Final Updated Report

7/24/2019 Final Updated Report

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0

E EFFECT OF MEMBRANE THICKNESSES ON THE PERFOMANCE OF MICROBIAL

CELL RESEARCH

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement ofBACCALAUREUS TECHNOLOGIAE

InCHEMICAL ENGINEERING

In theFACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT

Of theUNIVERSITY OF JOHANNESBURG

By

Magoda K(201181921

S!"#$%ISO$&'r $ )ubert*Signature& ++++++++++++++++

2, -"$I. 201/


2/41

Candidate

On this Day of

On this Day of

Supervisor

On this Day of

Co-Supervisor

On this Day of

On this Day of

Co-Supervisor

DECLARATION

I hereby to delare that thi* di**ertation hih I hereby *ubmit a* partial fulfilment of the

qualifiation of&Baccalaureus Tech!l!"#ae # Che$#cal E"#eer#" %o the !ni3er*ity

of 4ohanne*burg, 5aulty of #ngineering and the Built #n3ironment 'epartment of

6hemial #ngineering i* apart from the reogni7ed a**i*tane from my *uper3i*or* my

on or hih ha* not pre3iou*ly been *ubmitted by me or any other per*on to any

in*titution to obtain a diploma nor a degree

Pr!&ess!r N%ul# a' Mr Bela#'

"roet 6oordinator and .eture*

1

Pr!& E'#s! Mu(e'a

"roet* .eturer and 6oordinator


3/41

ACKNO)LEDGEMENTS

I ould lie to than* my *uper3i*or and o:*uper3i*or* Dr Hu*er%s+ Mr T M,he,huand

Mr A-N Ma%her#for their patiene and guidane gi3en to me in maing thi* proet a

*ue**

I ould al*o gi3e than* to the proet ommittee for their guidane in report riting and

the helpful guidane

2


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ABSTRACT

;-B.# O5 6O#M#


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.i*t of 5igure*A

6)-";#$ O


6/41

?/ -naly*i* of 'ate28

?/1 6urrent %oltage "oer den*ity and 6urrent den*ity analy*i*28

6)-";#$ ,& $#S!.;S -eneration of poer den*ity and the polari7ation ur3e*?,

6)-";#$ /& 6O


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6#MGGGGGGGGGGG6ation #Ehange Membrane

6#GGGGGGGGGGGG6oulombi #ffiieny

6MMGGGGGGGGGGG 6harge Mo*ai Membrane

6O'GGGGGGGGGGG6hemial OEygen 'emand

I#MGGGGGGGGGGGGIon #Ehange Membrane

!5GGGGGGGGGGG!ltrafiltration Membrane

'M56GGGGGGGGGGG'iret Methanol 5uel 6ell

M#-GGGGGGGGGGGMembrane #letrode -**emble

L#s% !& Ta*le

;able 1& O6% generated in M56* operated ith different membrane thine**e*22

;able 2& 6O' fed in the M56* reator* and 6O' treated2,

6


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L#s% !& "ures

5igure 1& Shemati repre*entation of a Mirobial 5uel 6ell operating priniple/

5igure 2& 6athode eletrode* (Me*h *tainle** *teel18

5igure ?& -node hamber ith anode and athode eletrode19

5igure ,& Mirobial 5uel 6ell* de3ie *etup20

5igure /& Multimeter de3ie20

5igure @& %oltage* from day 1 until day 1@ ith eEternal re*i*tane reduing from (2,:02

H for M56* unit* in parallel onnetion2?

7


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5igure A 6urrent profile* under eEternal re*i*tor* range from (2,:02 H in M56 de3ie

operated ith 00/ mm


10/41

CHAPTER ONE/ INTRODUCTION

11 Baground and 4u*tifiation

-n inrea*e in aarene** of the po**ible anthropogeni effet* on limate hange in

ombination ith the in*tability of the fo**il fuel maret politially moti3ate* to redution

of greenhou*e ga* emi**ion and the promotion of reneable energy ;he greate*t problem

e ill fae in future lie* in atering to the orld groing energy demand* hile

*imultaneou*ly reduing greenhou*e emi**ion ga*e*


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Mirobial fuel ell* are de3ie* that utili7e *eparated aerobi and anaerobi biohemial

proe**e* to produe eletriity ;hey are ompo*ed of an anode and a athode

ompartment *eparated by a membrane that pre3ent* the miEing of anodi and athodi

*olution and allo the tran*fer of ertain ion* *uh a* proton* On the anaerobi *ide a*te

organi material i* deompo*ed to arbon dioEide and eletron* 2J

On the aerobi *ide eletron* are on*umed by ferri ion* to produe ferrou* ion* ;he*e

