20019aquaepi2019.com/file/1260_proceeding final2.pdf · 20019 Aqua Epi II Nov 4 – 6 , 2019 Amari...

The 2nd International Scientific Conference in Aquatic Animal

Epidemiology

20190Aqua

Epi II

Nov 4 – 6 , 2019Amari Hua Hin,

Prachuap Khiri Khan, Thailand

www.aquaepi2019.com

AquaEpi II

Welcome to the second global conference in

epidemiology and aquatic animal diseases, held

during 4-6 November 2019 in Hua Hin, Thailand,

organized by the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,

Kasetsart University, in collaboration with Kasetsart

University Veterinary Alumni Association, Department

of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives,

Thailand, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University,

The International Society of Aquatic Animal

Epidemiology (ISAAE), Norwegian Veterinary Institute

(NVI), the Atlantic Veterinary College (AVC),

University of Prince Edward Island, Canada. The

conference is projected to provides an in depth

coverage of current and future epidemiological tools

as well as their practical implications for aquaculture.

WelcomeWelcome

Welcome

On behalf of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, KasetsartUniversity, we are welcome all of you to AquaEpi II-2019. This AquaEpiII-2019 conference will bring prominent scientists and

researchers from around the world to share their recent discoveries and personal experiences in various aspects of epidemiological study, potential direction and guidance for disease control based on good bio-security measures, aquatic animal health, and the socio-economic impact of issues related to aquatic animal diseases. I do expect that this conference will energize further research development and more scientific information spawned in the region.

Dr. Khongsak ThiangtumDean of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Thailand

Looking forward to meeting you in Hua Hin, ThailandYour Sincerely

Dean Khongsak Thiangtum

On behalf of the Department of Fisheries, we are delighted to

welcome you to the 2nd Aquatic Animal Epidemiology Conference (AquaEpiII-2019) on 4-6 November 2019 in HuaHin, Thailand.

There will be oral and poster presentations of the latest epidemiology research and practice from international experts.

We are proud to be co-host this conference and ensure that it is a great opportunity for professors, researchers, personnel interested in both public /

private sectors from all over the world to meet and share knowledge and experience in the field of aquaculture epidemics. This international scientific

conference will encourage the development of academic strength and create a network of cooperation with international organizations of higher

education institutions and government agency. This can be applied back to the research and setting up measures for the control of aquatic animal

diseases of the national policy.

Sincerely hope all participants will benefit from this network opportunities and social events.

Looking forward to meeting you in Hua Hin! (Or Thailand)

Mr. Meesak Pakdeekong

Mr. Meesak PakdeekongDirector-General of the Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Thailand

On behalf of the International Society of Aquatic Animal

Epidemiology (ISAAE) and the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at the Kasetsart University, the hosting institution, it is our great pleasure to

welcome you to Hua Hin, Thailand, for the 2nd International Scientific Conference in Aquatic Animal Epidemiology (AquaEpi II). After a successful

first conference in 2016 in Oslo, the AquaEpi II scientific program will foster discussions and hopes to inspire participants from a wide array of themes to

initiate collaborations within and across disciplines for the advancement of our field.

We thank the local staff, participants, session chairs, keynote and plenary speakers for helping us to build this very exciting conference

program that will be announced soon. The Local Organizing and Scientific Committees will make any possible effort to make sure that your

participation will be scientifically rewarding and a pleasurable experience in the “Land of Smiles”.

We’re looking forward to an excellent meeting with great scientists from different countries around the world and sharing new and

exciting results in aquatic epidemiology.

Your SincerelyDr. Fernando Mardones

Dr. Fernando MardonesPresidentInternational Society of Aquatic Animal Epidemiology (ISAAE)

The Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island in Charlottetown, Canada is pleased to collaborate with Kasetsart University to offer AquaEpi II in Hua Hin, Thailand, from November 4-6, 2019. Our faculty look forward to actively contributing

to this global scientific gathering for advancing methods and practices in aquatic epidemiology. We hope to see you at this world class conference.

Dean Greg Keefe

Dr. Greg KeefeDean of Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada

On behalf of the Norwegian Veterinary Institute, I wish you a hearty welcome to AquaEpi II. It is great for us to collaborate with Kasetsart University on this important conference, - a thriving meeting place for all interested in applying epidemiology at both farm and

national level as an essential tool in sustainable health management for the benefit of the global aquaculture production.We are looking forward to inspiring days in Hua Hin.

Dr. Edgar Brun

Dr. Edgar BrunDirector, Department of Fish Health and WelfareNorwegian Veterinary Institute (NVI)

It is my great pleasure to warmly invite you to the 2nd scientific

conference in Aquatic Animal Epidemiology (AquaEpi II-2019) at Hua Hin, Prachuapkhirikhan, Thailand, the conference will be hold on November 04-06, 2019.

The 2nd scientific conference in Aquatic Animal Epidemiology (AquaEpi II-2019) will offer a more global scientific program, in attract world class scientists from basic to the advanced research in Aquatic Animal

Epidemiology. I am guaranteeing the quality of future research and new practical application, dialogue between experienced colleagues, young scientists and professionals will be encouraged.

Hua Hin (Thailand) is one of the most beautiful coastal city of Thailand. I am sure that you will enjoy an exciting conference here in the city and that your existence and participation will help contribute to this vitality and

enrich discussion, developing profession knowledge exchange, insights and collaboration. We invite you, to submit proposal for oral presentations, poster presentations, and join us at this international conference to explore various

dimensions of Aquatic Animal Epidemiology and to bring together different perspectives on Aquatic Animal Epidemiology and its allied areas.Don’t miss the good Chance to spend a few days in Hua Hin and share your

knowledge with the great experts from all over the world.

Best wishes,

Dean Shettapong Meksumpan

Dr. Shettapong MeksumpanDean of Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Thailand

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Chongrak Wachrinrat, Ph.D. Acting President, Kasetsart University

Mr. Meesak Pakdeekong Director-General of the Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Thailand

Sujint Thammasart, DVM. Chief Operating Officer - Aquaculture Business, Charoen Pokphand Foods PCL.

Advisory CommitteeAdvisory Committee

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•Third level•Fourth level

•Fifth level


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Khongsak Thiangtum, DVM, Ph.D Chair, AquaEpiII-2019 Dean, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University

Shettapong Meksumpan, Ph.D Committee, AquaEpiII-2019 Dean, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University

Tanu Pinyopummintr, DVM, Ph.D Co-Chair, AquaEpiII-2019 Assistant Professor and Vice Dean of International Affairs, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University

Nipon Tantipiriyapongs, DVM Committee, AquaEpiII-2019 President, Kasetsart University Veterinary Alumni Association (KUVA)

Jeffrey Davidson DVM, MSc (Epidemiology)

Committee, AquaEpiII-2019 Professor, Aquatic and Ecosystem Health, Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Canada

Nattavut Ratanavanichrojn, DVM Committee, AquaEpiII-2019 Assistant Professor and Vice Dean, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kamphang saen, Kasetsart University

Suwicha Kasemsuwan, DVM, MD Committee, AquaEpiII-2019 Assistant Professor, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University

Pariwat Poolperm, DVM, Ph.D Committee, AquaEpiII-2019 Assistant Professor and Vice Dean for Academic Affairs, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University

Pichai Jirawattanapong, DVM, MS Committee, AquaEpiII-2019 Assistant Dean of Administration, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kamphang Saen, Kasetsart University

Waraphon Phimpraphai, DVM, Ph.D

Committee, AquaEpiII-2019 Assistant Professor and Vice Dean for Graduate School and Continuing Education, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University

Aksorn Saengtienchai, DVM, Ph.D Committee, AquaEpiII-2019 Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University

Wonchart Yippadit, DVM, MS Committee, AquaEpiII-2019 Director of Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, HuaHin, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University

Visanu Boonyawiwat, DVM, Ph.D Committee and Secretary, AquaEpiII-2019 Assistant Professor, Department of Farm Resources and Production Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University

Organizing CommitteeOrganizing Committee



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• Click to edit Master text styles• Second level• Third level• Fourth level• Fifth level Scientif ic CommitteeScientif ic Committee

Dr. Suwicha Kasemsuwan Assistant Professor, Dept.Veterinary Public Health, Kasetsart University, Kamphaengsaen campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand Mobile: +66-88-623-2224 Email: [email protected]

Doctor of Veterinary Medicine from Kasetsart University, Thailand in 1988 and Master of Philosophy from Massey University, New Zealand in 1996. As a lecturer in Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dr. Suwicha supervises master students on risk assessment, social network analysis and Epidemiology. She also serves as a lecturer for D.V.M. curriculum and a trainer for training courses in the area of Epidemiology. During 2008-2019 she had involved with several projects on risk assessment in Thailand and join the project with many international organization such FAO, CIRAD.

Dr. Larry Hammell Dean (Interim), UPEI Faculty of Graduate Studies, Associate Dean, AVC Grad Studies & Research, Professor, Dept of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island FGS 1-902-620-5111 Mobile. 1-902-388-5111 Email: [email protected]

As an aquatic veterinary epidemiologist, Dr. Larry Hammell has been the lead proponent on many large, clinical research projects and partnerships with industry and government agencies. Dr. Hammell’s research focuses on aquatic food animal health studies including disease detection and surveillance, health management through identification of risk factors and disease prevention and biosecurity studies, and clinical trials for improved responses to disease treatment and prevention. Currently the Dean (Interim) of the UPEI Faculty of Graduate Studies, he is also Professor and Associate Dean (Graduate Studies & Research) at the Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, and Co-Director of the Collaborating Centre for Epidemiology and Risk Assessment of Aquatic Animal Diseases (ERAAAD) for the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE).



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Dr. Saraya Tavornpanich Epidemiologist, Scientific Coordinator of International Center for Aquatic Animal Health Department at Norwegian Veterinary Institute Postbox 750 Sentrum 0106 OSLO Norway Office: +47 91 61 8587 Fax: 23 21 64 85 Email: [email protected]

Dr. Saraya Tavornpanich is an epidemiologist and scientific coordinator at the international center for aquatic animal health department, National Veterinary Institute (NVI). Since June 2018, she has also codirected the OIE collaborating center in Epidemiology and Risk Assessment in Aquatic Animal Health (ERAAAD) at NVI. Her research is focused on the use of epidemiological tools for supporting cost-effective surveillance, control and prevention strategies, mainly on diseases affecting aquatic animals. The tools include field evaluation of diagnostic tests without gold standard, cost-effective analysis, spatial epidemiology, evaluation of complex surveillance system, mathematical modelling of disease dynamics, use of social network analysis in aquaculture.

Dr. Kenton L Morgan (BA VetMB PhD DipECVPH MRCVS MA (Acting)) Emeritus Professor of Epidemiology, Institute of Ageing & Chronic Disease and School of Veterinary Science, Liverpool, United Kingdom Email: [email protected]

As an veterinary epidemiologist, Dr. Kenton L Morgan is a professor of epidemiology at University of Liverpool · Institute of Ageing & Chronic Disease · EPIDEMIOLOGY United Kingdom during 1996 – 2017. Having set up and the epidemiology group at Liverpool Vet School and seen it develop to a Department. He was a president of society of Veterinary epidemiology and preventive medicine in 2000, president of association of Veterinary teachers and research worker in 2001 and Chair of international society of aquatic animal epidemiology in 2007.

Dr. Beatriz Martinez Lopez D.V.M, M.P.V.M., Ph.D. Associate Professor Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, Veterinary School, UC Davis. 2415A Tupper Hall Davis, CA 95616 Email: [email protected]

Associate professor of infectious disease epidemiology at the Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, Veterinary School, UC Davis and Director of the Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance (CADMS) since January 2014. She completed her DVM at University Complutense (UCM, Spain) in 2004, her Master of Preventive Veterinary Medicine (MPVM) at UC Davis in 2007 and her PhD in Veterinary Epidemiology at UCM in 2009. She has more than 80 publications related with the development and implementation of quantitative methods such as epidemiological modeling, risk assessment, geostatistical methods or network analysis. Currently, she is leading the development, implementation and validation of novel Big Data analytical and visualization tools and their integration into operational, web-based, user-friendly platforms such as the Disease BioPortal (http://bioportal.ucdavis.edu/) to more timely support animal health decisions in livestock and aquaculture industries


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ContentsContentsCONTENTS

WELCOME ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….2

AQUAEPI II 2019 ORGANIZING COMMITTEE ………………………………………………………………………….9

AQUAEPI II 2019 SCIENTIFIC MEETING PROGRAMME …………………………………………………………..17

KEYNOTE LECTURE

GOING FORWARD: AQUACULTURE IN ASIA IN THE NEXT DECADE: A CHALLENGING TIME FOR ALL. Robins Pharr McIntosh ………………………………………………………………………………………...…………24

ORAL ABSTRACTS

NOVEMBER 4

SESSION 1:

- APPLICATION OF EPIDEMIOLOGY TO CLINICAL SITUATIONS. Larry Hammell .………………27

- A CASE-CONTROL STUDY TO INVESTIGATE THE FINANCIAL IMPACT OF CORNEAL LESION ON RANCHED SOUTHERN BLUEFIN TUNA (THUNNUS MACCOYII). Charles G.B. Caraguel ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………28

- POTENTIAL RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH TILAPIA MORTALITY IN EGYPT. Shimaa E. Ali ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………29

- RISK FACTORS AND OPPORTUNITIES OF INTENSIVE SHRIMP (PENAEUS MONODON) PRODUCTION IN BANGLADESH. Muhammad Meezanur Rahman .…………………….………..…….30

SESSION 2:

- APPLICATION OF BIOSECURITY IN AQUACULTURE. Edgar Brun .…….………..………………….….31

- BIOSECURITY FROM THE GROUND. Victoria Alday-Sanz …………….…..………………….…………….32

- OBSTACLES TO EFFICIENT DISEASE REPORTING: AN EXAMPLE FROM THE TILAPIA FARMING INDUSTRY. Partho Pratim Debnath .………………………………….……………………….………33

- THE EVALUATION OF AUSTRALIA’S PASSIVE SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM AND ON-FARM BIOSECURITY FOR AQUACULTURE INDUSTRY – WHAT THE FARMERS WANT AND WHAT THE FARMERS NEED. Yuko Hood .……………………………..…………………………………………….…………34

- EARLY DISEASE DETECTION USING DATA FROM RECORD KEEPING OF CATFISH FARMS. Thitiwan Patanasatienkul …………………………………………………………………………….………………...…..35

- VARIATIONS OF PERCEPTIONS ACROSS EUROPE, WITH REGARDS TO MOLLUSC DISEASE PREVENTION. Coralie Lupo ….……………………………………………………………………….……………………..36

SESSION 3:

- THE CHALLENGES OF ESTABLISHING AND SUSTAINING THE HEALTH STATUS OF GROUNDWATER BASED INLAND SALINE SHRIMP FARMING SYSTEM IN HARYANA, INDIA. Pravata K. Pradhan …………………………………………………………………………………….………………………37


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- CHALLENGES FOR PLANNING AN ECO-EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEY TO HIERARCHIZE RISK FACTORS OF MARINE MUSSEL MORTALITIES. Coralie Lupo ..…………………………………….……..38

- EFFECT OF LOWERING THE PROPORTION OF CHLORELLA VULGARIS IN FISH FEED ON TILAPIA’S IMMUNE SYSTEM. Hamza Ahmed Pantami …..…………………………………………..……...39

NOVEMBER 5

SESSION 1:

- INDIA’S NATIONAL SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM: A CASE STUDY OF SYSTEMATIC APPROACH FOR CONTROLLING AQUATIC ANIMAL DISEASES IN ASIA. Neeraj Sood …..............................41

- THE SURVEILLANCE STUDY OF VIBRIO SPP. IN COASTAL AREA IN THE SOUTHERN AND EASTERN PARTS OF THAILAND BY USING CHROMagar VIBRIO. Printip Wongthai ……….….42

- PREVALENCE OF TILAPIA LAKE VIRUS ASSOCIATED WITH ONE MONTH MORTALITY SYNDROME IN TILAPIA IN THAILAND. Win Surachetpong …………………………………………….….43

- CAN SKIN - AND GILL SWABS BE USED AS A SCREENING METHOD FOR INFECTIOUS SALMON ANAEMIA VIRUS IN NORWEGIAN SALMON FARMING? Mona Dverdal Jansen .....................................................................................................................................................................................44

- AUSTRALIA’S NATIONAL SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM FOR WHITE SPOT DISEASE IN WILD CRUSTACEANS. Yuko Hood ………………….…………………………………......……….………………………….….45

- IMPACT OF ISOCHRYSIS GALBANA INCORPORATED COMMERCIAL DIET ON IMMUNE RESPONSES OF MALAYSIAN TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS). Muhammad Safwan bin Ahamad Bustamam …..……………………………………………….…………....….46

SESSION 2:

- POOLED PCR TESTING OF SAMPLES FOR SURVEILLANCE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN AQUATIC ANIMALS. Ian Gardner .…………………………………………………….…………………………….….47

- SCREENING FOR THE POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESERVOIRS OF MICROSPORIDIA, ENTEROCYTOZOON HEPATOPENAEI, IN SHRIMP PONDS. Natthinee Munkongwongsiri ....48

- IMPROVING POST-HARVEST SURVIVAL IN AUSTRALIAN SOUTHERN ROCK LOBSTER (JASUS EDWARDSII) HOLDING FACILITIES: AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION. Kandarp Patel ………………..……………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………..49

- FEASIBILITY STUDY OF THE USE OF AUTOFLUORESCENCE FOR DISTINGUISHING SEA LICE, LEPEOPHTHEIRUS SALMONIS, FROM A REFERENCE SPECIES ACARTIA TONSA. Josefine Holm Nielse …………………………………………………………………………………….………………..…..50

- DEVELOPMENT AND STANDARDIZATION OF RAPID IMMUNOASSAY FOR THE EVALUATION OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS LEVEL OF FISH AT FARM LEVEL FOR POINT OF CARE AND MONITORING PROGRAM. Honnananda Badami Ramalingappa ..……………………..……..51

SESSION 3:

- INTESTINAL BACTERIAL COMPOSITIONS OF A WHITE FECES SYNDROME (WFS) SHRIMP POND IN THAILAND. Anuphap Prachumwat …..…………………………………….……………….………….52

- CO-OCCURRENCE PATTERNS OF INFECTIOUS AGENTS IN FARMED AND WILD SALMON IN BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA, USING NETWORK ANALYSIS TOOLS. Krishna Thakur ..........53



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- HISTORIC REVIEW OF INFECTIOUS AGENT OCCURRENCE IN WILD SALMONIDS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA. Beibei Jia ……………………………….……………………………………………………….54

- AN OPEN WEB-BASED APPLICATION TO EXPLORE THE IMPACT OF DIFFERENT SAMPLING STRATEGIES ON SEA LOUSE ABUNDANCE ESTIMATION ON ATLANTIC SALMON FARMS. Jaewoon Jeong …….………………………….………………………………………………………………………………….55

- TILAPIA EPIDEMIOLOGY AND HEALTH ECONOMICS ONLINE SURVEY TOOL. Jerome Delamare-Deboutteville ..…………………………………………………………………………………..……56

- PATHOLOGICAL EFFECT OF THE DIGENETIC TREMATODE, ISOPARORCHIS HYPSELOBAGRI IN MASTACEMBELUS ARMATUS FROM KOLONG RIVER OF ASSAM, INDIA. Binod Kalita ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..57

SESSION 4:

- NETWORK SIMULATION MODELS: THEIR VALUE IN TESTING DISEASE CONTROL STRATEGIES AND PRIORITIZING RESEARCH. Kenton L. Morgan …………………..…………………58

- EXPLORING THE USE OF OPEN DATA, REMOTELY-SENSED, OCEOGRAPHIC PRODUCTS TO ENHANCE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL MODELS FOR ATLANTIC SALMON AQUACULTURE IN SCOTLAND. Annette Boerlage ……………………..………………………………………………………….………….59

- DTU-DADS-AQUA: A SIMULATION FRAMEWORK FOR THE SPREAD OF DISEASE WITHIN AND BETWEEN MARINE FARMS. Derek Price .…….…………...……………..………………………………....60

- BAYESIAN LATENT CLASS ANALYSIS COMPARING DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY FOR DETECTING INFECTIOUS SALMON ANEMIA VIRUS USING IFAT AND RT-PCR TESTING FROM THREE DIFFERENT LABORATORIES IN ATLANTIC CANADA. Nicole O'Brien .……….....61

- TILAPIA LAKE VIRUS DISEASE: PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS REVEAL THAT TWO DISTINCT CLADES ARE CIRCULATING IN ISRAEL SIMULTANEOUSLY. Nadav Davidovich …………..........62

NOVEMBER 6

SESSION 1:

- AQUATIC ANIMAL POPULATIONS, METAPHYLACTIC TREATMENTS, AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE. Sophie ST-Hilaire ……………………………………………………………………………..…………64

- EFFICACY OF PROPHYLACTIC HEALTH PRODUCTS ON SHRIMP (PENAEUS MONODON) POST LARVAE NURSING IN TANKS. Muhammad Meezanur Rahman …….………………………….65

- RELATIONSHIP AMONG EARLY MORTALITY SYNDROME (EMS), ACUTE HEPATOPANCREATIC NECROSIS DISEASE (AHPND), WHITE SPOT SYNDROME VIRUS (WSSV), YELLOW HEAD DISEASE TYPEI, ENTEROCYTOZOON HEPATOPENAEI (EHP) AND AGGREGATED TRANSFORMED MICROVILLI (ATM) LESION FINDING IN CULTURE PACIFIC WHITE SHRIMP. Visanu Boonyawiwat …………………..………………………………..…….…………….………66

- TRADE PATTERN AND SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS OF NILE TILAPIA PRODUCTION IN CENTRAL REGION, THAILAND. Waraphon Phimpraphai ……………….……………………….…..………67

POSTER ABSTRACTS

- INVESTIGATION OF INFECTIOUS SPLEEN AND KIDNEY NECROSIS VIRUS (ISKNV) INFECTION IN BARRAMUNDI FARMS, NAKHON PATHOM PROVINCE. Phurida Sripipattanakul …...………………………………………………………………………….……….………….…69


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- EFFECT OF POLYPHENOLS FOR CONTROLLING THE 2 nd DIE-OFF-FROM ACUTE HEPATOPANCREATIC NECROSIS DISEASE (AHPND) IN PACIFIC WHITE SHRIMP CULTURE IN LOW SALINITY AREA (THE FIELD TRIAL). Visanu Boonyawiwat ...……………………………………….70

- ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANT OF ESCHERICHIA COLI ISOLATED FROM ENVIRONMENT IN FISH FARM AT SRINAKARIN RESERVOIR. Printip Wongthai .………………….……………………….…71

- THE MOLECULAR DETECTION AND GENETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF INFECTIOUS SPLEEN AND KIDNEY NECROSIS VIRUS (ISKNV) IN FRESH WATER FISH IN THAILAND. Napat Pattarawat …………………………………………………………………………………………….……………...…72

