Financial and Employment Impacts of Family Caregivers in ...
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Financial and Employment
Impacts of Family
Caregivers in Hong Kong
Dr. Vivian W.Q. LOU
Department of Social Work and Social Administration
The University of Hong Kong
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Background 1
Objectives 2Findings 3Pre-planning in Hong Kong 4
Join hands for a better world! 5
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Background
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Population Pyramid (2001)Hong Kong Population (2001)
(Census and Statistics Department, 2012)
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Population Pyramid (2016)Hong Kong Population (2016)
(Census and Statistics Department, 2016)
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Chronic disease (2009)
(Census and Statistics Department, 2009)
Whether had chronic diseases Number of chronic diseases
Older persons (60+) residing in domestic households
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Chronic disease (2015)
20.40%
24.10%
39.80%
15.70%
50 - 59 60 - 69 70 or above Other age groups
(Census and Statistics Department, 2015)
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Level of ADL impairmentLevel of ADL impairment Number of ADL that could not be
performed independently
Level 1 0
Level 2 1-2
Level 3 3-4
Level 4 5-6
(Census and Statistics Department, 2009)
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Level of ADL impairment (2009)
98.7%96.9%
95.2%
85.2%
1.0%
1.8%
2.8%
9.2%
0.8%
1.9%
0.9% 1.3%3.7%
75%
80%
85%
90%
95%
100%
60-64 65-69 70-74 75 or above
Older persons by level of ADL impairment and age
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4
(Census and Statistics Department, 2009)
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IADL impairments
Meal preparation Ordinary house work Managing finance
Managing medications Phone use
Shopping Transportation
(Census and Statistics Department, 2009)
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IADL impairments (2009)
(Census and Statistics Department, 2009)
92.8% 88.5%78.6%
57.1%
6.1% 8.6%
13.6%
18.4%
0.6% 1.3%3.4%
9.7%
0.5% 1.6%4.4%
14.8%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
60-64 65-69 70-74 75 or above
Older persons by level of IADL impairment and age
0 1 to 2 3 to 4 5 to 7
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Population Ageing (2011 – 2066)
Adults aged 65 and older • 13.3% of Hong Kong’s total population in 2011• Projected to reach 36.6% in 2066
37.3% 2.5%(Roughly 280,500) of community-dwelling older adults require assistance in daily living
Adult children as key caregivers in Hong Kong, especially daughter
133,400caregivers
(Census and Statistics Department, 2009, 2017)
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Impacts - Working-age Caregivers
Lostincome
Lowered productivity
Increased monetary expenses
(Canadian Caregiver Coalition, 2010; Evercare & National Alliance for Caregiving, 2007; Lai & Leonenko, 2007; MacCourt & Family Caregivers Advisory Committee, 2013)
(Chari, Engberg, Ray, & Mehrotra, 2014; Colombo, Llena-Nozal, Mercier, & Tjadens, 2011; MetlifeMature Market Institute, 2011)
(Chari, Engberg, Ray, & Mehrotra, 2014; Colombo, Llena-Nozal, Mercier, & Tjadens, 2011; Metlife Mature Market Institute, 2011)
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International policiesSweden Australia United States Korea
Government• Carer allowance• Foreign care
workers
Government• Carer payment
system• Carer allowance• Foreign care
workers
Government• Tax credit• Cash and
counselling• Foreign care
workers
Government• Foreign care
workers
Community• Training and
education• Respite care• Counselling
Community• Training and
education• Respite care• Counselling
Community• Training and
education• Respite care• Counselling
Community• Training and
education
Workplace• Partly paid
(average 80% of wage) leave
• 100 days terminal care leave
Workplace• 10 days personal
/care leave• 2 days unpaid care
leave (emergency)
Workplace• Unpaid leave up
to 12 weeks • flexible work
arrangements
Workplace• Collective
agreement on flexible work arrangements
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Family caregiving policies in HK
Carer allowance(low income families)
(pilot scheme)(Oct 2016 – Sep 2018)
Community care service vouchers (pilot schemes)
(Sep 2013 – 2018)
Foreign domestic workers(328,000 in eligible households)
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Community supports andWorkplace accommodative measures
Training and education
Counselling
Limited respite care(37 centres; 12 vacancies)
Limited flexible work arrangements
(Social Welfare Department, 2017)
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Objectives
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Objectives
Domestic helper
Workplace accommodative measures
Financial impacts
Employment impactsCaregiving