an be oEidi7ed ba to ferri ion* and hydrogen ion* u*ing oEygen )ydrogen ion* diffu*e

through a membrane to the aerobi *ide to omplete the eletrial iruit #letriity i*

generated diretly from organi a*te ithout any intermediate proe**e* *uh a*

ombu*tion 2J

'i3er*e organi *ub*trate* ha3e been u*ed a* eletron donor* to produe eletriity

inluding pure hemial* *uh a*& fatty aid* alohol* *ugar protein* and ellulo*eompleE a*te* and a*teater *uh a* agriultural a*te and dome*ti a*teater and

other type* of a*te and a*teater Se3eral type* of terminal eletron aeptor* ha* been

u*ed in M56* tehnology *uh a* ferri ion mangane*e and permanganate inluding

oEygen ;o mae M56* ompetiti3e ith other reneable energy generation a*teater

and oEygen are on*idered mo*t promi*ing eletron donor and aeptor for M56 de3ie

beau*e they are free and *u*tainable -l*o one of the bigge*t hallenge* in pratial

appliation for the M56 tehnology i* to identify lo:o*t and high effiieny material*

that pro3ide large *urfae* area* for a baterial to adhe*ion or oEygen redution in a ay

that allo for *alable arhiteture 2J

Other *tudie* ha3e *hon that *eparator* are 3ery important in the M56* de3ie but *o far

there ha* been too little information on the effet of *eparator on poer generation and

6oulumbi effiieny (6# -n ideal *eparator mu*t ha3e high proton tran*fer oeffiient to

en*ure that material doe* not blo proton* from reahing the athode amber and lo

oEygen tran*fer oeffiient to impro3e 6# Separator* *uh a*


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*eparator* ha* been u*ed *uh a* nylon ellulo*e and polyarbonate filter but their effet*

on poer generation ha* not been ell eEplored ?J

12 "roblem Statement

;he ontinue* inrea*e in a population and the effet of limate hange on the

en3ironment and the in*tability of fo**il fuel maret other tehnologie* that an generate

reneable energy that are en3ironmentally friendly mu*t be implemented to redue or

limit greenhou*e ga* emi**ion and the fore3er o3ergroing demand of energy ;hey are

different eEi*ting tehnologie* that an generate reneable energy *uh a* *olar *y*tem that

are en3ironmentally friendly but in thi* *tudy e ill fou* on the Mirobial 5uel 6ell

tehnology beau*e it ha3e open up a ne ay* to utili7e reneable energy and thi* *tudy

ill arried out eEperimentally u*ing a*teater and


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CHAPTER T)O/ LITERATURE REVIE)

21 Mirobial fuel ell

;he M56 i* almo*t a entury old no *ine it a* demon*trated in 1911 by "otter ;hi*

tehnique for generating eletriity during baterial mediated oEidation #letrial energya* produed from li3ing ulture* of #*herihia oli and Saharomye* u*ing platinum

eletrode* -lthough intere*t in mirobial fuel ell* a* relati3ely high in the 19@0* the

momentum for *tudy of M56* only *tarted to pi up in the 1980* ;he M56 ha* muh in

ommon ith a la**i fuel ell and on*i*t* of an anodi and a athodi hamber *eparated

by a membrane or other type of *eparator a* *hon in figure 1 In the to:hamber M56

hih are anode and athode eah plaed in aqueou* *olution* *eparated by a proton

eEhange membrane ("#M Mirobe* in the anode hamber oEidi7e fuel (eletron donor

generating eletron* and proton* ,J;he generation of urrent i* due to the nature of miroorgani*m* a* they tran*fer eletron*

from a redued eletron donor to an eletron aeptor at a higher eletrohemial potential

-node:re*piring bateria (-$B in an anode biofilm arry out an oEidation (half:ell

reation of organi matter produing proton* and thu* an eletrial urrent from the

bioma** 6arbon dioEide may e3entually be obtained a* an oEidation produt #letron*

and proton* are on*umed in the athode hamber reduing oEygen to ater and

generating eletriity Studie* of M56* typially u*ed arbon anode material* *uh a* *olid

graphite graphite:felt arbon loth arbon paper arbon *ponge and foam and platini7ed

athode* ba*ed on oated arbon paper oated graphite and titanium )oe3er utili7ation

of metal eletrode* *uh a* *tainle** *teel and modifying arbon to impro3e *urfae

propertie* and modifiation ith *ome ompleE metal ha* been u*ed to impro3e poer

output and redue o*t ?J 5igure 1 belo it the *hemati repre*entation of Mirobial

5uel 6ellere a bateria i* on the anode ompartment that tran*fer* eletron* obtained

from an eletron donor to the anode eletrode and the membrane *eparate an anode and the

athode eletrode 'uring eletron prodution proton* are al*o produed in eEe** ;he*e

proton* migrate through the membrane into the athode hamber ;he eletron* flo from

the anode through an eEternal re*i*tane to the athode here they reat ith the final

eletron aeptor (oEygen and proton* /J

4


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Figure 1: Schematic representation of a Microbial Fuel Cell operating principle