- CHARACTERIZATION OF FLAVOBACTERIUM COLUMNARE ISOLATED FROM FRESHWATER CULTURED ASIAN SEA BASS (LATES CLACRIFER) IN THAILAND. Putita Chokmangmeepisarn……………..……………………………………………………………..….………….…….73

- A QUALITATIVE METHODOLOGY FOR IMPORT RISK ASSESSMENT OF SHRIMP DISEASES IN BRAZIL. Eduardo A.P. Cunha …….…………………………………………………………………………………………74

- EFFECT OF FARM MANAGEMENT ON OCCURING OF EARLY MORTALITY SYNDROME-ACUTE HEPATOPANCREATIC NECROSIS DISEASE (EMS/AHPND) IN LOW SALINITY SHRIMP CULTURE AREA, THAILAND. Visanu Boonyawiwat …………………………………………………………….75

- EVALUATION OF PROPER POND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES TO REDUCE RISKS OF ACUTE HEPATOPANCREATIC NECROSIS DISEASE (AHPND) OUTBREAK IN CULTURE PACIFIC WHITE SHRIMP. Jiraporn Kasornchandra …….……………………………………………………………..…………………76

- INFECTIOUS AGENTS OF HATCHERY AND WILD COHO SALMON IN BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA. Omid Nekouei ……………………………………………………………………..…………………..…………77

- PREVALENCE OF FISH DISEASES IN AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS OF CHHATTISGARH, INDIA. Honnananda Badami Ramalingappa ......………………………………………………………………………..……78

- EPIDEMIOLOGY OF 8-INFECTIOUS DISEASE OF MARINE SHRIMP: RESULTS FROM THE NATIONAL SURVEY ON HATCHERIES IN THAILAND. Janejit Kongkumnerd ………….……………79

- MICROORGANISMS INSIDE GREEN SEA TURTLE NESTING GROUND IN SATTAHIP, CHONBURI. Naphat Panthukumphol …..…………….………………………………………………………………80

- PREVALENCE OF NATURAL COINFECTION BY FRANCISELLA SP. AND OPPORTUNISTIC BACTERIA IN CAGE-CULTURED TILAPIA, NORTHERN THAILAND. Rutch Khattiya …..…..……81

- CASE CONTROL STUDY OF ACUTE HEPATOPANCREATIC NECROSIS DISEASE (AHPND) OF SHRIMP IN BAC LIEU PROVINCE. Nguyen The Hien ………..………………..…………………………………82

- SERUM ELEMENTS MEASURED BY PARTICLE-INDUCED X-RAY EMISSION ANALYSIS FROM CAPTIVE GREEN, HAWKS BILL AND OLIVE RIDLEY TURTLES IN ANDAMAN SEA OF THAILAND. Poomate Chomchat …………………….……………………………………………………………………83

- OUTBREAK INVESTIGATION OF WHITE SPOT DISEASE (WSSV) IN SHRIMP CULTURE – IRAN Alisafar Makenali …..…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………84

FIRST AUTHOR INDEX …..…………….….…………………………………………………………………………..……85

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th

Aquaepi II 2019 - Thailand 17


Nov

embe

r 4th

, 20

19

Tim

e Ti

tle

Pres

ente

r Ch

airm

an &

Co

-cha

irman

8:30

- 9:

00

Regi

stra

tion

9:00

- 9:

30

Ope

ning

cer

emon

y

9:30

- 10

:15

Goin

g fo

rwar

d: a

quac

ultu

re in

Asi

a in

the

next

dec

ade:

a c

halle

ngin

g

time

for a

ll Ro

bins

Pha

rr M

cInt

osh

10:1

5 - 1

0:30

Co

ffee

brea

k

10:3

0 - 1

1:00

Ap

plic

atio

n of

epi

dem

iolo

gy to

clin

ical

situ

atio

ns

Larr

y H

amm

ell

Chai

r: Ia

n Ga

rdne

r Co

-cha

ir: P

rintip

Won

gtha

i 11

:00

- 11:

15

A

Case

-Con

trol S

tudy

to In

vest

igat

e Th

e Fi

nanc

ial I

mpa

ct o

f Cor

neal

Le

sion

on R

anch

ed S

outh

ern

Blue

fin T

una

(Thu

nnus

Mac

coyi

i) Ch

arle

s Car

ague

l

11:1

5 - 1

1:30

Pote

ntia

l Risk

Fac

tors

ass

ocia

ted

with

Tila

pia

Mor

talit

y in

Egy

pt

Shim

aa E

. Ali

11:3

0 - 1

1:45

Risk

Fac

tors

and

Opp

ortu

nitie

s of I

nten

sive

Shrim

p (P

enae

us M

onod

on)

Prod

uctio

n in

Ban

glad

esh

Muh

amm

ad M

eeza

nur

Rahm

an

11:4

5 - 1

3:00

Lu

nch

13:0

0 - 1

3:30

Ap

plic

atio

n of

bio

secu

rity

in A

quac

ultu

re

Edga

r Bru

n Ch

air:

Larr

y H

amm

ell

Co-c

hair:

Win

Sur

ache

tpon

g 13

:30

- 13:

45

Bi

osec

urity

from

The

Gro

und

Vict

oria

Ald

ay-S

anz

13:4

5 - 1

4:00

Obs

tacle

s to

Effic

ient

Dise

ase

Repo

rting

: An

Exam

ple

from

The

Tila

pia

Farm

ing

Indu

stry

Pa

rtho

Prat

im D

ebna

th

The 2nd global conference in epidemiology and aquatic animal diseases18

14:0

0 - 1

4:15

The

Eval

uatio

n of

Aus

tralia

’s Pa

ssiv

e Su

rvei

llanc

e Sy

stem

and

On-

farm

Bi

osec

urity

for A

quac

ultu

re In

dust

ry –

Wha

t The

Far

mer

s Wan

t and

W

hat T

he F

arm

ers N

eed

Yuko

Hoo

d

14:1

5 - 1

4:30

Early

Dise

ase

Dete

ctio

n Us

ing

Data

Fro

m R

ecor

d Ke

epin

g of

Cat

fish

Farm

s Th

itiwa

n Pa

tana

satie

nkul

14:3

0 - 1

4:45

Varia

tions

of P

erce

ptio

ns a

cros

s Eur

ope,

With

Reg

ards

to M

ollu

sc

Dise

ase

Prev

entio

n Co

ralie

Lup

o

14:4

5 - 1

5:15

Co

ffee

bre

ak

15:1

5 - 1

5:30

The

Chal

leng

es o

f Est

ablis

hing

and

Sus

tain

ing

The

Heal

th S

tatu

s of

Grou

ndwa

ter B

ased

Inla

nd S

alin

e Sh

rimp

Farm

ing

Syst

em in

Har

yana

, In

dia

Prav

ata

K. P

radh

an

15:3

0 - 1

5:45

Chal

leng

es fo

r Pla

nnin

g an

Eco

-Epi

dem

iolo

gica

l Sur

vey

to H

iera

rchi

ze

Risk

Fac

tors

of M

arin

e M

usse

l Mor

talit

ies

Cora

lie L

upo

15:4

5 - 1

6:00

Effe

ct o

f Low

erin

g Th

e Pr

opor

tion

of C

hlor

ella

Vul

garis

in F

ish F

eed

on

Tila

pia’

s Im

mun

e Sy

stem

Ha

mza

Ahm

ed P

anta

mi

16:0

0 - 1

6:15

16:3

0 - 1

8:00

Po

ster

sess

ion

18:3

0 - 2

2:00

W

elco

me

dinn

er


Nov

embe

r 5th

, 201

9

Tim

e Ti

tle

Pres

ente

r Ch

airm

an &

Co

-cha

irman

8:30

- 8:

45

Regi

stra

tion

8:45

- 9:

15

The

Indi

a’s N

atio

nal S

urve

illan

ce p

rogr

am: a

cas

e st

udy

of sy

stem

atic

ap

proa

ch fo

r con

trol

the

aqua

tic a

nim

al d

isea

ses i

n As

ia

Nee

raj S

ood

Chai

r: Ed

gar B

run

Co-c

hair:

War

apho

n Ph

impr

apha

i 9:

15 -

9:30

The

Surv

eilla

nce

Stud

y of

Vib

rio S

pp. i

n Co

asta

l Are

a in

The

Sou

ther

n an

d Ea

ster

n Pa

rts o

f Tha

iland

by

usin

g CH

ROM

agar

Vib

rio

Prin

tip W

ongt

hai

9:30

- 9:

45

Pr

eval

ence

of T

ilapi

a La

ke V

irus A

ssoc

iate

d W

ith O

ne M

onth

Mor

talit

y Sy

ndro

me

in T

ilapi

a in

Tha

iland

W

in S

urac

hetp

ong

9:45

- 10

:00

Ca

n Sk

in -

and

Gill

Swab

s Be

Used

as A

Scr

eeni

ng M

etho

d fo

r Inf

ectio

us

Salm

on A

naem

ia V

irus i

n N

orwe

gian

Sal

mon

Far

min

g?

Mon

a Dv

erda

l Jan

sen

10:0

0 - 1

0:15

Aust

ralia

’s N

atio

nal S

urve

illan

ce P

rogr

am fo

r Whi

te S

pot D

iseas

e in

Wild

Cr

usta

cean

s Yu

ko H

ood

10:1

5 - 1

0:30

Impa

ct o

f Iso

chry

sis G

alba

na-In

corp

orat

ed C

omm

ercia

l Die

t on

Imm

une

Resp

onse

s of M

alay

sian

Tila

pia

(Ore

ochr

omis

Nilo

ticus

) M

uham

mad

Saf

wan

bin

Ah

amad

Bus

tam

am

10:3

0 - 1

0:45

Co

ffee

bre

ak

10:4

5 - 1

1:00

Pool

ed P

CR T

estin

g of

Sam

ples

for S

urve

illan

ce o

f Inf

ectio

us D

iseas

es in

Aq

uatic

Ani

mal

s Ia

n Ga

rdne

r Ch

air:

Edga

r Bru

n Co

-cha

ir: W

arap

hon

Phim

prap

hai

11:0

0 - 1

1:15

Scre

enin

g fo

r The

Pot

entia

l Env

ironm

enta

l Res

ervo

irs o

f Micr

ospo

ridia

, En

tero

cyto

zoon

Hep

atop

enae

i, in

Shr

imp

Pond

s N

atth

inee

Mun

kong

wong

siri

11:1

5 - 1

1:30

Impr

ovin

g Po

st-H

arve

st S

urviv

al in

Aus

tralia

n So

uthe

rn R

ock

Lobs

ter

(Jasu

s Edw

ards

ii) H

oldi

ng F

acili

ties:

an E

pide

mio

logi

cal I

nves

tigat

ion

Char

les C

arag

uel

11:3

0 - 1

1:45

Feas

ibili

ty S

tudy

of T

he U

se o

f Aut

oflu

ores

cenc

e fo

r Dist

ingu

ishin

g Se

a Lic

e, L

epeo

phth

eiru

s Sal

mon

is, fr

om A

Ref

eren

ce S

pecie

s Aca

rtia

Tons

a Jo

sefin

e Ho

lm N

ielse

n

11:4

5 - 1

2:00

Deve

lopm

ent a

nd S

tand

ardi

zatio

n of

Rap

id Im

mun

oass

ay fo

r The

Ev

alua

tion

of Im

mun

oglo

bulin

s Lev

el o

f Fish

at F

arm

Lev

el fo

r Poi

nt o

f Ca

re a

nd M

onito

ring

Prog

ram

Honn

anan

da B

adam

i Ra

mal

inga

ppa

12:0

0 - 1

3:00

Lu

nch


13:0

0 - 1

3:15

Dete

ctio

n an

d M

olec

ular

Cha

ract

eriza

tion

of M

egal

ocyt

iviru

s in

Asia

n Se

a Ba

ss (L

ates

Cal

carif

er) C

ultu

red

in S

ea N

et C

ages

in S

ri La

nka

Moh

amed

Nal

eem

M

oham

ed F

ouzi

Chai

r: N

eera

j Soo

d Co

-cha

ir: K

riang

krai

Wito

onsa

tien

13:1

5 - 1

3:30

Inte

stin

al B

acte

rial C

ompo

sitio

ns o

f A W

hite

Fec

es S

yndr

ome

(WFS

) Sh

rimp

Pond

in T

haila

nd

Anup

hap

Prac

hum

wat

13:3

0 - 1

3:45

Co-o

ccur

renc

e Pa

ttern

s of I

nfec

tious

Age

nts i

n Fa

rmed

and

Wild

Sa

lmon

in B

ritish

Col

umbi

a, C

anad

a, Us

ing

Net

work

Ana

lysis

Tool

s Kr

ishna

Tha

kur

13:4

5 - 1

4:00

Hist

oric

Revie

w of

Infe

ctio

us A

gent

Occ

urre

nce

in W

ild S

alm

onid

s in

Briti

sh C

olum

bia,

Cana

da

Beib

ei Ji

a

14:0

0 - 1

4:15

An O

pen

Web

-Bas

ed A

pplic

atio

n to

Exp

lore

The

Impa

ct o

f Diff

eren

t Sa

mpl

ing

Stra

tegi

es o

n Se

a Lo

use

Abun

danc

e Es

timat

ion

on A

tlant

ic Sa

lmon

Far

ms

Jaew

oon

Jeon

g

14:1

5 - 1

4:30

Tila

pia

Epid

emio

logy

and

Hea

lth E

cono

mics

Onl

ine

Surv

ey T

ool

Jero

me

Dela

mar

e-De

bout

tevil

le

14:3

0 - 1

4:45

Path

olog

ical E

ffect

Of T

he D

igen

etic

Trem

atod

e, Is

opar

orch

is Hy

psel

obag

ri in

Mas

tace

mbe

lus a

rmat

us fr

om K

olon

g Ri

ver o

f Ass

am,

Indi

a Bi

nod

Kalit

a

14:4

5 - 1

5:00

15:0

0 - 1

5:15

Co

ffee

bre

ak

15:1

5 - 1

5:45

N

etw

ork

sim

ulat

ion

mod

els:

thei

r val

ue in

test

ing

dise

ase

cont

rol s

trat

egie

s an

d pr

iorit

izin

g re

sear

ch

Kent

on L

. Mor

gan

Chai

r: N

eera

j Soo

d Co

-cha

ir: K

riang

krai

Wito

onsa

tien

15:4

5 - 1

6:00

Expl

orin

g Th

e Us

e of

Ope

n Da

ta, R

emot

ely-

Sens

ed, O

ceog

raph

ic Pr

oduc

ts to

Enh

ance

Epi

dem

iolo

gica

l Mod

els f

or A

tlant

ic Sa

lmon

Aq

uacu

lture

in S

cotla

nd

Anne

tte B

oerla

ge

16:0

0 - 1

6:15

DTU-

DADS

-Aqu

a: A

Sim

ulat

ion

Fram

ewor

k fo

r The

Spr

ead

of D

iseas

e W

ithin

and

Bet

ween

Mar

ine

Farm

s De

rek

Price

16:1

5 - 1

6:30

Baye

sian

Late

nt C

lass

Ana

lysis

Com

parin

g Di

agno

stic

Accu

racy

for

Dete

ctin

g In

fect

ious

Sal

mon

Ane

mia

Viru

s Usin

g IF

AT A

nd R

T-PC

R Te

stin

g fro

m T

hree

Diff

eren

t Lab

orat

orie

s in

Atla

ntic

Cana

da

Nico

le O

'Brie

n

16:3

0 - 1

6:45

Tila

pia

Lake

Viru

s Dise

ase:

Phy

loge

netic

Ana

lysis

Rev

eal t

hat T

wo

Dist

inct

Cla

des a

re C

ircul

atin

g in

Isra

el S

imul

tane

ously

N

adav

Dav

idov

ich

17:0

0 - 1

8:00

IS

AAE

mee

ting


Nov

embe

r 6th

, 201

9

Tim

e Ti

tle

Pres

ente

r Ch

airm

an &

Co

-cha

irman

8:30

- 8:

45

Regi

stra

tion

8:45

- 9:

15

Aqua

tic a

nim

al p

opul

atio

ns, m

etap

hyla

ctic

trea

tmen

ts, a

nd a

ntim

icro

bial

re

sist

ance

So

phie

ST-

Hila

ire

Chai

r: Sa

raya

Tav

ornp

anic

h

9:15

- 9:

30

M

etab

olic

and

Haem

atol

ogica

l Res

pons

e of

Rai

nbow

Tro

ut to

Nel

umbo

N

ucife

ra L

eaf E

xtra

ct.

Mud

asir

Maq

sood

Hak

im

9:30

- 9:

45

An

tago

nist

ic Ef

fect

of G

arlic

(Aliu

m S

ativ

um) E

xtra

cts a

s Die

tary

Su

pple

men

t, M

odul

ates

Dise

ase

Resis

tanc

e Ag

ains

t Edw

ards

iella

Tar

da

in A

sian

Catfi

sh (C

laria

s Bat

rach

us)

Gada

dhar

Das

h

9:45

- 10

:00

Ef

ficac

y of

Pro

phyla

ctic

Heal

th P

rodu

cts o

n Sh

rimp

(Pen

aeus

Mon

odon

) Po

st L

arva

e N

ursin

g in

Tan

ks

Muh

amm

ad M

eeza

nur

Rahm

an

10:0

0 - 1

0:15

Re

latio

nshi

p am

ong

Early

Mor

talit

y Sy

ndro

me

(EM

S), A

cute

He

pato

panc

reat

ic N

ecro

sis D

iseas

e (A

HPN

D), W

hite

Spo

t Syn

drom

e Vi

rus (

WSS

V), Y

ello

w He

ad D

iseas

e Ty

pei,

Ente

rocy

tozo

on H

epat

open

aei

(EHP

) and

Agg

rega

ted

Tran

sfor

med

Micr

ovilli

(ATM

) Les

ion

Find

ing

in

Cultu

re P

acifi

c W

hite

Shr

imp

Visa

nu B

oony

awiw

at

Co-c

hair:

Sun

tare

e Pe

tchd

ee

10:1

5 - 1

0:30

Trad

e Pa

ttern

and

Soc

ial N

etwo

rk A

naly

sis o

f Nile

Tila

pia

Prod

uctio

n in

Ce

ntra

l Reg

ion,

Tha

iland

W

arap

hon

Phim

prap

hai

10:3

0 - 1

0:45

Co

ffee

bre

ak

10:4

5 - 1

2:00

Roun

d ta

ble

disc

ussi

on: C

urre

nt st

atus

and

futu

re c

halle

nges

to

aqua

tic a

nim

al h

ealth

and

epi

dem

iolo

gy

Mod

erat

or: K

ento

n L.

M

orga

n

12.0

0 –

12.3

0 CL

OSI

NG

CERE

MO

NY

& B

EST

PRES

ENTA

TIO

N A

WAR

DS

12:3

0 - 1

3:30

Lu

nch

13:0

0 - 1

3:15

Dete

ctio

n an

d M

olec

ular

Cha

ract

eriza

tion

of M

egal

ocyt

iviru

s in

Asia

n Se

a Ba

ss (L

ates

Cal

carif

er) C

ultu

red

in S

ea N

et C

ages

in S

ri La

nka

Moh

amed

Nal

eem

M

oham

ed F

ouzi

Chai

r: N

eera

j Soo

d Co

-cha

ir: K

riang

krai

Wito

onsa

tien

13:1

5 - 1

3:30

Inte

stin

al B

acte

rial C

ompo

sitio

ns o

f A W

hite

Fec

es S

yndr

ome

(WFS

) Sh

rimp

Pond

in T

haila

nd

Anup

hap

Prac

hum

wat

13:3

0 - 1

3:45

Co-o

ccur

renc

e Pa

ttern

s of I

nfec

tious

Age

nts i

n Fa

rmed

and

Wild

Sa

lmon

in B

ritish

Col

umbi

a, C

anad

a, Us

ing

Net

work

Ana

lysis

Tool

s Kr

ishna

Tha

kur

13:4

5 - 1

4:00

Hist

oric

Revie

w of

Infe

ctio

us A

gent

Occ

urre

nce

in W

ild S

alm

onid

s in

Briti

sh C

olum

bia,

Cana

da

Beib

ei Ji

a

14:0

0 - 1

4:15

An O

pen

Web

-Bas

ed A

pplic

atio

n to

Exp

lore

The

Impa

ct o

f Diff

eren

t Sa

mpl

ing

Stra

tegi

es o

n Se

a Lo

use

Abun

danc

e Es

timat

ion

on A

tlant

ic Sa

lmon

Far

ms

Jaew

oon

Jeon

g

14:1

5 - 1

4:30

Tila

pia

Epid

emio

logy

and

Hea

lth E

cono

mics

Onl

ine

Surv

ey T

ool

Jero

me

Dela

mar

e-De

bout

tevil

le

14:3

0 - 1

4:45

Path

olog

ical E

ffect

Of T

he D

igen

etic

Trem

atod

e, Is

opar

orch

is Hy

psel

obag

ri in

Mas

tace

mbe

lus a

rmat

us fr

om K

olon

g Ri

ver o

f Ass

am,

Indi

a Bi

nod

Kalit

a

14:4

5 - 1

5:00

15:0

0 - 1

5:15

Co

ffee

bre

ak

15:1

5 - 1

5:45

N

etw

ork

sim

ulat

ion

mod

els:

thei

r val

ue in

test

ing

dise

ase

cont

rol s

trat

egie

s an

d pr

iorit

izin

g re

sear

ch

Kent

on L

. Mor

gan

Chai

r: N

eera

j Soo

d Co

-cha

ir: K

riang

krai

Wito

onsa

tien

15:4

5 - 1

6:00

Expl

orin

g Th

e Us

e of

Ope

n Da

ta, R

emot

ely-

Sens

ed, O

ceog

raph

ic Pr

oduc

ts to

Enh

ance

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KEYNOTE LECTURE

The 2nd International Scientific Conference in Aquatic Animal Epidemiology

KEYNOTE LECTURE


GOING FORWARD: AQUACULTURE IN ASIA IN THE NEXT DECADE: A CHALLENGING TIME FOR ALL

Robins McIntosh1*

1 Charoen Pokphand Foods Public Company Limited. C.P. Tower, Thailand

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

Aquaculture produces more seafood products than wild fishery does in the world today and Asia is the major contributor of aquaculture products. From 2000 to 2010, there was explosive growth in the production of major commercial aquaculture species; shrimp, tilapia, Pangasius and barramundi. This explosive growth brought many expectations for the future of aquaculture in Asia; but statistics now show that explosive growth in aquaculture has significantly slowed. Disease has been the major factor in this stagnation of growth and will still be the greatest obstacle to growth in the next decade.

The cause of this increase in disease that has slowed the growth is certainly related to a deterioration of the aquatic environments, the changes in climate, the movement of aquatic species and the associated transboundary movement of pathogens and the increased density of monoculture farm areas and organism density. Some of these factors are beyond an aquaculturist control (i.e. climate), and others are the result of human behaviors and greed. So, how can we, as an industry, grow into the next decade?

