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The Philippines country is where the Parasyut Design Team focused their studies.The country is also knowed as the Republic of the Philip-pines and it’s located in the Pacific Ocean in South-east of Asia.

This particular archipelago has more than 7,100 islands of territory.

PHILIPPINESTropic of Cancer

Equator Pacific Ocean

Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean

Pacific Ocean

Cyclones

TyphoonsHurricanes

MADEIRAPORTUGAL

AZORESPORTUGAL

INDIANAUNITED STATES

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Northeast PacificMay to November. A peak in late August/early September

Atlantic and Caribbean SeaOfficially, the season spans from early July to the end of November. Peak activity is first half September

Southeeast Indian basinFrom late October to May. Peak season mid-January to mid-February

North Indian basinFrom late October to May. January to mid-February

Northwest PacificAll year round, but main season goes from July to November with a peak between August and September

Southwest PacificBegins late October or early November until May. Peak in February and March

Southeast Indian basinFrom late October to May, Peak sea-son mid-January to mid-February

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Tropic of Capricorn

HOW HIGH IS THE RISK TO BECOME A VICTIM OF NATURAL DISASTER?

Nowadays everyone is in risk of becoming a natural disaster victim, but there are those who are in fact in more risk than others. Areas like South-east Asia and North America are the most affected areas in the world by Earthquakes, Typhoons, Floodings, Tsuna-mis, Landslides, and Volcano Eruptions.

img 2:World map of Ciclone Basins

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Thesis Statement

Buildings are a second layer to our fragile bodies. They shelter us from the great dangers of the outside world. But what Parasyut Design Team really wants to understand is: Why do our buildings fail to meet their primary and most essential function in the face of a horrendous event such as a Typhoon? And how does a person, a city, or even a whole country, recover from the trail of destruction left behind when natural and political disasters are combined? Our goal is to show that properly applied Architecture can simplify and solve some of the greatest barriers to resilience, while unifying local and international communities. We chose to work in the Philippines not only because of its location in the western Pacific Ocean, an area hit by an average of 20 typhoons or tropical storms every year, but also because the Filipino spirit is not easily broken and we have much to learn from their resilient culture. In the following weeks we will be looking at different construction methods and materials, from the past, to the future.

Architecture for the PEOPLE

PARASYUT DESIGN TEAM

TEAM membersCarla Pereira | Architect

arqpereira00@gmail.com

Rita L. Borges | Architectrita.lborges@gmail.com

Giovanna Araujo | Designergbelmont044@gmail.com

FUNCHALMADEIRA | PORTUGAL

TERCEIRAAZORES | PORTUGAL

BLOOMINGTONINDIANA | UNITED STATES

Open Online Academy | Resilient Architecture Research Course

Legend:

Type I. Two pronouced seasons: dry from November to April and wet during the rest of the year.

Type II. No dry season with a pronouced rainfall from November to January.

Type III. Seasons are not very pronouced, relatively dry from November to April, and wet during the rest of the year.

Type IV. Rainfall is more less evenly distrib-uted throughout the year.

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.INFRASTRUCTURE SECTORTRANSPORT, ELECTRICITY, WATER SUP-PLIES AND SANITATION

.ECONOMIC SECTORAGRICULTURE, LIVESTOCK, FISHERIES, FOOD SECURITY, TRADE, INDUSTRY, SER-VICES

.SOCIAL SECTOREDUCATION, HEALTH AND NUTRITION, HOUSING AND SHELTER

What happened?IDENTIFY THE PROBLEMS

What do we NEED?

What to do AFTER theTYPHOON?

What are the MAIN obstacules?

How to REBUILD?

.meteorological phenomenon

.thunderstorms

.rains, landfalls

.wind, pressure

.tropical cyclone

.storm

.coastal areas - waves - floods

.climate change

.physical and natural destruction

.death

.Tarpaulins for emergency shelter

.Water purification systems to areas where drinking water is necessary

. Damaged roads

.Fallen trees and debris interfering with the communication systems

.Safe and dignified shelter is a ba-sic human right and in a post-disas-ter scenario it’s more than just put-ting a new roof over people’s heads and providing emergency shelter. It’s about fit-out-purpose rebuilds thar address the local culture, environment and economy..Housing must improve on what went before and incorporate future risk mit-igation in the design.

1 “Climate of the Philippines”Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_the_Philippines

CLIMATEThe Philippines are well knowned for there tropical maritime climate that is usually char-acterized by relatevely high temperature, op-pressive humidity and plenty of rainfall.1

In fact climate is one of the main reasons for this occurences. In the Philippines territory it’s possible to identify three types of climate change. They are described as:

img 4:Climate variations map

MASSIVE DESTRUCTION IN THE PHILIPPINES OVER THE YEARS BECAUSE OF THESE DISASTERS

typhoons

Typhoons Formation and Developement:

How a typhoon is formed? Typhoons, or tropical cyclones, start like giant engines, porwered by warm and moist air rising over the ocean waters near to the equator, according to the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration.2

So Typhoons are formed by:.Sufficiently warm sea surface tem-peratures, atmospheric instability, .High humidity in the lower to middle levels of the Troposphere,.Enough Coriolis force to develop a low pressurecenter, .A pre-existing low level focus or dis-turbance, low vertical wind shear.

The areas most affected are Southeast Asia and North America. In the Philip-pines, particularly, people are affected like 20 times a year by a typhoon or tropical strom.

img 11. Philippines map, showing the which areas are in higher risk of being affected by Typhoons.Source: http://vm.observatory.ph/findings.html

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1 Book.“Arkitekturang Filipino. A History of Architecture and Urbanism in the Philippines”Chapter 2 “Philippine Vernacular Architecture and its Austronesian Ancestry”.

Vernacular, from the Latin “vernaculus”, means native. Vernacular architecture refers to the grammar, syntax, and diction in expressing buildings in a locale, while signifying the diverse range of buildings traditions in a region.1

Vernacular architecture of Philippines can address the most common of structural problems with its simplicity and logical arrangement of ele-ments, space and materials. The houses are built with a simple structure of bamboo and wood, cov-ered by a thatched roof, that protect the large windows from sunlight and rain, with vented soffits to assist in dissipating the hot air upwards moderating the temperature inside.Vernacular Architecture of Philippines promotes natural ventilation, fast and economic construction with local and organic materials, simple structure and climate concerns.

Forms, Geometry and GroundsPhilippines Vernacular Architecture

1 Ground posts2 Stair entrance3 End floor joist4 Grass cover5 Wall board6 Girder

1 Warm air rises2 Rain water runoff3 Stilts4 Cool air5 Storage6 Entry stairs7 Shaded area

1 Food storage2 Cooking area3 Entrance4 Bed5 Storage6 Bamboo sticks and organic roof material7 Ground posts8 Stair entrance

7 Shelf 8 Lower tie beam9 Upper tie beam10 Queen post11 Bamboo and organic material12 Top tie beam

1st level stone pavement2nd levelroom frame,walls, floor3rd levelpyramidal hopped roof

Rectangular, cubic shapeStilt houses of wood, bamboo or other native materialEasily repaired or rebuilt in case of natural disasterProvides a natural flow of ventilation.

Supported by 12 post, 4 of them at each corner sup-port the hipped roof made of bambooFloor: reed mat

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Connection between construction elements

Bamboo Anahaw

The Ifugao house withstand in a square form floor. This particular building is built to survive floods, that’s why the house is elevated from the ground.

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IFUGAO HOUSE

BAHAY KUBO

KALINGA HOUSE

OCTOGONAL FLOOR

RECTANGULAR FLOOR

SITE AND TOPOGRAPHY

ARCHITECTURAL FORMS

FLAT, SLOPE, WATER

IVATAN HOUSE TAUSUG HOUSE

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Legend:

img 26Kalinga Floor Plan

MATERIALS and CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUESused in Filipino vernacular architecture:

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img 29 - Program Morphogenisis for School

Architects: H&P ArchitectsLocation: Hanoi, Hoan Kiem District, Hanoi, VietnamArea: 44 sqmYear: 2013Contractor: H&P Architects

Architects: MAT-TERLocation: Guiuan, PhilippinesArchitects In Charge: Christin To, HugoMartinezSocial And Feasibility Research/Development: Charles Dhinakaran, Javi Muriel SanturinoType: Education /Disaster ReliefYear: 2014

Architects: Vo Trong Nghia ArchitectsLocation: Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh,VietnamArea: 31.0 sqmYear: 2014

The BB (Blooming Bamboo) Home project, was conceived and designed especially for the Vietnam, but like any resilient architecture, this project can also be built in different coun-tries, the importance is that it adapts to the en-vironment where it’s going to be built. In the Vietnam, the natural hazards are frequent and severe, storms, floods, sweeping floods, land-slides, drought, Etc...are also a constante in this area and over the years have been dam-aging the country, it takes away about 500 per-cent persons and 1.2% - GDP - equally assets and reduces the involved areas’ development.

This project conceived and designed by MAT-TER, is due to be constructed in the Philippines. Guiuan National High School project, focused it study and design in for key characteristics of the geometry resilience,Modular Diversity, In-ternal Grid Web-Network Structure, Scalabil-ity and Boundary Unification; with an unique form structure, the architects applied these el-ements with the intentio of creating a compact and aerodynamic building that serves primod-ly as a school, but also as a community center and mass shelter in case of a natural disaster.Overhall The form responds to climate, con-text and typology needs.