22 #ffet of membrane* in performane of mirobial fuel ell

;he ideal funtion of the mirobial fuel ell (M56 membrane i* to *eparate the anode and

athode reation in an eletrohemial *y*tem hile permitting *eleti3e tran*port of

proton* from the anode to the athode and pre3enting tran*port of oEygen into the anode

hamber - porou* *eparator al*o *er3e* a* a barrier *eparating the anode and athode

reation but any ion* an be tran*ported from the anode hamber to the athode through

diffu*ion proe**e* ;he ideal membrane need* to be a good ioni ondutor an in*ulator

ion *eleti3e (eg proton onduting durable hemially *table bioompatible

un*u*eptible to fouling and logging (e*peially hen u*ing fuel* of unnon and

hangeable ompo*ition *uh a* a*teater and ineEpen*i3e In reality a ompromi*e

mu*t be reahed beteen performane and o*t 5or a*teater treatment lo o*t

together ith durability and re*i*tane to fouling may be the mo*t important requirement

for an eonomially 3iable *y*tem generating energy e3en though lo 3alue* of oEygendiffu*ion ioni re*i*tane and ro**o3er are de*irable for higher poer generation @J"re3iou* *tudy AJ ha* *hon the effet* of membrane* u*ing to:hamber M56* by

plaing to different membrane* *uh a* anion eEhange membrane (-#M and ation

eEhange membrane (6#M in the enter of a , m long ubi M56 ith a bru*h anode in

one hamber and the athode on the di*tant *ide of another amber -ll the M56* ere

5


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inoulated u*ing a miroorgani*m *u*pen*ion obtained from an M56 (originally inoulated

ith primary larifier o3erflo operated in bath proe** mode for o3er one year ;he

de3ie ere fed ith aetate of (1 g. in pho*phate buffer *olution (/0 mM holding

mineral (12/ m.. and 3itamin (/ m.. *olution and the*e reator* ere operated under

an ambient temperature of ( 233 AJ

;he re*earher* AJ found that poer den*ity generated in M56 a* redued to (1@ 2

=m? u*ing an ion eEhange membrane ompared to that of the ation eEhange

membrane (21 2 =m? >rounded on their earlier te*t* u*ing to:hamber reator*

they predited that the performane of M56* to be better ith the -#M than 6#M

membrane but hat they atually notied a* that the membrane* beame deformed after

operation of the reator o3er *e3eral yle* ith the -#M bending toard* the bru*h and

the 6#M bending inard* and toard* the athode ;hey onluded that deformation

reate a 3oid *pae of ater and thi* deformation ourred a* the re*ult* of membrane

*elling during ion tran*portation AJ;he *ame author* found that due to tho*e aumulated trapped 3oid *paing ater ould

re*ult in a *olution ith a higher p) derea*ing the M56 effiieny and they al*o notied

that the -#M deformed more quily than a 6#M and thi* re*ult* a better performane of

6#M than -#M in their te*t* maing u*e of hydrogen beteen the membrane and

eletrode ;hey te*ted their deformation hypothe*i* by plaing a *tainle** *teel me*h

again*t the membrane to eep it firmly pre**ed again*t the athode and the me*h

*ignifiantly inrea*ed the poer den*ity of the M56 ith the -#M to (,@ , =m?

AJ

;he poer den*ity AJ that a* found it a* higher than that of 6#M (?2 2 =m? after

10 day* of alimati7ation on*i*tent ith pre3iou* re*earh ;hey further eEplored the

effet of type of membrane on the performane of M56* reator* by maing u*e of to:

hamber reator "ermeability te*t of ater a* done onduted by filling the anode

ompartment ith *olution but not on the athode ompartment it a* di*lo*ed that the

membrane a* not hydraulially permeable a* ater in the anodi ompartment ould not

pa** through the membrane to the athode ompartment Membrane deformation a*

notied in to:ompartment M56* after ?0 day* of *et:up they noted that membrane

6


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ur3ed in the *ame ay* but thi* time deformation a* greater than hat they ob*er3ed

before AJ6ation eEhange membrane* ha3e been idely u*ed a* a *eparator for the M56* and they

are ommonly referred to a* proton* eEhange membrane* a* they are intended to tran*port

proton* in M56*


17/41

ahie3ed loer poer den*itie* of ?89 m=m2and 1/ =m?3olumetri poer den*ity

;hey al*o notied that a different internal re*i*tane of the*e membrane* in the air athode

