Final Tharani PROJECT

7/26/2019 Final Tharani PROJECT

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION ABOUT THE STUDY

1.1 ABOUT THE STUDY

Thales of Miletus, an ancient Greek philosopher, writing at around 600 B.C.E.,

described a form of static electricit,noting that rubbing furon !arious substances, such

as amber, would cause a particular attraction between the two. "e noted that the amber

buttons could attract light ob#ects such as hairand that if the rubbed the amber for long

enough the could e!en get a sparkto #ump.

$t around %&0 B.C.E. 'emocritus, a later Greek philosopher, de!eloped anatomic

theorthat was remarkabl similar to our modern atomic theor. "is mentor, (eucippus,

is credited with this same theor. The hpothesis of (eucippus and 'emocritus held

e!erthing to be composed ofatoms. But these atoms, called )atomos), were indi!isible,

and indestructible. "e prescientl stated that between atoms lies empt space, and that

atoms are constantl in motion. "e was incorrect onl in stating that atoms come in

different si*es and shapes. Each ob#ect had its own shaped and si*ed atom.

$n ob#ect found in +rain -/, dated to about 1&0 B.C.E. and called theBaghdad

Batter, resembles a gal!anic celland is belie!ed b some to ha!e been used

for electroplatingin Mesopotamia, although this has not et been pro!en.

17th century devel!"ent#$

Electricit would remain little more than an intellectual curiosit for millennia. +n -600,

the English scientist, Gilbert e2tended the stud of Cardano on electricit and magnetism,

distinguishing thelodestoneeffect from static electricit produced b rubbing amber. "e

coined the3ew (atinword electricus4)of amber) or )like amber),

from 5elektron, the Greek word for )amber)7 to refer to the propert of

attracting small ob#ects after being rubbed. This association ga!e rise to the English

words )electric) and )electricit), which made their first appearance in print inThomas

Browne8sPseudodoxiaEpidemicaof -6%6.

9urther work was conducted b :tto !on Guerickewho showed electrostatic

repulsion. ;obert Bolealso published work.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales_of_Miletushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_dischargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_dischargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democritushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad_Batteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad_Batteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad_Batteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad_Batteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvanic_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroplatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodestonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodestonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Brownehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Brownehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Brownehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudodoxia_Epidemicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudodoxia_Epidemicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Guerickehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Boylehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_dischargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democritushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad_Batteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad_Batteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvanic_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroplatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodestonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Brownehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Brownehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudodoxia_Epidemicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Guerickehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Boylehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus


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1%th century devel!"ent#$

B -fluid) theor of electricit.

Ben#amin 9ranklin

+n the -th centur, Ben#amin 9ranklinconducted e2tensi!e research in electricit, selling

his possessions to fund his work. +n ?une -threatened sk. $

succession of sparks #umping from the ke to the back of his hand showed

that lightningwas indeed electrical in nature. "e also e2plained the apparentl

parado2ical beha!ior of the (eden #aras a de!ice for storing large amounts of electrical

charge, b coming up with the single fluid, two states theor of electricit.

+n -


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1&th century devel!"ent#$

Michael 9arada portraed b Thomas Ahillipsc. -%--%1

+n the -th centur, the sub#ect of electrical engineering, with the tools of modern

research techniues, started to intensif. 3otable de!elopments earl in this centurinclude the work ofGeorg :hm, who in -1< uantified the relationship between

the electric currentandpotential differencein a conductor, Michael 9arada, the

disco!erer ofelectromagnetic inductionin -/-. +n the -/0s, Georg :hm also

constructed an earl electrostatic machine. Thehomopolar generatorwas de!eloped first

b Michael 9aradaduring his memorable e2periments in -/-. +t was the beginning of

modern dnamos that is, electrical generators which operate using a magnetic field.

The in!ention of the industrial generator, which didn8t need e2ternal magnetic power in

-66 b Derner !on =iemensmade a large series of other in!entions in the wake

possible.

+n -


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nited Fingdom. Theni!ersit of Missourisubseuentl established the first

department of electrical engineering in the nited =tates in -6.

'uring this period work in the area increased dramaticall. +n -1 Edisonswitched onthe world8s first large>scale electrical suppl network that pro!ided --0 !olts direct

currentto fift>nine customers in lower Manhattan. +n the late -0s saw the spread of a

competing form of power distribution known asalternating currentbacked b George

Destinghouse. The ri!alr between the Destinghouse and Edison sstems was known as

the )Dar of Currents). $C e!entuall replaced 'C for generation and power distribution,

enormousl e2tending the range and impro!ing the safet and efficienc of power

distribution.

George Destinghouse, $merican entrepreneur and engineer, financiall backed the

de!elopment of a practical $C power network.

)B the mid>-0s the four )Ma2well euations) were recogni*ed as the foundation of

one of the strongest and most successful theories in all of phsics the had taken their

place as companions, e!en ri!als, to 3ewton8s laws of mechanics. The euations were b

then also being put to practical use, most dramaticall in the emerging new technolog of

radio communications, but also in the telegraph, telephone, and electric power

industries.) B the end of the -th centur, figures in the progress of electrical

engineering were beginning to emerge.

Charles Aroteus =teinmet*helped foster the de!elopment of alternating current that made

possible the e2pansion of the electric power industr in the nited =tates, formulating

mathematical theories for engineers.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Missourihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Missourihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edisonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edisonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Westinghousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Westinghousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_Currentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Proteus_Steinmetzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Proteus_Steinmetzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Missourihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edisonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Westinghousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Westinghousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_Currentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Proteus_Steinmetz


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E"er'ence ( r)d* )nd electrn*c#

Charles Aroteus =teinmet*circa --&

'uring the de!elopment of radio, man scientists andin!entorscontributed to radiotechnologand electronics. +n his classic "9e2periments of -,"einrich

"ert*demonstrated the e2istence of electromagnetic wa!es 4radio wa!es7 leading man

in!entors and scientists to tr to adapt them to commercial applications, such

as Guglielmo Marconi4-&7 and$le2ander Aopo!4-67.

10th centur de!elopments?ohn 9lemingin!ented the first radio tube, the diode, in -0%.

;eginald 9essendenrecogni*ed that a continuous wa!e needed to be generated to make

speech transmission possible, and b the end of -06 he sent the first radio broadcast of

!oice. $lso in -06, ;obert !on (iebenand(ee 'e 9orestindependentl de!eloped the

amplifier tube, called the triode.Edwin "oward $rmstrongenabling technolog

for electronic tele!ision, in -/-.

Secnd +rld +)r ye)r#

The second world war saw tremendous ad!ances in the field of electronics especiall

inradarand with the in!ention of themagnetronb ;andallandBootat the ni!ersit of

Birminghamin -%0.;adio location,radio communicationandradio guidanceof aircraft

were all de!eloped at this time. $n earl electronic computing de!ice, Colossuswas built

b Tomm 9lowersof the GA:to decipher the coded messages of the German (oren*

cipher machine. $lso de!eloped at this time were ad!anced clandestine radio transmitters

and recei!ers for use b secret agents.

$n $merican in!ention at the time was a de!ice to scramble the telephone calls

between Dinston Churchilland9ranklin '. ;oose!elt. This was called the Green

"ornetsstem and worked b inserting noise into the signal. The noise was then

e2tracted at the recei!ing end. This sstem was ne!er broken b the Germans.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Proteus_Steinmetzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invention_of_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_high_frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Hertzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Hertzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_waveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Popov_(physicist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Popov_(physicist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ambrose_Fleminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Fessendenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_von_Liebenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_De_Foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_De_Foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstronghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Randallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Boothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Boothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Birminghamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Birminghamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radio_location&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radio_location&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radio_location&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radio_guidance&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radio_guidance&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colossus_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Flowershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Post_Office_(United_Kingdom)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Post_Office_(United_Kingdom)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenz_SZ_40/42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenz_SZ_40/42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGSALYhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGSALYhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Proteus_Steinmetzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invention_of_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_high_frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Hertzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Hertzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_waveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Popov_(physicist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ambrose_Fleminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Fessendenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_von_Liebenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_De_Foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstronghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Randallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Boothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Birminghamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Birminghamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radio_location&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radio_guidance&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colossus_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Flowershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Post_Office_(United_Kingdom)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenz_SZ_40/42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenz_SZ_40/42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGSALYhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGSALY


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$ great amount of work was undertaken in the nited =tates as part of the Dar Training

Arogram in the areas of radio direction finding, pulsed linear networks, freuenc

modulation, !acuum tube circuits,transmission line theorand fundamentals

of electromagnetic engineering. These studies were published shortl after the war in

what became known as the 8;adio Communication =eries8published b McGraw>"ill in

-%6.

