Finding a Trade Route to Finding a Trade Route to AsiaAsia

Why did Europeans decide to try and Why did Europeans decide to try and find a trade route West to Asia?find a trade route West to Asia?

What advancements lead to What advancements lead to increased navigation of the world?increased navigation of the world?

How was math vital to the European How was math vital to the European Explorers during the 15Explorers during the 15thth and 16 and 16thth centuries?centuries?

The Age of DiscoveryThe Age of Discovery

Two major directions:Two major directions:– Europeans subjugated most of Americas Europeans subjugated most of Americas

politically, socially, and economicallypolitically, socially, and economically– In Asia, economic control was more In Asia, economic control was more

common with the Asiatic empires left common with the Asiatic empires left untoucheduntouched

Competition resulted in war and Competition resulted in war and worldwide clashesworldwide clashes

A sense of global economyA sense of global economy

Voyages of ExplorationVoyages of Exploration

Technological Technological AdvancementsAdvancements

Travelers from China returned with the Travelers from China returned with the compasscompass

New rudderNew ruddereasier steeringeasier steering More accurate mapsMore accurate maps Printing pressPrinting pressmaps and travel guidesmaps and travel guides Visitors from China brought gunpowder Visitors from China brought gunpowder

to Europeto Europeused to suppress Indiansused to suppress Indians AstrolabeAstrolabelatitude and longitudelatitude and longitude

New Maritime New Maritime TechnologiesTechnologiesNew Maritime New Maritime TechnologiesTechnologies

Hartman Astrolabe

(1532)

Better Maps [Portulan]

Sextant

Mariner’s Compass

New Weapons New Weapons TechnologyTechnology

New Weapons New Weapons TechnologyTechnology

A Map of the Known A Map of the Known World,World, pre- 1492pre- 1492

A Map of the Known A Map of the Known World,World, pre- 1492pre- 1492

Motives for Motives for European European

ExplorationExploration

Motives for Motives for European European

ExplorationExploration1. Renaissance curiosity about other

lands and peoples.

2. Reformation spread Christianity.

3. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.

4. Fame and fortune.

The Portuguese Go First!The Portuguese Go First! Prince Henry “the Prince Henry “the

Navigator” explored Navigator” explored Africa’s coast in search of Africa’s coast in search of gold, slaves, and route to gold, slaves, and route to AsiaAsia

Portugal swapped goods Portugal swapped goods with African tribal chiefs with African tribal chiefs for slavesfor slaves

Portuguese: exploration Portuguese: exploration of African coast, leading of African coast, leading to sea-route around Africa to sea-route around Africa to Asian spice markets; to Asian spice markets; African slave tradeAfrican slave trade

Museum of Museum of NavigationNavigationin Lisbonin Lisbon

Museum of Museum of NavigationNavigationin Lisbonin Lisbon

Bartolomeo Dias, 1487-88Bartolomeo Dias, 1487-88– Reached Cape of Good HopeReached Cape of Good Hope

Vasco da Gama, 1498.Vasco da Gama, 1498.– Established Portuguese in Calicutta, Established Portuguese in Calicutta,

IndiaIndia Pedro Cabral, 1500Pedro Cabral, 1500

– Touched BrazilTouched Brazil Amerigo Vespucci, 1499Amerigo Vespucci, 1499

– Sailed along the coast of South Sailed along the coast of South AmericaAmerica

Portuguese Maritime Portuguese Maritime EmpireEmpire

Portuguese Maritime Portuguese Maritime EmpireEmpire

Spanish Voyages of Spanish Voyages of ColumbusColumbus

On Oct. 12, 1492 Columbus landed On Oct. 12, 1492 Columbus landed in the Bahamas and believed he in the Bahamas and believed he was in Japan based upon a map by was in Japan based upon a map by Marco PoloMarco Polo

Columbus, 1492: thought Cuba Columbus, 1492: thought Cuba was Japan & South America--Chinawas Japan & South America--China

On third trip in 1498, Columbus On third trip in 1498, Columbus realized he was not in Asia when realized he was not in Asia when greeted by the Taino Indiansgreeted by the Taino Indians

Believing he was in the East Indies Believing he was in the East Indies he called them “indians” and the he called them “indians” and the name stuckname stuck

Columbus’ Four VoyagesColumbus’ Four VoyagesColumbus’ Four VoyagesColumbus’ Four Voyages

Spanish Maritime EmpireSpanish Maritime Empire Vasco de Balboa, 1513Vasco de Balboa, 1513

– Discovered Pacific OceanDiscovered Pacific Ocean Hernando Cortes, 1519Hernando Cortes, 1519

– Gathered wealth from Gathered wealth from MexicoMexico

Ferdinand Magellan, Ferdinand Magellan, 1519-15211519-1521– His ships sailed around His ships sailed around

the worldthe world Francisco Pizarro, 1528Francisco Pizarro, 1528

– Captured wealth from the Captured wealth from the Incas of PeruIncas of Peru

Ferdinand Magellan & the Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the First Circumnavigation of the

World:World:Early 16Early 16cc

Ferdinand Magellan & the Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the First Circumnavigation of the

