smithsonianchannel.com/search?
q=fingerprint
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Fundamental Characteristics of Fingerprints
A. A fingerprint is an individual
characteristic.
B. A fingerprint remains unchanged
during an individual’s lifetime.
C. Fingerprints have general
characteristic ridge patterns that
permit them to be systematically
classified.
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Fundamental Characteristics of Fingerprints, Continued
D. Fingerprints are formed in first trimester
E. Created from a series of lines (ridges) and grooves.
Ridge patterns are called MINUTIAE
F. If untouched, fingerprints at a crime scene can last for years
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John Dillinger
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ICNTjg1hnj8
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✓ Eccrine-Secretes WATER, INORGANIC (ammonia, chlorides, metal
ions, phosphates) and ORGANIC (amino acids, lactic acids, urea,
sugars) COMPOUNDS.
Most important for fingerprints.
✓ Apocrine—secretes pheromones and other organic materials.
✓ Oil —secretes fatty or greasy substances.
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Secretions come from Three Glands:
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Latent Prints
Latent fingerprints are NOT VISIBLE to the naked eye.
Consist of the natural secretions of human skin
Require development for them to become visible.
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Patent Prints
Patent fingerprints are VISIBLE to the naked
eye.
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Loop
Must have one or more ridges ENTERING
and EXITING from the SAME side.
➢ Loops must have ONE DELTA.
➢ Have a core
Types
Radial—opens toward the thumb
Ulnar—opens toward the “pinky” (little
finger)
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Whorl
Has at least one ridge that MAKES A
COMPLETE CIRCUIT.
Whorls have at least TWO DELTAS and
a core.
Subcategories
A double loop is made of two loops.
An accidental is a pattern not covered by
other categories.
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Arch
Friction ridges ENTER on one side of the
finger and EXIT on the other side.
Rise upward in the middle.
They do NOT have type lines, deltas, or
cores.
Types:
Plain or Tented
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Ink Print Instructions
Roll Fingerprints
Cleanup/Wipe down desk if needed
Identify & Label the fingerprint type (L,W,A)
right under each fingerprint on your card
Tally your Fingerprint Types on the
“Fingerprint Analysis” worksheet (Step 1)
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Ridge Characteristics
Minutiae—characteristics of ridge patterns
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Primary Classification
The Henry-FBI Classification System
Each finger is given a point value.
right left
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Primary Classification, continued
Assign the number of points for each finger that has a whorl and
substitute into the equation:
right right left left left
index ring thumb middle little + 1
right right right left left
thumb middle little index ring + 1
That number is your primary classification number.
=
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Comparison
There are no legal requirements in the United States on the number of
points required for a match. Generally, criminal courts will accept 8 to
12 points of similarity.
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Developing Latent Prints
Developing a print requires substances that interact with secretions, causing the print to stand out against its background.
•Black Ruby Magnetic Powders—extremely dry
powder adheres to both water and fatty deposits
(Physical Reaction). Choose a color to contrast with
the background.
Lifting Print Reminders• Wipe down surface (glass, pop can, etc)
• Touch your forehead/Hair to get extra sweats/oils
• Lay down your fingerprint (don’t use the same finger every time)
• Apply magnetic powder (less is more)
• Blow off excess powder
• Apply tape evenly and “swipe”
• Slowly lift tape
• Carefully apply tape onto a card
• Document Surface, Developing method, Hand, Finger, name, period
• Label fingerprint type underneath print
• Identify and label 3 minutiae points
Cleanup Procedures
• Put all materials back in box
• Put tape on top of box
• Wipe area with a wet paper towel.
• Put all of your work in your binder
• Return your eye goggles
• Raise your hand for your group to be dismissed from the lab back to your desk
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Developing Latent Prints, continued
Ninhydrin—reacts with amino acids in sweat to produce
a purple color. Used to develop prints on paper.
(Chemical Reaction)
1) Apply Prints to Paper
2) Spray with Ninhydrin
3) Use a Steamer or hold over Boiling water to speed up
chemical reaction
**Only prints in portfolio that don’t require minutiae points
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Cyanoacrylate— “superglue” fumes react with water and
other fingerprint constituents to form a hard, whitish
deposit. Used to develop prints on non-porous surfaces.
Iodine—fumes react with oils and fats to produce a
temporary yellow-brown color.
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Other Prints and ridge characteristics
Lips—several common patterns
Feet/Palms—Footprints are taken at birth as a
means of identification of infants. Friction
ridges can be identified and may be used
against suspects
Fingers/Toes- Friction ridges
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Other Prints, continued
A man has been convicted of suffocating
an elderly woman on the basis of ear
print evidence. The assailant was
caught after police matched the imprint
of his ear on the victim’s window.
Police believe that the thief put his ear
to the window to listen for signs of
anyone home.
Earprint catches murderer
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Other Prints, continued
Teeth—bite marks are unique and
can be used to identify suspects.
These imprints were placed in gum
and could be matched to crime
scene evidence.
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Other Prints, continued
The blood vessel patterns in
the eye may be unique to
individuals. They are used
today for various security
purposes.
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AFIS
The Automated Fingerprint Identification System—a computer system for
storing and retrieving fingerprints
Established in the 1970s, AFIS enables law enforcement
officials to:
Search large files for a set of prints taken from an individual
Compare a single print, usually a latent print developed from a
crime scene
By the 1990s, most large jurisdictions had their own system in place. The problem: A person’s fingerprints may be in one AFIS database but not in others.
IAFIS—the FBI’s Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System, which is a national database of all 10-print cards from all over the country
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Biometrics
Use of some type of body metrics for the purpose of identification.
(The Bertillon system may actually have been the first biometry
system.)
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Biometrics
Use of some type of body metrics for the purpose of identification.
(The Bertillon system may actually have been the first biometry
system.)
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Biometrics
✓ Used today in conjunction with AFIS.
✓ Examples include retinal or iris patterns, voice recognition, hand
geometry.
✓ Other functions for biometrics: can be used to control entry or access
to computers or other structures; can identify a person for security
purposes; can help prevent identity theft or control social services
fraud.