The S-House 2 its’s project that has been de-veloped over the year, and till now there have been 2 forms of this house. First there was a more fragile struture, fully covered by synthetic roof and walls. And now we have a concrete frame struture covered with nipa palms panels.The main object for this project was too quick-ly response to the urgent need of low-cost housing. In the Vietnam people are frequently threatened by natural hazards, and this partic-ular construction it’s prepared to resist tropical stroms, typhoons, hurricanes and earthquakes , despite the look this house it’s well anchored to the needs of this area and people.

Contemporary emergency architecture todas, seeks to respond the needs of the population that constatly experience natural hazards; and also seeks to respond climatic and environmental requirements that many live in.With a simples base design, like square, rectangular and circle floor, for the examples that we’ve present, the goal beyond the multifunctional spaces, the architecture re-uses or re-invent local construction tech-niques and materials.

Forms, Geometry and GroundsContemporary Architecture

BB Home Project S-House 2 Project

Guiuan National High School Project

Legend:

1. Living room2. Worship3. Bedroom4. Bathroom (with WC)5. Kitchen6. Staircase to indoor terrace7. Laundry + Drying8. Outdoor Terrace9. Indoor Terrace(Sleeping+learning)10. Top sapce for relax(also exit in emergencies)11. Oil tanks (recycled)12. Anchoring steel piles(when floating)

Natural Ventilationduring the high temperatures

Living Space + Dinning AreaSleeping Area

SQUARE FLOOR

RECTANGULAR FLOOR

CIRCLE FLOOR

ARCHITECTURAL FORMS

School for 1000 Students - 10,000sqm

img 28 - Site Plan

Proposed School Size for Guiuanimg 30

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Vernacular architecture is a pure response to a person’s or society’s build-ing needs, as it is crafted by individuals, the main goal is to be re- sistant and tailored to what that individual particular needs.The building construction methods are considered tested trough tri- al-and-error until they achieve perfection over time with concernings re-garding climatic, functional and social needs.

The Bahay Kubo is an example of a traditional cube house of the Phil-ippines. It has a simple structure of bamboo with anahaw thatching ma-terial for the roof and besides the evolution with modern times regarding materials and technology, it maintains its raised structure on stilts and thatched steeped roof.

Babungan - Roof

Babungan - Roof

Source: pixshark.comSource: www.asiafinest.com

Kisame - living area

Kisame - living area

Silong - floor

Silong - floor

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RAFTER

FLOOHORIZO

POST

POSTIRDER

IRDER

HORIZONTALSTUD

DOJAM

BAMBOO S

FLOORJOIST VERTICA

STUD

UDHORIZON

WINDOWSILL

AWALL OF NIPSHINGLES

NIPA SHINGROOF

A SHINGLES

NIPA SHINGLES

FTERURLIN

PURLIN

IDGE POLE

GIRT

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Buffer area for rising wa-ters during floods and prevent pestsUsed for storage, may be fenced off or notConstructed with wood and bamboo

BAHAY KUBO

Tall and steeply pitched- collling effect- water flow down quickly- limited space to move around the house

Let in fresh air and natu-ral lightThe cube shape - is eas-iest to pre-build the walls Windows - large awning held by a wooden rod or sliding

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Structure and MaterialsVernacular Architecture: Case of study

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What are we looking for? An architecture for the people, conceived, designed and constructed by the people. Following this idea, a archi-tecture for the people needs to responde culture and tradition needs, but also needs to responde local and territory needs. In this areas what are the problems? First of all, lack of constructive efficiency, meaning, the are many construction techniques that once have answered local needs, nowadys, if climate changes and environmental transformation this techniques new to be reinforced and improved. Seconde, the ma-terials that are use, it’s a fact that they are local and most likely they are low-cost for the population, but today they are not so effective. Natural hazards are becoming more and more intensive and destructive, there-fore materials should be heavier and more resistant rather than light and weak.

Structure and MaterialsContemporary Architecture: Case of study

Rope

AxoBuilding OPEN and CLOSED when necessary

Bamboo of 8-10 Diameter

Steel Slab (fixed into the ground using screws)

Moving direction of ting pile

Bamboo of 8-10 Diameter

Nylon Sheet (rain shield) Vertical Garden

Rope

Polycarbonate Sheet Vertical Garden

Rope

4 V-Shaped Steel bars (welded to make a cross > Ting Pile

200 L Oil tank

20 L Cointaners

What are the MATERIALS?In this project the materi-als are, BAMBOO in most of the construction, STEEL ANCHORS, OIL TANKS and LEAVES. This is a more modern approach to this sit-uations, a shelter with a ver-nacular design but a contem-porary concept.

In this project the materials are:.Concrete frame structure.Nipa Palm Panels.Corrugated Cement Boards.Concrete Foundations.Steel Door and Window

The ultimate goal of S-House 2 Project was to promote the low-cost housing, that’s why the building is built we local and pre-fabricated materials.

Door Materials and door shapes

Bamboo Pile - Beam Connection

Wall Materials

Leave Roof

Bamboo Roof

Two U-Shape steel bars (10cmx5cm - welded to make steel box of 10 cm >Holding pile for up and down shifting

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S-HOUSE 2 Project Legend:1. Steel Plate Joint (img 58)2. Covering Joint by Mortar (img 59)3. Installing the Wood furring (img 60)4. Making the Nipa Parm Panels (img 61)5. PC Foundation (img 62)6. Installing the Nipa Parm Panels (img 63)7. Roofing Cement Board (img 64)

BB HOME Project

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MATERIALS:

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Bayanihan: “A Filipino word derived from the word bayan meaning town, nation, or community in general. ‘Bayani-han’ literally means, ‘being a bayan,’ and is thus used to refer to a spirit of communal unity and cooperation.

Impact Resistant GlassHurricane Shutters: Made of steel, aluminum, ply-wood or local materials

The facade of a building is one of its most important elements, not only for the aesthetics but also and mainly for energy efficiency matters.Using vernacular elements like bamboo and stone is possible to readapt construction systems from the past to present, turning them more resilient facing natural disasters and durability of con-struction. Stone, wood and bamboo facades are more energy ef-ficient and more economic. These materials have less primary energy requirements, they promote natural ventilation and require cheaper maintenance costs.

The roof is the most importante protection of our house from the rain and the wind. The most common type of roofing designs are the Hip Roof and Gable-End Roof.

The windows in traditional Filipino homes can take up ore than 50% surface in proportion to the walls. Maximizinf daylight and cross-ventilation are prioritized in the vernacular filipino design, including two different components: one layer of sliding panels fitted with translucent windowpane (“capiz”), and a second lay-er of manually operable wooden louvers. However the cheap glass used for the windows especially in the Filipino slums, cannot withstand 200km/ winds and are also very suscepitble to beig hit by flying debris. This causes the glass to break, leav-

ing the entire structure of the house even more vulnerable to destruction.

Solutions to resist typhoonsTyphoon and Hurricane shutters can provide protection from such failures during the storm. Shutters are often construct-ed of steel or aluminum, but ply-wood and local materials are low-cost alternatives. The shutters are attached to the outside of the building using screws, clips, or a track sys-tem. In addition to this, another way to prevent from wind in-vasion is by choosing sliding doors over hinged ones, once it makes ir harder for the door to be blown in by the swing-ing. Z-shaped rods are a great option to strengthen doors and windows that are made of bamboo, mats, and/or timber planks (without frames), or by being precisely nailed.

OPENINGS

FACADES ROOFS

The roof is regarded as the most important element in Filipino architecture. Traditional Philippine dwell-ings have a teep slope for easily shedding rain, with means for capturing and storing rainwater. The steep slope also helps draw hot indoor air upwards to the top of the roof and away from the living areas. Deep overhangs protect the large windows from harsh sun-light and rain, with vented sofftis to further assist in dissipating the hot air and moderating the tempera-ture inside the roof structure, and consequently, the living spaces bellow.

Bamboo Facade and Walls

WOOD | PALISADE WALLS

STONE WALLS

BAMBOO CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

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HIP ROOF“Quatro aguas” is a Spanish archi-tectural term meaning, a roof with 4 sides instead of just the two-sided A-frame design. This type of roof is more aerodynamic and more wind re-sistant compared to the gable, which is a double pitched roof.The wind flows smoothly over a hip roof, whichever direction it comes from.

ROOFINGSYSTEM

GABLE-END ROOF

ROOFING SYSTEMIn the Ivatan homes, roofs are built with bamboo structure and covered up with a net system and cogon. This houses are classified according to there roof configu-ration, meaning, we identify two types of roofs, the maytuab (hip roof) and sinad-umparan (gable roof); both are built with the same materials.

maytuab(hip roof)

Ivatan houses, Batanes Province

Bahay Kubo houseA

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sinadumparan(gable roof)

Roof net Bamboo structureCogon roof

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Building EnclosuresVernacular Architecture: Case of study

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Vernacular architecture it’s a way how people reflect their culture and traditions. In the Philippines, architecture has it’s own way of telling the story of how this particular population live their lives. A great influence in the way people build their homes and public spaces, is the climate. In the philippines the we have three different types of climates, and in each and everyone we identify high temperatures, strong winds and also rain. That’s why, constructions are built with light and local materi-als. During our research we’ve realized that the Filipino architecture is most likely built with wood, timber, bamboo and other local materials. Only in the late 20th century, concrete construction start to appear, but today people maintain the wooden structures as the perfect construc-tion technique.The images above, show us how building enclosures are built during the years.

OPENINGS

In a more modern approach, we’ve found two different types of roofing systems, and more impor-tantly resistant to any natural hazard that occure in this areas.

This dome building is constructed 90% of wood, which is a very stable material (once that does not dilate or explode do to hight temperatures) and promotes fire resistant because if large sections of glugam are used in the framework of this house, it will be more resistant to fire (the charcoal surface inhibits the oxygen penetration and slows the combustion).The characteristic of being a 360º shaped building allows to maximize the amount of sunlight absorbed and the big windows promote interior spaces with light. This project example intends to bean ecologic, confortable, healthy, protector, modu-lar and mainly, an economic project for housing using wood as main constrcution material.

ROOFSFACADES

BB Home project, it’s an inspired Bahay Kubo house. This bamboo structure it’s ready and prepared to nateural disas-ters, most likely Typhoons and other tropical storms, floods and earthquakes. The structure itself closes when it’s necessary, so we are talking about strong winds or even rain.The roofing materials are BAMBOO for the structure and cover up of the roof.

Wind moves faster at greater heights, an advantage of tall buildings, which are more effective when it comes to cross ventilation and stack ventilation. If a building has win-dows only on one side, natural ventilation will not reach further than two times the floor to ceiling height, and if the building has win-dows on both sides, natural ventilation will reach a limit of less than five times the floor to ceiling height.The most ventilation is achieved when build-ings are oriented so that the shorter axis aligns with prevailing winds, while orientation perpendicular to the axis will limit passive ventilation. Structural elements and internal spaces can channel air through the building in many directions in those cases.

S House project, is a design prepared for strong winds and earthquakes.The constructive system is concrete and them Nipa Plam pan-els. First we have a concrete frame, which is the all body of the house, it’s what supports the all house. For the facade we have Nipa Palm Panels, that prevent the house from strong winds.

Simple shape for minimized wind exposure

The images above, shows us the building transforma-tion during a natural hazards.

LIGHT STEEL FRAME

TIMBER FRAME

Clapboard Timber Timber Frame Wattle and DaubPlaster and lath interior lining and exterior board sheating, rosin and clapboards.

Stave construction, timber four-sided frame with verti-cal exterior weatherboards.

Tar coated exposed frame with an early pre-evolutionary ver-sion of exterior stucco.

Ability to float in case of flood Ting for solid structure

Building EnclosuresContemporary Architecture: Case of study

Open and Closed Window

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For the contemporary architecture, we’ve tried to understand what has been done around the world to resolve the problems resulting from the natural hazards. For the facades we’ve look for light structures most likely made by light steel and timber frames. The roofs systems, in the examples we have the use of wooden materials, such us, bamboo; and also theirs the cor-rugated steel sheets, which we believe it’s the strongest and resistant material to apply in case of natural hazards. Finaly for the openings, according to the vernacular architecture, and we have some inteligent interventions, windows and doors should have a shutter system. This way the people inside the house are protected from strong winds and others situations. Knowing this, the example that we present is shutter system made with polycarbonate windows and steel frames.

Energy Production and Consumption in the Philippines

A significant share of the Filipino electricity generation comes from re-newable energy sources such as Geothermal and Hydropower, but the country also produces small volumes of oil, natural gas, and coal. The country exports nearly all of the crude oil it produces. Out of the to-tal roughly 1.3 quadrillion British thermal units (Btu) consumed by the Philippines in 2011, oil constituted roughly 41%, coal 22%, biomass 19%, and 18% from natural gas and various renewable energy sourc-es. Petron Corporation supplies 40% of the oil needs in the country.

Building SystemsEnergy Optimization: Vernacular Architecture

Geothermal EnergyHow it works?

Image Source: http://www.ausgeothermalhvac.com.au/

Passive systems can reduce the energy demand or meet it naturally, while active systems move heat and moisture using gas or electricity. Active systems take more energy to meet heating loads than to meet cooling loads, because heating systems covert chemical ener-gy (fuel) into heat which is 75% to 95% efficient, while cooling systems move heat in and out of the building rather than converting energy, and are not measured in a percentage.

In dynamic climates, the effects of heat storage in the envelope assemble become more complex than in steady-state conditions, once the temperature swings that would otherwise occur end up being moderated by thermal resistance from the tehermal mass. High ther-mal mass materials conduct a considerable amount of energy deep throughout the material. Each materials has a heat storage property, which determinates its ca-pacity to gain or release energy.

Energy Use Intensity (EUI) measures energy use by floor area, which is great to set consumption targets. But when it comes to environmental impacts the ficus needs to be the source energy and what end-uses take the most energy.

Passive and Active Systems

Building Evelope and Energy Efficiency

Energy Use and Source Energy

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Energy Efficient Design for the Philippines

The climate of the Philippines is Tropical, with high temperatures and oppressive humidity. For the building envelope in this climate, keeping the sun off and maximizing ventilation are priorities. Reflective insulat-ed light colored roofs, and walls that pass breeze but not rain with open eaves and porous with low-mass to prevent condensation that causes mold growth, are essential.

Building SystemsEnergy Optimization: Vernacular Architecture

6 Innovative ways to produce electricity for typhoon emergency

1. Cows: Manure can be broken down and burnt, producing energy that can generate electricity with a much lower CO2 emis-sion than burning coal.

2. Lemons: Acidic fruits and vegetables, when in large quantities, can work as batteries by insert-ing two different metallic objects into them. The chemical change in the metal produces the ener-gy.

3. Roads: Dark asphalt absorbs heat from sun-light reaching tempera-tures of 113 degrees Fahrenheit (45 degrees Celsius). Water pipes em-bedded in the asphalt can collect that energy.

5. Trees: Wires attached to tree trunks by nails and connected to conductors in the ground can produce a faint amount of electrici-ty, due to the imbalance in pH between the soil and the tree.

6. Rain: A single falling raindrop produces vibra-tions that can be con-verted by sensors into electricity. An average raindrop from one to five millimeters in diameter can produce 12 milliwatts of energy.

4. Humans: The human body can give off the same amount of energy as a light bulb, 60 to 100 Watts. This generates heat which can be collect-ed for electricity.

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A Modern Bahay KuboModular Tropical ApartmentComplex for 2050

Prefabricated house completely self-sufficient Ability to operate independently, without the need for any external utility or waste disposal connections.

FROM ZERO

READAPT AND OLD BUILDING

CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE

HOW TO TRANSFORM A BUILDING INTO A RESILIENT BUILDING?

images source: http://www.homedesignfind.com/green/a-modular-tropical-apartment-complex-for-2050/i

Modular building Lower construction costs and flexibility

Open porches close down to protect the house during tropical storms

RESILIENCE: The capacity of a system – be it a landscape, a coastal area or a city – to deal with change and continue to develop. This means the capacity to withstand shocks and disturbances such as a financial crisis or use such an event to catalyse renewal and innovation. (www.stockholmresilience.su.se.)The main characteristics of traditional building systems are ecology and sustainability, thermal isolation, time of construction, costs, security, du-rability, soundproofing, quality of finishings, esthetics, functionallity and its environment.The main characteristics of a Resilient building systems, besides those mentioned above, are: Economize water and energy, ensure healthy buildings, maximize buildings life, use of eco-efficient materials, low mass construction, minimize waste production and economics.A resilient building which seeks sustainability, it is intended to meet the needs of the present generation without endangering the ability of fu-ture generations to meet their needs.

Building SystemsWater Management: From Vernacular to Contemporary Architecture

In Philippines they have successfully mastered the ravages of the seasonal typhoons with a long history of strug-gle and adaptation.With local resources, cost efficiency and locally skills and materials, self sufficiency was achieved transform-ing vernacular architecture into a ver-nacular (but more) sustainable and contemporary approach.

VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE: STARTING POINT

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1 Warm air rises2 Rain water runoff3 Stilts4 Cool air5 Storage6 Entry stairs7 Shaded area

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Flat | Water | Slope

RAINWATER COLLECTION

RAINWATER CASCADE SYSTEM

ROOF INSULATION

EXPOSED PERVASIVE BUILDING ECOSYSTEM

SUSPENDED LED LIGHTING

INTERNAL GREEN WALLS

RADIANT FLOOR PANEL

LOW VOLTAGE NETWORK

IRRIGATION TRELLIS

DECENTRALIZED HEAT RECOVERY VENTILATION

DECENTRALIZED SEASONAL HEAT STORAGE AND PUMPS

RAINWATER CASCADE EFFLUENT

BIOSWALE WITH DIVERSE WATER AND EDGE PLANTING

ZERO HOUSE

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Stone support

Water collection in small reservoirs - used for irrigating crops and drinking purposes.

Bamboo pipe water flow from one field to another

These terraces are fed by an ancient irrigation system of dams, sluices, channels and bamboo pipes, which drain into a stream at the bottom of the valley.

These terraces are fed by an ancient irrigation system of dams, sluices, channels and bamboo pipes, which drain into a stream at the bottom of the valley.

Bamboo drip irrigation system

Images source: http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrozais_em_terraços_das_Cordilheiras_das_Filipinas

Image source: http://www.fao.org/do-crep/x5672e/x5672e03.htm#sources%20of%20irrigation%20water

SMALL PONDS FOR WATER COLLECTION

TERRACE WATER SYSTEM

BAMBOO IRRIGATION SYSTEMS

Populations have always had a need to establish themselves near wa-ter sources to ensure their survival. As it was not always possible to establish near these water sources, it was necessary to create infra-structure for water, as the case of aqueducts that carried water to the communities. Other important infrastructure to obtain water were the wells, fountains and cisterns, that guaranteed the rainwater storage uti-lization. However, other systems were designed for surviving issues, such as those used in the Philippines rice terraces, a complex system of articulation of native materials and construction techniques.

Building Systems

XVI

Water Management: Vernacular ArchitectureWELLS

Water carriers in Philippines

FOUNTAINS

CISTERNS

CENTURY

X

VI

CENTURY

CENTURY

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WATER COLLECTION PODS FOR RE-USEBLACKWATER/GREYWATER SYSTEMSTREATMENT TANKGREYWATER STORAGE TANKPOTABLE WATER TANKWATER EVAPORATOR/AIR CONDENSERHUMAN WASTE WATER EXTRACTOR

Instant irrigation or store water under the houses

Modern approach tocollect rainwater

Resilient approach tocollect rain water

RAINWATER SYSTEMSMANAGEMENT

Rainwater collection permits the use of vertical gardens in the facades

Water supply and sanitation in the Philippines are characterized by achivements and challenges.In Philippines they have successfully mastered the ravages of the sea-sonal typhoons with a long history of struggle and adaptation.With local resources, cost efficiency and locally skills and materials, self sufficiency was achieved transforming vernacular architecture into a vernacular (but more) sustainable and contemporary building.

Building SystemsWater Management: Contemporary Architecture

Source:http://www.cgpinoy.org/t4055p15-jadamat-ba-hay-kubo-of-the-future_spinning-cube-final

RAINWATER HARVESTING AND COLLECTION

Water ManagementSystems:

SH

Solar panels

WINDMIL LPower+ Water

WOOD WITH COCONU TInsulatio n

In this examples of contemporary bahay kubo’s there is an integrated water system. From a rain-water collection system on each terrace to a wa-ter slowing system, that stores rainwater in a cis-tern below the deck, the goal is use and reuse the maximun amount of water. This water is later used as toilet water or for land-scaping the area.

RAINWATER COLLECTION FOR GROWING CROPS

ABLE TO SUSTAIN BASIC NEEDSWATER | FOOD

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Recycling is the most important of the three R’s, Reduce, Reuse and Recycle.3Along the years, the amount of waste, industrial or domestic, has been increasing. Any product as it’s own ‘time to live and to die’, the importance of recycling it’s exactly to change this cicle of any industrial product that has been manufacture, meaning recycling a product mean giving another change or another life to any debris or waste that we find.

All materials can be recycled, but there are those that are suited for the process. Suited for re-cycling means that are some materials that spend more energy to recycle than others, and re-cycling also means reducing the energy waste on manufacturing and also air and water polution.3

There is so much that we can do to prevent the massive destruction of the environment.

History says that recycling started long before the concept was even created. The population needs obligated then to reuse the materials that were already put a side and did not had any use to the daily activities.1

But the reuse of things came more important

during the World War II, all products and objects were important for war instruments. Without a concrete idea, people started doing recycling even before the green movement were invented, people understood the importance of recycling.

Building SystemsWaste Management and Recycling Process: Introduction

1 “The History of Recycling”Source: http://www.benefits-of-recycling.com/historyofrecycling/ 2 “The History of Recycling”Source: http://www.benefits-of-recycling.com/historyofrecycling/ 3”Materials Best Suited to Recycling”Source: https://suite.io/laurence-o-sullivan/yd720y1 “The History of Recycling”

Source: http://www.benefits-of-recycling.com/historyofrecycling/

WHAT MEANS?

RECYCLING HISTORY

Deconstruction Opportunity

Wooden Doors

Plywood Sheets Corrugated Steel Sheets

Plastic Sheets

BambooFurniture

Concrete Walls

BricksStones

Deconstruction Opportunity

Porcelain Tile Walls

Plastic Containers

Timber Beams

1

1 2 3 4 5 6WOODENIn the Philippines territory, wooden materials like, tim-ber beams, bamboo, wooden doors and others are the ma-terials that we’ve identified in large amounts. Most of the Filipino houses are built with wooden materials.

CONCRETEThe concrete it’s a more con-temporary material and it’s also found in this disaster areas. From these areas it’s possible to collect, concrete walls, side-walks and foundation.

METALSMaterilas like corrugated steel sheets can be applied for the construction of new roofs. This material. There are also the met-al structures that can serve for other building structures.

FURNITUREThe pieces of furniture, are also a object found in disaster areas, it’s possible to find furniture in good condition, in this cases, the response it’s simple, recycle then into new and improved objects.

PLASTICSPlastic nowadys it’s a material that can be transformed in any-thing. It’s possible to collected, plastic bottles and containers, mostly; and with theses prod-ucts we can create a foundation based in water containers. An-other example is the use of plas-tic bottles to create light inside and outside a shelter.

OTHERSPorcelain tiles, glass, and other materials, are the most dificult materials to reuse, but it’s possi-ble to reuse then, but most likely they are recycle.

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IVATAN HOUSE, Batane Province: Case Study

The Ivatan people are unique human beings. According to William Agsunod, the mayor of Mahatao, a town in Batan, tge archioelago’s largest island, Nature and Human beings are as one, - “We understand nature. Nature cannot live with us. We have to live with nature”.1 Form their simplicity of life and activities they are a population capable of surviving from any natural disaster. The houses of Ivatan are constructed and repaired through a cooperative system called kayvayva-naan or kamanyiduan.The Ivatan House is a UNIQUE vernacular architecture. This structure is divided into four houses, first we have the main house with the sleeping areas, then there’s the cooking house that during the cold seasons are used as sleeping quarters, and also there’s the toilet area and bathhouse. The houses is open in three walls and the fourth wall since it’s in direction to the strongest typhoon winds it’s fully closed.

Waste Management RecyclingAfter a typhoon, as we can se in the image above, we identify a lot of potencial materials that can be used to repaired the houses that survived the natural hazard. For the Ivatan house, the materials that are found for recycling are wood, cogon leaves and limestones. For a better and resistant house, recycling materials means using materials like wood and lime-stones. The cogon leaves are a fragile materials and for that reason they are not useful. And finaly to complete the stage of repairing the Ivatan houses concrete is also an important material to use and reuse.

Building SystemsWaste Management and Recycling Process

Wood Door

Stone Stairs

Stone Wall

Roof Structure, Trusses

Structure Bamboo Trusses

oof Structure, Bamboo TrussesStone Foundation

Flooring Structure

Wood Floor

Window Wood Structure

Wood Window

Window Wood Structure

Window Wood Structure

Stone Walls

Cogon Roof

Cogon RoofCogon Roof

Roof System

Roof System

ructure, Bamboo Trusses

Bunghalo

Roof Net, Structure Element

Roof Net, Structure Element

Roof System, Structure Eleme t

Roof System, Rope

oring Structure

Wood Bars

1

2

3

3

No Ivatan home is ever built facing north, the direction from which the wind typically roars strongest. The Windows, equipped with tough wooden shutters, face the oceans at the east or west.2

OPENINGS3

Doors and windows, are made with hardwood planks, and exceptionally narrow and short compared with those of standard houses. For bolting doors and windows, hardwood bars are used.

can we make the roof more resistant to Typhoons?

can we make the roof more resistant to Typhoons?

can we make the roof more resistant to Typhoons?

HOW

HOW HOW

COGON ROOF1The Cogon it’s a fragile material and not resistant to Typhoons or any tropical storm. The roof is protected with fishing nets or bambo trellis, and the system usually last more than a decade.

Wood trusses for cogon roof. The thatch, usually is 30 centimeters thick.

Construction of the Congon roof is made at least by 20 man. The image above, representes how do they built this particular roof.

4

321

Legend:a. Concrete Wallsb. Limestone and Concrete Walls

To prevent the destruction of the Ivatan House, instead of building the cogon roof, they’ve reinforce the roofs with materials like corrugated steel sheats and concrete slabs. With these changes these houses are capable to survive natural hazards.

There are many new con-structing that are been built in Batanes. For some this is the perfect intervention for the con-struction of a resistant home. But for others this concrete massive

Cross Section

STONE WALLS2The stone walls are already prepared for Typhoon and earthquakes, but there’s a way to make them more resistant to any disaster.

These stone walls are the brand of this area. The Batanes province is featured by this stone walls, that’s is why many people agree that new and contemporary materials have to be carefully intro-duced in order to not destroy the architectural landscape.

LIMESTONE WALLS

constructions are the wrong path to prevent the destruction of the Ba-tanes homes. In the Ivatan house, are being constructed with mortar and cobbles, walls have one meter more of thickness.

a b

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Resilient Architecture Research: Typhoon in the Philippines

Reinforce the bracing in the structure.

1. Structure System: Bamboo Structure and Metallic Structures2. Roofing System: Concrete Slabs and Corrugated Steel Sheets3. Walls Systems: Stone and Concrete, and Concrete Walls4. Foundations Systems: anchored Concrete Foundations

Legend:

4 side slope roof with an an-gle of 30° to 45° to prevent it being lifted off by the wind.

Storm Shuttersinstalling storm shutters over windows and doors protects from rain and wind.

_ CONCRETEWalls, Frames Strutcture or Foundations._ METALSCorrugated Steel Panels and Metal Structure, it’s important to reinforce roofs and structure of the buildings that continuosly keep survive natural disaster._ STONESBut not only industrial materials can survive typhoons, Stones are a local materials and quite abundant in the Philippines that all over this year with the Ivatan Houses, proved that is not only the contemporary techniques that are capable of resisting the worlds natural hazards._ BAMBOOIt a fact that bamboo it’s a plant resistant enough to survive this situations. Bamboo it’s like the metal structures from our ancestry. Bamboo it’s use more in structures and as coverering up material.

FixationsWalls, and roof structure should be firmly fixed to-gether.

FoundationsAre constructed with heavy materials, most likely concrete. This concrete foundations are anchored to the ground allowing the house to resist andy natural hazards.

WallsReinforced the walls, it’s possible to use local materials, what matters is to have a heavy and anchored frame struc-ture.

Posts; strapped on concrete footing. The entire house is detach-able from the footing (relocation).

To avoid wide roof over-hangs, separate the diverse structure elements from the house (balcony).

Stiltscan serve as a basis for flood-resistant and storm surge-resistant homes.

WHAT SHOULD A TYPHOON READY HOME HAVE?

WHAT ARE THE MATERIALS THAT CAN SURVIVE A TYPHOON?

Contemporary architecture is now conceived and design to resist an intensive disaster, it doesn’t matter what’s the hazard the impor-tance is that the building characteristics re-spond to it very well and with the minimun damage possible.With this thesis, we want to know mostly how can we prevent the massive destruction and how can we make a already built home resis-tant to natural hazards, most likely, Typhoons.

TYPHOON RESISTANT HOME

Trees Around the house to prevent strong winds

35º

_ Easy to build and the structure is detachable - can be relocated_ Highly replicable - Modular construction_ Uses durable and local materials_ Organic materials provide natural ventilation_ The mature bamboo when properly dried is stronger _ A safe, elevated location when possible is prefered_ Revise building standards_ The space under the house can be used to store water and food

Analysis

1

2

3

4

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http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5672e/x5672e03.htm#sources%20of%20irrigation%20waterhttp://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPHILIPPINES/Resources/RWSVolIDesignManual.pdfhttp://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/publications/techpublications/techpub-8e/bamboo.asphttp://infochangeindia.org/water-resources/stories-of-change/bamboo-pipes-to-transport-water.htmlhttp://www.scottsdalesteelframes.com/case-studies/residential-case-study/http://www.fastcoexist.com/3045025/this-tech-can-turn-food-waste-into-graphene-power-and-fuel?utm_source=facebookhttp://www.greendiary.comhttps://www.devex.com/news/how-to-build-disaster-resilient-homes-in-the-philippines-82408http://www.e-architect.co.uk/philippines/philippines-house-prototypehttp://time.com/3554112/tacloban-yolanda-supertyphoon-typhoon-haiyan-anniversary/http://projectsreview2011.aaschool.ac.uk/students/jinho-kimhttp://historyofarchitecture.weebly.com/vernacular-houses.htmlhttps://maricardedios.wordpress.com/tag/philippines/http://groups.csail.mit.edu/cag/bayanihan/http://imgarcade.com/1/tausug-house/http://archinect.com/dembercastaneda/project/the-torogan-househttp://www.except.nl/en/projects/65-bkcity-slim-refurbishmenthttp://pt.slideshare.net/BryllEdisonPar/the-nipa-hut-as-a-green-building-by-bryll-edison-parhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane-proof_building#Concretehttp://inhabitat.com/vo-trong-nghias-wind-and-water-bar-is-made-almost-entirely-of-bamboo-in-viet-nam/http://jhian.deviantart.com/art/Bahay-na-Bato-i-167912811http://nextcity.org/daily/entry/can-a-house-be-typhoon-proof-and-earthquake-proof-at-the-same-timehttp://www.dwf.org/en/content/ten-key-principles-cyclone-resistant-constructionhttp://www.rappler.com/move-ph/issues/disasters/typhoon-yolanda/44283-features-typhoon-resistant-househttp://hispanofilipino.comoj.com/ExpoManila/p18in.htmhttp://www.fastcodesign.com/3021580/innovation-by-design/is-it-even-possible-to-design-buildings-that-can-withstand-250-mph-typhhttp://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/11/11/world/asia/typhoon-haiyan-map.html?_r=2&http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/31/tacloban-a-year-after-typhoon-haiyanhttp://www.archdaily.com/tag/typhoon-haiyan/http://www.ndrrmc.gov.phwww.leanurbanism.orgwww.maps.ramiro.org/natural-disaster-risk/http://tenminutes.ph/balikbayans-unite-for-yolanda-survivors-through-balikbalay/http://hands.orghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_retired_Philippine_typhoon_nameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoons_in_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Philippines#Banaue_Rice_Terraceswww.axsoris.comwww.myphilippinelife.comwww.barbarajanereyes.comwww.forumbiodiversity.com/show-thread.php/38670-Philippines/page11http://z6.invisionfree.com/filipzi/ar/t595.htmwww.cgstock.comwww.buildingscience.com http-//tenminutes.ph/balikbayans-unite-for-yolanda-survivors-through-balikbalay/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane-proof-buildinghttps://www.devex.com/news/how-to-build-disaster-resilient-homes-in-the-philippines-82408http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2013/12/06/philippines-reconstruction-http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press- release/2013/11/22/world-bank-group-recovery-support-philippineshttp://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2013/11/09/world-bank-statement-on-typhoon-haiyan- philippineswww.worldbank.org/en/news/video/2013/12/17/philippines-building-back-stronger-homes-and- communities-after-typhoon-haiyan.http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/video/2014/04/15/philippines-picking-up-the-pieces-after-haiyan- yolanda. http://www.gov.ph/downloads/2013/12dec/20131216-RAY.pdf. http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/opinion/2013/12/17/global- lessons-for-rebuilding-communities-after-yolanda.http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/philippines/brief/philippines_reconstruction_after_typhoon_haiyan_yolandahttp://www.worldbank.org/projects/P127741/philippines-national-community-driven-development- program?lang=en. www.worldriskreport.orgwww.philippinestudies.nethttp://www.homedsgn.com/2013/04/20/blooming-bamboo-by-hp-architects/

The phenomenon of observing nature in search for answers that will bring us closer to technological advancement and scientific innovation is becom-ing increasingly talked about each day. Mimicking those natural processes to solve current challenges is an ecologic and pertinent strategy. In vernac-ular Architecture, it is necessary to adapt primordial construction concepts and techniques to contemporary materials, promoting modern Architecture and historic preservation at the same time. The Architect must resort to endogenous materials, but also add innovative knowledge and construc-tion methods to obtain a more successful result from this inter-relation, while asking the right questions towards safeguard when it comes to, in the case of our research, Typhoon resilience. This integration should result in sustainable, ecological, and economical Architecture with the ability to re-sist natural disasters that are becoming ever more frequent due to climate change. This is not only crucial to prevent from catastrophic destruction of buildings, but also to solve and rebuild post disaster.

http://www.dezeen.com/2013/09/25/blooming-bamboo-house-by-h-and-p-architects/http://www.archdaily.com/431271/bb-home-h-and-p-architects/http://www.archdaily.com/502896/mat-ter-designs-storm-resistant-school-for-the-philippines/http://inhabitat.com/mat-ter-architects-unveil-plans-for-typhoon-resilient-guiuan-national-high-school-in-the-philippines/mat-ter-architects-guiuan-national-high-school-7/http://www.mat-ter.com/projects/http://www.gizmag.com/mat-ter-flood-resistant-school-philippines/31905/http://www.concernergy.com/commercial_factory_recycling-industrial-waste_96#morehttps://suite.io/laurence-o-sullivan/yd720yhttp://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/airwaste/wm/recycle/recywrks/recywrks1.htmhttp://www.benefits-of-recycling.com/recyclingprocess/http://www.epa.gov/naturaldisasters/returnhomeadvisory.htmhttp://www.epa.gov/wastes/conserve/imr/cdm/debris.htmhttp://www.worldhabitatawards.org/winners-and-finalists/project-details.cfm?lang=00&theprojectid=114http://www.wbdg.org/design/resist_hazards.phphttp://www.scidev.net/asia-pacific/disasters/feature/rebuilding-from-super-typhoon-haiyan-s-devastation.htmlhttp://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-vietnam-09-16-2014/http://www.tornadoproofhouses.com/roofs.phphttp://construction.about.com/od/Doors-And-Windows/a/Storm-Windows-Impact-Resistant-Windows.htmhttp://knowledge.allianz.com/environment/energy/?1944/10-weird-ways-to-produce-electricityhttp://www.wbdg.org/design/resist_hazards.phphttp://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/02/one-hundred-days-since-typhoon-haiyan-20142188436327673.htmlhttp://housingrevolution.org/614/elizabeth-hausler-quake-safe-housing/http://openarchitecturenetwork.org/abouthttps://www.devex.com/news/how-to-build-disaster-resilient-homes-in-the-philippines-82408http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/issues/disasters/typhoon-yolanda/44283-features-typhoon-resistant-househttp://www.dwf.org/en/content/ten-key-principles-cyclone-resistant-constructionhttp://nextcity.org/daily/entry/can-a-house-be-typhoon-proof-and-earthquake-proof-at-the-same-timehttp://www.fastcodesign.com/3021580/innovation-by-design/is-it-even-possible-to-design-buildings-that-can-withstand-250-mph-typhhttp://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/31/tacloban-a-year-after-typhoon-haiyanhttp://www.resilience.org/stories/2014-10-22/resilient-and-sustainable-infrastructure-for-urban-energy-systemshttp://cityminded.org/regional-planning-for-disaster-resiliency-and-sustainability-7281http://www.mnproject.org/e-biogas.htmlhttp://www.resilience.org/stories/2012-04-17/five-renewable-sources-energy-farmers-developing-countrieshttp://www.cityam.com/1416512685/poorest-will-suffer-if-we-force-renewable-energy-developing-worldhttp://www.economist.com/node/16909923http://www.nature.com/news/policy-bring-sustainable-energy-to-the-developing-world-1.15034http://ensia.com/features/solar-energy-solutions-for-the-developing-world/http://www.treehugger.com/renewable-energy/what-kinetic-energy-can-harnessed-power-our-stuff.htmlhttp://knowledge.allianz.com/environment/energy/?1944/10-weird-ways-to-produce-electricityAutodesk Sustainability Workshop: Energy Literacy and Building Loads: Heat Transfer Fundamentals and The Building Envelope, Energy and Thermal Loads

BOOKS | ARTICLES

WEBSITESREFERENCES

. n.d. “How to build a safer shelter - 10 principles of storm-resilient constructions”, ICRC-PRC shelter response in Davao Oriental, ICRC Water and Habitat

. n.d. “Disaster Vulnerability & Donor Opportunities in South & Southeast Asia”, Give2Asia, IIR, . n.d. World Bank. 2014. “Recovery and Reconstruction Plan-ning In the Aftermath of Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda), Summary of Knowledge Briefs”, World Bank Group, GFDRR - Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, Washington, DC. October.. World Bank. 2013. “Philippines: Timely Reconstruction to Lessen Impact of Typhoon Yolanda—World Bank.” Press release. December 6.. DPWH (Philippine Department of Public Works and Highways) and World Bank. 2014a. Field Investigation Report on the Impact of the Bohol Earthquake and Typhoon Yolanda on Buildings. Washington, DC: World Bank. . 2014b. Guidelines for Earthquake and Wind Strengthening and Reconstruction of Public and Cultural Heritage Buildings: Findings from the Bohol Earthquake and Typhoon Yolanda Assessment. Washington, DC: World Bank. . Klasse, W. 1986 “Architecture in the Philippines, Filipino building in a cross-cultural context”, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines . Arancon, R. 1997. “Asia-Pacific Forestry sector outlook study: focus on coconut wood”, Forestry Policy and Planning Division, Rome, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, October 1997.. NEDA. 2013. “Reconstruction Assistance on Yolanda, Build Back Better”, National Economic and Development Authority, Prtigas Center, Pasig City, ISSN:2243-7576. Article: Reconstruction Assistance on Yolanda: Build Back Better, by Republic of the Philippines, 16 December 2013. Article: Recovery and Reconstruction Planning in the Aftermath of Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda): Summary of Knowledge Briefs, by World Bank Group, October 2014- October 2014, Washington, DC 20433, USA. “Recovery and Reconstruction Planing, In the Aftermath of Typhoon Haitan (Yolanda)”, Summary of Knowledge Briefs, The Internacional Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

typhoon yolanda destruction

Resilient Architecture Research: Typhoon in the Philippines

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_img 93 - http://inhabitat.com/solaleya-domespace-homes/attachment/15216/?extend=1)_img 94 - http://inhabitat.com/solaleya-domespace-homes/attachment/15216/?extend=1)_img 95 - Light Steel Frame, http://www.mepsengenharia.com.br/blog/2013/04/05/light-steel-framing-e-suas-novas-possibilidades-para-a-arquitetura/_img 96 - Timber Frame, http://cariboucreekloghomes.com/timber-frame-construction/_img 97 - Timber Frame, http://www.fermacell.co.uk/en/content/timber_frame_1169.php_img 98 - Clapboard Timber, http://www.buildingscience.com/documents/insights/bsi-033-evolution_img 99 - Timber Frame, http://www.buildingscience.com/documents/insights/bsi-033-evolution_img 100 - Wattle and Daub, http://www.buildingscience.com/documents/insights/bsi-033-evolution_img 101 - Blooming Bamboo home, BB Home Project H&P Architects, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-07.jpg, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-07.jpg_img 102 -Blooming Bamboo home, BB Home Project H&P Architects, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-07.jpg, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-07.jpg_img 103 -Blooming Bamboo home, BB Home Project H&P Architects, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-07.jpg, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-07.jpg_img 104 -Blooming Bamboo home, BB Home Project H&P Architects, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-07.jpg, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-07.jpg_img 105 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-viet-nam-09-16-2014/_img 106 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-viet-nam-09-16-2014/_img 107 - _img 108 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-viet-nam-09-16-2014/_img 109 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-viet-nam-09-16-2014/_img 110 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-viet-nam-09-16-2014/_img 111 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-viet-nam-09-16-2014/[page 9]_img 112 - Geothermal Energy Filds in the Philippines, http://www.energy.com.ph/our-projects/geothermal/_img 113 - Geothermal Energy Filds in the Philippines, Map localization, http://www.energy.com.ph/our-projects/geothermal/_img 114 -Geothermal house, http://www.ausgeothermalhvac.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/AusGeothermalHouse1.jpg, http://www.ausgeothermalhvac.com.au/wp-con-tent/uploads/2014/09/AusGeothermalHouse1.jpg_img 115 - Energy Efficiency homes_img 116 - Energy Efficiency homes_img 117 - Energy Efficiency homes[page 10]_img 118 - “10 weird ways to produce electricity”, http://knowledge.allianz.com/environment/energy/?1944/10-weird-ways-to-produce-electricity_img 119 -“10 weird ways to produce electricity”, http://knowledge.allianz.com/environment/energy/?1944/10-weird-ways-to-produce-electricity_img 120 -“10 weird ways to produce electricity”, http://knowledge.allianz.com/environment/energy/?1944/10-weird-ways-to-produce-electricity_img 121 -“10 weird ways to produce electricity”, http://knowledge.allianz.com/environment/energy/?1944/10-weird-ways-to-produce-electricity_img 122 -“10 weird ways to produce electricity”, http://knowledge.allianz.com/environment/energy/?1944/10-weird-ways-to-produce-electricity_img 123 -“10 weird ways to produce electricity”, http://knowledge.allianz.com/environment/energy/?1944/10-weird-ways-to-produce-electricity[page 11]_img 124 - History of Vernacular architecture, http://historyofarchitecture.weebly.com/vernacular-houses.html_img 125 - History of Vernacular architecture, http://historyofarchitecture.weebly.com/vernacular-houses.html_img 126 - History of Vernacular architecture, http://historyofarchitecture.weebly.com/vernacular-houses.html_img 127 - A Modular Tropical Apartment Complex for 2050, http://www.homedesignfind.com/green/a-modular-tropical-apartment-complex-for-2050/_img 128 - A Modular Tropical Apartment Complex for 2050, http://www.homedesignfind.com/green/a-modular-tropical-apartment-complex-for-2050/ _img 129 - A Modular Tropical Apartment Complex for 2050, http://www.homedesignfind.com/green/a-modular-tropical-apartment-complex-for-2050/ _img 130 - A Modular Tropical Apartment Complex for 2050, http://www.homedesignfind.com/green/a-modular-tropical-apartment-complex-for-2050/_img 131 - Zero House, http://zerohouse.net/wordpress/_img 132 - Zero House, http://www.decorreport.com/inline/home/en/4ba89d1d5dc8822f998564e64be7864f.jpg_img 133 - Sustainable renovation of TU Delft Architecture Faculty, http://www.except.nl/en/projects/65-bkcity-slim-refurbishment[page 12]_img 134 - Building Systems, Water management, www.vilasarboretum.org_img 135 - Building Systems, Water management, buildnative.com_img 136 - Building Systems, Water management, https://tmanoukian.wordpress.com/2013/01/31/a-weekend-in-siena-italy-il-duomo-la-fontebranda-medicea-fortress-and-pala-zzo-publicco/_img 137 - Building Systems, Water management, www.wisegeek.com_img 138 - Building Systems, Water management, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinos_img 139 - Building Systems, Water management, http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrozais_em_terraços_das_Cordilheiras_das_Filipinas_img 140 - Building Systems, Water management, http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrozais_em_terraços_das_Cordilheiras_das_Filipinas_img 141 - Building Systems, Water management, http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off-0cdl--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-help---00-0-1-00-0-0-11-1-0utfZz-8-00&cl=CL4.135&d=HASH083af43596dbe513371221&gt=2_img 142 - Building Systems, Water management, http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5672e/x5672e03.htm

_img 143- Building Systems, Water management, http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5672e/x5672e03.htm[page 13]_img 144 - Rainwater Collection for growing crops, http://www.asla.org/2010studentawards/134.html_img 145 - Rainwater Collection for growing crops, venicethefuture.com_img 146 - Rainwater Collection for growing crops, venicethefuture.com_img 147 - Rainwater management systems, modern way of how people can collect and then use rainwater, http://www.houzz.com/water-storage _img 148 - Resilient approach to collect rain water, http://www.houzz.com/water-storage_img 149 - Bahay Kubo Contemporary Architecture version, http://www.cgpinoy.org/t4055p15-jadamat-bahay-kubo-of-the-future_spinning-cube-final_img 150 - Bahay Kubo Contemporary Architecture version, http://www.cgpinoy.org/t4055p15-jadamat-bahay-kubo-of-the-future_spinning-cube-final_img 151 - A Modular Tropical Apartment Complex for 2050, http://www.homedesignfind.com/green/a-modular-tropical-apartment-complex-for-2050/_img 152 - A Modular Tropical Apartment Complex for 2050, http://www.homedesignfind.com/green/a-modular-tropical-apartment-complex-for-2050/[page 14]_img 153 - Potencial Materials that can be used for future building constructions, http://media.msf.org/Docs/MSF/Media/TR1/a/4/b/9/MSB5313.jpg, http://media.msf.org/Docs/MSF/Media/TR1/a/4/b/9/MSB5313.jpg_img 154 - History of Recycling, the World Wars was the starting point for the recycling process, http://www.lpwalliance.com/storage/Publications/HowphotoChangedTime/66e6092e605c028e1f-c6a7be6770176e.jpg_img 155 - History of Recycling, the World Wars was the starting point for the recycling process, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/The_Home_Front_in_Britain_during_the_Second_World_War_HU36196.jpg_img 156 - History of Recycling, the World Wars was the starting point for the recycling process, http://cdn.static.ovimg.com/episode/1613351.jpg_img 157 - History of Recycling, the World Wars was the starting point for the recycling process, http://media.npr.org/assets/img/2014/02/25/ap160730063_custom-444aed211f80a4ae-0892c6c81b66f3596bc20f10-s1100-c15.jpg[page 15]_img 158 - “Heritage Architecture of Batanes Island in the Philippines: A survey of different house types and their evolution”, http://aboutphilippines.ph/filer/toledo-cebu/cmhb2004-01.pdf_img 159 - “Heritage Architecture of Batanes Island in the Philippines: A survey of different house types and their evolution”, http://aboutphilippines.ph/filer/toledo-cebu/cmhb2004-01.pdf_img 160 - “Cross Section” from a roof system after a Typhoon, Ivatan houses new roofing systems, http://tenminutes.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/trusses.jpg, http://tenminutes.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/trusses.jpg_img 161 - “Heritage Architecture of Batanes Island in the Philippines: A survey of different house types and their evolution”, http://aboutphilippines.ph/filer/toledo-cebu/cmhb2004-01.pdf_img 162 - “Heritage Architecture of Batanes Island in the Philippines: A survey of different house types and their evolution”, http://aboutphilippines.ph/filer/toledo-cebu/cmhb2004-01.pdf_img 163 - “Heritage Architecture of Batanes Island in the Philippines: A survey of different house types and their evolution”, http://aboutphilippines.ph/filer/toledo-cebu/cmhb2004-01.pdf_img 164 - Damaged Ivatan House, http://farm6.static.flickr.com/5521/10819971603_ed9d9cab62_m.jpg, http://farm6.static.flickr.com/5521/10819971603_ed9d9cab62_m.jpg_img 165 - Ivatan Houses, https://beyondwildimaginings.files.wordpress.com/2007/12/batanes-8.jpg, https://beyondwildimaginings.files.wordpress.com/2007/12/batanes-8.jpg_img 166 - Openings from the Ivatan Houses, http://opinion.inquirer.net/files/2014/01/Batanes04-262x224.jpg, http://opinion.inquirer.net/68827/batanes-model-for-storm-readiness_img 167 - New construction in the Batanes Province, Concrete housing, Ivatan Houses, http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_-fGx2wDrdVc/S8nKUV3GztI/AAAAAAAAGTA/nVopKJagYWc/s1600/P1320575.jpg, http://www.icomosphilippines.com/2010/04/new-concrete-batanes-houses-with-doors.html_img 168 -New construction in the Batanes Province, Concrete housing, Ivatan Houses, http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_-fGx2wDrdVc/S8nKUV3GztI/AAAAAAAAGTA/nVopKJagYWc/s1600/P1320575.jpg, http://www.icomosphilippines.com/2010/04/new-concrete-batanes-houses-with-doors.html_img 169 - Stone and Concrete walls Ivatan House, and example of how to built or reconstructed a resistant typhoon house, https://m1.behance.net/rendition/modules/107566631/disp/0d-2643cc46011630c4e182376dc5b31e.jpg_img 170 - “Heritage Architecture of Batanes Island in the Philippines: A survey of different house types and their evolution”, http://aboutphilippines.ph/filer/toledo-cebu/cmhb2004-01.pdf_img 171 - Ivatan House Openings, https://socsyturvy.files.wordpress.com/2014/03/ivatan-house3.jpg, https://socsyturvy.files.wordpress.com/2014/03/ivatan-house3.jpg_img 172 - Ivatan House Openings, http://www.geocities.ws/kitnaldo/pic_15.jpg, http://www.geocities.ws/kitnaldo/pic_15.jpg_img 173 - Ivatan House Door Opening, http://static.rappler.com/images/batanes-16.JPG, http://static.rappler.com/images/batanes-16.JPG[page 16]_img 174 - Structure systems resistant to natural hazards, like, typhoons, hurricanes and earthquakes, Steel Building Structure, http://www.skcthailand.com/wp-content/uploads/photo-gal-lery/Steel%20Buildings/SKC%20Steel%20Buildings%20001.jpg_img 175 - Structure systems resistant to natural hazards, like, typhoons, hurricanes and earthquakes, Building built with Earth and Bamboo, http://constructpix.com/wp-content/up-loads/2013/03/bamboo-structure1-960x633.jpg_img 176 -Roofing systems resistant to natural hazards, like, typhoons, hurricanes and earthquakes, Corrugated steel sheets, http://vancouverwaroofing.com/wp-content/up-loads/2013/07/2-1-2Corrugated-Panel.jpg_img 177 - Roofing systems resistant to natural hazards, like, typhoons, hurricanes and earthquakes, Concrete Roof, http://www.tornadoproofhouses.com/images/pitched-roof-shoring.png_img 178 - Hip Roof, 4 aguas roof, “8 features of a typhoon-resistant house”, http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/issues/disasters/typhoon-yolanda/44283-features-typhoon-resistant-house_img 179 - Build the roof at an angle of 30° to 45° to prevent it being lifted off by the wind, “The ten key principles of cyclone resistant construction”, http://www.dwf.org/en/content/ten-key-principles-cyclone-resistant-construction_img 180 -Reinforce the bracing in the structure; strengthen walls and joints/ junctions to increase stiffness, “The ten key principles of cyclone resistant construction”, http://www.dwf.org/en/content/ten-key-principles-cyclone-resistant-construction_img 181 - Avoid wide roof overhangs; separate the veranda structure from the house, “The ten key principles of cyclone resistant construction”, http://www.dwf.org/en/content/ten-key-prin-ciples-cyclone-resistant-construction_img 182 - Representative Model of a house resistant to Typhoons_img 183 - Wall construction system, Concrete with Stones, http://www.freshpalace.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Home-Chamoson-Switzerland-Exposed-Concrete-Stone-Walls.jpg_img 184 - Foundations system, Concrete foundation, http://blog.buildllc.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/BUILD-LLC-01.jpg_img 185 - Concrete posts used anchored the house to ground._img 186 - Typhoon Yolanda destruction, http://l1.yimg.com/bt/api/res/1.2/GjeQmBKmjLhqgeZSJIi4EQ--/YXBwaWQ9eW5ld3M7Zmk9aW5zZXQ7aD00MjA7cT03NTt3PTYzMA--/http://media.zenfs.com/en_sg/News/AFP/184bfdd795d06202a1c7d60e8970f2adf7384748.jpg

_TITLE PAGE - Chapter 1, NASA image courtesy LANCE/EOSDIS MODIS Rapid Response Team at NASA GSFC. Caption by Mike Carlowicz - October 2014, Washington, DC 20433, USA. “Recovery and Reconstruction Planing, In the Aftermath of Typhoon Haitan (Yolanda)”, Summary of Knowledge Briefs, The Internacional Bank for Reconstruction and Development.[page 2]_img 2 - “The science of typhoons”; “Map of cyclone basins “, http://multimedia.scmp.com/typhoons/_img 3 - World Map, http://www.handyandy.org.uk/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/map-20.png, http://www.handyandy.org.uk/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/map-20.png_img 4 - “Types of Climates in the Philippines Territory”, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_the_Philippines_img 5 - “Getting Aid to Victims Of Typhoon Haiyan”, A surivor walks among the debris of houses destroyed by Super Typhoon Haiyan in Tacloban. http://www.chiangraitimes.com/getting-aid-to-victims-of-typhoon-haiyan-videos.html_img 6 - Typhoon Destruction, “People walk through an area devastated by Typhoon Haiyan in Tacloban November 23, 2013. Typhoon Haiyan smashed through the country on November 8, laying waste to just about everything in its path, and killing more than 4,000 people.” http://blogs.blouinnews.com/blouinbeatbusiness/files/2013/11/2013-11-23T080106Z_2002487810_GM1E9BN18DQ01_RTRMADP_3_PHILIPPINES-_img 7 - Typhoon Destruction, http://www.slate.com/content/dam/slate/blogs/the_world_/2013/11/14/the_economic_impact_of_a_typhoon_can_be_worse_than_the_storm/187947754.jpg.CROP.promovar-mediumlarge.jpg, http://www.slate.com/content/dam/slate/blogs/the_world_/2013/11/14/the_economic_impact_of_a_typhoon_can_be_worse_than_the_storm/187947754.jpg.CROP.promovar-mediumlarge.jpg_img 8 - Typhoon Destruction, http://filipinofreethinkers.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Typhoon-Ondoy.jpg, http://filipinofreethinkers.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/_img 9 - Typhoon Destruction, http://www.goeringo.com/wp-content/uploads/Project-PEARLS-photo.jpg, http://www.goeringo.com/wp-content/uploads/Project-PEARLS-photo.jpg_img 10 - Typhoon Destruction, http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/02735/typhoon_2735976b.jpg, http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/02735/typhoon_2735976b.jpg_img 11 - Risk of Typhoon Map in the Philippines, http://vm.observatory.ph/images/CW_hires/risk_typhoon.jpg, http://vm.observatory.ph/images/CW_hires/risk_typhoon.jpg_img 12 - In the eye of a storm, “The science of typhoons”, “How Typhoon is formed?”, http://multimedia.scmp.com/typhoons/_img 13 - In the eye of a storm, “The science of typhoons”, “How Typhoon is formed?”, http://multimedia.scmp.com/typhoons/[page 3]_img 14 to 27 - History of Vernacular architecture, http://historyofarchitecture.weebly.com/vernacular-houses.html [page 4]_img 28 - “MAT-TER Designs Storm-Resistant School for the Philippines “, http://www.archdaily.com/502896/mat-ter-designs-storm-resistant-school-for-the-philippines/5361cb-1dc07a80e280000060_mat-ter-designs-storm-resistant-school-for-the-philippines_mat-ter_resilient_school_13-jpg/_img 29 - “MAT-TER Designs Storm-Resistant School for the Philippines “, http://www.archdaily.com/502896/mat-ter-designs-storm-resistant-school-for-the-philippines/5361cae-5c07a80e28000005e_mat-ter-designs-storm-resistant-school-for-the-philippines_mat-ter_resilient_school_08-jpg/_img 30 - “MAT-TER Designs Storm-Resistant School for the Philippines” , http://www.archdaily.com/502896/mat-ter-designs-storm-resistant-school-for-the-philippines/5361cb-0bc07a802de1000057_mat-ter-designs-storm-resistant-school-for-the-philippines_mat-ter_resilient_school_11-jpg/_img 31 - A view of one of the interior courtyards, “MAT-TER Designs Storm-Resistant School for the Philippines” , http://www.archdaily.com/502896/mat-ter-designs-storm-resis-tant-school-for-the-philippines/5361cabac07a80f0d900005d_mat-ter-designs-storm-resistant-school-for-the-philippines_mat-ter_resilient_school_04-jpg/_img 32 - The School Gardens, “MAT-TER Designs Storm-Resistant School for the Philippines” , http://www.archdaily.com/502896/mat-ter-designs-storm-resistant-school-for-the-phil-ippines/5361cab6c07a802de1000054_mat-ter-designs-storm-resistant-school-for-the-philippines_mat-ter_resilient_school_03-jpg/_img 33 - Blooming Bamboo by H&P Architects, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-04.jpg, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/up-loads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-04.jpg_img 34 - Blooming Bamboo by H&P Architects, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-03.jpg, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/up-loads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-03.jpg_img 35 - Blooming Bamboo by H&P Architects, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-05.jpg, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/up-loads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-05.jpg_img 36 - Blooming Bamboo by H&P Architects, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-05.jpg, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/up-loads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-05.jpg_img 37 - Blooming Bamboo by H&P Architects, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-05.jpg, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/up-loads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-05.jpg_img 38 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-viet-nam-09-16-2014/_img 39 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-viet-nam-09-16-2014/_img 40 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-viet-nam-09-16-2014/_img 41 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-viet-nam-09-16-2014/_img 42 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-viet-nam-09-16-2014/[page 5]_img 43 to 50 - History of Vernacular architecture, http://historyofarchitecture.weebly.com/vernacular-houses.html_img 51 - “Bahay Kubo House, vernacular architecture”, www.asiafinest.com_img 52 - “Bahay Kubo House, vernacular architecture”, pixshark.com[page 6]