M56* ere ahie3ed ere Nirfon initially had internal re*i*tane of ?8 F and 5uma*ep

had 228 F ;he o*t of Nirfon i* 80 of that of the other and the other membrane* al*o ha*

loer internal re*i*tane 9J

2? ;reatment of =a*teater u*ing M56 de3ie

;he M56* ere ell:thought:out to be u*ed for handling muniipality a*teater early in

1991 beau*e muniipality a*te ontain* ma**i3e organi ompound* that an be fuel to

M56* $e*earher* 10J ha3e found out that the quantity of poer produed by M56* in

the hea3y a*te treatment proe** an atually hal3e the eletriity needed in a

on3entional treatment proe** that on*ume* a lot of eletri poer aerating ati3ated

*ludge M56* har3e*t /0C90 le** *olid* to be di*po*ed of -dditionally organi

ompound *uh a* aetate propionate and butyrate an be arefully broen don to arbon

dioEide and ater 10J- miEture inorporating ith eletrophile* and anodophile* are mainly *uitable for treating

a*teater beau*e more organi* ompound an be biodegraded by a 3ariety of organi*

M56* u*ing ertain miroorgani*m* ha3e an eEtraordinary apability to tae aay *ulfide*

a* required in a*teater treatment Mirobial 5uel 6ell an enhane the groth of bio:

eletrohemially ati3e miroorgani*m* during a*teater treatment thu* they ha3edeent funtioning *tabilitie* Same author* di*o3ered that endle** flo and *ingle:

hamber M56* and a membrane:le** M56* are preferred for treating a*teater due to

orrie* in *aling up of M56* 8J Sanitary a*te* food proe**ing a*teater and *ine

a*teater are all great bioma** *oure* for M56* beau*e they are rih in organi

matter* !p to 80 of the 6O' an be remo3ed in *ame a*e and 80 of 6oulombi

#ffiieny had been reported 10J

2, ;he future of M56 on generation eletriity;he *ame re*earher* 10J ha3e e*tabli*hed that Mirobial 5uel 6ell* tehnology ha* to

ompete ith the eEi*ting tehnology *uh a* methanogeni anaerobi dige*tion

tehnology that ha* *een ide ommerial appliation* beau*e they an on*ume bioma**

in 3arie* a*e* for energy generation M56* are apable of tran*forming bioma** at

temperature* belo 20 P6 and ith lo *ub*trate onentration* hih both of hih are

8


18/41

problemati for methanogeni dige*ter* Main di*ad3antage of the M56* i* their

dependeny on a biofilm* for mediator:le** eletron tran*fer hile anaerobi dige*ter*

*uh a* up:flo anaerobi *ludge blanet reator* remo3e thi* di*ad3antage by effiiently

reproe**ing the mirobial on*ortium ithout ell immobili7ation It a* liely that the

M56 tehnology ill o:eEi*t ith the methanogeni anaerobi dige*tion tehnology in the

future;he*e re*earher* 10J al*o notied that to ad3ane the poer den*ity yield ne

anodophili miroorgani*m* that ad3ane the eletron tran*portation rate from the biofilm

o3ering an anode to the anode are *ignifiantly required ;he*e re*earher* laimed that

an M56Q* the flo of urrent an be inrea*ed by four order* of magnitude if >eobater

tran*fer of eletron* to the anode at the *ame rate a* it doe* to it* natural eletron aeptor

ie ferri iron Mutagene*i* and e3en reombinant '


19/41

noledge ha* been gained in M56 re*earh there i* *till a lot to be learned in the *aling

up of the M56 appliation* 10J

2, #ffet of Bath and 6ontinue* feed rate of liquid in poer den*ity

Other re*earher* 11J ha3e operated M56 in a four different mode* by flutuating theliquid flo in eah ompartment of the ell 5ir*tly both anodi and athodi ompartment

ere ran in a ontinuou* mode ;hen the anode a* ept in bath mode herea* the

athode a* in ontinuou* mode In the third *et the anode a* *et in ontinuou* mode

and the athode in bath mode .a*t but not lea*t both the ompartment a* ran in bath

mode ;hey di*o3er higher 3oltage in their earlier eEperiment gi3en by methylene blue

ga* and additional *tudie* a* arried out to e*timate the poer prodution in M56 It a*

aompli*hed by u*ing methylene blue a* mediator;he *ame re*earher* 11J produed graph* that depited the poer output ith time for

different operational mode* of the M56 ;he rate at hih the liquid a* replaed in an

anodi or a athodi hamber of a mirobial fuel ell hanged it* output poer ;hey

e*tabli*hed that the poer output a* higher hen the anode a* maintained in bath

mode and the athode in ontinuou* mode )ene a ontinuou* *upply of fre*h oEidi7ing

agent impro3ed poer output in M56 ;he maEimum poer hih a* obtained a* 9A9

m=m2MaEimum urrent den*ity a* itne**ed a* 11/ m-m2 ith 3oltage drop of 08/ %

aro** an 82 ! re*i*tor It a* al*o di*o3ered that the mode of operation al*o affeted the

internal re*i*tane of the M56 ;hey di*o3er that after 1/ hour of operating all fi3e ell*

ere filled ith their re*peti3e *olution* =ere the M56 de3ie a* operated ith anodi

hamber in ontinuou* mode they notied a maEimum hange in an internal re*i*tane ith

time ;hey al*o *a that internal re*i*tane delined hen athode a* operated in bath

mode and it impro3ed hen athode a* operated in the ontinuou* mode It a* ob*er3ed

that the internal re*i*tane *tayed *table at a on*tant *tate hen the anode ompartment

a* ept in bath mode regardle** hether the athode a* bath or ontinuou* )igher

poer output a* di*o3ered hen the M56 a* operated in bath anode than hen it i*

operated in ontinuou* mode -* a re*ult ob*er3ation* a maEimum poer output a*

e*tabli*hed ith anode in bath mode agreed ell ith the ation* of the internal re*i*tane

in thi* mode 11J

10


20/41

2/ Sale:up of Mirobial fuel 6ell

;he M56* *tudie* mo*t of them ere onduted at lab *ale* ne3erthele** *aling up of

the M56* i* ine3itable to pro*per le3el* of poer required to poer an atual eletrial

de3ie* In order to mae Mirobial 5uel 6ell appropriate for atual appliation* *uh a*

treatment of a*teater it i* ruial to aompli*h a high poer den*itie* on a large *ale

;aing thi* tehnology out of the laboratory *eem* to be hallenge in the M56

de3elopment* due to the high poer den*itie* and lo o*t* material* i* required and

other* *tudie* had di*o3ered that poer den*ity redue* in the *ale:up of M56 *y*tem*

Maing u*e of the 3olume in*tead of *urfae area i* *uitable hen the eEat ati3e *urfae

area annot be e*tabli*hed and alloing a relati3e ompari*on among*t reator* of 3arie*

3olume* 12J

;hey notied that enlarging the 3olume of the M56 reator ill lead* to an e*alation inthe 3olume:ba*ed re*i*ti3ity and thi* re*i*ti3ity an be eEamined in term* of a number of

element* that all ontributed to the total internal re*i*tane lie anodi and athodi o3er

potential onentration o3er potential membrane re*i*tane and *olution re*i*tane

Saling:up of M56* reator* need a better under*tanding of the effet* of reator de*ign

and operation mode on 3olumetri poer den*itie* #letrode* (anode and athode ith

3arie* material* and their *urfae area* are quite important in the olletion of urrent in

order ad3ane generation of eletriity and the harater of *eparator* in reator de*ign are

re3ieed It a* furthermore re3ieed onerning the pilot te*t* that are being undertaen

to under*tand ho to on*trut and run *alable reator 12J"re3iou* *tudie* 12J regarding the *ale:up of M56* and the ab*ene of a modern re3ie

or onerning the hard or made to de3elop lo o*t material* )oe3er on*truting

larger M56* an hange eletrode *paing and thi* an affet poer den*ity 3ia a hange*

in the internal re*i*tane area ;he*e re*earher* 12J u*e a *urfae area on the athode

larger than the one of the anode to mae *ure that the anode urrent a* limiting ;heir

re*ult* *hoed that maEimum poer den*ity of 0?29 m=m2for the *malle*t eletrode

u*ed (192 m2 a* ahie3ed and inrea*ing the eletrode *urfae area 80 time* lead* to

reduing of poer den*ity to le** than half (01,1 m=m 2 MaEimum poer den*ity

generated by a M56 a* not diretly proportional to the *urfae area of the anode but i*

in*tead proportional to the logarithm of the *urfae area (poer den*ityT U 00?@9 V ln

(*urfae area W 0??A1 that hat they ha3e di*o3er Same re*earher* 12J al*o loo at

11


21/41

the effet of eletrode *urfae area on the M56 performane u*ing dome*ti a*teater

;hey e*tabli*hed that repliation the athode *i7e an e*alate poer by @2 but

repliation the anode *i7e only e*alate poer by 12 ;he*e re*ult* reommend that the

athode *peifi *urfae area i* one of the mo*t ruial element* for *aling:up M56* 12J

;he *ame re*earher* 12J in3e*tigated ho the di*tane of eletrode effet the

performane of an M56 reator and they di*o3er that eletrode di*tane and plaement

they are the main fator that affeted the poer den*ity internal re*i*tane and *peifi

area ;he*e re*earher* onluded that in a *ale:up larger reator poer den*ity an be

maintained by maintaining the arhiteture or by reduing eletrode *pae .arge 3olume

ell mu*t be u*ed in order pre3ent ompliation* of eletrode *paing area and orientation

of *aling up of the M56 *ta onfiguration an be on*idered beau*e it ha3e being

pro3en that it an ahie3e effeti3e poer output* de*ired for the atual appliation*5urthermore they notied that parallel onfiguration* 3erified to be eEtra effiient than

*erie* onfiguration*=hen the M56* reator* are oined in *ta* *tepping up of 3oltage and urrent depend on

the *ta *i7e and onfiguration and thi* i* atually u*eful *ine the energy reque*t* an be

enountered by modifying the *i7e of the *ta through the remo3al of unit*


22/41

;he membrane permeability a* itne**ed and it a* *tated that hanging the temperature

barely affet the permeability *o the eletriity prodution on the M56 *eem* not to be

affeted by modifying the membrane permeability It a* notied that regarding the ohmi

re*i*tane the temperature effet on thi* parameter normally pre*enting a linear trend ith

a derea*e in the internal re*i*tane on the M56 ith an inrea*e on temperature ;hi*

redution ould be de*ribed by the *tatement that *tate that the inrea*e in ioni

onduti3ity lead to the inrea*e in temperature and therefore it re*ult* in loer ohmi

re*i*tane


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M56* at higher temperature ill inrea*e the performane and after the *tart:up M56 an

be operated at loer temperature 12J

2A #ffet of p) on the M56 de3ie

-node reation in the M56* reator generate proton* that flo* to the athodi hamberhere ill reat ith oEygen generating ater If M56 reator an be operated

ontinuou*ly an au*e aidifiation at the anodi hamber a* the re*ult* of proton*

aumulation produed on the mirobial oEidation of organi ompound* due to *loer

and unfini*hed proton diffu*ion and reloation through the membrane -lali7ation a*

notied on the athode hamber beau*e of the ontinuou* on*umption of proton* by the

oEygen redution reation and due to the la of replaement of proton* from the anode

oEidation reation 12J;he*e onder* ill lead to a membrane p) onentration gradient hih put* an

eletrohemial re*trition on M56 performane ;he inrea*e in p) in the athode

hamber an derea*e the urrent prodution aording to the


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28 )o thine**e* of membrane* affet poer den*ity in M56

"re3iou* *tudie* 1?J ha3e u*e


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210 'i*ad3antage* and -d3antage* of *equential anodeCathode M56

2101 -d3antage* of *equential anodeCathode mirobial fuel ell* It ha* the ability to proe** a*teater at 3arying organi loading (1AC?9 g

6O'm?d to produe an effluent ith loer 6O'

>reater 6O' remo3al an be ahie3ed beau*e the athdi proe** at* a* an eEtraaerobi poli*hing *tep folloing the *tandard anode treatment -node of the M56

do not ha3e the apability to remo3e biodegradable 6O' *loly a* *hon by

on*i*tently inomplete 6O' remo3al* It ha* the po*iti3e effet of ri*ing atholyte p) ;hey are apable of produing four:fold urrent and three:fold poer ompared to

non:*equential onfiguration*2102 'i*ad3antage* of *equential anodeCathode mirobial fuel ell* ;he*e require alert operation to pre3ent eEe**i3e 6O' entering the athode

If eEe**i3e 6O' goe* in the athode it may au*e groth of aerobi heterotroph*hih ould *ooner or later limit oEygen *upply to the athode biofilm and hene

pre3enting eletriity prodution Monitoring of the anode effluent 6O' i* needed daily and ontinuou* monitoring

of the athode potential i* e**ential beau*e derea*ing an be a *ign of inipient of

6O' arry:o3er

- *peial de*ign of the M56* reator* are required for either aeration of the

atholyte or liquid reirulation o3er an open:air athode in order to pro3ideoEygen to the athodi biofilm and to maintain liquid ontinuity beteen athode

and 6#M

16


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CHAPTER 3/ METHODOLOGY

?1 #Eperimental Setup

;o Mirobial 5uel 6ell* (M56* ere on*truted u*ing .-BO;#6 #oBath model& 1?0

de3ie* and ere operated ;he M56* de3ie* that ere u*ed in thi* *tudy are to:

hamber* M56* on*i*ted of anode and athode hamber* =here 10 Z of tap ater a*

u*ed to fill the athode hamber* and the p) it a* adu*ted by *ulphuri aid ()2SO, to

mae it an aidi *olution of an aeptable p) range of (18:18, mean hile the anode

hamber* ere filled ith 2/0 mZ of a*teater from primary larifier and 100 mZ of ra

*ludge from ra *amp from 'aar*poord a*teater treatment plant and the p) of anode

hamber* ere adu*ted u*ing *odium hydroEide (


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1000 mZ of tap ater and thi* *olution a* poured in*ide the athode* hamber* until a

de*ired p) range are reahed - p) meter a* u*ed to monitor the p) of the athode* and

the anode* hamber* of the M56* during the adu*tment* ;he ba*i *olution on*i*ting of

