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- Walled City AreaPlan of Jaipur City

•Located in north-western part of India, Jaipur was founded by king Sawai Jai Singh in 1727 AD.•Being a lover of astronomy, mathematics and astrophysics, Jai Singh sought advice from Vidyadhar Bhattacharya, a Brahmin scholar of Bengal, to design the city on the basis of Vastu Shastra (Indian Architectural theory) principles.•The society during the that period was divided into four main castes- Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras and king was the supreme ruler.

JAIPUR WALLED CITY

Demographics: Population – 600,000 (2001

Census); initially planned for pop. of 50,000.

Geographical area – 2.6sq. miles.

Density – 882 pph (2001 Census), higher than density in the outside city – 100pph

Attractions: Living Culture. Rich History. Famous for Jewellery, Blue

Pottery, clothing, handicrafts, paintings etc.

1727

1734

1799

1867

20101927

1947

Foundation of Jaipur

city by king Jai Singh-

Shifting capital of

Kachchawa dynasty

from Amber to Jaipur

Construction of

major streets

and the palace

building.

Construction of

Palace of Wind

( HawaMahal)

Pink Color

given to major

street facades

Observatory ,

Jantar Mantar

was declared as

“World Heritage

Site”

New Master Plan -

City started

expanding outside

walled area.

Indian Independence-

Jaipur was declared as

the capital of newly

formed state Rajasthan

VASTU SHASTRA PRINCIPLES

Mohenjodaro (Indus valley Civilization)

Madhurai (Temple City )

Srirangam

Site planning(Vastu Purusha Mandala)

Doctrine of Orientation

Proportionate Measurements

Aesthetics

Planning of the city- Vastu Shastra principles in Jaipur1. Selection of the site

According to Vastu Shastra, a more flatter site is preferred for the development of a new city /town. As security was of prime concern in the olden days, it was favorable if the site had some natural boundaries( hills or lakes).

Amber fort set on high hill

Valley formed by Ban Ganga river in east

2. Conceptual Planning of the city- The planning of the city was based on the nine square Pitha Mandala described in the Mansara text. The central square of the Mandala, Brahmasthana , was dedicated to the king’s palace and the other squares were designed for the people according to their caste and profession .

Pitha Mandala Painted Map of Jaipur 18th century

Establishing the city’s axes on the site at 15 degree from the cardinal direction.

Developing the site as Mandala

Accommodating the eastern and western arrangements.

Conjectural reconstruction of the site

Evolution of Nine Squares on the SiteFollowing the concept of Vastu Shatra, the design of the city of Jaipur was placed on the site to align with the natural topography. This caused the axis of Jaipur city to slightly deviate (15degrees) from the cardinal axis. The ninth square of the mandala was shifted to adjust with the topography on the northwestern side. The central square in addition to the royal palace and the observatory, also accommodating royal gardens ,administrative offices, required a larger area and hence merged with the square on the north

Structural Components of the City

Palace Complex

Sectors

Street Network

Chaupars(Squares)

Fortified Wall

City Gates

The main components of the city that define its structure are the palace block, seven sectors, street network (main, secondary and tertiary street), three chaupars(public squares) and the fortified wall with monumental gates serving as entrance to the city.

Fortified Wall and GatesThe outer form is defined by the city walls …the alteration of the Shastric base actually fulfills the reiterated Shastric idea of The wall on an average is 20’ high and 10’ thick. Its is pierced by seven gates( a model number according to Vastu Shastra). The Chandpol on the west and the Suraj pol on the east marks the ends of main east west route through the city.On the north side, protecting the road to Amber, is the Jorawar Singh Gate. At intervals along the Southern front are four gates, Ajmeri Gate,Naya Gate, Sanganeri Gate and Ghat Darwaza. Southern side was originally protected by a ditch immediately in front of the wall. (which was filled in 1950s). All city gates were closed in the night due to security reasons, practice which continued till 1942.

Sense of place-gates/walls•?•?•?•?

City Structure- Sectors and Neighborhoods

Social Structure

•The design of the sectors is based on the Prastara layout described in the Vastu Shastra.• The sectors are defined by primary street and has strong defined edges. The periphery of the sector is composed of shops on the ground floor and residential and commercial use on higher floors.• Entries to the sector are defined by gates located on the intersection of secondary street with the primary ones.•The sector is subdivided into neighborhoods based on the principle highlighted in the Prastara arrangement.

Neighborhoods are defined by secondary streets. The size of the neighborhood depends on the social and economic condition of the inhabitants and varies in each block. The density reflects the resident population and varies from a thin fabric with large individual plots in sectors occupied by higher class people to a dense and compact fabric generated by small plot sixe in sectors occupied by Shudras and artisans. The density is lesser in the South east sector occupied by Kshatriyas and traders and increases in the sector towards the west which is occupied by artisans and craftsmen.

The seven sectors of the city were further divided into neighborhoods comprising of group of “havelis” (residential units). Each sector was divided into squares or rectangles and housed around four hundred neighborhoods. A neighborhood would usually be occupied a group of families pursuing a similar trade or profession.A typical sector in Jaipur was 800m x 800m in size, ideal for a pedestrian city. This meant the people who lived in the sector were only 400m away from the commercial activities along the major roads (equivalent to a 5 minute walk).

Analysis of a Sector

•The southern sector(opposite the palace complex) is divided to make an additional axis. This sector was allotted to Vaishyas(merchants, traders , goldsmiths, artisans) and was thus inhabited by higher class people. This social structure was reflected in the density and the division of neighborhood which consisted of large plots with lesser density.•This sector has many beautiful old havelis of the merchants .

Analysis of a NeighborhoodIndividual neighborhoods within the grid of sub sector roads were between 160x160m and 110x110m in size in different sectors depending on the rank of the people inhabiting in that area. Each of these neighborhoods could accommodate 40-50 residential lots.

Sizes of plots and building heights in neighborhoodsThe building height is dependent on the caste of the people in the sector . The table below shows the proportions measurments defined for differen castes according to theCommunity spaces in a neighborhood??

RESIDENTIAL

MIXED USE

OPEN AREAART AND CRAFTSHOPSINTERNET CAFES, STD BOOTHS, ETC.BUILDING MATERIALRETAIL SHOPSRESTAURANTS, REFRESHMENTS

SWEET SHOPS, FOOD PRODUCTS, GROCERY, ETC.BANKS

WHOLE SALE SHOP

OFFICES

JEWELLERY

HOME APPLIANCES

STATIONARY

RELIGEOUS ARTIFACTS

ELECTRONIC GOODS

SHOE SHOPS

WORKSHOPS ( SMALL INDUSTRIES)

LABORATORIES

FURNITURE SHOPS

CLINICSFLOWER SHOPS

POLICE STATION/ CHOWKI

SCHOOLSGUEST HOUSESTEMPLE

LEGEND

RESIDENTIAL

MIXED USE

OPEN AREAART AND CRAFTSHOPSINTERNET CAFES, STD BOOTHS, ETC.

BUILDING MATERIAL

RETAIL SHOPS

RESTAURANTS, REFRESHMENTS

SWEET SHOPS, FOOD PRODUCTS, GROCERY, ETC.BANKS

WHOLE SALE SHOP

OFFICES

JEWELLERY

HOME APPLIANCES

STATIONARY

RELIGEOUS ARTIFACTS

ELECTRONIC GOODS

SHOE SHOPS

WORKSHOPS ( SMALL INDUSTRIES)

LABORATORIES

FURNITURE SHOPS

CLINICS

FLOWER SHOPS

POLICE STATION/ CHOWKI

SCHOOLSGUEST HOUSES

TEMPLE

LEGEND

RESIDENTIAL

MIXED USE

OPEN AREAART AND CRAFTSHOPSINTERNET CAFES, STD BOOTHS, ETC.

BUILDING MATERIAL

RETAIL SHOPS

RESTAURANTS, REFRESHMENTS

SWEET SHOPS, FOOD PRODUCTS, GROCERY, ETC.BANKS

WHOLE SALE SHOP

OFFICES

JEWELLERY

HOME APPLIANCES

STATIONARY

RELIGEOUS ARTIFACTS

ELECTRONIC GOODS

SHOE SHOPS

WORKSHOPS ( SMALL INDUSTRIES)

LABORATORIES

FURNITURE SHOPS

CLINICS

FLOWER SHOPS

POLICE STATION/ CHOWKI

SCHOOLSGUEST HOUSES

TEMPLE

LEGEND

RESIDENTIAL

MIXED USE

OPEN AREAART AND CRAFTSHOPSINTERNET CAFES, STD BOOTHS, ETC.

BUILDING MATERIAL

RETAIL SHOPS

RESTAURANTS, REFRESHMENTS

SWEET SHOPS, FOOD PRODUCTS, GROCERY, ETC.BANKS

WHOLE SALE SHOP

OFFICES

JEWELLERY

HOME APPLIANCES

STATIONARY

RELIGEOUS ARTIFACTS

ELECTRONIC GOODS

SHOE SHOPS

WORKSHOPS ( SMALL INDUSTRIES)

LABORATORIES

FURNITURE SHOPS

CLINICS

FLOWER SHOPS

POLICE STATION/ CHOWKI

SCHOOLSGUEST HOUSES

TEMPLE

LEGEND

Sector- Vishweshwarji:- This sector was occupied by Vaishyas in the olden times. The size of the plots and the height of houses are thus according to the proportion

Analysis of a residential Unit - Haveli

As stated in Vastu Shastra the design of the

Palace BlockGuidelines for palace complex design in Vastu Shastra•?•?•?•?

Design of the palace complex•?•?•?•?

Sense of place due to palace complex•?•?•?•?

Street pattern : Primary street ( Raj marg) Axis is in line with sun temple on hills towards the east 33 m wide Covered walkways on both sidesLined by shopsGenerates straight vistas

Secondary street18 m wideAxis highlighted by gates Form network within the sector creating divisions of mohallas Vary in size of block 110 m x 110 m to 160mx160 m

Tertiary street 9m to 4.5 m wide Geometry is organic formed as residue of built mass Organic street of mohallas creates changing vistas

Chaupar: Primary open space located on intersection of main cardinal axis ( Raj marg) Gathering space and market three times wider than road width

Chaupars (squares):

Nine Squares- Distribution according to Vastu Shastra

Pitha Mandala Plan showing

2. Planning of Sectors: The seven public sector in the city were further conceptually divided according to Prastara plan in Vastu purusha mandala.

Sector: Hierarchy is generated through the inhabitants and division of the blocks in terms of sectors. The blocks form the basis of residential units and specialization occurs in form of inhabiting community. The landuse within the sector is uniform with streets forming the market edge. There is no separate block for institution , commercial or open spaces. Thee amenities are integrated within the structure of each block and follow the organization principle.There is no specialized land use or hierarchy other than markets located at the edge of each block . Community amenities are located within the available open spaces and don't influence the structure of the block.