World:World:Early 16Early 16cc

Atlantic ExplorationsAtlantic ExplorationsAtlantic ExplorationsAtlantic Explorations

Looking for “El Dorado”Looking for “El Dorado”

The Treaty of Tordesillas, The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & 1494 &

The Pope’s Line of The Pope’s Line of DemarcationDemarcation

The Treaty of Tordesillas, The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & 1494 &

The Pope’s Line of The Pope’s Line of DemarcationDemarcation

Spanish Empire in the New Spanish Empire in the New WorldWorld

Aztec Aztec Empire(Mexico) Empire(Mexico) and Incan Empire and Incan Empire (Peru) dominated (Peru) dominated central and South central and South AmericaAmerica

Cortes defeated Cortes defeated Montezuma II and Montezuma II and Pizzaro defeated Pizzaro defeated AtahualpaAtahualpa

Montezuma IIMontezuma IIMontezuma IIMontezuma II AtahualpaAtahualpa

Mexico Surrenders to Mexico Surrenders to CortezCortez

Mexico Surrenders to Mexico Surrenders to CortezCortez

Impact on EuropeImpact on Europe Mining for gold and silver and agriculture led Mining for gold and silver and agriculture led

to revenue for Spainto revenue for Spain New ideas on civilization and religion spreadNew ideas on civilization and religion spread New industries and inventions flourished due New industries and inventions flourished due

to profits from the New Worldto profits from the New World consequences: 300+ years of overseas consequences: 300+ years of overseas

Spanish empire; Europe’s largest and Spanish empire; Europe’s largest and longest-lived trading bloc; biological impact longest-lived trading bloc; biological impact of exchanging plant & animal species, of exchanging plant & animal species, diseases; Native American devastationdiseases; Native American devastation

The Church in Spanish The Church in Spanish AmericaAmerica

the conquerors wanted to convert the the conquerors wanted to convert the captured native people to Christianity and captured native people to Christianity and to accept European cultureto accept European culture

some religious leaders felt the natives some religious leaders felt the natives were being treated poorly such as were being treated poorly such as Bartolome de Las CasasBartolome de Las Casas

despite the opposition the Roman Catholic despite the opposition the Roman Catholic Church becomes one of the most powerful Church becomes one of the most powerful conservative forces in Latin Americaconservative forces in Latin America

Father Bartolome de Father Bartolome de Las CasasLas Casas

Father Bartolome de Father Bartolome de Las CasasLas Casas

New Laws New Laws 1542 1542

The Influence of the The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Colonial Catholic

ChurchChurch

The Influence of the The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Colonial Catholic

ChurchChurch

Guadalajara Guadalajara CathedralCathedral

Our Lady of Our Lady of GuadalupeGuadalupe

Spanish Spanish MissionMission

Latin America ExploitationLatin America Exploitation mining – the Spanish mining – the Spanish conquistadoresconquistadores or or

conquerors mined gold and silver with forced conquerors mined gold and silver with forced laborlabor

agriculture – on agriculture – on haciendashaciendas, large land estates , large land estates owned by the peninsulares (people born in owned by the peninsulares (people born in Spain) and creoles (people of Spanish descent Spain) and creoles (people of Spanish descent born in America) used forced labor for mining, born in America) used forced labor for mining, farming and ranchingfarming and ranching

plantations in the West Indies used slaves to plantations in the West Indies used slaves to get sugarget sugar

economic activity in government offices, the economic activity in government offices, the legal profession, and shippinglegal profession, and shipping

Cont’dCont’d labor servitude in order of appearance labor servitude in order of appearance

– encomienda encomienda – a formal grant of the right – a formal grant of the right to the labor of a specific number of Indiansto the labor of a specific number of Indians

– repartimiento repartimiento – required adult male – required adult male Indians to devote a certain number of Indians to devote a certain number of days of labor annually to Spanish days of labor annually to Spanish economic enterpriseseconomic enterprises

– debt peonagedebt peonage – Indian laborers required – Indian laborers required to purchase goods from the landowner to to purchase goods from the landowner to who they were forever indebtedwho they were forever indebted

– black slaveryblack slavery

European Empires in the European Empires in the AmericasAmericas

European Empires in the European Empires in the AmericasAmericas

Impact in EuropeImpact in Europe

at first condemned for the treatments of at first condemned for the treatments of the native populations, the native populations, Columbus Columbus and and other explorers are hailed 300 years later other explorers are hailed 300 years later for opening up the world to new for opening up the world to new civilizationscivilizations

influx of spices and precious metals influx of spices and precious metals increases inflation in Europeincreases inflation in Europe

new wealth however increased the new wealth however increased the expansion of printing, shipping, mining, expansion of printing, shipping, mining, textile, and weapons industriestextile, and weapons industries

What was the social, religious, and What was the social, religious, and economical impact of Columbus’ and economical impact of Columbus’ and others exploration?others exploration?

Impact of European Impact of European ExpansionExpansion

Impact of European Impact of European ExpansionExpansion1. Native populations ravaged

by disease.

2. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate.[“Price Revolution”]

3. New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”].

4. Deepened colonial rivalries.

New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals