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Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter discussed how the researchers conducted their study to have a

reliable and valid data. This includes the research design, research respondents, research

locale, sampling design, research instruments, data collection process and statistical

treatment.

Research Design

The researchers used the descriptive design to describe the prevalence of soil-

transmitted helminthiasis among the respondents. Descriptive research design or

descriptive qualitative studies, according to Polit and Beck (2004), aims to show a correct

illustration of the characteristics of a certain phenomenon and/or the frequency of

occurrence of the certain phenomenon.

Particularly, the univariate descriptive design was used by the researchers. This

type of study gathers data, considering one variable at a time, without considering the

interrelationships among variables.


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Research Setting

Brgy. Bawing or Brgy. Siguel, is located in the city of General Santos. According

to the Sangguniang Panlungsod, it has a total land area of 37,684,388 square meters. It is

bounded to the north by Rajah Beach, south by the Siguel River, east by the Sarangani

Bay, and west by Calfungal.

Parts of the barangay now served as the home of the Badjao and other tribal

groups since they were relocated from their original houses.

The researchers chose the said barangay as site of the study because of its

feasibility in the conduct of the study, presence of different ethno-linguistic groups, and

availability of pre-school children who served as the respondents.

Population and Sampling Design

The researchers used Purposive Sampling Design. By using this, the researchers

chose the subjects that meets the inclusion criteria for this study.

The participants of the study are the preschool children of Brgy. Bawing, General

Santos City. The criteria for the inclusion of a respondent are: (1) the respondent are aged

three to six years old on or before the day the study was conducted, (2) the respondent are

enrolled in the pre-school center, (3) the respondent has an approved consent from their

parents and (4) the respondents has submitted their specimen. Any member of the

population who didntpass any of the said criteria was excluded in the study.


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Figure 3. Sampling Chart

Preschool Po ulation

Purposive Sampling

Pre-school/Day-care Center

Consent

No ConsentConsent

Excluded

Did Not SubmitSam le

SubmittedSam le

Included Excluded


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Research Instruments

A. Research equipment

1. Equipment for gathering of stool specimen

1.1. Specimen cup bottle

- The specimen cup bottle was given to the respondents and served

as containers for the collection of their fecal specimens.

2. Equipment for specimen analysis

2.1. Kato set

- This consists of the holed-templates, screen, nylon or plastic, and

plastic spatula.

2.2. Newspaper or glazed tile

- The area where the fecal sample is initially applied.

2.3. Microscope slides

- The microscope slides are used to place the drop of reagent and the

specimen and was viewed under the microscope.

2.4. Cellophane (soaked in Glycerol-malachite green solution)

- This served as the cover slip of the microscope slides

2.5. Glycerol-malachite green solution

- This chemical was used for the cellophanes that served as cover

slips.


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2.6. Microscope

- The microscope is a tool that was used by the researchers to view

the fecal specimens and to be able to identify, in details, the

helminth eggs that was seen.

B. Research tools

1. Helminth identification chart

- The helminth identification chart is made by the researchers that

guided them in identifying the eggs that they seen under the

microscope.

2. Helminth tally and intensity sheet

- The helminth tally and intensity sheet is made by the researchers

that monitors the number of respondents positive with any

helminths. This sheet was used by the researchers for their

computation of data for the prevalence and intensity of helminth

infection in the community.

3. WHO grading sheet

- The WHO grading sheet contains the values that guides the

researchers whether the intensity of an infection is light, moderate

or heavy.

Data Gathering Procedure

Stage 1: Permission (June 26-30, 2014)

1. Permission to use the Medical Technology Laboratory


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2. Permission to conduct pilot testing at Brgy. North addressed to the Brgy. Captain

3. Permission to conduct study at Brgy. Bawing addressed to the Brgy. Captain

4. Coordination with the village captain

Stage 2: Preparation of Materials (July 1-8, 2014)

1. Printing of waivers

2. Purchasing of materials (Specimen cups, reagents, glass slides, applicator sticks)

Stage 3: Recruitment and Data Gathering (July 11-17, 2014)

1. Ask for preschool children population

2. Asking for consent

2.1. Explain the study to be conducted

2.2. Ask for questions

2.3. Signature

3. Distribution of specimen cups

4. Collection of specimen cups

Stage 4: Laboratory analysis of the specimens (July 18, 2014)

1. Transport to laboratory

2. Stool analysis

2.1Perform Kato-katz technique:

1. Place a small mound of fecal material on newspaper or scrap paper and

press the small screen on top so that some of the feces are sieved through

the screen and accumulate on top.


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2. Scrape the flat sided spatula across the upper surface of the screen to

collect the sieved feces.

3. Place the template with the hole on the center of a microscope slide and

add feces from the spatula so that the hole is completely filled. Using the

side of the spatula pass over the template to remove excess feces from the

edge of the hole.

4. Remove the template carefully so that the cylinder of feces is left on the

slide. Cover the fecal material with the pre-soaked cellophane strip. The

strip must be very wet if the feces are dry and less so if the feces are soft.

5. Invert the microscope slide and firmly press the fecal sample against the

hydrophilic cellophane strip on another microscope slide or on a smooth

hard surface. The fecal material will be spread evenly between the

microscope slide and the cellophane strip.

6. Carefully remove the slide by gently sliding it sideways to avoid

separating the cellophane strip or lifting it off. Place the slide on the bench

with the cellophane upwards.

7. For all, except hookworm eggs, keep slide for 1 or more hours at ambient

temperature to clear the fecal material prior to microscopic examination.

8. Examine the smear in a systematic manner and report the number of eggs

of each species. Eggs counted are then multiplied by the factors

depending on the amount of feces: 20 for 50mg template, 50 for 20mg

template and 24 for 47.1mg template.


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9. Determine the type of helminth by referring to the Helminth Identification

Chart (Appendix 5).

10.Record results in the Helminth Tally Sheet (Appendix 6).

3. Validation of Results

- A registered Medical Technologist validated the results that the

researchers gathered after counting one specimen at a time.

Data Quantification and Analysis (Statistical tools)

After gathering the data, the researcherss tabulated the results of the stool analysis

and used the frequency table to determine the most prevalent helminth among preschool

children. The intensity of helminth infection is determined based on the World Health

Organization Intensity of Infection Threshold Table.

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