+n -%- FonradHusepresented the H/, the world8s first full functional and

programmable computer.

P#t ,)r devel!"ent#

Arior to the =econd Dorld Dar the sub#ect was commonl known as 8radio engineering8

and basicall was restricted to aspects of communications and radar, commercial radio

and earl tele!ision. $t this time, stud of radio engineering at uni!ersities could onl be

undertaken as part of a phsics degree.

(ater, in post war ears, as consumer de!ices began to be de!eloped, the field broadened

to include modern T@, audio sstems, "i>9i and latterl computers and microprocessors.

+n -%6 the E3+$C 4Electronic 3umerical +ntegrator and Computer7 of ?ohn Aresper

Eckertand ?ohn Mauchlfollowed, beginning the computing era. The arithmetic

performance of these machines allowed engineers to de!elop completel new

technologies and achie!e new ob#ecti!es, including the $pollo missionsand the3$=$

moon landing.

The in!ention of thetransistorin -%< b Dilliam B. =hockle, ?ohn Bardeenand Dalter

Brattainopened the door for more compact de!ices and led to the de!elopment of

the integrated circuitin -& b?ack Filband independentl in -& b;obert 3oce.

+n the mid to late -&0s, the term radio engineering graduall ga!e wa to the name

electronics engineering, which then became a standalone uni!ersit degree sub#ect,

usuall taught alongside electrical engineering with which it had become associated due

to some similarities. +n -6 Mercian "offin!ented the first microprocessorat +ntel and

thus ignited the de!elopment of thepersonal computer.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transmission_line_theory&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transmission_line_theory&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_engineering&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radio_Communication_Series&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radio_Communication_Series&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radio_Communication_Series&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Zusehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Zusehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z3_(computer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Presper_Eckerthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Presper_Eckerthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Presper_Eckerthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mauchlyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mauchlyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Apollohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_landinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_landinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_B._Shockleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bardeenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Brattainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Brattainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kilbyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kilbyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Noycehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcian_Hoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transmission_line_theory&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_engineering&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radio_Communication_Series&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Zusehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z3_(computer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Presper_Eckerthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Presper_Eckerthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mauchlyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Apollohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_landinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_landinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_B._Shockleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bardeenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Brattainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Brattainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kilbyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Noycehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcian_Hoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer


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1.- ABOUT THE INDUSTRY PROI/E

Aut")t*nor automatic controlis the use of !ariouscontrol sstemsfor

operating euipment such as machiner, processes in factories, boilers and heat treatingo!ens, switching in telephone networks, steering and stabili*ation of ships, aircraft and

other applications with minimal or reduced human inter!ention. =ome processes ha!e

been completel automated.

The biggest benefit of automation is that it sa!es labor, howe!er, it is also used to sa!e

energ and materials and to impro!e ualit, accurac and precision.

The term automation, inspired b the earlier word automatic4coming fromautomaton7,

was not widel used before -%


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+nformation technolog, together with industrialmachinerandprocesses, can assist in

the design, implementation, and monitoring of control sstems. :ne e2ample of an

industrial is aprogrammable logic controller4A(C7. A(Cs are speciali*ed hardened

computers which are freuentl used to snchroni*e the flow of inputs from

4phsical7 sensorsand e!ents with the flow of outputs to actuators and e!ents.

$n automated online assistanton a website, with an a!atarfor enhanced human.

"uman>machine interfaces4"M+7 or computer human interfaces4C"+7, formerl known

as man-machine inter$aces, are usuall emploed to communicate with A(Cs and other

computers. =er!ice personnel who monitor and control through "M+s can be called b

different names. +n industrial process and manufacturing en!ironments, the are called

operators or something similar. +n boiler houses and central utilities departments the are

called stationar engineers.

'ifferent tpes of automation tools e2istI

$33 > $rtificial neural network

'C= >'istributed Control =stem

"M+ >"uman Machine +nterface

=C$'$ > =uper!isor Control and 'ata $cuisition

A(C > Arogrammable (ogic Controller

+nstrumentation

Motion control

;obotics

Dhen it comes to 9actor $utomation, "ost =imulation =oftware 4"==7 is a commonl

used testing tool that is used to test the euipment software. "== is used to testeuipment performance with respect to 9actor $utomation standards 4timeouts, response

time, processing time7.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machineryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_logic_controllerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_online_assistanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_online_assistanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human-computer_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_neural_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_Control_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_Control_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Machine_Interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Machine_Interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervisory_Control_and_Data_Acquisitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_Logic_Controllerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumentationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roboticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machineryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_logic_controllerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_online_assistanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human-computer_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_neural_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_Control_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Machine_Interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervisory_Control_and_Data_Acquisitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_Logic_Controllerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumentationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics


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A!!l*c)t*n#$

The automatic telephone switchboard was introduced in -1 along with dial

telephones. B -1, /-.J of the Bell sstem was automatic. $utomatic telephone

switching originall used !acuum tube amplifiers and electro>mechanical switches, which

consumed a large amount of electricit. Call !olume e!entuall grew so fast that it was

feared the telephone sstem would consume all electricit production, prompting Bell

(absto begin research on the transistor.

The logic performed b telephone switching relas was the inspiration for the digital

computer.

The first commerciall successful glass bottle blowing machine was an automatic model

introduced in -0&. The machine, operated b a two>man crew working -1>hour shifts,

could produce -


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=elf>acting machine tools that displaced hand de2terit so the could be operated b bos

and unskilled laborers were de!eloped b ?ames 3asmth in the -%0s. Machine

toolswere automated with3umerical control43C7 using punched paper tape in the

-&0s. This soon e!ol!ed into computeri*ed numerical control 4C3C7.

Toda e2tensi!e automation is practiced in practicall e!er tpe of manufacturing and

assembl process. =ome of the larger processes include electrical power generation, oil

refining, chemicals, steel mills, plastics, cement plants, fertili*er plants, pulp and paper

mills, automobile and truck assembl, aircraft production, glass manufacturing, natural

gas separation plants, food and be!erage processing, canning and bottling and

manufacture of !arious kinds of parts. ;obots are especiall useful in ha*ardous

applications like automobile spra painting. ;obots are also used to assemble electronic

circuit boards. $utomoti!e welding is done with robots and automatic welders are used in

applications like pipelines.

Adv)nt)'e# )nd D*#)dv)nt)'e#$

The main ad!antages of automation areI

+ncreased throughput or producti!it.

+mpro!ed ualit or increased predictabilit of ualit.

+mpro!ed robustness 4consistenc7, of processes or product.

+ncreased consistenc of output.

;educed direct human labor costs and e2penses.

The following methods are often emploed to impro!e producti!it, ualit, or

robustness.

+nstall automation in operations to reduce ccle time.

+nstall automation where a high degree of accurac is reuired.

-0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Nasmythhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_toolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_toolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Nasmythhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_toolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_toolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_control


11/67

;eplacing human operators in tasks that in!ol!e hard phsical or monotonous

work.

;eplacing humans in tasks done in dangerous en!ironments 4i.e. fire, space,

!olcanoes, nuclear facilities, underwater, etc.7

Aerforming tasks that are beond human capabilities of si*e, weight, speed,

endurance, etc.

Economic impro!ementI $utomation ma impro!e in econom of enterprises,

societ or most of humanit. 9or e2ample, when an enterprise in!ests in automation,

technolog reco!ers its in!estment or when a state or countr increases its income

due to automation like Germanor?apanin the 10th Centur.

;educes operation time and work handling time significantl.

9rees up workers to take on other roles.

Aro!ides higher le!el #obs in the de!elopment, deploment, maintenance and

running of the automated processes.

The main disad!antages of automation areI

=ecurit ThreatsL@ulnerabilitI $n automated sstem ma ha!e a limited le!el of

intelligence, and is therefore more susceptible to committing errors outside of its

immediate scope of knowledge 4e.g., it is tpicall unable to appl the rules of simple

logic to general propositions7.

npredictableLe2cessi!e de!elopment costsI The research and de!elopmentcost

of automating a process ma e2ceed the cost sa!ed b the automation itself.

"igh initial costI The automation of a newproductorplanttpicall reuires a

!er large initial in!estment in comparison with the unit cost of the product, although

the cost of automation ma be spread among man products and o!er time.

+n manufacturing, the purpose of automation has shifted to issues broader than

producti!it, cost, and time.

--
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_(business)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_(business)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_(business)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant


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/*"*t)t*n# t )ut")t*n$

Current technolog is unable to automate all the desired tasks.

Man operations using automation ha!e large amounts of in!ested capital and

produce high !olumes of product, making malfunctions e2tremel costl and

potentiall ha*ardous. Therefore, some personnel are needed to insure that the entiresstem functions properl and that safet and product ualit are maintained.

$s a process becomes increasingl automated, there is less and less labor to be

sa!ed or ualit impro!ement to be gained. This is an e2ample of both diminishing

returnsand thelogistic function.

$s more and more processes become automated, there are fewer remaining non>

automated processes. This is an e2ample of e2haustion of opportunities. 3ew

technological paradigms ma howe!er set new limits that surpass the pre!ious limits.

Current l*"*t)t*n#I

Man roles for humans in industrial processes presentl lie beond the scope of

automation. "uman>le!elpattern recognition,language comprehension, and language

production abilit are well beond the capabilities of modern mechanical and computer

sstems. Tasks reuiring sub#ecti!e assessment or snthesis of comple2 sensor data,

such as scents and sounds, as well as high>le!el tasks such as strategic planning, currentl

reuire human e2pertise. +n man cases, the use of humans is more cost>effecti!e than

mechanical approaches e!en where automation of industrial tasks is possible.

:!ercoming these obstacles is a theori*ed path topost>scarciteconomics.

-1
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminishing_returnshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminishing_returnshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistic_functionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistic_functionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_comprehensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_comprehensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_comprehensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-scarcityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-scarcityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminishing_returnshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminishing_returnshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistic_functionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_comprehensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-scarcity


13/67

1.0 ABOUT THE COPANY PROI/E

De are $ Control $utomation =olution Aro!iderN, named as EC+ =O=TEM=

speciali*ed in pro!iding total engineering solution for !ertical industries. :ur primar #obin!ol!es automating the e2isting con!entional machines into full automatic machines

enhancing the production of the euipment as well as automation for the new machines

manufactured b :EMPs. De are also an authori*ed sstem integrators of A$;FE;>=='

';+@E= 4=$7, GE>9$3C 4=$7, E;:T"E;M 4F7 and also indulged in =stem

design, application engineering, application software engineering, documentation, and

start>up and after sales ser!ice of $C Q 'C ';+@E=, $C =E;@: M:T:;= Q

';+@E=, A(C, Aower and Temperature Controllers, Arocess Controllers. :ur reputation

is built on technical e2pertise, professional approach, commercial integrit and facilities.

$t EC+ =O=TEM=, helping manufacturers succeed and grow with industrial automation

control and information solutions designed.

9rom stand>alone, industrial components to enterprise>wide integrated sstems, our

solutions ha!e pro!en themsel!es across a wide range of industries and in some of the

most demanding manufacturing en!ironment.

De offer end to end integrated solution including hardware, software and engineering b

our well>defined work culture eui!alent to an corporate le!el organi*ation, i.e The

=stematic $pproachN.

-/


14/67

CHAPTER II

DE2E/OPENT O AIN THEE

-.1 RE2IE+ O /ITERATURE

This chapter makes a brief re!iew of the literature rele!ant to the stud. There are

onl limited studies, which are directl rele!ant to the stud

concerned the researcher has made an attempt to present a brief re!iew of literature

a!ailable which consists of articles.

