Financial Issues in Solid Waste Management

• Expenditures-capital investment-operational investment• Revenues

Capital Investment

• waste collection equipment, • waste transportation vehicles, • land for waste disposal facilities,• waste handling equipment, • office building and equipment,• infrastructure like roads, electric connection,

pollution control equipment, water supply to waste handling sites, and

• investment towards safety, environment monitoring

Operational costs• Salary to waste handling staff and office staff,• stationary, • energy/fuel, • office stationary, • communication, • chemicals/other consumables, • training, • insurance, • statutory fees, • consultancy/auditor/advocate/legal fees,

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• vehicle & equipment maintenance,• bribe to government agencies, • safety equipments, • environmental monitoring, • official travelling• health check up and vaccination of employees,• Depreciation• interest towards loans if any

Revenues

• collection, transportation and disposal fee,• subsidy • financial assistance from government or

international agency or others, and• revenue from selling recyclable/reusable

materials.

Chapter 2

Waste Quantities and Characteristics

Solid wastes need to be characterized by:

• sources, • generation rates,• types of wastes produced, and • composition

Sources of Solid Waste

• domestic refuse (solid waste generated by markets, food centers, households and commercial premises etc.),

• industrial refuse (does not include hazardous and toxic waste which requires special treatment, handling and disposal),

• institutional solid waste (solid waste from government offices, schools, hospitals, recreational facilities etc.)

Quantities and Composition

• Waste generation rates: 0.4 -1.6 Kg/Cap/day• Quantity and composition is a function of the

lifestyle and living standard of the region’s inhabitants

Typical waste characteristics of the developing nations

• high waste densities, • high moisture contents, • large organic fraction,• cities with sweeping as well as open ground

storage characterized by large amount of dust and dirt.

Physical Characteristics• density, • Size distribution of components, and • moisture content. Other characteristics which may be used in making

decision about solid waste management are: • colour, • voids, • shape of components, • optical property, • magnetic properties, and• electric properties.

Chemical Chs

• moisture (water content can change chemical and physical properties),

• volatile matter, • ash,• fixed carbon, • fusing point of ash, • calorific value, • percent of carbon,• hydrogen, oxygen, sulphur and ash.