_img 53 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-vietnam-09-16-2014/_img 54 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-vietnam-09-16-2014/_img 55 - Blooming Bamboo by H&P Architects, http://ad009cdnb.archdaily.net.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/52422bb1e8e44e67bf000015_bb-home-h-p-archi-tects_-c-_doan_thanh_ha_-__-7--1000x666.jpg, http://www.archdaily.com/431271/bb-home-h-and-p-architects/52422bb1e8e44e67bf000015_bb-home-h-p-architects_-c-_doan_thanh_ha_-__-7-jpg/_img 56 - Blooming Bamboo by H&P Architects, “The house during night light”, http://ad009cdnb.archdaily.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/52422e13e8e44e67bf00001c_bb-home-h-p-architects_-c-_doan_thanh_ha__portada.jpg_img 57 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-vietnam-09-16-2014/_img 58 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-vietnam-09-16-2014/_img 59 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-vietnam-09-16-2014/_img 60 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-vietnam-09-16-2014/_img 61 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-vietnam-09-16-2014/_img 62 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-vietnam-09-16-2014/_img 63 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-vietnam-09-16-2014/_img 64 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-vietnam-09-16-2014/_img 65 - Blooming Bamboo by H&P Architects, “List of materials used in the BB HOME project”, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-10.jpg, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-10.jpg_img 66 - Blooming Bamboo by H&P Architects, “Prototype closed and open depending on the necessity”, http://static.dezeen.com/uploads/2013/09/dezeen_Blooming-Bamboo-Home-by-HP-Architects_15.jpg, http://www.dezeen.com/2013/09/25/blooming-bamboo-house-by-h-and-p-architects/_img 67 - Blooming Bamboo by H&P Architects, Axo of the project, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-08.jpg, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-08.jpg_img 68 - Blooming Bamboo by H&P Architects, “Wall Materials”, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-10.jpg, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/up-loads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-10.jpg_img 69 - Blooming Bamboo by H&P Architects, “Wall Materials”, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-10.jpg, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/up-loads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-10.jpg[page 7]_img 70 - Stone Walls, www.buildingscience.com_img 71 - Stone Wall detail, http://www.cornerhardware.com/articles/art59.html_img 72 - Bamboo Facade Walls, mdgroover.iweb.bsu.edu_img 73 - Bamboo Facade Wall detail, http://www.shutterstock.com/pic-94494472/stock-photo-the-vernacular-architecture-a-wooden-house-of-a-farmer-in-the-countryside-of-chiang-mai-province.html_img 74 - Bamboo construction walls, https://www.flickr.com/photos/takashi_hirato/2097939666_img 75 - Bamboo construction walls, (1999). Haq, B., Battling the storm, study on cyclone resistant housing - community based disaster preparedness programme bangladesh red cres-cent society/german, German Red Cross, Dhaka, Bangladesh_img 76 - Bamboo construction walls, (1999). Haq, B., Battling the storm, study on cyclone resistant housing - community based disaster preparedness programme bangladesh red cres-cent society/german, German Red Cross, Dhaka, Bangladesh_img 77 - Bamboo construction walls, (1999). Haq, B., Battling the storm, study on cyclone resistant housing - community based disaster preparedness programme bangladesh red cres-cent society/german, German Red Cross, Dhaka, Bangladesh_img 78 - Bamboo construction walls, (1999). Haq, B., Battling the storm, study on cyclone resistant housing - community based disaster preparedness programme bangladesh red cres-cent society/german, German Red Cross, Dhaka, Bangladesh_img 79 - “HIP ROOF”, Example of the best and more resistant roofs to natural hazards, http://www.contractortalk.com/attachments/f14/28472d1265434077-help-hip-roof-supports-gar-den-shed.jpg_img 80 - “DROPPED GABBLED ROOF”, Example of the best and more resistant roofs to natural hazards, http://hitec.ca/images/droppedGable.gif, http://hitec.ca/images/droppedGable.gif_img 81 - “BAHAY KUBO house section”, https://fbcdn-sphotos-h-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xta1/v/t34.0-12/11146093_10153925591315200_1825992716_n.jpg?oh=8227975edfab4df-f1a9d52de2883a025&oe=552B3E72&__gda__=1428902098_829f09d2c7023b8ca5bb3fc870523bc2&dl=1, https://www.facebook.com/messages/conversation-627720024026426_img 82 -“BAHAY KUBO house section”, https://fbcdn-sphotos-h-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xta1/v/t34.0-12/11146093_10153925591315200_1825992716_n.jpg?oh=8227975edfab4df-f1a9d52de2883a025&oe=552B3E72&__gda__=1428902098_829f09d2c7023b8ca5bb3fc870523bc2&dl=1, https://www.facebook.com/messages/conversation-627720024026426_img 83 -“BAHAY KUBO house section”, https://fbcdn-sphotos-h-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xta1/v/t34.0-12/11146093_10153925591315200_1825992716_n.jpg?oh=8227975edfab4df-f1a9d52de2883a025&oe=552B3E72&__gda__=1428902098_829f09d2c7023b8ca5bb3fc870523bc2&dl=1, https://www.facebook.com/messages/conversation-627720024026426_img 84 -“BAHAY KUBO house section”, https://fbcdn-sphotos-h-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xta1/v/t34.0-12/11146093_10153925591315200_1825992716_n.jpg?oh=8227975edfab4df-f1a9d52de2883a025&oe=552B3E72&__gda__=1428902098_829f09d2c7023b8ca5bb3fc870523bc2&dl=1, https://www.facebook.com/messages/conversation-627720024026426_img 85 - Ivatan House, example of house a hip roof and a gabble roof looks_img 86 - “Sample step-by-step diagrams of construction methods”, http://aboutphilippines.ph/filer/toledo-cebu/cmhb2004-01.pdf_img 87 - “Sample step-by-step diagrams of construction methods”, http://aboutphilippines.ph/filer/toledo-cebu/cmhb2004-01.pdf_img 88 - Who windows are made in the Philippines Vernacular Architecture, http://construction.about.com/od/Doors-And-Windows/a/Storm-Windows-Impact-Resistant-Windows.htm_img 89 - Who windows are made in the Philippines Vernacular Architecture, http://construction.about.com/od/Doors-And-Windows/a/Storm-Windows-Impact-Resistant-Windows.htm_img 90 - Who windows are made in the Philippines Vernacular Architecture, http://construction.about.com/od/Doors-And-Windows/a/Storm-Windows-Impact-Resistant-Windows.htm_img 91 - Who windows are made in the Philippines Vernacular Architecture, http://construction.about.com/od/Doors-And-Windows/a/Storm-Windows-Impact-Resistant-Windows.htm[page 8] _img 92 - http://inhabitat.com/solaleya-domespace-homes/attachment/15216/?extend=1)

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