,0 g *odium hydroEide and 1000 mZ tap ater to adu*t the p) of the anode hamber* to

an aeptable range of (A0:A, and thi* *olution a* poured to anode hamber* until

de*ired range ere reahed

-fter e3ery *eond day of operating M56 a* topped up by tap ater to it* original le3el

to ompen*ate the amount of ater lo*t by e3aporation and the p) a* al*o monitored to

mae *ure that the de*ired p) range ere *till maintained

?2 Material of 6on*trution* of M56*

Mirobial 5uel 6ell (M56 a* on*truted u*ing .-BO;#6) (model& 1?0 a* ith a3olume of 1, . a* a athode hamber and .-BO;#6 (model& 10? a* a heater to maintain

a temperature of ?/ and the athode eletrode* ere on*truted ith a round Me*h

*tainle** *teel ith a proeted *urfae area of 000? m 2 5igure 2 belo i* the athode

eletrode* on*truted ith a Me*h *tainle** *teel

5igure 2& 6athode eletrode* (Me*h *tainle** *teel

;he anode a* on*truted u*ing pleEigla** and the anode eletrode a* on*truted u*ing

6arbon 5abri (10A1 )6B and the eletron* generated from an anode hamber

*ub*equently flo to the athode 3ia an eEternal *il3er ire herea* the proton* reah the

18


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athode through 3ariou* *egment* of the ell lie liquid eletrolyte biofilm internal

membrane et !pon reahing the athode hamber the*e eletron* and proton* are

utili7ed for the purpo*e of reduing the a3ailable oEygen a* an eletron aeptor #letrode*

pre*ent in both the hamber* funtion a* the eletron aeptor *in of the ell 1/J 5igure

? belo i* the anode hamber ith anode and athode eletrode onneted to a *il3er ire

in order to tran*port eletron* hile generating bioeletriity

5igure ?& -node hamber ith anode and athode eletrode

?? .i*t of #quipment*

??1 Mirobial 5uel 6ell* (M56*

;he M56* u*ed in thi* *tudy ere on*trted by a .-BO;#6) that ere u*ed to maintain

a tempereture of ?/ on the athode hamber* a* *hoed in 5igure , beloand they

ere al*o on*truted by a #oBath that ere u*ed a* a athode hamber* a* *hoed in

figure , belo;hey ere al*o on*truted by pleEigla** a* *hoed in 5igure ? abo3e and

they ere plaed in*ide the athode* hamber a* an anode* hamber a* *hoed in figure ,

belo 5igure , belo i* the full *etup of Mirobial 5uel 6ell*

1


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5igure ,& Mirobial 5uel 6ell* de3ie *etup

?22 Multimeter

5igure / belo i* a multimeter de3ie that a* u*ed in thi* *tudy to mea*ure the 3oltage

(%olt* and the eEternal re*i*tane (" a* *hoed in figure , abo3e

5igure /& Multimeter de3ie

?2? %ariable $e*i*tor

%ariable $e*i*tor i* a de3ie u*ed in thi* *tudy to load eEternal re*i*tane reduing from 2,

"to 02 "e3ery / minute* of M56 operating a* *hoed in figure , abo3e

20


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?2, )-6) de3ie (Model '$ ?900

;hi* de3ie a* u*ed to mea*ure 6hemial oEygen demand (6O' u*ing *tandard method*

(high range (20C1/00 mg.[ )-6) 6O' *y*tem ()ah 6o .o3eland 6O

?, Material* 'e*ription

10 Z of tap ater ere u*ed to prepare aidi *olution on the athode hamber* hile a

*ulphuri aid *olution a* u*ed to adu*t a p) to aeptable range of 18 to 18, on the

athode of M56* reator* and =a*teater and ra *ludge ere u*ed to fill the anode

ompartment of the M56* ere 6O' a* treated hile generating eletriity - p) meter

a* u*ed to mea*ure the p) on the athode and the anode hamber* of the M56* de3ie*


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and the lid a* lo*ed ;he 3ial* a* heated for 2 hour* and let it ool in the reator for 20

minute* ;he 3ial* a* ooled to 120 P6 or le** ;he 3ial* a* put tube ra to ool to

room temperature ;he prepared *ample that a* heated a* in*erted into the ell holder

of ,?/ 6O' )$ and analy*e the 6O'