St)ntn1 Marketing is total sstem of interacting business acti!ities designed to plan,

price, promote and distribute want satisfing products and ser!ices to present and

potential consumersN

Ph*l*! 3tler 41&&-5 -Consumer markets and consumer buing beha!ior ha!e to be

understood before sound marketing plans can be de!eloped. +n anal*ing consumer

market one needs to know the occupants, the ob#ects and buers ob#ecti!es, organi*ation,

operating and outlets. The buer beha!ior is influenced b four ma#or factors cultural,

social, personal, and pschological. $ll these pro!ide lines to how reach and ser!e buers

effecti!elN

*ch)el B)r6er 41&&75 0+f economics are comprised of people and we are comprised

of people and we are endea!oring to allocate scare resources in order to ma2imi*e

satisfaction, then it is satisfaction of people at which we are aimingN

-%


15/67

STATEENT O THE PROB/E

This research is pertaining to find out the present consumer satisfaction of the

stud well with special reference to EC+ Aroducts, in Erode 'istrict.

The stud on consumer satisfaction helps to know who are the customers, what

the want, how the use and react to the product. The wants of the consumers are

carefull studied b conducting sur!e on consumer satisfaction. This stud will help to

gain knowledge about the market share for each brand, factors influencing the consumer

to prefer a particular brand and problems faced b them on using such brands and so on.

-&


16/67

-.-OBECTI2ES O THE STUDY

-. To find out factors influencing for selection of EC+ Aroducts

1. To know whether customers are satisfied with the ualit of product.

/. To know about consumer awareness about products a!ailable.

%. To make an attempt to computeri*e the portion of the customer purchase.

&. To find out the result of the stud and make an attempt to suitable suggestions to

EC+ Aroducts, Erode regarding customer satisfaction.

-6


17/67

-.0 SCOPE O THE STUDY

Customer preference is dnamic, therefore it is necessar to stud anal*e and

understand it continuousl and monitor this understanding to the making so that the

effecti!e decision can be taken in respect of product price, ualit and etc.

The stud on customer preference helps to know who the consumer areR Dhat

the wantR "ow the use and react the product. The wants of a customer are carefull

studies b conducting sur!e on customer preferences.

The stud will be useful for the compan to make necessar changes in price,

ualit and promotional acti!ities.

-


18/67

-.8 /IITATIONS O THE STUDY

The stud was confined onl to Coimbatore 'ist.

Marketing area is big sample si*e is small.

There is no comparati!e stud is make with other industries.

The period of stud is limited.

-


19/67

CHAPTER 9 III

RESEARCH ETHODO/O:Y

0.1 RESEARCH ETHODO/O:Y

;esearch in common parlance refers to a search for knowledge. The ad!anced

learnerPs dictionar of current English las down the meaning of research as a SPcarefull

in!estigation of enuir especiall through search for new facts in branch of knowledgePP.

The sstematic approach concerning generali*ation and the formulation of the theor is

also research. The purpose of research is to disco!er answer to uestions through the

application of scientific procedures.

0.- RESEARCH DESIN:N$

$ research design is the arrangement of conditions for the collection and

analsis of data in a manner that aims to combine rele!ance to the research purpose with

econom in procedurePP. +n this stud descripti!e tpe of the research design has been

used.

DESCRIPTI2E RESEARCH DESI:N$

'escripti!e tpe of research design has been used in this stud, which are concerned

with describing the character of a group.

0.0 DATA CO//ECTION$

PRIARY DATA

The primar data are those, which are collected a fresh and for the first time

happen to be original in character. +t has been collected through a uestionnaire and

personal inter!iew.

SECONDARY DATA

=econdar data are that which has been collected b someone else and which has

been passed through the stratified process. +t has collected through the books and internet.

0.8 RESEARCH INSTRUENT$

uestionnaire containing both closed and open ended uestions.

POPU/ATION$

-


20/67

+n population it co!ers in all +ndia mart customers, in Tirupur.

SAP/E SI;E$

3umber of the sampling units selected from the population is called the si*e of the

sample. =ample of -00 respondents were obtained from the population.

SAP/IN: PROCEDURE$

The procedure adopted in the present stud is probabilit sampling, which is also

known as chance sampling. nder this sampling design, e!er item of the frame has an

eual chance of inclusion in the sample.

CONTACT ETHOD$

;espondents are contacted personall.

INTRE2IE+ SCHEDU/E$

The inter!iew schedule has been used to collect the data information can be

gathered

E!en when the respondents happen to be illiterate.