First, we must come to a collective agreement on what constitutes sustainable aquaculture. Following World Wildlife Fund: Sustainable shrimp production limits, counteracts or isolates its pollution on the localized environment, and accelerate the efficiency of natural resource use (Aaron McNevin, personal communication). When we reflect back on the past 25 years; shrimp aquaculture has been moving in this direction. As geographic areas become too dense with farms and the water resource become deteriorated; farms and businesses fail. This failure is what drives change and advancement in aquaculture.

The modern Asian shrimp industry started in the mid 1980’s and the industry grew rapidly for a short period of time. Starting in the early 1990’s, shrimp viral diseases entered the industry resulting in a slowed industry growth. New technologies were introduced in response to this challenge; the science of shrimp pathology and diagnostics, the development and introduction of SPF domesticated shrimp stocks and the application of basic pond biosecurity re-ignited the rapid growth of the Asian shrimp industry. However, there was a lack of appreciation to the impact on both, the quality of water and the condition of pond bottoms that such high levels of concentrated monoculture and increases in nutrient releases meant. There has been a realization that shrimp wastes must be captured, that farms need to be constructed outside of sensitive coastal zones, that water must be conserved, and land be used more efficiently.

What will these new systems resemble? They will be very efficient at producing large quantities of shrimp in a much small area of land that is situated away from coastal zones, water will be completely recycled and reused for many cycles if not years. All the concentrated shrimp wastes will be captured and neutralized so that the environment is not impacted. Genetics and nutrition combined with the more controlled culture systems will provide the base for making the shrimp industry resemble more the modern poultry industry. Production cycles will shorten to less than 60 days, with survivals exceeding 90% and FCR being reduced to less


than 1.2. And whereas the current industry is defined by a high level of unpredictability and high failure rate, the industry that emerges in the next 10 years will have a very low failure rates and a very high degree of predictability.

New technologies will emerge in artificial intelligence, in robotics and in the use of molecular sciences that will aid the transformation of the industry.

The science will accommodate the changes envisioned above. But policy makers and human behavior will also need to change. The industry is going to need to become more transparent, especially when related to disease. The prevalent attitude of today where emerging diseases is to be hidden from view must stop. We need to become satisfied with success and not always try to reach beyond the success we achieve to unsustainable levels. If we were to identify one factor that has crippled aquaculture it would be human greed.

When the AHPNDS crisis entered Thailand in 2012, productivity was 15 tons/ha/year, farms were all in coastal lands, many of the wastes made their way back into the environment, water was wasted in exchanges, culture systems were not able to control stresses, and the science of shrimp genetics was in their infancy. In ten years from now, we will be producing shrimp at a productivity reaching 150-200 tons/ha/year in ponds or tanks that maybe far inland and isolated from coastal zones. And most exciting is that the cost of production will be much lower than today; resulting in stimulating the consumer to enjoy more of this healthy food choice, and at the same time continue to enjoy our environment.

Keywords: Shrimp, Sustainability, Future


4th

November2019

ORAL PRESENTATION


APPLICATION OF EPIDEMIOLOGY TO CLINICAL SITUATIONS

Larry Hammell 1*

Department of Health Management and Centre for Veterinary Epidemiologic Research (CVER),

Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Canada * Corresponding author: [email protected]

Combining the on-farm clinical experience with advanced analytical techniques provides innovative applications for health and productivity solutions in fish farming. Many important aquaculture epidemiology advances involve quantitative approaches to remotely collected data. However, the reliance on such data, such as those submitted for regulatory or production monitoring purposes, can disengage the end users from many other benefits of problem-solving, clinical epidemiologists. Many clinical questions remain unknown unless direct interactions generate effective communication with the producers or their health service providers, and even then, the questions need to be unpacked into useful steps which epidemiologists can tackle. Clinicians become expert participants in constant observational studies but their interpretations cannot extrapolate from the complexities of many simultaneously changing variables through time.

Successful epidemiological approaches to clinical situations bring together experienced and receptive clinicians, who understand the many drivers farmers face, with quantitative epidemiologists who understand the clinicians’ needs to deliver interpretations the farmers can put into practice. Evidence-based approaches to daily clinical decisions requires commitment to asking the right questions, collecting useful data, and being prepared to deal with findings that may differ from clinical impressions or beliefs held by clinicians or farmers. Technical barriers include diverse production environments, remote locations with limited internet access or electronic records, and lack of timely clinical services. Social and personal barriers arise with concerns about confidentiality, opinion-based or market driven business decision making, regulatory reporting, different perceptions of risk, and potential for disingenuous interpretation. Economic barriers frequently discourage investigations when health or productivity improvements benefit the entire population but lack economic incentive for individuals to sponsor data collection and analyses.

Furthermore, many research funding models require financial contributions by those who are likely to benefit from the results, challenging investigators to bring together many individuals to act in concert. Great opportunities are being generated by technical advances in data collection and analytical methods, joining on-farm clinical and epidemiological expertise provides even greater opportunities for predictable and sustainable food animal production from aquatic environments.


A CASE-CONTROL STUDY TO INVESTIGATE THE FINANCIAL IMPACT OF CORNEAL LESION ON RANCHED SOUTHERN BLUEFIN TUNA (THUNNUS

MACCOYII)

Charles G.B. Caraguel1*, Thomas Dumond2, Kandarp. Patel1, Kirsten Rough3

1 School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Australia 2 Ecole Nationale Veterinaire de Toulouse, France

3 Australian Southern Bluefin Tuna Industry Association LTD, Australia * Corresponding author: [email protected], phone: +61 8 83131245

Introduction: The ranching of Southern Bluefin tuna (SBT, Thunnus maccoyii) in South Australia started less than 30 years ago to increase the value of a quota restricted fishery. It relies on the rapid growth of wild caught stocks over a 3-6 month period. The industry produces up to 9,000 tonnes per season for an approximate value of AUD 130 million. In 2017, individual companies experienced unexplained mortality with report of corneal lesions. At the end of the ranching season, a retrospective study was undertaken to investigate the outbreak.

Materials and methods: Accessible data included daily mortalities from all companies (n=10) as well as the presence of corneal lesions (CL) on dead SBT for half of the companies. A case-control study was designed to investigate the association between CL and mortality and between CL and body condition at harvest. The presence of CL (exposure) was measured on all of the dead SBT (cases) and on a fraction of harvested SBT (controls) from three volunteering companies that experienced an outbreak and for which detailed mortality dive records were accessible.

Results: Industrywide, 1.65% of ranched SBT died during 2017. Mortality peaked at the start of the season in March before to decrease monotonically. Mortality was highly clustered within 4 companies (2.7-5.1% cumulative mortality) and most cages within these companies were affected. After adjusting for cage and farm clustering, CL was highly associated with mortality (P<0.001), and if a SBT with CL survived until harvest, its body size and condition index would be significantly lower than the cage average (P<0.001).

Conclusions: The economic impact of CL was estimated by stochastic modelling at AUD 501.5 per affected fish and AUD 63,803 per affected cage. Although the aetiology of CL remains unknown, the retrospective investigation of mortality can provide valuable clues about the cause and impact of an outbreak in aquaculture.

Keywords: Case-control study, Southern Bluefin tuna, corneal lesion


POTENTIAL RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH TILAPIA MORTALITY

IN EGYPT

Shimaa E. Ali1, 2*, Mona Dverdal Jansen3, Jerome Delamare Deboutteville4, Harrison Charo-Karisa1, Chadag Vishnumurthy Mohan4

1 Department for sustainable Aquaculture, WorldFish Cairo Office, Egypt 2Department of Hydrobiology, National Research Centre, Egypt

3 Department of analyses and diagnostics, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Norway 4 Department for sustainable Aquaculture, WorldFish Headquarters, Malaysia

* Corresponding author: [email protected], Phone: +2 22617909 / +2 22618407

Introduction: Egypt is the top aquaculture producer in Africa and the 3rd largest tilapia producer globally. Nile tilapia in particular is the cornerstone of fish farming in Egypt. Recently, fish farms have experienced unusual tilapia mortality during summer season. Epidemiological surveys (in 2015) indicated that 37% of fish farms in the three most important Egyptian aquaculture governorates; Kafr El Sheikh, Behera and Sharkia were affected with an average mortality rate of 9.2% and a potential economic impact of around US$100 million. The causes remain unclear, however, a multifactorial aetiology is suspected.

Objective: The objective of this study was to identify potential risk factors associated with tilapia mortality in the largest producer governorates in order to conclude strategies for their control.

Methods: A questionnaire based cross-sectional study was conducted between June to September 2018 among five tilapia producer governorates in Egypt namely, Kafr El Sheikh, Behera, Sharkia, Fayoum & Menia.

Results: Preliminary data indicated that farms receiving effluent water had higher mortality rates compared to those using mixed water sources i.e., effluent with underground water, lake or borehole water. Elevated water temperatures (27oC and above) also favoured disease outbreaks. All affected farms did not have any farm level biosecurity measures or good management practices (e.g. improper disposal methods of dead fish, overstocking densities in deteriorated water quality and overfeeding). In addition, the presence of predatory or scavenging animals moving freely from infected ponds to uninfected ones was noted among affected farms. Most affected farms had disproprtionately higher densities at harvest, probably due to use of mixed sex fish or presumed all-male fry that were not effectively sex-reversed, leading to overpopulated ponds.

Conclusions: Combination of risk factors appear to be contributing to the observed mortality events in summer months. Water quality, temperature, density at harvest, lack of biosecurity and poor management practices are among the top contributing factors. There is a need to better understand the interactions between necessary (pathogens) and component (risk factors) causes for tilapia mortalities in Egypt.

Keywords: Diseases, Mortality, Nile tilapia, Risk factors


RISK FACTORS AND OPPORTUNITIES OF INTENSIVE SHRIMP (PENAEUSMONODON) PRODUCTION IN BANGLADESH

Muhammad Meezanur Rahman1*, Hazrat Ali1, Ahmed Jaman1, Mahmoud Eltholth2, Francis Murray2

1WorldFish Bangladesh office, Bangladesh 2Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, UK

*Corresponding author: [email protected]; Phone: +880 2 58813250

Introduction: Shrimp aquaculture play an important role in Bangladesh economy. It provides livelihood of several hundred thousand small-scale shrimp farmers and about half a billion United States dollars export revenue each year. The production system in Bangladesh is mainly extensive and productivity is low compare to many Asian countries such as China, Thailand and Vietnam. In recent years, a trend has been observed towards intensive culture system to increase productivity of shrimp farms.

Objectives: The objectives of the study were to identify the risk factors and major development areas for intensive shrimp farming.

Methods: A list of intensive shrimp farms (n=89) located in southwestern districts namely Bagherhat, Khulna and Satkhira districts was prepared. A structured pre-tested questionnaire was used to survey intensive shrimp farms (n=53) during October 2016 to June 2017. Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Corporation) and Statistical Package for Social Science, SPSS 16.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) were used for data analysis.

Results: The farmers/managers identified the major risk factors in intensive shrimp production system were diseases, quality of inputs (seed, feed, chemicals), high investment, maintenance of biosecurity, water quality, limited number of input supplier and non-availability of diagnostic services and technical information at farm level. The major diseases/ clinical signs reported were white spot disease, black gill disease, greenish scum on shrimp body, Vibriosis, antenna broken, light and shrunken hepatopancreas. Forty-five percent farms are less than a hectare (ha). The average farm size (6.2 ha), stocking density (10 ±3.2 per m2), survival rate (78%), shrimp production (3.7±1.7 metric tons per ha) and culture duration (130±19 days) did not vary significantly among the farms located in three districts. All farms discharge wastes in the canals, rivers, lands or neighbor farms without treatment.

Conclusions: Intensive culture system open the scope to increase shrimp production and create jobs. The success and sustainability of the system will depend on proper management of risk factors, technological and skill improvement of the workers/ technicians involved, improve access to quality inputs, diagnostic services, technical services and treatment of waste before discharge to the environment.

Keywords: Risk factors, opportunities, intensive shrimp production


APPLICATION OFBIOSECURITY IN AQUACULTURE

Edgar Brun 1

1 Norwegian Veterinary Institute During the last couple of decades, emerge and spread of infectious diseases have given researchers interesting challenges to look for and describe new pathogens and the industry to continue suffer big losses. This situation has been quite “predictable”, new diseases have frequently occurred in various segments of the industry, diseases that have spread rapidly nationally as well as globally. It may be fair to say that over the years there has not been any dramatic change in the way global disease spread in spite of the efforts made.

How can we bring forward a change and improve this situation? One of the answers is better understanding and compliance to biosecurity principals. Biosecurity needs to be established as a key concept for authorities, the industry and individual farmers to reduce transmission of contagious agents and diseases at the various levels of concern; site, regions, and country. The talk will discuss what is needed for biosecurity to be effectively understood, applied and become a proper “insurance” against disease spread.

Biosecurity comes with a cost, and therefore, an assessment to establish the risk profile of the unit of concern is important in order to tailor cost-effective measures. Relative to the nature of the unit of concern, this assessment should include the identification of most critical or relevant hazards (exotic or endemic) and the potential pathways for pathogen introduction and further spread. This assessment will reveal level compliance, gaps, and relevant intervention measures. Obviously, an isolated backyard pond selling products to the local village has a very different risk profile and biosecurity need from a site with intensive production of fingerlings for the international marked.

The talk will discuss the Progressive Management Pathway for biosecurity in aquaculture (PMP/AB) promoted through the FAO; a concept adopted for single disease control in terrestrial animals, aiming to assist national and international biosecurity of aquaculture industry. The pathway addresses biosecurity challenges in a holistic stepwise approach considering all essential components (governance, technical, communication, infrastructure, operations, diagnostic harmonization, economy etc.) of an aquaculture biosecurity programme.


BIOSECURITY FROM THE GROUND

Victoria Alday-Sanz 1*

1 Director Biosecurity and Breeding Programs, National Aquaculture Group (NAQUA), Saudi Arabia * Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]

Introduction: Diseases continue to be the main threat for the economic sustainability of aquaculture with severe impact in production both at national and enterprise levels. The application of suitable biosecurity strategies based on the identification of the risk factors and preventive measures, are key for disease control and their economic impact.

Objective: The objective of this presentation is to describe the sanitary and production criteria fundamental for the development of an aquaculture biosecurity strategy and its implementation at industrial scale.

Methods: These criteria were applied at national and enterprise level in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) after an epidemic of White Spot Syndrome virus (WSSV) that wiped out the shrimp industry. Suitable national legislation was developed to prevent the transboundary movement of pathogens, early detection of pathogens through surveillance programs, reference diagnostic laboratories, suitable use of veterinary drugs and geographic zonation and compartmentalization were set up. Farm level biosecurity needs to consider different strategies depending on the culture system used and endemic pathogens. The suitable genetic characteristics of the broodstock and their health status are crucial for the success of the culture. Exclusion versus pathogen management approaches depended on the economic impact of diseases, the stage of culture and the type of pathogen.

Results: The implementation of the biosecurity strategy allowed a yearly increase in production, triplicating previous national records in 2018. Since then, WSSV has been detected in sporadic occasions in different farms mostly associated to rain episodes as main risk factor. Mortality has been light to moderate and did not have a significant impact on survival on grow-out ponds. However, WSSV has caused disease and mortality in shrimp cultured in nurseries and pre-growout under intensive conditions. The cost effectiveness of this strategy which had a significant cost in terms of Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) stocks and surveillance program based on PCR and histology was estimated in terms $0.93/kg of shrimp produced.

Conclusions: The setup of a biosecurity frame where production develops within rather than biosecurity attempting to control existing diseases has proven to be a suitable strategy for KSA. Similar strategies can be developed for other countries particularly in countries where aquaculture is in early stages of development always keeping in mind the balance the economic risk of the disease and the investment in biosecurity.

Keywords: Shrimp, Biosecurity, Cost-efficiency


OBSTACLES TO EFFICIENT DISEASE REPORTING: AN EXAMPLE FROM THE TILAPIA FARMING INDUSTRY

Partho Pratim Debnath1, 5*, Mona Dverdal Jansen2, Chadag Vishnumurthy Mohan3, Jerome Delamare-Deboutteville3, Ha Thanh Dong4, Channarong Rodkhum5

1 WorldFish, Bangladesh and South Asia Office, Dhaka, Bangladesh

2 Department of analyses and diagnostics, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Norway 3 WorldFish, Penang, Malaysia

4 Faculty of Science and Technology, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Bangkok, Thailand 5 Fish Infectious Diseases Research Unit (FID RU), Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of

Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. Corresponding author: [email protected]

Introduction: Tilapia are the second most farmed fish species by volume after carp and presently farmed in over 135 countries under diverse agro-climatic conditions. According to FAO, the global production of tilapia is close to 6.4 million tonnes, with the top four producers being the People’s Republic of China, Indonesia, Egypt and Bangladesh. Tilapias are generally considered as hardy fish, with the reputation to adapt in extreme environmental conditions. Until recently, no major disease outbreaks were reported among farmed tilapia. The recent emergence of Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV) and Infectious Spleen and Kidney Necrosis Virus (ISKNV) has stimulated more global attention on tilapia health and biosecurity.

Objective: Objective was to conduct a rapid epidemiological assessment of tilapia mortalities in Bangladesh and identify challenges and obstacles for adverse disease events reporting.

Material and Methods: A simple structured questionnaire was developed and translated into Bangla to gather basic information from farms and hatcheries experiencing tilapia mortality. A non-randomized, convenience sample of 10 tilapia hatcheries based on their role in the distribution of tilapia fingerlings and fry were used for this assessment. Interviews were conducted in Bangla by bilingual WorldFish staffs in collaboration with global partners.

Results: Ten hatcheries participated in the survey along with five grow-out farms experiencing mortality. Observed obstacles to disease investigations included lack of access to veterinary/fish health services, absence of public/private diagnostic laboratories, assumptions of non-infectious cause of mortality due to perceived disease resistance of tilapia and general lack of opportunity. Currently there are no national passive or active surveillance programs or routine diagnostic in place for the Bangladeshi tilapia industry. Therefore, no reporting system in place resulting in very limited outbreak investigation to collect baseline information and biological samples. Moreover, there was an absence of incentives for disease reporting amongst farmers and government officers.

Conclusions: This rapid epidemiological assessment identified numerous challenges and obstacles for adverse disease events reporting leading to a suboptimal flow of information between producers, health professionals and the competent authorities, hindering management and mitigation of existing and emerging disease events in the Bangladesh tilapia industry.

Keywords: Aquaculture, Disease reporting, Tilapia


THE EVALUATION OF AUSTRALIA’S PASSIVE SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM AND ON-FARM BIOSECURITY FOR AQUACULTURE INDUSTRY – WHAT THE

FARMERS WANT AND WHAT THE FARMERS NEED!

Yuko Hood1*, Robert Gurney1, Olivia Liu1, Tracey Bradley2, Stephen Wesche3, Kitman Dyrting4, Jeffrey Go5, Melissa Walker5, Eileen Wronski6, Fiona McLean7 and Rob Mercer7

1 Australian Government Department of Agriculture 2 Victoria State Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources

3 Queensland State Department of Agriculture and Fisheries 4 Northern Territory Department of Primary Industry and Resources

5 New South Wales State Department of Primary Industries 6 Tasmania State Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment

7 Instinct and Reason Pty Ltd * Corresponding author: [email protected]

Introduction: Increasing the sensitivity of Australia’s current passive surveillance system and implementing on-farm biosecurity plans have been identified as national priorities to strengthen Australia’s national aquatic animal health management. Australia’s passive surveillance system and on-farm biosecurity for aquaculture underpin early detection of diseases and provide information on Australia’s disease status. Together they are used to: (i) meet international reporting requirements, (ii) promote market access, (iii) justify import biosecurity measures, and (iv) inform management to enhance production.

Objective: Review Australia’s on-farm biosecurity and passive surveillance for aquatic animal diseases and identify weaknesses and barriers which might be remedied or removed to further strengthen the system.

Methods: Baseline data were collected from 116 survey respondents from three selected aquaculture industries and their aquatic animal health providers (both private and public sectors). The survey ran from September to October 2018 and sought to describe and define the effectiveness of passive surveillance. There was an additional research project, for aquaculture farm owners and managers, to assess the level of biosecurity knowledge within aquaculture industries and the biosecurity practices used in each sector.

Results: Factors identified as affecting the sensitivity of passive surveillance at various steps of the disease reporting pathway, the survey included: 1) Knowledge on biosecurity and active/passive surveillance; 2) Self-rated performance in regard to biosecurity and passive surveillance; 3) General attitudes (motivation and barriers) towards biosecurity and passive surveillance

Conclusions: Survey results highlighted a number of areas for improvement including improved communication and provision of disease awareness information and raising the levels of understanding of surveillance for certain groups. On a positive note, industry has good levels of health monitoring of stock and reporting responsibilities are generally well understood. Future improvements to gaps and weaknesses should be made easier by the willingness of farmers to make changes or trying new approaches to improve disease detection and reporting.

Keywords: Passive surveillance, surveillance sensitivity, on-farm biosecurity, aquaculture, Australia


EARLY DISEASE DETECTION USING DATA FROM RECORD KEEPING OF CATFISH FARMS

Thitiwan Patanasatienkul1*, Krishna Thakur1, and Larry Hammell1

1 Department of Health Management and Centre of Veterinary and Epidemiology Research (CVER), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Canada * Corresponding author: [email protected], Phone: +1-902-620-5077

Introduction: Record keeping provides relevant information for management decisions, tracking activities, production performance, and important events, such as treatment and withdrawal times, for food animal farming. Early detection of infection and clinical disease is crucial to reducing compromised productivity. However, laboratory diagnostic process can cause delays. Alternative evidence for the early disease decisions can be derived from syndromic data.

Objectives: Data from catfish farms were used to (1) identify syndromic data (e.g. mortality, morbidity, etc.) that were related to disease events, and (2) inform development of an early warning system for detection of unusual high mortality and/or morbidity events (compared to baseline levels).

Methods: During the initial development phase for a real-time reporting system, catfish production data were collected in six catfish farms in Indonesia. Descriptive statistics were used to describe various factors and production performance indices. Associations between farm management practices and production performance indices using multivariable linear and logistic regression analyses are ongoing.

Results: A total of 54 catfish ponds (six farms) were initially assessed. Preliminary results for this starting period show that there were 41 harvesting events occurred, and 23 of which were complete harvesting. Median total number of fish harvested was 10,000 fish per pond. Survival percentage ranged from 37% to 84% with a median of 75%.

Conclusions: Production data with real-time reporting, are being used to inform the development of an early warning system. Unusually high mortality and/or morbidity events will prompt further investigation, with subsequent notification to the user at farm and regional levels. The longer range goal is to reduce the magnitude of disease outbreaks through earlier investigations and greater information about transmission pathways for infectious pathogens.