CHAPTER 5/ RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

,2 $e*ult* and 'i*u**ion

,21 6omparing of Open 6iruit %oltage* (O6%* generated in M56*

;able 1 *ho* different O6%* generated in the M56* operated ith


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(


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initiating oEidation:redution reation that i* for tran*ferring eletron* from ell terminal

proteinen7yme to the anode *urfae 1/J

,2? 6alulated urrent (m- u*ing Ohm* la generated in M56* daily

5igure A *ho* the urrent (m- generated in M56* operated ith


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a*teater and *ludge a* added to the anode hamber It a* al*o ob*er3ed that the M56

operated ith 018 mm


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ith 018 mm membrane and a 3alue of 2?9/ mg. 6O' for M56 operated ith 00/ mm


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0 0#1 0#2 0#3 0#4 0#5 0#6 0#70

0#02

0#04

0#06

0#08

0#1

0#12

0#14

0#16

0

0#5

1

1#5

2

2#5

3

3#5

4

+ota'e (+ots) o.er Density (u/$2)

Current Density ($$2)

+ota'e( +ots) o.er Density (/$2)

-**e**ment of poer prodution for the to M56* *etup* ha* been done from the

polari7ation ur3e* obtained upon 3arying the eEternal re*i*tane from 2, "to 02 "

;he maEimum poer den*ity 3alue determined from the*e polari7ation ur3e* a*

ob*er3ed for M56 operated ith 018 mm


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CHAPTER 4/ CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

/1 6onlu*ion

It a* onluded that indeed optimum membrane eEi*t* and in thi* eEperiment 018 mm


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/2 $eommendation*

It i* reommended to u*e more effiient proton aeptor than oEygen *uh a*

ferriyanide in athode ompartment It i* reommended to mae u*e the membrane mainly failitate* the migration of

proton* toard* athodi ompartment and alloing the ounter flo diffu*ion of

oEygen to the anode ompartment

REFERENCES

1JB %irdi*[ S 5reguia[ $- $o7endal[ K $abaey[ N Duan and 4 Keller Mirobial 5uel

6ell* ;he !ni3er*ity of ueen*land Bri*bane .' 2011 #l*e3ier B%

2J D Nuo S 6heng and B# .ogan Ion #Ehange membrane athode* for *alable

mirobial fuel ell #n3iron Si ;ehnol2008 ,2 @9@A:@9A2

?J F Nhang S 6heng F =ang F )uang and B# .ogan Separator 6harateri*ti* forInrea*ing "erformane of Mirobial 5uel 6ell*#n3ironSi;ehnol2009 ,? 8,/@:8,,@

,J S6O;; K 201, 10 : Mirobial fuel ell*& tran*formation of a*te* into lean energy

In& - >!>.I!NN- and - B-SI.# ed* Membrane* for 6lean and $eneable "oer

-ppliation* =oodhead "ubli*hing pp 2@@:?00

2


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/J $-B-#y K[ %#$S;$-#;# = Mirobial fuel ell*& no3el biotehnology for energy

generation ;rend* Biotehnol 200/ 2? 291:298

@J Kim )4 "ar )S )yun MS 6hang IS Kim M Kim B) (2002 - mediator:

le** mirobial fuel ell u*ing a metal reduing baterium Sheanella putrefaien* #n7ymeMirob ;ehnol ?0[ 1,/:1/2

AJ F Nhang S 6heng F )aung and B# .ogan Impro3ed performane of *ingle:

hamber mirobial fuel ell* through ontrol of membrane deformation Bio*en*or*

Bieletroni*2/ (2010 182/:1828

8J Sangeetha and M Muthuumar 'i*tane on Bioeletriity "rodution from Sago:

"roe**ing a*teater u*ing Mirobial fuel 6ell #n3iron #ngineering and ;ehnol

.aboratory 2012 'OI 101002ep11@0?

9J '! N .I ) and >! ; 200A - *tate of the art re3ie on mirobial fuel ell*& -

promi*ing tehnology for a*teater treatment and bioenergy Biotehnology -d3ane*

2/(/ pp ,@,:,82

10J '! N .I ) and >! ; 200A - *tate of the art re3ie on mirobial fuel ell*& -

promi*ing tehnology for a*teater treatment and bioenergy Biotehnology -d3ane*

2/(/ pp ,@,:,82

11J '-!I- S $-B-#D K D!-


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1/J


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Final Updated Report

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