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Findings
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Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov
Focus group
Survey
Methodology
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Focus Group
- From July to September, 2016- Six groups conducted in six districts - Participants: N=37 (5-8 participants per group)- Recruitment method: purposive sampling- Inclusion criteria:
• Aged between 40-64• Cantonese-speaking• Providing care for at least 4 hours a week to
an adult older than 65 years old in the past 6 months
- Duration: 1.5 – 2 hours
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Telephone Survey
- From August to November 2016- Conducted by Public Opinion Programme, The
University of Hong Kong (HKU POP)- Sample size: 451 participants- Recruitment method: random digit dialing
method- Inclusion criteria:
• Aged between 40-64• Cantonese-speaking• Providing care for at least 4 hours a week to
an adult older than 65 years old in the past 6 months
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27.9%
72.1%Male
Female
Caregivers
Gender (N=451)
31.9%
68.1% Male
Female
Care recipients
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Demographics of Caregivers
Age
19.8%
50.4%
29.8%
40-49 years
50-59 years
60-64 years
Living arrangement with care recipients
46.1%
53.9%
Co-residing Not co-residing
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Caregiving Hours per Week
36.9%
21.3%
6.4%
6.9%
6.2%
3.4%
1.4%
0.9%
16.5%
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%
4-5
6-10
11-15
16-20
21-25
26-30
31-35
36-40
40 or above
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HK$9,300
HK$50,000
HK$0
HK$10,000
HK$20,000
HK$30,000
HK$40,000
HK$50,000
HK$60,000
DH or community services(N=112)
median of out-of-pocket expenses in the past 12 monthsamong caregivers with and without domestic helper
Without DH With DH
Range: $1,200 - $5,000
Range: $1,900 - $10,000
41.5%
37.3%
11.2%
10.0%
Without DH (n=316)
Professional services (N=155)
Home modifications (N=58)
Special aids or devices (N=73)
Transportation, travel or accommodation (N=132)
50.3%
25.1%
15.1%
9.5%
With DH (n=135)
Professional services (N=77)
Home modifications (N=35)
Special aids or devices (N=39)
Transportation, travel or accommodation (N=66)
Financial Impact -Out-of-pocket Expenses
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Community services
Home care service is very expensive. The hourly rate of day
care service almost used up my monthly salary. (FG2/CG15/Female/Full-time)
“”Home modifications
I changed all the gas stove into induction cooker. Toilet
renovation is also needed, bath cubicle is better and safer. (FG2/CG11/Female/Not working)
“”Special aids or devices
It is essential to buy some special devices for my parents to
monitor blood pressure and blood glucose level.(FG1/CG1/Female/Quitted job)
“
Voices by Caregivers
”
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Financial impact -Perceived Cost of Care
28.8%
19.9% 18.5%14.8%
11.1%
8.3%
6.3%9.5%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
Dipping into savings Give up necessities Cannot afford little extras Caring CR is too expensive
Agree Strongly agree
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Financial impact -Differences among Income Groups
47.7%
41.9%
16.1%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Below $10,000(N=132)
$10,000 - $29,999(N=155)
$30,000 or above(N=93)
cost of care index among three income groups
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Financial impact -Perceived Additional Burden by DH
18.2%
56.0%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Without burden (N=82) With burden (N=52)
cost of care index among caregivers with and without additional burden created by
hiring DH (n=135)
25.4%
35.8%
29.9%
9.0%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
Not at all Very Little Somewhat To a greatextent
additional burden created by DH (n=135)
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Employment Impact
29.0%
25.8%
20.9%
19.5%
15.0%14.2%
12.2%
8.0%6.7%
4.7%3.5%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
Took paidleave ofabsence(N=130)
Decreasedhours of
work(N=116)
Adoptedflexibleworking
arrangement(N=94)
Quit working(N=88)
Took unpaidleave ofabsence(N=67)
Retired early(N=64)
Turned downjob offer orpromotion
(N=55)
Opened ahome
business(N=36)
Increasedhours of
work (N=30)
Take up onemore job(N=21)
Dismissed,terminated or
asked toresign(N=16)
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Workplace Accommodative Measures
30.8%
6.9% 7.6%
5.3% 5.2% 5.3%
3.2%
11.7%
6.9%
4.8%
8.5%
3.0%
18.4%
7.4%6.3%
8.3%
5.3%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
Compassionateleave
Paid care leave Flexibleworking hours
Part-timeworking
arrangement
Unpaid careleave
Re-employment
program
Home-workingarrangement
Counsellingservice
Information oncaregiving
Medicalbenefitscovering
parents ofemployees
Formal Discretionary
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Employment Impact –Workplace Accommodative Measures
18.8%
15.2%
20.7%
35.9%
24.5%
11.7%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
Took paid leave of absence(N=27)
Adopted flexible workingarrangement (N=22)
Retired early (N=30)
employment impact among caregivers with and without workplace accommodative measures
Without Workplace Accommodations(n=145)
With Workplace Accommodations(n=196)
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Domestic Helper
70.1%
29.9%
hire domestic helpers (n=451)
No Yes
6.3%
11.9%
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
Opened a home business
employment impact among caregivers with and without DH
Without DH(n=316)
With DH(n=135)
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Employment Impact –Perceived Additional Burden by DH
9.8%8.5%
1.2%
34.6%32.7%
7.7%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
Quit working Retired early Take up one more job
employment impact among caregivers with and without additional burden created by hiring DH (n=135)
Without burden With burden
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Pre-planning in Hong Kong
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Enduring Power of Attorney (EPA)
Enduring Powers of Attorney Ordinance (Cap. 501)• Allows its donor (while he/she is still mentally
capable), to appoint an attorney(s) to take care of the donor’s financial matters in the event that he/she subsequently becomes mentally incapacitated
(Department of Justice, 2017)
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Why EPA?
General power of attorney• Will cease to be effective if
one becomes mentally incapacitated
Enduring power of attorney• Will “endure” the donor’s
mental incapacity• Give the attorney the power
to continue the donor’s financial affairs
Estimated 333,000 persons aged 60 or above would be suffering from dementia in 2039
EPA is of special significance
(Department of Justice, 2017; LegCo, 2017)
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Key advantages
Right to choose
Avoid court proceedings
Efficient and cost-effective
Eases the difficulties and distress
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Join hands for a better world!
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Join hands!
Family caregiving brings financial &
employment impacts!
Financial impacts: low income families shall
be targeted
Employment impacts: advocate for workplace
accommodative measures
Pre-planning: Enduring Power of Attorney
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Acknowledgement
This research was financially supported by Public Policy Research (PPR) FundingScheme. We thank the Central Policy Unit, HKSAR for the financial support of theresearch programme.
We thank HKUPOP for conducting the telephone survey. We would also like toshow our gratitude to Caritas District Elderly Centre – Yuen Long (Caritas HongKong), Sha Tin Rhenish Neighbourhood Elderly Centre (Chinese Rhenish Church) ,Hong Kong Association of Gerontology, Institute of Active Ageing, Yau Ma TeiMulti-service Centre for Senior Citizens (The Salvation Army), The Women’sFoundation, Yan Oi Tong and Ellen Li District Elderly Community Centre (HongKong Young Women’s Christian Association) for helping to recruit familycaregivers for the focus group.
We are also immensely grateful to all the participants for sharing theirexperiences and views with us during the course of this research.
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family caregiver. Retrieved May 19, 2015, from http://www.ccc-ccan.ca/media.php?mid=310
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Statistics Department.
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Health Policy Studies, OECD Publishing.
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Retrieved May 19, 2015, from http://www.caregiving.org/research/impact-of-caregiving/
Gordon, J. R., & Rouse, E. D. (2013). The relationship of job and elder caregiving involvement to work-caregiving conflict and
work costs. Research on Aging, 35(1), 96-117.
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supportive employers. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 32(3), 347-369.
Lai, D. W., & Leonenko, W. (2007). Effects of caregiving on employment and economic costs of Chinese family caregivers in
Canada. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 28(3), 411-427.
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support family caregivers of adults with mental health problems and illnesses. Calgary, AB: Mental Health Commission of
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SAU PO CENTRE ON AGEING
2/F, The Hong Kong Jockey Club Building for Interdisciplinary Research, 5 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam
Tel: (852) 2831-5120
Fax: (852) 2540 1244
Email: [email protected]
Homepage: http://ageing.hku.hk