Keyword: Early disease detection, record keeping, catfish, surveillance, syndromes


VARIATIONS OF PERCEPTIONS ACROSS EUROPE, WITHREGARDS TO MOLLUSC DISEASE

Coralie Lupo 1, Katrina Campbell 2, Rebeca Moreira 3, Robert Christley 4

1: Ifremer, Avenue Mus de Loup, La Tremblade, France

2 Queen’s University Belfast, UK 3 Institute of Marine Research - National Research Council (IIM-CSIC), Vigo, Spain

4 University of Liverpool, UK *Corresponding author: [email protected], Phone: +33 5 46 76 26 10

Introduction: The European project VIVALDI (PreVenting and mItigating farmed biVALve DIseases) aims at increasing the sustainability and competitiveness of the shellfish industry in Europe, developing tools and approaches with a view to better preventing and controlling marine bivalve diseases. It will also help to identify the best communication strategies when it comes to disease management. In particular, better understanding of stakeholders’ perceptions is needed to reach an overall commitment.

Objectives: This study aimed to explore the perceptions of stakeholders about mollusc disease risks and preventive practices.

Methods: Focus group discussions were engaged with stakeholders across different geographic locations in order to explore variation across the major shellfish producing countries in Europe. These discussions consisted in hierarchizing 13 preventive measures according to their perceived effectiveness, feasibility, cost and acceptability by different stakeholder groups, in different locations (Northern Ireland, France, Spain and Italy).

Results: “Managing shellfish transfers” was revealed to be perceived as the most effective measure overall, and among farmers and scientists separately. It was also well regarded in terms of feasibility, cost and acceptability. Results highlighted that “managing shellfish transfers”, “decreasing shellfish densities” and “increasing shellfish observation” and ”testing shellfish for pathogens” had homogenous perceptions across locations and stakeholder groups, given the four criteria considered, and thus could be suitable measures to target for harmonization at the European level. Otherwise, despite evidence of regional beliefs, there was also considerable variation within single locations, most evident between the different stakeholder categories. Part of this variation may be explained by the differences in the priorities of different stakeholder groups, and the stakeholder networks within and between participating countries.

Conclusions: These results strongly suggest that these differences should be taken into account for prevention strategies to be successfully and sustainably implemented at the European level but also at the national level. For example, flexibility should be provided for the application of some measures perceived as not being feasible in some locations and leave the opportunity to replace this measure by another one. In other words, focus should be given to the obligation to achieve results (i.e. preventing disease introduction or spread) rather than the obligation to implement measures, whatever their effectiveness.

Keywords: disease prevention, prevention measures, risk perception, stakeholder perception


THE CHALLENGES OF ESTABLISHING AND SUSTAINING THE HEALTH STATUS OF GROUNDWATER BASED INLAND SALINE SHRIMP FARMING

SYSTEM IN HARYANA, INDIA

P.K. Pradhan1*, N. Sood1, C.B. Kumar1, Ravindra1, R. Pal1, G, Rathore1, Kuldeep K. Lal1 and K.L. Morgan2

1 ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Uttar Pradesh. 2 Former Chair of Epidemiology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic disease, University of Liverpool

* Corresponding author: [email protected], Phone: +919450488756

Introduction: Over the last few years, the successful culture of shrimps in inland saline areas of Haryana has opened new opportunities from bringing land unfit for agriculture under commercial aquaculture. Importantly, as these areas are not coastal and farms are supplied by bore-well water, they present a unique opportunity to establish and maintain high health status in shrimp population unlike shrimp farms in other coastal states.

Objective: The objective of the present study was to ascertain the health status of shrimps being cultured in inland saline waters of Haryana.

Methods: A cross sectional, questionnaire based survey was carried out in 9 districts of Haryana during September 18-30, 2018. A total of 45 farms were randomly selected out of 139 and interviewed to know the occurrence and pattern of mortality, if any. In addition, shrimp samples were collected and screened for selected pathogens.

Results: Ponds were either leased or owned, and all the interviewees looked after the ponds. The median number of ponds on each farm was 5 with a median pond area of 5 acres. Almost half the farmers reported seeing dead shrimp during the present crop. Mortality was observed from 8-140 days after stocking and the median was 63 days. When asked their opinion on the cause of mortality, about one third of the farmers reported disease as the cause. All the farmers were aware about need of testing the water quality. Importantly, about 50% of the farms were stocked with SPF seed, but majority of the farmers were not aware about the pathogens that should be absent in the seed. Screening of shrimp samples indicated that, out of the 45 farms sampled, 35 farms were positive for infection with EHP using nested PCR. Furthermore, all the 45 farms were negative for WSSV, HPV, IHHNV and MBV.

Conclusions: By ensuring supply with assured SPF seed and creating awareness about the better management practices, the production losses can be minimized in shrimps cultured in inland saline farms of Haryana.

Keywords: Haryana, health, inland saline waters, shrimps


CHALLENGES FOR PLANNING AN ECO-EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEY TO HIERARCHIZE RISK FACTORS OF MARINE MUSSEL MORTALITIES

Coralie Lupo*1,2, Stéphanie Bougeard1, Claire Chauvin1, Gwenhael Allain4, Patrick Azéma5, Fabienne Benoit6, Christian Béchemin2, Ismaël Bernard7, Jacques Beuguel5, Philippe Blachier8, Jean-Louis Blin9, Léa Brieau10, Morgane Danion1,

Aurélie Garcia10, Philippe Glize12, Audrey Lainé13, Sylvie Lapègue2, Véronique Le Bihan3, Cécile Mablouké11, Laurence Poirier14, Jean Christophe Raymond15, Michael Treilles6 Sophie Le Bouquin2

1 Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, France, 2 Anses, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Zoopôle Beaucemaine, France, 3 Université de Nantes, Laboratoire d’Economie et de Management de Nantes Atlantique (IAE Economie et Management), France, 4 Armeria, France, 5 Direction Générale de l’Alimentation, Bureau de la Santé Animale, Rue de Vaugirard, 75015 Paris, France, 6 ADILVA, France, 7 Eurêka Modélisation, France, 8 CREAA, Prise de Terdoux, France, 9 SMEL, Zac de

Blainville sur mer, France, 10 GEMEL-Normandie, France, 11 CEPRALMAR, France, 12 SMIDAP, France, 13 Comité National de la Conchyliculture, France, 14 Université de Nantes, Laboratoire Mer, France, 15 Comité National des Pêches

Maritimes et des Elevages Marins, France *Corresponding author: [email protected], Phone: +33 5 46 76 26 10

Introduction: Since 2014, massive mortality events recurrently occur in mussels Mytilus edulis in the French Atlantic coastline. These unbalance socioeconomic activities and may reflect a damaged marine coastal ecosystem health. After a decade of mortalities reported in different marine bivalve species, the French Ministry in charge of Agriculture decided to coordinate the research efforts at the national level to identify solutions to limit the mortality impacts on French mussel farms.

Objectives: The objectives of this eco-epidemiological study were to identify and hierarchize the risk factors associated to mussel mortality outbreaks, which are essential to define effective control or mitigation strategies.

Methods: A longitudinal cohort study was selected to investigate risk factors related to mussel mortality outbreaks in mussel farms, starting in June until July to the next year. The epidemiological unit was the production batch selected using a space-stratified random sampling. The case definition was based on increase of mortality proportion of mussels. Putative risk factors pertained to mussel characteristics, characteristics of the farming or harvesting site, climate characteristics, seawater characteristics, contaminants from terrestrial of marine environments, pathogens, and farming or harvesting practices. Data collection would involve combination of tools such as standardised questionnaire for the farmers, mussel and seawater sampling for laboratory analyses, high frequency in-situ monitoring of seawater, access to meteorological data, and use of hydrodynamic modelling. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis would be used to identify risk factors of mussel mortality outbreaks and their interactions with significant level at P-value < 0.05.

Results: Several limitations were identified to set up such a study enabling to reach the objectives with satisfactory accuracy, e.g. estimation of mortality percentage in the context of usual husbandry practices, unusual mortality as case definition, human resources needed, routine detection tools of pathogens and pollutants.

Conclusions: An ideal protocol was set up by applying good practices epidemiological principles. However, challenges were identified to conduct this ambitious eco-epidemiological survey on the field. Recommendations were proposed for future research to unblock the technological and methodological barriers. Also, protocol co-construction is of upmost importance to guarantee the cooperation of all the stakeholders.

Keywords: Eco-epidemiological survey, mortality, mussel, risk factors


EFFECT OF LOWERING THE PROPORTION OF CHLORELLA VULGARIS IN FISH FEED ON TILAPIA’S IMMUNE SYSTEM

Hamza Ahmed Pantami1,2*, Khozirah Shaari.1,2, Intan Safinar Ismail1,2 and Chong Chou Min1

1Institute of Biosains, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia. 2Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia.


Introduction: Tilapia is the second highest harvested freshwater fish species in Malaysia, amounting to more than RM 259 million per annum. Unfortunately, tilapia culture in Malaysia is highly affected by Aeromonas hydrophila and Streptococcus agalactiae, which affect the production rate and consequently pose direct negative economic impact. Reliance on drugs to control or reduce bacterial infections has been led to contamination of water bodies and development of drug resistance, as well as gave rise to toxicity issues in downstream fish products. Resorting to vaccines have helped curb the problem to a certain extent but a more effective solution is still required. Using microalgae-based feed to enhance the fish immunity against bacterial infection offers a promising alternative.

Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of Chlorella vulgaris at a lower percentage incorporation in feeds for immune boost of tilapia in shorter time.

Methods: The study was designed in two phases. The safety concentration studies at 500 mgKg-1 and the administration of cultured C. vulgaris biomass via incorporation into fish feed for 5 different groups in 3 weeks. Group 1 was the control (0% incorporation), whereas group 2, 3, 4 and 5 received 0.625%, 1.25%, 2.5% and 5% incorporation respectively. The parameters evaluated were the blood profile, serum lysozyme activity (SLA), serum bactericidal activity (SBA), phagocytosis activity (PA), respiratory burst activity (RBA) and lymphoproliferation activity (LPA). The data were analysed via ANOVA using SPSS (version 16). Further testing was done using Tukey’s test. All tests were performed at the 95% confidence interval (p < 0.05).

Results: There was no toxic signs in tilapia fish at 500 mgKg-1. Treated groups showed significantly better immune parameters compared to the control group (p < 0.05).

Conclusions: C. vulgaris crude biomass in fish meal at lower incorporation level of 5% can increase specific and non-specific immunity in tilapia fish in shorter time duration.

Keywords: Chlorella vulgaris, Immune boost, Lymphoproliferation, Proportion, Tilapia


5th

November2019

ORAL PRESENTATION


INDIA’S NATIONAL SURVEILLANCE PROGRAMME: A CASE STUDY OF SYSTEMIC APPROACH FOR CONTROLLING AQUATIC ANIMAL DISEASE IN ASIA

Neeraj Sood1, P.K. Pradhan1, Kuldeep K. Lal1 and J.K. Jena2

1 ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, India

2 Krishi Anusandhan Bhawan-II, Council of Agricultural Research, India

Diseases are a serious constraint to the growth of aquaculture, and huge economic losses are reported by farmers in different sectors due to aquatic animal diseases. Early detection is considered key to the control of diseases and can be achieved through a structured surveillance programme. Recognizing the importance of disease surveillance, India initiated an ambitious National Surveillance Programme for Aquatic Animal Diseases (NSPAAD) in 2013, supported by the Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare through the National Fisheries Development Board. The Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific (NACA) has played a guiding role in implementation. This programme, involving 31 collaborating centres, is being coordinated by the ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources. It has helped in developing a strong network of aquatic animal health laboratories across the country besides developing diagnostic capability for detection of OIE/NACA-listed and emerging aquatic animal pathogens. In addition, continuous efforts are being made to update the knowledge of researchers involved in the programme through organization of workshops/symposia/epidemiology schools involving international experts. The programme has been successful in strengthening passive disease surveillance in the country through organization of awareness programmes and strengthening of the diagnostic capability of state fisheries officers. The success is evident by detection of seven new pathogens from the country, namely Cyprinid herpesvirus-2; Carp edema virus; Enterocytozoonhepatopenaei; infectious myonecrosis virus, tilapia lake virus; red sea bream iridovirus and Candidatus Actinochlamydia pangasiae sp. nov. Importantly, immediately following report of new emerging diseases, alerts and advisories are being sent to Competent Authority and all the stakeholders. The programme has also been successful in establishing mechanisms for first-time confirmation of exotic and emerging diseases, and sending alerts/advisories to the Competent Authority and stakeholders following suspicion/confirmation of a new disease. Notably, in 2013, the programme was successful in dispelling speculation regarding the occurrence of the Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND) in Penaeus vannamei from the country. Currently, the country is considered free from AHPND. Furthermore, NSPAAD has helped in transparent reporting of aquatic animal diseases to international organizations, namely World Organization for Animal Health and Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific.


THE SURVEILLANCE STUDY OF VIBRIO SPP. IN COASTAL AREA IN THE SOUTHERN AND EASTERN PARTS OF THAILAND BY USING CHROMagar

VIBRIO

Printip Wongthai1*, Natthana Thitichayapong1, Sudtisa Laopiem1, Wisate Suttisawang2

1 Department of Farm Resources and Production Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphang Saen campus, Thailand,

2 Unity Innovation Agro Company limited., Thailand

* Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Introduction: One of the most in Penaeus vannamei (white shrimp) during the last was infections with Vibrio spp. Vibrios are naturally found in salt containing environments including aquatic plants and animals. The genus Vibrio has more than 20 species, which cause serious public health hazard in human and aquatic animals. Vibrio parahaemolyticus containing pirA/B toxin genes is the causative agent of Early Mortality Syndrome (EMS) or Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND). Since EMS/AHPND has significantly impacted shrimp production, on-site diagnostic technique is realized to benefit disease monitoring. CROMagar Vibrio is a chromogenic technology, which utilizes a pH indicator based on sucrose fermentation, giving rise to three different clear and intense colony colourations: white (V. alginolyticus), blue (V. vulnificus/V. cholera) and purple (V. parahamolyticus).

Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the applicability of commercial CROMagar for Vibrio isolation, and its application in field study.

Methods: Samples of seawater, soil, hepatopancreas and stomach of white shrimps from 24 coastal shrimp farms were collected, and cultured in selective CROMagar Vibrio. Only purple colony of V. parahaemolyticus was further subcultured in TCBS. Identification of a single colony of V. parahaemolyticus was then confirmed by PCR method. The primers toxR gene was used to amplify and determine the effectiveness of CHROMagar for Vibrio spp. isolation.

Results: The Vibrio spps. were found in seawater, soil, hepatopancreas and stomach of white shrimps. A total of 45 out of 144 samples purple colonies were isolated from CROMagar Vibrio medium. All of purple colonies were expected to be V. parahaemolyticus as the product suggested. The specific PCR product of toxR gene at 350 bp was detected in all the 45 purple colonies confirming the presumptive identification.

Conclusions: The CROMagar Vibrio could be used as an option for field monitoring for Vibrio spp. contamination in an environment as well as for disease diagnosis.

Keywords: Surveillance, Vibrio spp., CROMagar Vibrio


PREVALENCE OF TILAPIA LAKE VIRUS ASSOCIATED WITH ONE MONTH MORTALITY SYNDROME IN TILAPIA IN THAILAND

Win Surachetpong1* Jidapa Yamkasem1 and Puntanat Tattiyapong1

1Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Thailand


Introduction: Recent discoveries identified the cause of massive mortality in tilapia as an emerging viral disease named tilapia lake virus (TiLV) associated with One Month Mortality Syndrome in tilapia in Thailand since 2015. TiLV is a single stranded negative sense RNA virus containing 10 genomic segments with segment shares weak similarity to the PB1 of influenza C virus.

Objectives: The purposes of the present study were to report the distribution of TiLV from 2017 to 2019 in Thailand and understand the risk factors associated with the outbreak to enhance the control measures.

Methods: Fish were collected from earthen ponds or floating cages in 21 provinces of Thailand. Briefly, 5 fish were collected from each outbreak (case) and then processed for routine health monitoring. External parasites were examined from gills and skin under light microscope. Tissue samples were processed for bacterial isolation following standard bacterial isolation and TiLV detection using molecular technique.

Results: Since 2017, we investigated the prevalence of One Month Mortality Syndrome associated with tilapia lake virus infection in 21 provinces representing the area of Central, Northern, Southern, Western of Thailand. The virus could be detected using molecular technique in random samples collected from 20 provinces (20/21) except Bangkok. A total of 66 cases (66 from 105 cases) are positive to TiLV. Interestingly, concurrent infections of bacteria in the genus Aeromonas and Streptococcus were found in 23 cases (%) and infection of bacteria, parasites and virus in 14 cases (%).

Conclusions: Our results revealed that TiLV continues to cause problems of tilapia mortality in Thailand. Concurrent infections of multiple pathogens are commonly found in TiLV-infected fish causing high mortality in affected fish population. More emphasis on the control of multiple pathogen infections should be attention. Therefore, the farmers and government authorities should focus on controlling the spread of virus.

Keywords: Tilapia, tilapia lake virus, TiLV, epidemiology, co-infections


CAN SKIN - AND GILL SWABS BE USED AS A SCREENING METHOD FOR INFECTIOUS SALMON ANAEMIA VIRUS IN NORWEGIAN SALMON

FARMING?

Maria Aamelfot1, Mona Dverdal Jansen*, 2, Marta Alarcon1, Edgar Brun1, Torfinn Moldal1, and Knut Falk 2

1 Department of fish health and welfare, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Norway

2Department of analyses and diagnostics, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Norway * Corresponding author: [email protected], Phone: +47 934 99 808

Introduction: Infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) is a viral disease of Atlantic salmon caused by infections salmon anaemia virus (ISAV). It is listed by Norway, the European Union and the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) and is therefore both of welfare - and trade concerns. Currently, standard sampling procedures for ISAV-screening includes tissue samples from heart and mid-kidney. While a positive test result provides evidence of clinical infection by ISAV its invasiveness limits voluntary screening frequency and sample size, particularly in larger, high value fish.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to compare skin- and gill swabs with standard, lethal sampling methods in relation to population-level screening for ISAV.

Methods: Four Atlantic salmon seawater sites with ongoing ISA-outbreaks were sampled. At each site three fish groups from two different cages were sampled: a) fish with clinical signs of ISA from a cage with a confirmed ISA-diagnosis, b) apparently healthy fish from the same ISA-affected cage and c) apparently healthy fish from a cage without suspicion of ISA. Skin – and gill swabs, as well as heart and mid-kidney on RNAlater and formalin, were collected. Swabs and tissues on RNAlater were tested by PCR while formalin-fixed tissues were tested by immunohistochemistry. Selected samples are currently being tested by an mRNA-specific qPCR to assess ISAV replication activity.

Results: A significantly higher proportion of fish were found to test positive by swabs than by tissue samples at one site. At two sites swabs performed equally well at detecting ISAV-positive fish as tissue samples. At the fourth site no ISAV-positive fish were detected by any method.

Conclusions: Skin- and gill swabs appear to perform at least as well as conventional tissue samples for screening for ISAV in Atlantic salmon. While these swabs only provide information on the exposure-status of the population rather than clinical infection it may be useful as a general screening tool. Due to it’s non-lethal nature the sampling method may increase screening frequency and sample size and be easily incorporated during routine procedures such as sea lice counting. The study also shows the potential difficulty in detecting ISAV in infected populations.

Keywords: Infectious salmon anaemia virus, ISAV, Non-lethal sampling, Atlantic salmon


AUSTRALIA’S NATIONAL SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM FOR WHITE SPOT DISEASE IN WILD CRUSTACEANS

Yuko Hood1, Kerrod Beattie2, Stephen Wesche2, Kitman Dyrting3, Tracey Bradley4, Jeffrey Go5, Peter Kirkland P 5, Melissa Walker5, Karen Dowd6, Jack Van Wijk J7, Shane Roberts7, Marty Deveney7, Nick Moody8, Peter Mohr8, Mark

Crane8, Robert Gurney1, Ingo Ernst1

1 Australian Government Department of Agriculture 2 Queensland State Department of Agriculture and Fisheries

3 Northern Territory Department of Primary Industry and Resources 4 Victoria State Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources

5 New South Wales State Department of Primary Industries 6 Western Australia State Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development

7 Primary Industries and Regions South Australia 8 CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory


Introduction: White spot disease (WSD) had been exotic to Australia until the outbreak in southeast Queensland that affected seven farms from late 2016 to early 2017. Australian aquatic animal health authorities agreed that a nationally coordinated surveillance program for white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) that causes WSD be developed to ensure that surveillance activities throughout Australia have a common purpose and meet consistent standards of evidence.

Objective: The objective of the national surveillance program was to demonstrate the national freedom from WSD.

Methods: A national surveillance working group under the Aquatic Consultative Committee on Emergency Animal Disease was tasked with proposing a coordinated and staged approach to surveillance that would demonstrate whether Australia is free from WSSV. The plan identified specific wild crustacean sampling sites around Australia to be surveyed, based on an assessment of risk factors. Study populations were chosen based on the qualitative risk factors for farmed and wild animal populations. For sample size calculations, design prevalence, confidence, diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for surveillance of apparently healthy prawns were determined.

Results: A total of 29 epidemiological units were chosen Australia-wide. For each epidemiological unit, at least 184 prawns were sampled and tested. All samples tested to date were negative. Surveillance sampling and testing will continue until a two- year period of negative results for all 29 epidemiological sites around Australia is achieved.

Conclusions: Australia’s response to this disease event followed a well-designed national response to implement movement controls, destruction and disposal of infected stock, fallowing of production ponds and surveillance. The coordinated national response highlights the interactions between epidemiologists, diagnostic laboratories, policy makers and industry and the novel nature of considerations that were faced and addressed. We illustrate how the success of this emergency response and the subsequent surveillance program relies heavily on collaboration between federal, state and territory governments and industry sectors. We will report surveillance progress.

Keywords: White spot disease, wild crustaceans, active surveillance, proof of freedom, emergency disease response


IMPACT OF ISOCHRYSIS GALBANA INCORPORATED COMMERCIAL DIET ON IMMUNE RESPONSES OF MALAYSIAN TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS)

Safwan Bustamam1, Intan Safinar Ismail1,2*, Khozirah Shaari 1,2, Chong Chou Min 1

1 Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia;

2 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, * Corresponding author: [email protected]

Introduction: Tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) is one of the world's most commonly cultured fish species with estimated global production at 6.4 million tons (MT) in 2015, and ranked second popular harvested freshwater species in Malaysia. However, its global production was undoubtedly threatened by infectious diseases resulting in partial or even total loss. Hence, the use of natural immunostimulants could be one of the effective methods in elevating the immune system of the tilapia for disease resistance.

Objectives: The present study was designed with the aim to determine the potency of an indigenous microalgae species, Isochrysis galbana (IG), as an immunostimulant agent in tilapia.

Methods: Dry biomass of IG was incorporated into commercial diet at 4 different concentrations of 0.6 (B), 1.25 (C), 2.5 (D) and 5 % (E) feed and control group fed only with a commercial diet (A). A total of 60 fish, initially weighing an average of 56.5 ± 2.13 g (means ± SE), were randomly divided into 4 experimental groups and control (A), and fed with the four different experimental diets (B, C, D, and E). The fish were fed twice daily with 1% body weight of prepared diets for 14 days and sacrificed on the 15th day. Blood and spleen samples were collected for immunological analyses of white blood cell count (WBC), biochemical test, and assays of lysozyme, serum bactericidal and respiratory burst.

Results: Two weeks feeding of the IG-incorporated diets showed positive results on the tilapia's innate immune defense mechanisms. The number of leucocytes (WBC) was higher in the groups fed the IG diet compared to the control. Serum lysozyme and serum bactericidal assays showed that 5% of IG has recorded the highest activities. Meanwhile, respiratory burst assays from cell suspension of the spleen revealed 2.5 and 5 % IG in feeding as the best concentrations in showing positive impact compared with the control.

Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrated that dietary IG is a promising immunostimulant in strengthen the innate immunity of the O. niloticus immune defense system. It might be a potential feed supplement as an alternative to antibiotics and therapeutic agents for commercially valuable freshwater fish in aquaculture. These results suggest that dietary doses of IG should be taken into account when long-term field trials are conducted.

Keywords: Isochrysis galbana, innate immunity, serum, spleen, tilapia


POOLED PCR TESTING OF SAMPLES FOR SURVEILLANCE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN AQUATIC ANIMALS

Ian A. Gardner 1*, Emilie Laurin1, Krishna Thakur1, Paul Hick2, Peter Mohr3, Mark St. J. Crane 3, Nicholas J. Moody 3, and Axel Colling 3

1Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Canada 2 CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Australia

3 School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Australia * Corresponding author: [email protected], Phone: +1-902-394-6823

Introduction: Pooled testing (using pools of 5 and 10) has historically been recommended for surveillance of OIE-listed diseases but mostly is not evidence-based. The main advantage of pooling is increased population-level coverage when prevalence is low (<10%) and the number of tests is fixed, because of an increased likelihood of including target analyte from at least one infected animal in a pool. For qPCR, pools of size 5 and 10 (with a single positive sample per pool) should theoretically result in an increase of approximately 3.3 and 2.4 cycle-threshold (Ct) units compared with testing of an individual sample.

Objectives: The purpose of our study was to review pooling procedures in published diagnostic surveillance studies (DAS) of infectious diseases in aquatic animals; develop guidelines for diagnostic applications; and provide examples from peer-reviewed literature, from discussions with an expert panel (co-authors) and from simulated data based on empirical evidence for white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in shrimp.

Methods: Our approach was based on review of peer-reviewed literature, books and other sources of guidance and expert opinion of co-authors. The simulation study (in Stata/SE 15.0) modelled effects of Ct value of the single infected sample in a pool, pool size, and variation in sample weights, using either normal or uniform distributions. The Ct distribution was based on empirical data from wild-caught shrimp and imported shrimp in Australia.

Results: Our review identified 12 peer-reviewed DAS studies using pooled samples. No clear patterns for pooling methods and characteristics were evident across studies, although most authors agreed that pooling had a negative effect on detection. No studies reported Ct values for parallel testing of individual samples and pools. In the simulation study, starting Ct value had the greatest effect on whether the pooled results remained positive or yielded a false-negative result.

Conclusions: A consensus-based decision-tree of pooling guidelines was developed for use by peer-reviewed journals and researchers for the design, statistical analysis, and reporting of comparative accuracy studies of individual and pooled tests for surveillance purposes. Pooling decisions would be facilitated if Ct values of the source population were known.

Keywords: Pooled testing, PCR, surveillance


SCREENING FOR THE POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESERVOIRS OF MICROSPORIDIA, ENTEROCYTOZOON HEPATOPENAEI, IN SHRIMP PONDS

Natthinee Munkongwongsiri1, Orawan Thepmanee2,3, Ornchuma Itsathitphaisarn2,3, Timothy W. Flegel1,3,

Kallaya Sritunyalucksana1*

1Aquatic Animal Health Research Team (AQHT), National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Yothi office, Thailand

2Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Thailand 3Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science,

Mahidol University, Thailand * Corresponding author: [email protected]

Introduction: Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) is an obligated intracellular parasite causing a hepatopancreatic microsporidiosis (HPM) outbreak in the shrimp aquaculture industry in Asian countries, such as China, Thailand, India, Vietnam, Indonesia, etc. The information published with a cohort study of 196 shrimp culture ponds in the coastal area of Thailand demonstrated 119 out of 196 ponds tested positive for EHP, indicating a prevalence of 60.1%. Currently, EHP is still the major threat to cause shrimp growth retardation and size variation. Moreover, several reports indicated that EHP might be a component cause of white feces syndrome. One strategy to control EHP infection is to identify its environmental reservoirs in shrimp pond.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to survey and identify potential environmental reservoirs of EHP in shrimp culture ponds to eliminate them from the culture system.

Methods: Screening shrimp culture ponds with low average daily growth (ADG) (less than 0.1 g/day) with heavily infected with EHP resulted in 21 ponds. The plankton net with four different mesh sizes (200, 100, 50, and 20 µm) were used to filter the particles in the rearing water of those 21 ponds. The suspended microorganisms (SMO) were trapped and used as a template to detect EHP using SWP primers. The EHP positive SMO samples were then amplified by using 18s rRNA universal primer. The amplicon products were sent for sequenced (Macrogen, Korea) to identify the species that might be putative carriers for EHP infection in the shrimp pond.

Results: The result of sequencing revealed 2 families of bivalves, Dreissenidae and Mytilidae in 3 selected ponds with the criteria mentioned. Next study to confirm if the bivalve of the Dreissenidae family can be the potential carrier of EHP by bioassay.

Conclusions: One strategy to control EHP infection is to identify its environmental reservoirs in shrimp pond. Our results so far suggested some potential carrier of EHP in the shrimp pond.

Keywords: Environmental reservoir, Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei, Pacific white shrimp


IMPROVING POST-HARVEST SURVIVAL IN AUSTRmuhamALIAN SOUTHERN ROCK LOBSTER (JASUS EDWARDSII) HOLDING FACILITIES: AN

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION

Kandarp K. Patel1*, Quinn P. Fitzgibbon2, Charles G.B. Caraguel1

1 School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia 5371, Australia

2 Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Taroona, Tasmania 7053, Australia * Corresponding author: [email protected], phone: +61 8 83137419

Introduction and objectives: Southern rock lobster (SRL, Jasus edwardsii) is the highest value fishery export commodity (average AUD 84.5/kg) from Australia with an approximate total value of AUD 255 million. Between landing and export, SRL are held in specialised holding tanks for varying time periods. During the 2015-16 fishing season a higher variation in survival rate was reported by some holding facilities when compared to previous fishing seasons. A multidisciplinary investigation was undertaken to identify possible causes and favouring factors. The presentation reports the findings of a retrospective study of facility-level risk factors that may contribute to or mitigate survival in SRL.

Materials and methods: A custom questionnaire was built and trialled to collect qualitative and quantitative information on facility’s infrastructure and capacity (10 questions), water systems (16 questions), SRL stock and health management (12 questions). SRL holding licence holders across South Australia, Victoria and Tasmania were recruited via e-mail and/or telephone. Onsite visits and interviews of consenting facilities, with active holding operations, were conducted. As the industry consists of a few tens of facilities, an advanced multifactorial analysis could not be conducted. Therefore, facilities were first categorised based on a multivariate analysis and clustering of their responses in questionnaire. Then the association between facility profiles and sub-optimal survival was explored using simple logistic regression models.

Results: Out of the 83 license holders on record, 63 were holding SRL stocks and 52 (83%) consented to participate. A perceived increase in sub-optimal survival was reported in 22 (42%) facilities and was associated with differences in stock management but not with capacity, water management or bio-filtration tank management practices. Facilities with a higher annual tonnage experienced higher perceived sub-optimal survival and were characterised with practices such as prolonged holding period, increased handling, and purging of SRL in a separate tank or system.

Conclusions: This facility-level investigation identified SRL holding practices at risk of lower SRL survival. The results will guide the industry to improve their infrastructure and management to control and optimise SRL post-harvest survival.

Keywords: Holding facility, questionnaire, risk factor analysis, southern rock lobster (Jasus edwardsii)


FEASIBILITY STUDY OF THE USE OF AUTOFLUORESCENCE FOR DISTINGUISHING SEA LICE, LEPEOPHTHEIRUS SALMONIS, FROM A

REFERENCE SPECIES ACARTIA TONSA

Josefine Holm Nielsen1,2*, Christian Pedersen2, Thomas Kiørboe3, Thomas Nikolajsen1, Mikkel Brydegaard4,5, and Peter John Rodrigo2

1 FaunaPhotonics ApS, c/o COBIS, Denmark 2 DTU Fotonik, Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark

3 Centre for Ocean Life, DTU Aqua, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark

4 Department of Physics, Lund University, Sweden 5 Norsk Elektro Optikk AS, Norway


Introduction: Sea lice of the species Lepeophtheirus salmonis, are marine ectoparasites on salmon. It is estimated that it costs the salmon farming industry €300 million yearly due to control, treatment of the lice, as well as reduced growth and health of infected fish. Though treatment and monitoring are primarily targeted towards the adult parasitic life stages of the salmon lice, real-time knowledge of abundance and distribution of the free swimming larval stages has the potential to improve treatment planning, and validate mathematical life cycle and spread models.

Objectives: The objective of this work is to show a feasibility study of the use of autofluorescence for distinguishing free-swimming copepodid sea lice, Lepeophtheirussalmonis, from a reference species, Acartia tonsa.

Methods: A lab study was conducted to examine the capabilities of an optical detection system to distinguish free swimming copepodid sea lice, L. salmonis, from a non-parasitic reference zooplankton species, A. tonsa. The system was used to measure two wavelength bands of autofluorescence, blue (450 – 500 nm) and red (625 – 675 nm). Autofluorescence was induced using a 500 mW collimated laser beam operating at 405 nm. The laser light was removed using a combination of long pass and band pass filters. Each band was measured separately by changing the band pass filters. The animals were measured alive and free-swimming in filtered sea water.

Results: Both species showed cyan fluorescence, though L. salmonis, generally had slightly higher intensity than A. tonsa. The red band showed a high degree of separation of two species as A. tonsa strongly fluoresced and L. salmonis barely fluoresced at all.

Conclusions: Our experimental results show that a combination of two bands of autofluorescence induced at 405 nm, can be used to distinguish L. salmonis from a non-parasitic reference species. Based on our recent spectral studies on the autofluorescence of salmon lice and other zooplanktons (submitted for publication) we intend to update the current optical detection system with better optimized spectral bands and perform simultaneous measurement of the two bands.

Keywords: Autofluorescence, Monitoring, Sea lice


DEVELOPMENT AND STANDARDIZATION OF RAPID IMMUNOASSAY FOR THE EVALUATION OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS LEVEL OF FISH AT FARM

LEVEL FOR POINT OF CARE AND MONITORING PROGRAM

Honnananda Badami Ramalingappa1*, Padinhate Purayil Suresh Babu2, Purandara Ballyaya Abhiman3, Kalkuli Mariappa Shankar3 and Naveen Kumar Billekallu Thammegowda4

1 Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, India. 2 Karwar Research Center of Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, India

3 Fish Biotechnology and Aquatic Animal Health Management Laboratory, Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Karnataka, India

4 Department of Aquatic Environment, College of Fisheries, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, India

* Corresponding author email: [email protected]; Phone: 91 940324053

Introduction: Carp farming contributes both value and voume to Indian aquaculture. Boosting production through intensification and practice of unscientific farming brought few major disease outbreaks in the country leading to serious economic loss. The most important step to reduce or prevent losses due to diseases in aquaculture are monitoring as regularly as possible. Serum Immunoglobulins (Ig) level has been used as a general parameter to asses immune competence of a fish. Production of Monoclonal Antibody (MAb) to Ig will be helpful in developing more simple, sensitive, rapid and economical immunodot and flow through assays for detection of pathogens.

Objectives: To develop MAbs based farmer level rapid immunoaasy against Catla catla Ig for on-site determination of Ig level in fish.

Methods: Catla Ig were purified employing antigen affinity column chromatography and characterized by non-reducing and reducing SDS-PAGE. Hybridomas were produced against the catla Ig following immunization protocol. Positive hybridomas were screened by immunodot and mini cloned. Class and subclass of antibodies secreted by the selected clones were determined by a capture ELISA ISO-2 Isotyping kit. Positive MAbs were characterized by Western blot. Reactivity of MAbs with a wide range of Igs from Indian Major Carp sp. and other distant species were tested using immunodot. Flow Through Assay was developed and standardized using these MAbs.

Results: Molecular weight of Catla Ig was 870 KD in the non-reducing SDS-PAGE and 85 and 25 KD in SDS-PAGE analysis. Among the several clones, C6E2 and C6F7 clones were selected and both reacted with the heavy chain (85 KD) of the catla Ig in Western blot. MAb C6E2 and C6F7 could detect the purified catla Ig up to 16 µg ml-1 and Ig in the unimmunized crude serum of catla till 1000 dilutions. In flow through assay, both the MAbs could detect the Ig up to 1:50 dilution of the unimmunized crude serum of catla.

Conclusions: Purified catla Ig were used to raise anti-catla Ig monoclonal antibodies and these MAbs could be employed for developing farmer level rapid immunoassay for determining the antibody titer in catla.

Keywords: Fish (Catla catla); Immunoglobulin; Monoclonal Antibodies; Rapid immunoassay


INTESTINAL BACTERIAL COMPOSITIONS OF A WHITE FECES SYNDROME (WFS) SHRIMP POND IN THAILAND

Anuphap Prachumwat1,2,*, Natthinee Munkongwongsiri1, and Kallaya Sritunyalucksana1

1 Aquatic Animal Health Research Team, Integrative Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development

Agency (NSTDA), Thailand 2 Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp),

Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Thailand * Corresponding author: [email protected]

Introduction: Remaining without known causative agents, white feces syndrome (WFS) has been affecting Pacific whiteleg shrimp farms throughout Thailand and other countries. WFS-affected ponds have white fecal strings observed both in shrimp intestine and on pond’s water surface. But some normal intestine shrimp are present in the affected pond. WFS leads to large economic losses because it reduces shrimp survival and size and lowers shrimp production (≥15% in Thailand). Perturbed intestinal bacterial compositions of Thai WFS shrimp still remain unexplored.

Objective: To examine shrimp intestinal bacterial compositions of a Thai WFS pond for identification of potential causative agents and for applications on the improved pond management and prevention of WFS.

Methods: 10 WFS-symptomized (iWFS) and 10 normal (nonWFS) intestines were aseptically collected from 20 shrimp with the same WFS pond. Extracted total DNA used in a standard 16S V3-V4 Illumina MiSeq PE platform produced raw reads subsequently processed for sequencing qualities and primer sequence removal and merged for amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) with cutadapt and vsearch. Relying on a compositional data analysis and principle component analysis (PCA), ASVs were assessed for taxonomic classification, alpha and beta diversity indices and differentially abundant ASVs with CoDA and phylogseq packages in R.

Results: The resulted 2,110 ASVs (2.92 million quality-filtered reads) of the 20 intestinal samples (48 sequencing libraries) were filtered for 383 ASVs with ≥0.1% abundance and being present in ≥2 samples (2.84 million reads). Rarefraction curves supported all bacterial ASVs likely uncovered in all samples. Our analysis on these ASVs will give insight on several key aspects of the intestinal bacterial compositions of the WFS pond. Dominant ASVs and corresponding taxa of iWFS and nonWFS will be obtained along with characteristics of iWFS and nonWFS bacterial compositions alpha diversity indices and by PCA and dendrograms (beta diversity). Importantly, the predominant or differentially abundant ASVs between iWFS and nonWFS will be elucidated.

Conclusions: Our collected shrimp intestinal samples from the WFS-affected ponds and our analysis will provide a valuable knowledge of WFS bacterial diversities and ultimately shed light upon potential contributing bacterial agents of WFS in Thailand for further characterization and validation.

Keywords: 16S rRNA bacterial compositions, microbiome, white feces syndrome (WFS)


CO-OCCURRENCE PATTERNS OF INFECTIOUS AGENTS IN FARMED AND WILD SALMON IN BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA, USING NETWORK

ANALYSIS TOOLS

Krishna Thakur1*, Omid Nekouei2, Raphael Vanderstichel1

1 University of Prince Edward Island, Department of Health Management, Canada 2 Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Canada

* Corresponding author: [email protected], Phone: 902-620-50809

Introduction: Understanding the co-occurrence patterns of infectious agents provides insights on the interactions between organisms and helps to identify key species in infectious agents communities. Metagenomics and the availability of high-throughput data have provided the opportunity to explore new methodologies to unravel ecological relationships among infectious agents. We have used hierarchical cluster analysis and log-linear models to describe co-occurrence patterns in infectious agents detected during high-throughput monitoring of infectious agents in salmon. Applying graph theory and network inference techniques to infectious agents presence–absence data is becoming a growing field of research to identify co-occurrence patterns and represent their interaction as a network.

Objectives: The objectives of this study are to represent the potential interactions of infectious agents detected in our datasets as networks and estimate key network parameters (degree, betweenness, closeness, average path length and clustering coefficient) for each of the networks.

Methods: We will use six independent datasets, with different spatiotemporal distributions, on the presence-absence of infectious agents from farmed (Atlantic salmon and Chinook) and wild (Sockeye, Coho and Chinook) salmon in British Columbia, Canada. A nanofluidics quantitative PCR platform has been used to detect 45 infectious agents (bacteria, viruses, and microparasites) known or suspected to infect and cause disease in salmon. Co-occurrence networks for each of the datasets will be produced by utilizing the strength of the tie between each individual pair of infectious agents observed. The topological properties of the generated networks will be evaluated using the igraph package in R and compared to those of the random networks of equal size.

Results: We will present visualization of the network for each of the six datasets and identify key infectious agents for the networks based on their degree, betweenness, and closeness centrality measures. In addition, we will compare each of the networks with the randomly generated network of the same size to assess if the observed networks are mere spurious associations.

Conclusion: We expect to discuss the similarity and differences in the co-occurrence patterns identified by network analysis and other tools and present the utility of this tool for understanding patterns in high dimensional data.

Keywords: Co-occurrence, infectious agents, network analysis, salmon


HISTORIC REVIEW OF INFECTIOUS AGENT OCCURRENCE IN WILD SALMONIDS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA

Beibei Jia1*, Marina Delphino1, Babafela Awosile1, Tim Hewison2, Patrick Whittaker2, Diane Morrison3, Mykolas Kamaitis3, Ahmed Siah4, Barry Milligan5, Stewart Johnson6, Ian Gardner1

1Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada

2Grieg Seafood BC Ltd., #106-1180 Ironwood St, Campbell River, British Columbia, Canada 3Mowi Canada West, #124-1334 Island Highway, Campbell River, British Columbia, Canada

4British Columbia Centre for Aquatic Health Sciences, Campbell River, British Columbia, Canada 5CERMAQ, #203-919 Island Highway, Campbell River, British Columbia, Canada

6Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada * Corresponding author: [email protected]

Introduction: Infectious agents have been postulated to increase the risk of mortality in wild Pacific salmonids (WPS) in the Pacific North. In 2018, the three major Atlantic salmon-producing companies proposed a multi-stakeholder pathogen surveillance program in British Columbia (BC), Canada. To inform development of the program, we did a literature review of both peer-reviewed and unpublished data to summarize information on infectious agents reported in WPS in the region. Objectives: The purpose was to describe the distribution of infectious agents in WPS in BC.

Methods: We conducted a literature review of both published journal (PubMed, EBSCO, and Google Scholar) and also unpublished information (DFO Fish Pathology Program, DFO FPP) relevant to infection of WPS with 10 viral, bacterial and parasitic agents of interest. For each agent, we summarized temporal and spatial patterns of percentages of positive detections across all studies.

Results: We identified published papers (n=41) reporting field surveys of infectious agents. There was a low frequency of the 9 infectious agents, and the numbers of papers with positives over total papers reviewed were as follows: infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) (6/22), piscine orthoreovirus (PRV-1) (7/16), viral hemorrhagic septicaemia virus (7/18), Aeromonas salmonicida (7/15), Renibacterium salmoninarum (9/17), Piscinesalmonis (and other Rickettsia-like organisms, RLOs) (6/12), Yersinia ruckeri (3/12), TTenacibaculum maritimum (1/1) and Moritella viscosa (1/1). Infections with Paramoebaperurans were not reported in peer-reviewed papers while amoebic gill disease cases were recorded in the DFO FPP. From our review of the FPP dataset, we identified 6 infectious agents from a total of 2105 case records between 1971 and 2017, Renibacteriumsalmoninarum (63.9%) and Aeromonas salmonicida (27.7%) were the most reported cases in DFO FPP which also documented the cases of IHNV (2.9%), Yersinia ruckeri (2.5%), and RLO (0.1%). Mapping of sample collection and reported cases indicated that watersheds of the 3 main rivers (Fraser, Columbia, Skeena) and coastal areas in BC were included most in the historical surveys.

Conclusions: This review synthesizes existing information, as well as gaps therein, that can support the design and implementation of a long-term surveillance program of infectious agents in wild salmonids in BC.

Keywords: Infectious agents, wild Pacific salmonids, historical review, British Columbia


AN OPEN WEB-BASED APPLICATION TO EXPLORE THE IMPACT OF DIFFERENT SAMPLING STRATEGIES ON SEA LOUSE ABUNDANCE

ESTIMATION ON ATLANTIC SALMON FARMS

Jaewoon Jeong1* and Crawford Revie1, 2

1 Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Canada 2 Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Scotland

* Corresponding author: [email protected], Phone: +1 902 916 2065

Introduction: Sea louse infestation is considered a serious health issue within the salmon industry. Active surveillance is frequently performed by sampling salmon on farms to estimate sea louse abundance, the number of the various stages of sea louse per salmon. However, it is challenging to determine efficient and effective sampling strategies because the sample-size for sea louse abundance, based on the negative binomial distribution, cannot be calculated through established mathematical formulae for sample-size estimation.

Objectives: To inform salmon sampling strategies, we present an open web-based application which estimates sampling accuracy related to sea louse abundance, given inputs (such as presumed abundance or clustering effect) provided by the user.

Methods: The model was developed using the ‘Shiny’ package within the R statistical software platform. We developed the model with two purposes: i) for a given margin of error, estimate the necessary sample-size, and ii) for a given sample-size, assess the expected sampling accuracy.

Results: The model results show that the benefit from simply increasing sample-size markedly decreases as the sample-size increases beyond around 20 fish. Rather, it was found that sampling accuracy critically depends on the sea louse infestation setting, such as the abundance and clustering effect among pens, that are specified by the user.

Conclusions: This study indicates the limits of specifying a certain sample-size to be used for any situation and all farms as typically happens in regional monitoring. Instead, by understanding the situation on each fish farm, we can improve the accuracy of surveillance using an appropriate number of sampled fish. The approach illustrated here for sea louse abundance on salmon may be easily extended to other fish disease surveillance systems,

using the web-based application available at http://fishsample.shinyapps.io/FishSampling.

Keywords: Abundance, salmon, sample-size, sea louse, web-based application


TILAPIA EPIDEMIOLOGY AND HEALTH ECONOMICS ONLINE SURVEY TOOL

Jerome Delamare-Deboutteville1* Partho Pratim Debnath2, 3, Shimaa E Ali4, Mona Dverdal Jansen5, Chadag Vishnumurthy Mohan1

1 Department for sustainable Aquaculture, WorldFish Headquarters, Malaysia 2 Department for sustainable Aquaculture, WorldFish Bangladesh & South Asia Office, Bangladesh

3 Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Fish Infectious Diseases Research Unit (FID RU), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand

4 Department for sustainable Aquaculture, WorldFish Cairo Office, Egypt 5 Department of analyses and diagnostics, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Norway

* Corresponding author: [email protected], Phone: (604) 6286914 Introduction: According to figures from the FAO, Egypt and Bangladesh are the third and fourth largest tilapia producers, respectively, after China and Indonesia. Absence of accurate baseline data relating to fish health, disease occurrence, diagnostic services and health economic hamper surveillance and disease control efforts. To overcome some of these shortcomings, and generate background data upon which trends and emerging issues may be assessed, WorldFish and partners developed a Tilapia epidemiology and health economics online survey tool.

Objectives: Development of the tool and implementation in Egypt and Bangladesh.

Methods: The survey tool is designed to collect data on disease prevalence, baseline/abnormal mortality, background information from a production site, its workforce, production parameters, key economic indicators and operational procedures (e.g. pond preparation, biosecurity measures), health management practices (e.g. use of chemical/antibiotics), and existing diagnostic services. The survey tool is utilizing the Open Data Kit (ODK) collect application of the Kobo toolbox platform. ODK is compatible with Android devices. Enumerators are trained in 2-3 days before visiting farm/hatchery in pairs. Data collection is conducted offline into mobile phone/tablet allowing completion of multiple surveys without the need of an internet connection. Data can be uploaded at internet connection points allowing for revisions of entered data by enumerators at convenient time before submitting surveys to online databases.

Results: Following feedback from pilot testing the survey tool received multiple revisions to address identified shortcomings and question ambiguities. Survey tool was used to survey 550 farms in Bangladesh and 150 farms in Egypt.

Conclusions: Regular monitoring of data entry/quality can be done remotely by data specialist. This is critical to conduct good epidemiological statistical analyses and modelling to identify risk factors. For release to a wider audience in new countries, the existing tool needs slight modification to suit local context (e.g., names of the local fish species, sub regions). As part of the CGIAR Research Program on fish-agri food systems, WorldFish intends to roll out this tool for assessing tilapia epidemiology and health economics in all its focal and scaling countries in Asia and Africa, where tilapia farming contributes significantly to livelihoods, local economy and nutrition.

Keywords: Aquaculture, epidemiology, health-economics, online-tool, tilapia


PATHOLOGICAL EFFECT OF THE DIGENETIC TREMATODE, ISOPARORCHIS HYPSELOBAGRI IN MASTACEMBELUS ARMATUS FROM KOLONG RIVER OF

ASSAM, INDIA

Sanjoy Tamuli1, Binod Kalita2*, Saidul Islam3 and Hemanta Pokhrel2

1 Department of Fisheries, Govt. of Assam, India 2 Department of Fish Health Management, College of Fisheries, Assam Agricultural University, India

3 Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, India Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected], Phone: 09864244477

Introduction: Kolong river is a tributary of the river Brahmaputra and rich in fish biodiversity; flows through the Nagaon urban area. The bottom dwelling fish, Mastacembelus armatus fetches high price and has significant ornamental value. Economic aspects of the parasite, Isoparorchis hypselobagri involves in reducing palatability, asthetic quality and hence marketable value by causing much damage to host musculature.

Objectives: The objective of the present study was to evaluate gross and pathological effects of the digenean trematode, I. hypselobagri in M. armatus of Kolong river of Assam.

Methods: The study was carried out to investigate the gross and pathological effects of digenetic trematode, I. hypselobagri in M. armatus of Kolong river during the month of May 2014 to April 2015. Fresh specimens of M. armatus were procured from sampling centres and brought to the laboratory.At post-mortem examination any gross changes encountered were recorded. Representative of infected tissues were collected, cut into small pieces and fixed in 10% formal saline, Standard histological methods (Roberts,2012) was followed and sections were stained in haematoxylin and eosin following the procedure described by Luna (1968). Stained sections were observed under image analyzer for histopathological alterations of tissues. Special staining for iron and calcium was done following the method of Luna (1968). Electron Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX) was conducted to record the deposits of elements at the parasite cyst-host interface of infected tissues.

Results: Highest prevalence of the parasitic infection in M.armatus was recorded 96.67 percent with I.hypselobagri. Gross observation revealed distinctly visible swelling near the site of infection.Each parasite was enclosed within a dark, black coloured cyst. All parasites were found enclosed within dark, black coloured cyst that contained a single immature parasite in each cyst. Histopathological examination of muscle from infected M.armatus reveal the deposits of drug particles. Perl’s blue stain indicated presence of iron and EDAX study also recorded deposits of seven elements, out of which two were heavy metals i.e. Aluminium and Mercury.

Conclusions: The findings helped to explain the prevalence and severity of parasitic infection in M. armatus with I. hypsalobagri .It also could detect the heavy metal deposits in the body of fish under investigation which needs to be quantified, else it might be a serious health issue to the fish consumers in future.

Keywords: Histopathology, Isoparorchis hypselobagri, Mastacembelus armatus, Trematode


NETWORK SIMULATION MODELS: THEIR VALUE IN TESTING DISEASE CONTROL STRATEGIES AND PRIORITIZING RESEARCH

Kenton L. Morgan1, A. R. T. Jonkers2,5, Mark A. Thrush3, James F. Turnbull4 Kieran J Sharkey5

1School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston CH647TE. 2Institute for Geophysics, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 24, Münster 48149, Germany, 3Centre for Environment

Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK. 4Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Stirlingshire, FK9 4LA, UK, 5Department of Mathematical Sciences, University

of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZL, UK . Contact between individual or groups of animals is a fundamental consideration in the development of models of the spread of infectious diseases. However, for some diseases, effective and useful models can be developed by assuming homogenous mixing. The emergence of HIV placed greater emphasis on the need to understand contacts between individuals and resulted in the application of network models, (which were already well developed in understanding the penetration of advertising and marketing of manufactured goods) to infectious diseases. This occurred when changes in technology e.g. GPS, computing power, mobile phones, electronic records, CCTV made it possible to study contact networks in much greater detail and also to simulate the transmission of exotic diseases through these networks. The OIE animal health code uses concepts of zoning and compartmentalisation as strategies for disease control. These concepts are based upon isolation and movement restrictions, inherited from terrestrial animal health control codes. Aquatic population are rarely defined by land barriers. Simply stated, water transcends national boundaries; the Mekong runs through 6 countries (China, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam), marine fish are also able to migrate between nation’s territorial waters. Intuitively one would expect control strategies based on river catchments to be superior to those based on country borders. We use a geographically explicit network simulator, based on the location and movement of fish between farms in England and Wales. We assume that the counties are the equivalent of land based countries and compare control based on zones and compartments defined by river catchments with those defined by counties. We show that catchment based control is superior to country based control and question the feasibility of compartmentalisation for aquatic disease control The application of zoning and compartments to international aquatic disease control requires a new paradigm based on transnational, catchment based, organisations rather than national boundaries.


EXPLORING THE USE OF OPEN DATA, REMOTELY-SENSED, OCEOGRAPHIC PRODUCTS TO ENHANCE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL MODELS FOR ATLANTIC

SALMON AQUACULTURE IN SCOTLAND A.S. Boerlage1*, A. Reeves1 and M. Spencer2

1 Epidemiological Research Unit, Scotland’s Rural College, An Lochran, Inverness Campus, UK

2 Rural economy, environment and society, Scotland’s Rural College, UK * Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Introduction: Farmed Atlantic salmon is the largest food export product from Scotland and the UK, and Scotland is the third largest salmon producer in the world. Environmental parameters have a large effect on salmon production. In open net-pen culture in the marine environment, most salmon producers monitor environmental parameters in situ at farm locations. This information helps adjusting management strategies, such as reducing feeding when conditions are sub-optimal. Although this in situ information can be used in epidemiological models, these data may be missing on bad weather days and comparisons between sites may be inaccurate because measurements may be taken according to different protocols and with different tools.

Objective: To use open, remotely-sensed data to obtain environmental parameters of consistent quality between sites. Ultimately this may lead to a reliable, comparable data source that can be used in epidemiological studies.

Methods: We used data from Scotland’s aquaculture governmental website, and products from the marine environment monitoring service of Copernicus, and processed them in R to generate maps of environmental variables.

Results: Open data and software provides good opportunities for research in marine aquaculture. By making inputs and methods open they are accessible to all. Data handling is needed before data is suitable for further use. There are limitations to these data, such as monthly mortality reporting instead of more frequently in Scotland’s aquaculture government data, and missing satellite coverages in certain areas for certain environmental variables.

Conclusions: Open remotely-sensed oceanographic products can be of great value to epidemiological studies of marine aquaculture subjects. Even though they are free to use, there is still labour needed to process them. Once a methodology is established and coded, efforts can be minimal. Further work is required to determine the value of these types of data for different types of studies, and make comparisons with in situ data.

Keywords: Open source, Salmon, Satellite data


DTU-DADS-AQUA: A SIMULATION FRAMEWORK FOR THE SPREAD OF DISEASE WITHIN AND BETWEEN MARINE FARMS

João Romero1, Tariq Halasa2, Derek Price1,3*, Krishna Thakur1, Ian Gardner1

1 Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Canada 2 University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health Sciences, Denmark

3 Aquaculture Environmental Operations, Aquaculture Management Division, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Canada


Introduction: The introduction of an infectious agent in a naive population can have devastating effects, but it is hard to anticipate them without having undergone an outbreak. A standard solution is to gather information from various sources such as lab experiments and outbreaks in other geographical areas and use them to build a stochastic model to simulate the spread of the agent and extract critical aspects of disease dynamics. Spatially explicit models are especially useful in these cases, as they provide a range for the spread of the disease. Several software solutions are readily available for terrestrial animals, but their implementation of waterborne transmission pathways is limited.

Objectives: Several authors have highlighted the importance of accounting for the presence of other farms in the proximity for the onset of disease, so our objective was to adapt an existing simulation framework and incorporate a module that could flexibly incorporate this information.

Methods: We found the publicly available DTU-DADS simulation framework to be the most accessible for our purpose. The framework is a collection of R scripts previously used for the simulation of the spread of Foot and Mouth Disease, and more recently, African Swine Fever. In our implementation, we built pathways for the spread of disease between fish within a cage, between cages on the same farm, and between cages on different farms. To test our framework, we chose to parametrize a SIR model for the spread of Infectious Salmon Anemia between Atlantic salmon farms in New Brunswick, Canada. We chose ISA in New Brunswick because data on the 2003 outbreak is available in peer-reviewed articles, the depopulation of the farms followed the detection of ISA, and most of the critical parameters for the parametrization of the model are published. The connectivity between farms was determined using the weighted seaway distance between farms, and we incorporated it into the model as a connectivity matrix.

Results and Conclusions: Using this framework, we were able to spread the disease successfully within and between farms. Our results suggest that long-distance waterborne transmission of the disease is not only possible but likely and that we can control the spread of disease if we remove infected fish from a farm as soon as the disease is detected.

Keywords: Simulation, SIR, Atlantic salmon, ISA


BAYESIAN LATENT CLASS ANALYSIS COMPARING DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY FOR DETECTING INFECTIOUS SALMON ANEMIA VIRUS USING IFAT AND RT-PCR TESTING FROM THREE DIFFERENT LABORATORIES IN

ATLANTIC CANADA

Marina Delphino1, Emilie Laurin1, Holly Burnley1, Nicole O’Brien2*, Daryl Whelan2, Larry Hammell1, Krishna Thakur1

1 Department of Health Management and Centre for Veterinary Epidemiologic Research (CVER), Atlantic

Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Canada 2 Department of Fisheries and Land Resources, Aquatic Animal Health Division, Canada


Introduction: Infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAv) is the causative agent of infectious salmon anemia, an economically important disease in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmosalar). Immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) and real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) are diagnostic tests commonly used for the detection ISAv surveillance programs in Atlantic Canada.

Objectives: To evaluate diagnostic performance of ISAv surveillance tests used in farmed Atlantic salmon, specifically to estimate diagnostic sensitivity (DSe) and specificity (DSp) of IFAT and RT-PCR.

Methods: We used BLCA to evaluate DSe and DSp for each test, in the absence of a reference test. We compared RT-PCR and IFAT using samples obtained from three separate salmon populations in NL. Three populations consisted of 1) apparently ISAv free (n=50), 2) anticipated low prevalence (n=65), and 3) high prevalence (n=65). Conditional independence models for two tests (IFAT and RT-PCR) and three populations were created. Uniform priors were used to evaluate the posterior medians estimates and 95% probability intervals for all diagnostic estimates. The effect of alternative cut-offs points (for IFAT and RT-PCR from lab A) on the posterior estimates of Dse and DSp was examined as part of a model sensitivity analysis.

Results: RT-PCRs had similarly high sensitivity (range, 97.7%-97.9%). IFAT was the least sensitive method (range, 56.1%-77.0%). Posterior median estimates for DSp of IFAT (range, 98.8%-99.4%) and for RT-PCRs from lab C (99.4%, 95%PI: 96.8%-99.9%) and lab B (97.6%, 95%PI: 92.8%-99.8%) were much higher than for RT-PCR from lab A (93.9%, 95%PI: 88.3%-97.6%).

Conclusions: Real-time RT-PCR provided the greatest DSe for routine surveillance of Atlantic salmon farms in the absence of suspicion while not overly sacrificing DSp. Although IFAT provided a high DSp, the RT-PCR performed similarly in this regard. For laboratories that had lower DSp for RT-PCR the use of IFAT as a confirmatory test on RT-PCR positive samples may be warranted. In high prevalence populations, the use of Real-time RT-PCR had both a high DSe and Dsp which increases the confidence of use during routine surveillance.

Keywords: Bayesian latent class model (BLCA), Infectious salmon anemia, Sensitivity, Specificity


TILAPIA LAKE VIRUS DIEASE: PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS REVEAL THAT TWO DISTINCT CLADES ARE CIRCULATING IN ISRAEL SIMULTANEOUSLY

Revital Skornik1,2, Marina Eyngor3, Adi Behar3, Michal Perry Markovich1, Natan Wajsbrot4, Eyal Klement2, and Nadav Davidovich1,*

1 Israeli Veterinary Services, Bet Dagan, Israel. 2 Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment,

The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel. 3 Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel.

4 Phibro Animal Health Corporation, Israel. * Corresponding author: [email protected]

Introduction: Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) is an emerging viral disease that affects several tilapia species since 2014. TiLV affects Tilapines in different countries on four continents: Asia, Africa, South and North America. Tilapines are the second most important group of farmed fish that provides an inexpensive protein source, especially in developing countries.

Objectives: Since the discovery of the disease, a wide range of mortality rates have been associated with TiLV outbreaks in different countries: from low (5–15%) in Egypt to high (90%) in Thailand and India. Our work is aimed to augment previous works by adding molecular epidemiology and survival data.

Methods: A total of 129 samples were collected from 14 tilapia farms in Israel. Ninety samples represented TiLV-suspected cases (TSC), and 39 were used as control samples (CS); 114 (88%) samples were of the commercial hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis aureus x O. niloticus) and 15 (12%) were of O. niloticus and Oreochromis sp. In the laboratory, 89 and 39 duplicate brain and liver tissue samples were extracted from TSC samples and CS, respectively. From one TSC, only the liver sample was available. RT-qPCR was performed on 89 and 39 duplicate brain and liver tissue samples from TSC samples and CS, respectively. Additional validation RT-PCR was performed on positive samples and amplified products were sequenced. All positive samples obtained from segment-3 amplification were subject to sequencing. Levels of intraspecific sequence homology were consistently high (99.0–99.5%); accordingly, 25 sequences were selected for maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analysis (MLPA).

Results: TiLV was diagnosed in 37 (40.1%) of TSC and two of the CS samples (5%) were also positive for TiLV. The etiological agent(s) of the remainder of the TSC were not clear. MLPA of selected sequences, revealed two distinct clades: one virtually identical to sequences from India, and the second closely related to isolates from Ecuador, Thailand, Egypt and Peru, apparently imported to Israel from Thailand.

Conclusions: Our results indicate that at least two distinct clades of TiLV are circulating in Israel simultaneously. No differences in the distribution (sig = 0.59) of survival rates between clades were found.

Keywords: Emerging disease, molecular epidemiology, phylogeny, tilapia lake virus (TiLV)


6th

November2019

ORAL PRESENTATION


AQUATIC ANIMAL POPULATIONS, METAPHYLACTIC TREATMENTS, AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE

Sophie St-Hilaire*

Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong * Corresponding author: [email protected]

One of the biggest threats to public health and food security is the increase in antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Aquaculture industries around the world have not escaped this growing problem. Overuse of and under-dosing with antibiotics are two of the known risk factors for developing and selecting for antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and, based on these principles, most veterinary regulatory bodies have published broad guidelines to assist practitioners’ efforts to reduce antimicrobial resistance (AMR); however, these fall short for many situations in aquaculture where antibiotics are applied as metaphylactic in-feed treatments. During these treatments, all animals within a defined population are treated with medication via the feed; however, it is very difficult to ensure all animals consume adequate medication. As more fish farmers report pathogens with reduced sensitivity to antibiotics and increasing treatment failures, researchers are beginning to investigate the role of different veterinary practices, as well as the impact of host and pathogen dynamics during and post treatment, on the risk of selecting for AMR in bacterial and parasitic populations. We present findings from research conducted on antibiotic and anti-parasitic drug application trials in large fish populations, and we hypothesize about factors driving AMR in aquaculture settings. We describe potential husbandry issues that may result in under-dosing in large populations of sick animals, and the consequence of this issue when farms are independently and asynchronously treating populations of fish that share pathogens over large spatial scales. We conclude with some specific recommendations for addressing issues and for further research to better understand the drivers of AMR in aquaculture.


EFFICACY OF PROPHYLACTIC HEALTH PRODUCTS ON SHRIMP (PENAEUSMONODON) POST LARVAE NURSING IN TANKS

Muhammad Meezanur Rahman1*, Hazrat Ali1, Ahmed Jaman1, Mahmoud Eltholth2, Francis Murray2

1 WorldFish Bangladesh office, Bangladesh

2 Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, UK *Corresponding author email: [email protected], +880 2 58813250

Introduction: Application of prophylactic health products (PHPs) including probiotics, prebiotics, immunostimulants, antimicrobials, bioflocs at different stages of shrimp production are common. Recent survey showed that more than 200 PHPs are available in Bangladesh market (BBSRC UK funded IMAQulate project unpublished data). The evidence of antimicrobial resistance is a serious concern for shrimp disease management and human health.

Objectives: The objectives of the study were to assess the efficacy of commercial PHPs on specific pathogen free (SPF) shrimp (Penaeus monodon) post larvae nursing in tanks.

Methods: The trial conducted in a commercial shrimp hatchery in Bangladesh during June to October 2018. The experiment includes five treatments: feed probiotic, water probiotic, combination of water and feed probiotic, biofloc, combination of biofloc and feed probiotic, and control. Five replicates were used for the treatments and control. SPF P. monodon PL15 were nursed for 29 days in thirty fibreglass tanks, 600 litre capacity each. The dose, frequency and mode of application of probiotics were according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Commercial diet (INVE Aquaculture FRIPPAK RW 500 and FRIPPAK RW 700) were fed to PL during nursing. Water quality (water temperature, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, pH, total ammonia nitogen, nitrite), total bacteria count (TBC), total vibrio count (TVC), feed conversion ratio (FCR), growth and survival rate were recorded. At the end of nursing, a salinity stress test was conducted to evaluate the control and treated PL quality.

Results: During nursing, no significant differences observed in water temperature, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, total ammonia nitrogen between control and treatments. At the end of nursing, no significant differences found in FCR, growth, survival, TBC and TVC between control and treatments. In salinity stress test, survival rate was significantly higher in shrimp received a combined treatment of “feed probiotic and biofloc” followed by “biofloc” than other treatments and control.

Conclusions: There was no significant difference in growth, FCR and survival rate between treatments and control. Rearing shrimp in biofloc alone or combined with feed probiotic might increase animal resistance to environmental stressors. Further on-farm trials might be useful to confirm the efficacy of the PHPs.

Keywords: shrimp, nursery, prophylactic health products

RELATIONSHIP AMONG EARLY MORTALITY SYNDROME (EMS), ACUTE HEPATOPANCREATIC NECROSIS DISEASE (AHPND), WHITE SPOT SYNDROME

VIRUS (WSSV), YELLOW HEAD DISEASE TYPE I, ENTEROCYTOZOON HEPATOPENAEI (EHP) AND AGGREGTED TRANSFORMED MICROVILLI (ATM)

LESION FINDING IN CULTURE PACIFIC WHITE SHRIMP

Visanu Boonyawiwat1*, Janejit Kongkumnerd2, Jumroensri Thawonsuwan3, Siripong Thitamadee4,5, Varin Tanasomwang6, Timothy W. Flegel5,7, Kallaya Sritunyalucksana8

1 Department Farm Resources and Production Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Thailand, 2 Aquatic Animal Health Research and Development Division, Department of Fisheries, Thailand, 3 Songkhla Aquatic Animal Health Research

Center, Aquatic Animal Health Research and Development Division, Department of Fisheries, Thailand, 4 Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Thailand, 5 Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Thailand, 6 Fisheries Management Expert Bureau Division, Department of Fisheries, Thailand, 7 National

Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park (TSP), Thailand, 8 Aquatic Animal Health Research Team, Integrative Aquaculture Biotechnology, National Center for

Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand. * Corresponding author: [email protected]

Introduction: Early mortality syndrome (EMS) quotes to massive mortality of shrimp within approximately 35 days after stocking post-larva shrimp into the pond. It is was known as acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) caused by Vibrio isolates that produce PirA and PirB like toxins. However, many causes can induce of early mortality of shrimp (e.g. WSSV, Vibriosis, etc.). Moreover, EHP infection and ATM lesion has been suggested to associate with AHPND.

Objectives: To better understand relationship among EMS, AHPND, WSSV, EHP and ATM lesion in culture Pacific White shrimp.

Methods: Two hundreds ponds of 133 farms from 7 provinces were randomly selection during Aug 2013 to April 2014. Twenty shrimp samples were randomly collected from each pond. The pond with shrimp died before the age of 35 days and accompanied by gross signs related to EMS were categorized to EMS pond and samples were collect on date of the clinical sign finding, while shrimp in ponds that did not show these signs were collected at the age of 35 days and indicated healthy ponds. Ten shrimp were immediately fixed with Davidson’s fixative for processing to obtain tissue sections for histological analysis using standard methods. The other 10 were pool collected various target organs and homogenized and preserved in Trizol® reagent for subsequent PCR or RT-PCR test. EHP was determined by nested PCR. AHPND-PCR test was carried out with 1-step PCR method (AP2). WSSV and YHV1 were determined using the IQ2000 Kit. The samples were at least a shrimp positive AHPND by histopathology study and positive results from PCR tests were indicated to AHPND Pond. The severity of ATM lesion was recorded according to the number of samples were found the lesion (e.g. 0, 0.1,…,1). The nested PCR test results were recoded as negative, light (2nd step PCR positive) or heavy (1st step PCR positive). ). Logistic regression analysis in STATA 14.0 was used to determine the relationship among data and significant were detect at the P-value < 0.05.

Results: The prevalence of EMS, YHV, WSSV, AHPND, EHP, and ATM in our samples were 16.33, 0, 4.08, 29.08, 58.17, and 76.02 %, respectively. The significant relationship for EMS was found to AHPND, EHP, and ATM with coefficients of 1.46, -1.11 and -2.52, respectively. ATM lesion finding was found has a negative relationship with AHPND with coefficients of -0.93. While no relationship among WSSV, EHP and ATM were found.

Conclusions: Only 56.3% EMS ponds were positive to AHPND, this indicated the AHPND is not equated to EMS and any confirmatory diagnosis methods was necessary for AHPND diagnosis. ATM might has protective effect to EMS and AHPND but the mechanism still unknown. However, we could not find any correlation between EHP and AHPND. Keywords: Early mortality syndrome, Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease, White spot syndrome virus, Yellow head disease typeI, Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei and aggregated transformed microvilli, correlation, Pacific white Shrimp

66 The 2nd global conference in epidemiology and aquatic animal diseases


TRADE PATTERN AND SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS OF NILE TILAPIA PRODUCTION IN CENTRAL REGION, THAILAND

Waraphon Phimpraphai*1, Chaithep Poolkhet1, Visanu Boonyawiwat2 and Suwicha Kasemsuwan1

1 Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Thailand 2 Department of Farm Resources and Production Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart

University, Thailand Corresponding author: [email protected]

Introduction: In Thailand, tilapia is major commercially aquaculture due to its high protein content, rapid growth and palatability. For tilapia production, earthen pond system and caged culture system were the most popular.

Objective: This study aims to identify the actors and their roles in tilapia culture and trade networks and conduct cost-benefit analysis among different culture system.

Methods: This study was conducted in 6 provinces in central region including Samut Prakarn, Nakhon Pathom, Ratchaburi, Chainat, Suphanburi and Kanchanaburi during 2012 - 2014. Two hundred and seventeen tilapia farmers and related stakeholders for tilapia culture and trade were interviewed by using questionnaires.

Results: The results revealed that 69.59% of tilapia grow-out farms were Nile tilapia in earthen ponds culture system and 30.41% were Nile- and red tilapia in caged culture system. There were very few tilapia farms that have pre-or post-cultured water treatment. The infectious disease symptoms were reported differently between nursery fish and grow-out fish. Social network analysis (SNA) of tilapia culture and trade found 393 nodes including 4 hatcheries, 3 nurseries, 154 earthen pond grow-out farms, 71 cage culture farms, 11 fry middlemen, 2 investors, 67 feed sellers, 33 fish middlemen, 12 transporters, 28 fish markets, 4 export factories and 4 retailers. Network parameters such as density, distance, clustering coefficient, degree and betweenness centralities were 0.0567, 1.726, 0.04, 1.932 and 3.3 respectively. So this network was scale-free network which hubs were fish markets, hatcheries and feed sellers. Tilapia culture cost-benefit was among 3 tilapia culture systems, earthen ponds, caged culture in earthen ponds and caged culture in the river. The costs of 1 production cycle were 16.6, 2,432.64 and 2,381.07 THB/m2 while the net profit were 6.01, 178.17 and 323.50 THB/m2 respectively.

Conclusions: Tilapia culture in study areas were mainly earthen ponds with less concerned about water quality. SNA and trade patterns indicated that tilapia farmers were not the key players for controlling either production capacity or market prices. These findings could be applied for aquaculture strategic planning and risk based diseases surveillance in the future.

Key words: Nile tilapia, trade pattern, social network analysis, scale free network, cost-benefit


POSTER PRESENTATION


INVESTIGATION OF INFECTIOUS SPLEEN AND KIDNEY NECROSIS VIRUS (ISKNV) INFECTION IN BARRAMUNDI FARMS, NAKHON PATHOM PROVINCE

Phurida Sripipattanakul 1* and Patcharee Jenchangkol 2

1 Field Epidemiology Training Program for Veterinarian, National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Thailand

2 Betagro Public Company Limited, Thailand * Corresponding author: [email protected]

Introduction: ISKNV is double-stranded DNA virus that is in the genus Megalocytivirus with in the family Iridoviridae. The virus is one of red sea bream iridoviral disease (RSIVD) causes. The disease is effected marine fish farming in many countries especially in Asia as the virus brings about mass mortalities from severe anemia in juvenile fishes. Principal transmission of the disease is horizontal mode such as via the water and fomites. Barramundi (is an economically important marine fish cultured in Thailand that is one of susceptible host of this virus. The RSIVD-like clinical signs (darkening skin, exophthalmos hemorrhage and abdominal distension) were reported in barramundi farms in Nakhon Pathom province since 2018 but did not confirm by laboratory.

Objectives: The objectives of this study were investigated the outbreak, confirm the disease by laboratory, finding other cases, survey knowledge relate to farm management from fish cultivators, preliminary evaluate economic loss and describe risk of the outbreak .

Methods: We perform cross-sectional study in barramundi fish farm group (6 farms) in Nakhon Pathom province during June 2018-April 2019. The study composed of collected case samples by caught the fishes showed RSIVD clinical signs, finding other cases by caught some fishes from farms in the group and collected the information by a questionnaire (face to face interviewed). After that, all of the samples were brought to NIAH for diagnosis of diseases. The procedure consisted of necropsied and collected organs of the fishes for laboratory diagnosis. The suspected cases were at least 1 fish from farm show the clinical signs and the confirmed cases were suspected case with histopathological lesions and molecular confirmation.

Results: The suspected case farms were 4 farms and confirmed case farm were 2 farms. One of the confirmed farm showed 2 times of the outbreaks. Mortality rate in case farm was 84%, average fish death was 25,600 fish per pond and average economic loss was 114,400 Baht/pond. Four farms found other diseases such as bacterial infection and fungal infection. Low farm owner’s knowledge of RSIVD and poor farm biosecurity were risk of the outbreak.

Conclusions: The outbreak made high economic loss. For resolved the problem using juvenile fish from ISKNV free-farm and educating good farm management practice should be communicated especially to barramundi fish farm owners.

Keywords: infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus, barramundi, Lates calcarifer


EFFECT OF POLYPHENOLS FOR CONTROLLING THE 2 nd DIE-OFF-FROM ACUTE HEPATOPANCREATIC NECROSIS DISEASE (AHPND) IN PACIFIC WHITE SHRIMP CULTURE IN LOW SALINITY AREA (THE FIELD TRIAL)

Visanu Boonyawiwat1*, Printip Wongthai1, Natthana Thitichayaphong1, Theeraporn Poolpipat1, Charuwan Hrianpreecha2

1 Department Farm Resources and Production Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Thailand

2 Department of Livestock Development, Thailand


Introduction: Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND) cause by Vibrioparahaemolyticus which contain special plasmid encode with Pir-like toxin genome. Affected shrimp showed massive mortality within approximately 35 days of culture (DOC). Farmers treated sick ponds by stopping feeding until no mortality was observed. Then they were feed shrimp again. However, after the shrimp have been fed for 2-3 consecutive weeks, the 2nd

mortality has appeared again and they might make a decision to harvest. In order to reduce the potential losses, farmers might use antibiotics to treat shrimp. But their treatments were often ineffective and caused antibiotics residues in shrimp commodity. Polyphenols are secondary metabolites produced of plants which, a source of antimicrobial molecules against bacteria and it might be a potential agent for an alternative treatment to AHPND.

Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of polyphenols to reducing the losing of shrimp from 2nd die off of AHPND outbreak.

Methods: Field trials were conducted in a 4 ponds farm in Nakorn Pathom Province. The pre-post study design was used to compare the production performance between former crop and treatment crop. Ten shrimp specimens from early mortality ponds (age < 35 DOC) were collected to a histological assessment of AHPND. The affected ponds were stopped for feeding until mortality disappear. Then shrimp were fed again. The control ponds were fed with normal feed while, treatment ponds were fed with 5g/kg polyphenols top dressing feed every meal until the harvest date. Linear regression analysis was conduct to determine the efficiency of the treatment and significant were detected at the P-value < 0.05.

Results: The production performance index of treatment ponds comprise average size on harvesting date, percent survival and production yield were significantly better than the control ponds by 3.88 g., 18.41 % and 2,818.55 kg./hectare, respectively. Although there is a tendency to raise shrimp much longer in the treatment ponds for 14.75 days, no significant difference was observed.

Conclusions: The studies have shown that polyphenols could reduce the loose of shrimp production due to the AHPND outbreak in shrimp culture in low salinity area. Moreover, this manner could reduce the antibiotic residues problem in shrimp products.

Keywords: Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND), Polyphenols, field trials, low salinity area, Pacific White shrimp


ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANT OF ESCHERICHIA COLI ISOLATED FROM ENVIRONMENT IN FISH FARM AT SRINAKARIN RESERVOIR

Printip Wongthai1, Nuananong Sinwat1, Wantida H.Piencharoen4 Kanyathip Sangarun5, Napasaporn Wannapong2, Monticha Suwunwong3, Somyod Kankuntod3, Suksan Chumsing2, Suwicha Kasemsuwan 2*

1 Department of Farm Resources and Production Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart

University, Kamphang Saen campus, Thailand

2 Department of Veterinary public health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphang Saen campus, Thailand

3 Kamphaengsean Veterinary Diagnostic Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphang Saen campus, Thailand

4 Gloden Triangle Asia Elephant Foundation, Thailand 5 Veterinary research and development center, Thailand


Introduction: Srinakarin reservoir is located on Khwae Yai river in Si sawat district of Kanchanaburi province, Thailand. Its territories are in contact with Thung Yai Naresuan and Salakphra Wildlife Sanctuaries. The reservoir’s area and storage capacity is 419 km2 and 17,745 m3, respectively. The reservoir is in a tourist attraction and an isolate area. There are 18 caged-fish farms in this reservoir. Interestingly, some farms regularly fed fish with chicken intestines which were transported from an abattoir in the same province. The chicken intestines may introduce antimicrobial resistance (AMR) into the environment of Srinakarin reservoir that is surrounded by tropical forest and was considered free from AMR bacteria.

Objectives: To screen for AMR in E.coli isolated from the environment of fish farms at Srinakarin reservoir and to describe factors associated with AMR.

Methods: The algae samples were collected from the net of fish cages on 12 farms at 1 foot depth from the surface during August 2018 to April 2019. The farms were located on two sides of the reservoir. All E.coli isolates were determined for antimicrobial susceptibility testing by disk diffusion method. The possible factors associated with having AMR on a farm were analyzed from questionnaires which were designed to ask about general information and fish farm management.

Results: Among 110 E.coli isolates, 97.27 % showed antibiotic resistance and 54.54 % exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR). The factors concerning AMR on a farm which included the experience of the farmer, using chicken intestines in feed, usage of chemicals (KMnO4, NaCl, yellow powder and NaOH) and cage cleaning processes were seemingly not associated with the antibiotic resistance pattern of E.coli isolated from the algae samples.

Conclusions: The variation of resistance pattern of AMR from environmental samples on fish farms in Srinakarin reservoir was identified. None of the factors studied were shown to be associated with the AMR patterns on the farm level. Hence, monitoring of antibiotic resistance in bacterial population in aquaculture and environment surrounding this reservoir is suggested.

Keywords: Antimicrobial resistance, E.coli, factor of AMR


THE MOLECULAR DETECTION AND GENETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF INFECTIOUS SPLEEN AND KIDNEY NECROSIS VIRUS (ISKNV) IN FRESH

WATER FISH IN THAILAND

Napat Pattarawat1, Visanu Boonyawiwat2,3, Manakorn Sukmak2,3, Charuwan Hrianpreecha4, Nantana Soda3

1 Graduate school, Kasetsart University, Thailand 2 Department of Farm Resources and Production Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart

University, Kampaengsaen campus, Thailand 3 Kamphaengsaen Veterinary Diagnostic Center (KVDC), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University,

Thailand

4 Department of Livestock Development, Thailand * Corresponding author: [email protected]

Introduction: The megalocytivirus genus is the member of family Iridoviridae that well known as a cause of systemic infection in various species of fishes. The outbreak of megalocytivirus has occurred mainly in east and Southeast Asia. The viruses can be divided to three species including red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV), infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) and turbot reddish body iridovirus (TRBIV).

Objective: To investigate the Iridovirus infection and identify genetic characterization of Iridovirus found in fish in Thailand.

Method: Several organ of various fish species sent for necropsy in order to common diagnosis method performed at aquatic diagnostic unit, Kamphaengsaen Veterinary Diagnostic center, faculty of veterinary medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand. The suspected iridovirus infection fishes were randomly subjected to DNA extraction. Here, we tested the presence of Iridovirus DNA by using ATPase-specific PCR. The positive samples were sent for sequencing. The phylogenetic analysis was performed to evaluate the diversity and clustering of viruses.

Results and discussion: The PCR positive results were detected in Climbing perch (Anabas testudineus), Red tilapia (O. niloticus x O. mossambicus) and Nile tilapia (O. niloticus). The obtained sequences were located between ORF122L and ATPase region. The blast result revealed high similarity to infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) available on Genbank database. The phylogenetic analysis showed that Iridovirus found in our samples were clustered with other reported ISKNV and two genotypes of ISKNV were found in our samples. Interestingly, the sequence alignment showed 3 nucleotides deletion occurred in ORF122L region lead to deletion of tyrosine (Y) at the 4th amino acid of ORF122L. This deletion is unique characteristic that found only in Thai fish suggested that two different origins of ISKNV circulate in Thai aquaculture system. Moreover, this deletion can be used as a genetic marker for molecular epidemiology of ISKNV in future.

Keywords: Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus, ISKNV, fresh water fish, molecular genetic


CHARACTERIZATION OF FLAVOBACTERIUM COLUMNARE ISOLATED FROM FRESHWATER CULTURED ASIAN SEA BASS (LATES CLACRIFER) IN

THAILAND

Putita Chokmangmeepisarn1*, Pattanapon Kayansamruaj2, Ha Thanh Dong3, and Channarong Rodkhum1, 4 1 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand

2 Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Thailand 3 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi,

Thailand * Corresponding author: [email protected]

Introduction: Flavobacterium columnare is a Gram negative bacteria which is a causative agent of columnaris disease. This disease causing high mortality in various kinds of freshwater fishes result in great economic loss. This bacteria have been reported in Nile tilapia and red tilapia in 2013 in Thailand. Asian sea bass is a high value and economically important fish species. A freshwater culturing system have been using for culture Asian sea bass in Thailand. Hence, columnaris disease occurrence should be monitored.

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to characterize the F. columnare isolated from freshwater cultured Asian sea bass in Thailand.

Methods: The fishes with columnaris disease clinical signs were collected from 2 provinces in Thailand including Samutprakarn and Chachoengsao. The bacteria were cultured on Anacker and Ordal (AO) media and incubated at 28°C for 48 hours. The bacterial cell shape and colony morphology were observed. A several biochemical tests were used to identify the bacteria. Moreover, the bacterial DNA were extracted and send to next-generation sequencing for further analysis. Then, the full length of 16s rRNA and dnaK sequences of all isolates were retrieved from genomes for phylogenetic analysis. Phylogenetic tree were constructed by using MEGA7 software.

Results: A total of 15 F. columnare isolates were isolated from diseased fishes. All isolates were Gram negative long rod shape and showed yellow flat rhizoid colony on AO media. Positive results were showed on catalase and cytochrome oxidase test and negative results were showed on decarboxylase test. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that all isolates were identify as F. columnare and classified into genetic group 2 and 4 based on 16s rRNA and dnaK genes.

Conclusions: This study is the first reported of F. columnare in freshwater cultured Asian sea bass in Thailand. The major of F. columnare isolates in Thailand were belonged to genetic group 2 and 4.

Keywords: Asian sea bass, characterization, freshwater, Flavobacterium columnare


A QUALITATIVE METHODOLOGY FOR IMPORT RISK ASSESSMENT OF SHRIMP DISEASES IN BRAZIL

Eduardo A.P. Cunha1, Marina K.V.C. Delphino2*, Fernanda C. Dórea3, Vitor S.P. Gonçalves4

1Animal Health Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply, Brazil 2Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Canada,

3Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute, Sweden 4Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology (EpiPlan), University of Brasilia, Brazil


Introduction: The major purpose of import risk analysis in international trade is to provide to the importing countries an objective, structured and transparent framework for assessing the risks of diseases associated with the importation of animals and their products. Qualitative assessment does not require mathematical modelling skills to carry out and so is often the type of assessment used for routine decision making.

Objectives: To develop a qualitative methodology to assess the risk of disease exposure and its consequences through live aquatic animal importation into Brazil.

Methods: The methodology followed the approach proposed by the World Organization for Animal Health for risk analysis. The importation of post larvae of P. vannamei infected by Taura syndrome virus (TSV) from the United States of America (USA) was used as a case-study. No methodology has been proposed to estimate the entry assessment. Nevertheless, as a required step, it has been conservatively suggested as “low” (disease has been absent since 2008). For the exposure assessment three groups were included, according to the production purposes: (i) broodstock, hatchery and nursery; (ii) grow-out ponds; and (iii) wild. Scenario trees were used to identify whether the risk is negligible or not, if the pathogen is released in the country, and it was calculated independently for each group. The likelihood derived were then employed in a seven-step framework that combines the results from the exposure assessment with the consequence assessment, in order to estimate the overall annual risk. Matrix of rules for obtaining a single value when combining two or multiple descriptive likelihoods were used.

Results: The annual risk was “negligible” in the reproduction group, and “low” for grow out and wild. The overall annual risk of TSV in Brazil through the importation of post larvae of P. vannamei from the USA was considered to be “low”. However, it should be noted that risk increases with increasing volume of the commodity imported.

Conclusions: The methodology presented is flexible, and can be adjusted to suit other commodities and epidemiologic situations. This study would serve as the foundation for future quantitative risk assessments of live aquatic animal importation into Brazil.

Keywords: Aquaculture, Import risk analysis, Penaeus vannamei, Qualitative risk assessment, Taura syndrome


EFFECT OF FARM MANAGEMENT ON OCCURING OF EARLY MORTALITY SYNDROME-ACUTE HEPATOPANCREATIC NECROSIS DISEASE

(EMS/AHPND) IN LOW SALINITY SHRIMP CULTURE AREA, THAILAND

Visanu Boonyawiwat 1*, Jiraporn Kasornchandra2, Charuwan Hrianpreecha3, Chaithep Poolkhet1

1 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Thailand;

2 Department of Fisheries, Thailand;

3 Department of Livestock Development, Thailand * Corresponding author: [email protected]

Introduction: The EMS/AHPND disease was first observed in the east coast of Thailand in late 2011 before knowing the causative agent was Vibrio parahaemolyticus in 2013. In fact, the bacteria in genus Vibrio not growing well in low salinity condition. But the disease was still a serious problem in raising shrimp in the low salinity area since 2013.

Objective: To identify factors associated with EMS/AHPND occurrence on shrimp farms in low salinity water area.

Methods: Retrospective study was carried out on shrimp farms in NakornPathom province from January 2014 to June 2015. Data were collected from 110 ponds by interviewed with a questionnaire. Twenty-six factors consist of factors related to farm characteristics, farm management, pond and water preparation and management, postlarvae (PL) shrimp and stock management were evaluated. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine factors affecting the occurrence of EMS/AHPND at the pond and farm level.

Result: The prevalence of EMS/AHPND was 65.5%. Nine variables had p-value less than or equal 0.1, were analyzed by multivariable analysis. Those variables were the type of culture (i.e. monoculture or polyculture), stocking PL shrimp from the same lot of other ponds or farm that showed EMS/AHPND outbreak at the same period of time, using high salinity water for culture, using disinfectant for pond preparation, create natural food (i.e. benthic organism, Moina spp.) in the pond before stocking PL, having a nearby farm or another pond on the farm had the disease and doing the water cultivation before stocking. The risk factors remain in the final model of multivariate analysis were stocking the same lot of PL which EMS/AHPND outbreak ponds at the same period of time (OR = 1.84, p value = 0.035), while water cultivation practice before stocking was a lower risk of EMS/AHPND outbreak (OR = 0.25, p value = 0.015).

Conclusions: Infectious PL was the most important risk of EMS/AHPND outbreak in the low salinity shrimp culture area. Screening PL with high sensitivity methods such PCR is valuable for preventing the disease. Good pond preparation manner (e.g. water cultivation) could reduce the risk of EMS/AHPND outbreak.

Keywords: Early mortality syndrome (EMS), Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND), Shrimp farm, Risk factor, low salinity area


EVALUATION OF PROPER POND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES TO REDUCE RISKS OF ACUTE HEPATOPANCREATIC NECROSIS DISEASE (AHPND)

OUTBREAK IN CULTURE PACIFIC WHITE SHRIMP

Jiraporn Kasornchandra1*, Chutima Komvirai2, Sompit Yaemkasem3 and Visanu Boonyawiwat4

1 Office of Fisheries Expert, Department of Fisheries, Thailand 2 Coastal Aquaculture Research and Development Division, Thailand

3 Rayong Coastal Aquaculture Research and Development Center, Thailand 4 Department of Farm Resources and Production Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart

University Kamphang-saen campus, Thailand * Corresponding author: [email protected]

Introduction: Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND) is a serious disease and impact on the shrimp industry in Asia. This serious disease has caused Thai shrimp production dropped dramatically from 500,000 tonnes to 250,000 tonnes in 2014. As the AHPND disease has direct economic repercussions on shrimp production and direct consequences to the processing plant and global market, therefore it is so important to know its risk factors and an effective control strategy.

Objectives: To evaluate the proper pond management practices to minimize risks of AHPND

Methods: The proper pond management practices to reduce risks of AHPND was conducted using results from our previous studied. The results indicated that sources of post larva (PLs), time interval of PLs in hatchery, stocking density and feeding rate during the first month after stocking (kg/100,000 shrimp) were the risk factors of AHPND whereas using water in the clarifier for cultivation, filtration of water before use and applying probiotics during cultivation were reduce the risks of AHPND. A chi-squared test comparing two independent proportion was used for sample size calculation by which those farms that applied the effective measures had 20% of AHPND outbreak comparing to 50% in the control group (power = 0.8, significant level = 0.05). The proportion of AHPND outbreak within 35 days after releasing PLs into the pond between the control and treatment group were analyzed by Chi-squared test (p<0.05).

Results: Shrimp ponds, that followed our proper management practice (treatment) showed the proportion of AHPND outbreak reduce from 42.9% to 13.6% (p-value = 0.03) compare to the previous crop (control). Even though the proportion of AHPND outbreak in the treatment group was 13.6% compared to 31.9% of the control group were observed when a study on the different ponds in the same area and the same period of time (±1 month), but no significant different (p<0.05) was observed.

Conclusions: The proper pond management practices conducted in this study have proved to be useful for shrimp farmers to combat AHPND. The practices included screening PLs free from AHPND pathogen, balancing of microorganisms in the pond during cultivation emphasized the nitrogen cycle and the amount of ammonia in the pond, preparing natural feed before stocking PL and controlling feeding rate during the first month after stocking.

Keywords: Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND), Shrimp farm, Risk factor, Pond Management Practice


INFECTIOUS AGENTS OF HATCHERY AND WILD COHO SALMON IN BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA

Omid Nekouei1*, Raphael Vanderstichel2, Karia H. Kaukinen3, Krishna Thakur2, Tobi Ming3, David Patterson4, Marc Trudel5, Chrys Neville3, and Kristina M. Miller3,6

1 Ecosystems and Oceans Science, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada 2 Department of Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada

3 Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC, Canada 4 Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Cooperative Resource Management Institute, School of

Resources and Environment Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada 5 St. Andrews Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. Andrews, NB, Canada

6 Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Introduction: Infectious diseases are potential contributors to decline in Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) populations. Although pathogens are theoretically considered to pose higher risk in high-density rearing environments like hatcheries, there is no direct evidence that hatchery-origin Coho salmon increase the transmission of infectious agents to sympatric wild populations.

Objectives: This study was undertaken to compare prevalence, burden, and diversity of infectious agents between hatchery-reared and wild juvenile Coho salmon in British Columbia.

Methods: 2,655 juvenile Coho salmon were collected between 2008 and 2018 (over 11 years) from four regions of freshwater and saltwater in British Columbia. High-throughput microfluidics qPCR was employed for simultaneous detection and quantitation of 36 infectious agents from mixed-tissue samples (gill, brain, heart, liver, and kidney). Mixed-effects regression models were used to compare the prevalence and burden of detected agents between hatchery and wild fish.

Results: Thirty-one agents were detected at least once, including ten with prevalence >5%. Candidatus Brachiomonas cysticola, Paraneuclospora theridion, and Parvicapsula pseudobranchiocola were the most prevalent agents. In Mainland, infectious burden and diversity were significantly lower in hatchery fish than in wild counterparts. Observed differences in freshwater were predominantly driven by three parasites, Loma salmonae, Myxobolus arcticus, and Parvicapsula kabatai. There were no consistent differences in agent prevalence between hatchery and wild fish, shared among the west and east coasts of Vancouver Island. Although some agents showed differential infectious patterns within each region, annual variations likely contributed to this signal.

Conclusions: Our findings do not support the hypothesis that hatchery Coho salmon are introducing and spreading infectious agents to sympatric wild salmon, although there may still be some situations, where such transmission could occur. Moreover, we provide a comprehensive baseline of infectious agents in juvenile Coho salmon for the first time that will be used in future research.

Keywords: British Columbia, Coho salmon, enhancement hatchery, infectious agent, prevalence


PREVALENCE OF FISH DISEASES IN AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS OF CHHATTISGARH, INDIA

Honnananda Badami Ramalingappa1*, Kuldeep Jaiswal1, Rachana H Badami1, Abhineet Kumar Singh1 and Krishna Kumar Choudhary1

1 Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, India * Corresponding author: [email protected]; Phone: 91-9406324053

Introduction: Chhattisgarh is situated in eastern-central part of India bestowed with varied water resources in the form of ponds (73,773 no. covering 0.994 lakh ha.) , reservoirs (1,770 no. covering 0.826 lakh ha.) and rivers (4 riverine systems having 31 rivers cover a length of 3,573 km) providing huge potential for aquaculture. Carps (Catla catla, Labeo rohita, Cirrhina mrigala, Cyprinus carpio, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), Pangasius (Pangasius hypophthalmus) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) are the main species cultured in ponds and cages. Intensive aquaculture along with high input leading to various parasitic and bacterial diseases causing economic loss to the farmers.

Objectives: To study the prevalence of fish diseases in selected districts of Chhattisgarh, India.

Methods: Total 50 farms including cages in reservoirs and hatcheries (of both commercial and state government) covering six districts of Chhattisgarh (Kabirdham, Bilaspur, Janjgir-Champa, Durg, Dhamtari and Kanker) were studied for the occurrence of fish diseases. Besides fish (Live and moribund), soil and water samples were brought to laboratory for further study. Fishes were examined for presence of lesions, parasites, followed by bacteriological studies. Soil and water samples were analysed as per APHA.

Results: The major diseases identified were included fin rot, saprolegniasis, gill rot, Ichthyophthirius (white spot), learnea, argulosis and black spot in hatcheries. Lernea and argulus were very common ectoparasites found in most of the carp farm and hatcheries. Gill rot, fin rot, white spot were seen mostly in village ponds. Black spot disease was recorded only in fry and fingerlings of rohu and catla. Aeromonas was the only major bacterial infection seen in most of the fish farms. Even though Pangasius and tilapia are cultured in high densities, no diseases were observed. Physico chemical parameters of soil and water were within the normal range.

Conclusions: This study revealed the occurrence of few parasitic and bacterial diseases in aquaculture systems of Chhattisgarh. This is helpful to develop preventive strategies in farm and hatcheries.

Keywords: Chhattisgarh, Fish Diseases, Prevalence


EPIDEMIOLOGY OF 8-INFECTIOUS DISEASE OF MARINE SHRIMP: RESULTS FROM THE NATIONAL SURVEY ON HATCHERIES IN THAILAND

Janejit Kongkumnerd 1* and Nattakan Saleetid 1

1 Department of Fisheries, Bangkok, Thailand

* Corresponding author email: [email protected] Introduction: Marine shrimp production of Thailand in 2018 was 290,000 tons decreased by 3% last year. One of the clues that relates to the production decreasing is diseases. Here, as part of the National Disease Survey of the Department of Fisheries (DoF), distribution and determinant of infectious diseases in hatcheries, a source of infection for shrimp industry, are examined.

Objectives: Study covers two objectives: (1) examining the distribution of serious infectious diseases at hatchery level; and (2) evaluating the basic biosecurity practice-based risk factors.

Methods: Cross-sectional study was set up during the period from 1 April 2019 to 10 May 2019. The 390 hatcheries registered with the DoF were involved in the study. Shrimp samples collected from the hatcheries were analysed for 8 pathogens: WSSV, IHHNV, YHV, TSV, IMNV, SHIV, VpAHPND and EHP. During sample collection, the 13 basic biosecurity practices were recorded as candidate risk factors. The factor with p-value < 0.05 by using univariate test was concluded that was associated with a presence of the 8 diseases studied.

Results: Of the 245 overall hatcheries, 95 (38.78%) were infected by certain pathogens. The highest prevalence was EHP (17.96%) followed by WSSV (13.06%). The prevalence rates of VpAHPND and IHHNV were lower at 3.27 and 1.63%, respectively. The co-infections of WSSV/EHP, WSSV/VpAHPND and IHHNV/EHP were found at prevalence 1.22, 0.82 and 0.82%, respectively. Whereas, TSV, YHV, IMNV and SHIV were not detected. To evaluate basic biosecurity practice-based risk factors, the univariate test results indicated that the selection of shrimp sources was the factor associated with the occurrence of any certain diseases in the hatcheries (p-value < 0.05, OR = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.2 – 0.99).

Conclusions: From our studies, EHP and WSSV were the key diseases problem in hatchery. The shrimp source is the risk factor for certain diseases. Intention to eradicate those diseases, the hatchery owner should introduce farm biosecurity practices whereas shrimp farmer should emphasize on screening their post larva before releasing to the pond.

Keywords: Outbreak, Prevalence, Aquatic animals


MICROORGANISMS INSIDE GREEN SEA TURTLE NESTING GROUND IN SATTAHIP, CHONBURI

Naphat Panthukumphol1*, Sukuman Rittem1, Kulchai Nakbubpa1, Thanchuta Kositbenjapon1, Paramaporn Daengsigerd1, Kwanchanok Kulkanith1, Nattaya Ratipunyapornkun1, Atikom Deekaoropkun1, Kanathip Kongthongsang1, Sakditouch

Moungnoy1, Weerapong Laovechprasit2, Kirin Sorapipatcharoen3 and Kornkamon Kitikamara3

1Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Rajamangala University of Technology Tawan-ok, Chonburi 20110, Thailand 2Department of Marine and Coastal Resources, Rayong, Thailand

3Seaturtle conservation center, Air and Coastal Defense Command, Royal Thai Navy, Thailand * Corresponding author email: [email protected], Phone: 086-349-5340

Introduction: Neonatal sickness of green sea turtle was reported during the 2015-2017 focus on respiratory and umbilical infection. Reuse hatching site and substrate were suspected to be the main cause of the problem.

Objectives: This study is to identify the microorganisms that may accumulate inside the hatching area.

Methods: Samples were collected in June 2017 from 2 nesting ground of green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) within 12 hours after nesting. 5 eggs from each nest were sampling from the center, be swabbed with cotton swab and sent to bacterial and fungal identification. Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA), Thiosulfate Citrate Bile Salt Sucrose Agar (TCBS) and Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) were used in the biochemically identification process. Sand sampling was also collected from both nesting site, 10 ml each, and was sent to the bacterial and fungal culture laboratory.

Results: Microorganism on the shell: 12 genera of bacteria were found over the egg shells. The major bacterial is Bacillus sp. (9/10) and Serratia sp. (4/10). The others including Escherichia sp. (2/10), Actinobacter sp. (1/10), Enterobacter sp. (1/10), Klepsiella sp. (1/10), Pasteurella sp. (1/10), Plesiomonas sp. (1/10), Staphyllococcus sp. (1/10), Streptococcus sp. (1/10), Vibrio sp. (1/10) and Yersinia sp. (1/10). Seven genera of fungal were identified including Aspergillus sp. (6/10), Fusarium sp. (3/10), Candida sp. (2/10), Epidermophyton sp. (1/10), Pseudallescheria sp. (1/10), Pythium sp. (1/10) and Scopulariopsis sp. (1/10).

Microorganisms in the sand: Six genera of bacteria were found in the sand from both nesting sites including Klepsiella sp., Vibrio sp., Bacillus sp., Micrococcus sp., Staphylococcus sp. and Acinetobacter sp. No fungus growth from sand sample. In overview, they are no highly significantly pathogenic microorganisms available in the nesting ground, however, potentially cause diseases when the host is vulnerable e.g. immunosuppressive animals. There are 3 major pathways that fungal could cause the problem. The first way is the blockage of gas exchange via the shell pore obstruction. The second is the use of calcium in the shell. And the last one is the mycotoxin producing fungi, Fusarium sp. and Aspergillus sp. Previously study shows that Fusarium sp. takes responsible for mortality in loggerhead sea turtle, green sea turtle and hawksbill sea turtle due to the ability to penetrate the shell structure. However, blockage of shell pore can be made by others such as Aspergillus sp. who is the main pathogen we identified in the sample. Mycotoxin is interesting issue. While Fusarium sp. can produce many toxins e.g. deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, zearalenone and fumonisin B1, Aspergillus sp. can also produce gliotoxin (6). They are capable of destroying host immunity, immunosuppressive agent, which could responsible for opportunistic bacterial infection. Identified bacteria and fungi are from egg shell, not in the sand. This may due to the fact that there are feeding on the mucus from the mother or may be the source of pathogen is carried by the mother itself, not in the sand.

Conclusions: All the pathogen identified are opportunistic and likely to relate to mother not from the environment. Husbandry management of hatching and nursing area should play the great roll.

Keywords: Microbiology, Nesting, Green sea turtle


PREVALENCE OF NATURAL COINFECTION BY FRANCISELLA SP. AND OPPORTUNISTIC BACTERIA IN CAGE-CULTURED TILAPIA, NORTHERN

THAILAND

Rutch Khattiya1*, Guoyi Niu 2, Dilok Wongsathein1 and Sukolrat Boonyayatra1

1Department of Food Animal Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiangmai, Thailand, 50100

2Graduate Degree Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Muang, ChiangMai, Thailand, 50100


Introduction: Francisella spp. is a gram-negative facultative intracellular bacterium. It has been diagnosed in a wide variety of human, animals, and mammals. In fish, F. noatunensis subsp. orientalis (Fno) and F. noatunensis subsp. noatunensis (Fnn) are diseased agents in warm and cold-water fish, respectively. They cause systemic granulomatous infection with intracellular micro-organisms. Their gross-pathological findings show multiple white nodules in internal organs such as kidney, spleen, liver, gastrointestinal wall and gill. In Thailand, Francisella infection has been reported since 2012 mainly in the central part of Thailand. Its pathogenesis reveals immunity suppression, causing secondary bacterial infection. Therefore, information of Francisella sp. co-infected with commensal bacteria is needed to improve prevention and control the disease.

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to survey the prevalence of opportunistic bacteria associated with Francisella infection in cage-cultured Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) in northern Thailand.

Methods: The cross-sectional study was carried out to investigate Francisella coinfection with opportunistic bacteria in cage-cultured Tilapia farm from January to September 2018 in Chiangmai and Lamphun provinces, northern Thailand. A total of 55 farms of cage-cultured red tilapia in Chiang Mai and Lamphun were stratified random sampling. Fish with symptoms; abnormal swimming, pop-up eyes, hemorrhage, raised scale was identified as sick fish. Kidney, spleen and liver tissues from 110 sick fish were collected for bacterial identification, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and histopathology. Water quality parameters, including temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, un-ionized ammonia, and nitrite, were harvested and analyzed.

Results: The coinfection of Francisella spp. and opportunistic bacteria were found only in February from 9 sick red Tilapia (8%). Water parameters in February indicated a lower temperature than an average in other months. All of them were coinfected with gram-negative bacteria, with the highest proportion of Aeromonas sobria (52%) and A. hydrophila (16%). It likes other months that A. sobria (47%) was the highest proportion and followed with Edwardsiella tarda infection (10%).

Conclusions: Coinfection of Francisella spp. and opportunistic bacteria were identified. Gram-negative bacteria are the main causes in coinfected fish. Low water temperature is crucial for infection. Appropriate antibiotics use should be prudent consideration for treatment.

Keywords: Cage-cultured Tilapia, Francisellosis, Opportunistic bacteria


CASE CONTROL STUDY OF ACUTE HEPATOPANCREATIC NECROSIS DISEASE (AHPND) OF SHRIMP IN BAC LIEU PROVINCE

Nguyen The Hien1*, Adisorn Yawongsa2, Theera Rukkwamsuk2, Visanu Boonyawiwat2, Nguyen Van Long1, Nguyen Van Toan3, Truong Phuoc Thong3 and Tien Ngoc Tien4

1 Department of Animal Health of Vietnam. 2 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine - Kasetsart University, Thailand.

3 Animal Husbandry and Veterinary sub-department of Bac Lieu province 4 Region of Animal Health Office number


Introduction: Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND), known as Early Mortality Syndrome prior to 2013, was firstly ever reported from in Vietnam in 2010, causedby Vibrioparahaemolyticus with special plasmid encode with toxin genome. From 2010 to 2015, AHPND quickly spread to a wide range of shrimp production areas in Vietnam. Bac Lieu province, one of the largest top shrimp areas and belong Mekong River Delta, has been affected by AHPND seriously. To support for exporting shrimp products, The program to reach disease-free with AHPND, Yellow Head Disease, Necrotizing Hepatopancreatitis Bacterium, Taura syndrome and Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic Necrosis following OIE and Australia regulations were process in Bac Lieu. From 2017, Active surveillance program has been conducted in buffer area (radius 1km from potential disease-free farm) to prevent and control those diseases in Vinh Tien and Vinh Lac village of Vinh Thinh commune of Hoa Binh district.

Objectives: We focus on determine the risk factors of AHPND in this buffer area.

Methods: Matched case control study was conducted. 20 cases and 20 controls were identified from 134 shrimp farms what were interviewed by questionnaire in 2018-2019. 100% of cases and 12 controls were confirmed from laboratory by Realtime – PCR in 2017, used primer set 3 (AP3): VpPirA-F, VpPirA-R and probe, kit Platinum qPCR SuperMix-UDG. Case and control were the same production method, species and not much different about area, distance. 56 variables consisted of structure of shrimp farm, preparing pond before culture, water management, original stock, graze animals and appeared wild animal in farm variable groups were analyzed by bivariate analysis. R and Q.GIS software were used.

Results: Had more than 5 ponds, settling pond, used quarantine stock, sunbath pond more than 62 days, used antibiotic and wild bird landed on shrimp pond variables, had p-value ≤ 0.2, were analyzed by multivariable analysis. Wild bird landed on shrimp pond was significant association with AHPND (OR = 8, p-value = 0.049), finally.

Conclusions: Order to reduce the effect of AHPND, farmers should apply some method to management wild animal such as using grid or net to cover the pond or flag.

Keywords: Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND), Early Mortality Syndrome (EMS), Vinh Thinh commune - Hoa Binh district - Bac Lieu province - Vietnam, matched case control study


SERUM ELEMENTS MEASURED BY PARTICLE-INDUCED X-RAY EMISSION ANALYSIS FROM CAPTIVE GREEN, HAWKS BILL AND OLIVE RIDLEY

TURTLES IN ANDAMAN SEA OF THAILAND

Poomate Chomchat1, Jun Noda2, Patcharaporn Kaewmong3, Theerapol Sirinarumitr1, Koichiro Sera2, and Kaitkanoke Sirinarumitr1 *

1 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Thailand.

2 Department of Health and Environmental Sciences School of Veterinary Medicine Rakuno Gakuen University, Japan.

3 Phuket Marine Biological Center of Thailand. *Corresponding author: [email protected], [email protected]

Introduction: Sea turtles and feeding habits which can indicate the levels of ocean contamination in the area. The trace elements were analyzed by blood samples indicates the true values and non-invasive animals. Particle-induced X-ray emission or proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) is a technique selected for this study which is a fast and reliable multi-element qualitative and quantitative method.

Objectives: The study was to evaluate the reliability of direct determination of element concentrations in serum samples from Captive Green, Hawks bill and Olive ridley turtles in Andaman Sea at Phuket Marine Biological Center of Thailand.

Methods: 1. Animal Experiments. Twenty-five captive healthy Green turtles, twenty two Hawks bill turtles and nineteen Olive ridley turtles were collected. Each turtle was identified by microchip code detection. 2. Sample Collection About 10 ml blood sample from each turtle was collected from dorsal cervical sinus using a sterile plastic disposable syringe and needle and placed in a sterile tube. The blood sample was allowed to be clotted and serum was separated by centrifugation at 1066.24 G for 5 minutes and stored at −80°C and for less than 1 month until analysis. 3. Serum element analysis. The mean concentrations of total of elements in plasma were measured by the particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) method.

Results: The particle induced X-ray emission method detected 6 heavy metals which were Al, As, Cr, Pb, Se and Rb in serum of Green and Hawks bill turtle, however, there was only 5 heavy metals excluded Rb found in serum of Olive ridley turtles. The above method also detected 17 trace elements which were Br, Ca, Cl, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na, Ni, P, S, Si, Sr, Ti, Zn and Zr, in all serum from the sea turtles.

Conclusions: At the present time, there is no data available on normal levels of trace elements in sea turtles in Thailand. The results of the study may provide either baseline value or abnormal high level in the sea turtle. For further studies, it should be compared serial measurements in both healthy and sick turtles from other parts of Thailand. In normal conditions, heavy metal should not be found at in blood circulation of sea turtles. Our data is the first report of heavy metal found in serum of captive Green, Hawks bill and Olive Ridley turtles in Thailand. Environmental pollution, especially marine ecosystem should be concern in order to conserve aquatic animals and also to provide normal human health.

Keywords: Turtle, Elements, Thailand


OUTBREAK INVESTIGATION OF WHITE SPOT DISEASE (WSSV) IN SHRIMP CULTURE - IRAN

Alisafar Makenali1, Amrollah Ghajari1, Kamran Absalanfard1*

1 Iran Veterinary organization, Iran


Introduction: An outbreak of White spot disease (WSD) occurred in a shrimp culture complex in coastal area of Caspian sea for first time on July 15st 2019. Regarding to history of WSD in IRAN, the disease has been reported since 2001 from south part (Persian Gulf and Oman sea) and consider as major threat for shrimp farming industry. This investigation conducted using epidemiological discipline (as a part of national surveillance program).

Objectives: The objectives of this study were : understanding the source of infection, transmission mechanisms and risk factors associated with outbreak which are essential to define an effective control strategy.

Methods: Data collected by interview with farmer , laboratory result, official veterinary documents , private veterinary and other available sources using structured and semi structured questionnaire then analyzed with excel and STATA 15 Software. Epidemic curve, 2by2 tables and Univariate analysis used for infection sourcing. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to identify risk factors of WSD. For all analysis, significant level considered at P-value < 0.05.

Results: Cluster of affected ponds in specific stocking period observed. Prevalence of disease after 2 weeks estimated 20 and 17 percent at farm and pond level. Vertical transmission and Stocking of post larva from 3 hatcheries were most probable source of outbreak (PAF= 80 95%CI 79-84). Water temperature (23-27℃) triggered disease in infected ponds. Insufficient bird control caused horizontal transmission as a factor for continuing outbreak. Result of risk factor study showed sources of post larvae as a significant factor.

Conclusions: By epidemiological approach Source of outbreak and disease risk factor identified. Poor biosecurity measure with low water temperature are most important for quick spread of disease. Using of SPF-SPR stocks with increasing biosecurity measures are advised.

Keywords: Outbreak investigation, Risk factor, WSSD


85

First Author Index

A Alisafar Makenali 84 Annette Boerlage 59 Anuphap Prachumwat 52

B Beibei Jia 54

C Charles G.B. Caraguel 28 Coralie Lupo 36, 38

E Edgar Brun 31 Eduardo A.P. Cunha 74

H Hamza Ahmed Pantami 39 Honnananda Badami Ramalingappa 51, 78

I Ian A. Gardner 47

J Jaewoon Jeong 55 Janejit Kongkumnerd 79 Jerome Delamare-Deboutteville 56 Jiraporn Kasornchandra 76 João Romero 60 Josefine Holm Nielsen 50

K Kandarp K. Patel 49 Kenton L. Morgan 58 Krishna Thakur 53

L Larry Hammell 27

M Maria Aamelfot 44 Marina Delphino 61 Muhammad Meezanur Rahman 30, 65

N Napat Pattarawat 72 Naphat Panthukumphol 80 Natthinee Munkongwongsiri 48 Neeraj Sood 41 Nguyen The Hien 82

O Omid Nekouei 77

P Partho Pratim Debnath 33 Phurida Sripipattanakul 69 Poomate Chomchat 83 Pravata K. Pradhan 37 Printip Wongthai 42, 71 Putita Chokmangmeepisarn 73

R Revital Skornik 62 Robins McIntosh 24 Rutch Khattiya 81

S Safwan Bustamam 46 Sanjoy Tamuli 57 Shimaa E. Ali 29 Sophie St-Hilaire 64



•Fifth level


86

T Thitiwan Patanasatienkul 35 V Victoria Alday-Sanz 32 Visanu Boonyawiwat 66, 70, 75 W Waraphon Phimpraphai 67 Win Surachetpong 43 Y Yuko Hood 34, 45



•Fifth level

87


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