TABU/ATION$

+t is the arrangement of classified data in an orderl manner. This in!ol!es

creating table for recording the filled in inter!iew schedule. These tables are of immense

help to analsis b using the statistics tools help to analsis b using the statistical tools.

SCA/IN: TECHNIpoints scales.

PERIOD STUDY$

The stud was conducted for the period of one month.

0.= TOO/S USED OR ANA/YSIS$

The following tools were used with the help of statistical software =imple percentage

analsis

SIP/E PERCENTA:E ANA/YSIS$

+t is simple analsis tool. +n this method, based on the opinion of the respondents,

Aercentage is calculated for the respecti!e scales of each other.

3o of respondents

=imple percentage analsis U >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>V -00

10


21/67

=ample si*e

CHI9Se71Chi>suare test U >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>E

Dhere, : U obser!ed freuenc

E U E2pected freuenc.

3 U 3umber of respondents.

1-


22/67

CHAPTER I2

DATA ANA/YSIS AND INTERPRETATION

8.1 :ENDER O THE RESPONDENTS

TAB/E NO 8.1.1

:ENDER O THE RESPONDETS

S.NO :ENDER NO.O RESPONDENTSPERCENTA:E

4>5

-. Male


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:ENTER O THE RESPONDETS

TAB/E NO 8.-.1

1/


24/67

A:E :ROUP O THE RESPONDENTS

S.NO A:E NO.O RESPONDENTSPERCENTA:E

4>5-. 10 to /0 ears 0 60

1. /- to %0 ears %& /0

/. %- to &0 ears 6

%. abo!e &0 ears 6 %

Tt)l 1=? 1??

Inter!ret)t*n$

+t is followed from the table %.1.- that out of -&0 respondents, 60Jof the

respondents are belonging to 10 to /0 ears ears of the age group, /0 J of the

respondents are belonging to /- to %0 ears age of group, 6Jof the respondents are

belonging to %- to &0 ears age of the group and %J of the respondents are belonging to

abo!e &0 ears of age group.

In(erence$

Ma#orit 460J7 of the respondents are belonging the age group of 10 to /0 ears

ears.

CHART NO 8.-.1

1%


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A:E :ROUP O RESPONDENTS

TAB/E NO 8.0.1

ARITA/ STATUS O THE RESPONDENTS

S.NO ARITA/ STATUS NO.O RESPONDENTSPERCENTA:E

4>5

-. Married 6 %&

1. nmarried 1 &&

Tt)l 1=? 1??

1&


26/67

Inter!ret)t*n$

9rom the abo!e table %./.- clearl shows that out of -&0 respondents, &&J of the

respondents are unmarried and %&J of the respondents are married.

In(erence$

Ma#orit 4&&J7 of the respondents are unmarried.

CHART NO.8.0.1

ARITA/ STATUS O THE RESPONDENTS

16


27/67

TAB/E NO 8.8.1

EDUCATIONA/


28/67

1. G le!el &/ /&/. AG le!el 1< -%. :thers - -/

Tt)l 1=? 1??

Inter!ret)t*n$

9rom the abo!e table %.&.- clearl indicates that out of -&0 respondents, /&J of

the respondents are up to G le!el, /%J of the respondents are Educational ualified up

to school le!el, -J of the respondents are ualified with AG graduate -/J of

respondents are ualified with others

In(erence$

Ma#orit /&J of the respondents are ualified with G le!el.

CHART NO 8.8.1

EDUCATIONA/


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TAB/E NO 8.=.1

OCCUPATIONA/ STATUS O THE RESPONDENTS

S.NO OCCUPATIONA/ STATUSNO.O

RESPONDENTS

PERCENTA:E

4>5

1


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-. Emploee &- /%

1. Business % /1

/. $griculture /0 10

%. Arofessional 1- -%

Tt)l 1=? 1??

Inter!ret)t*n$

The abo!e table %.6.- clearl shows that out of -&0 respondents, /%J of the

respondents are belonging to the categor of emploee, /1J of the respondents to the

categor of business, 10J of the respondents are belonging to the categor of agriculture

and -%J of the respondents are belonging to the categor of professional.

In(erence$

Ma#orit 4/%J7 of the respondents come under the categor of Emploee.

CHART NO 8.=.1

OCCUPATIONA/ STATUS O THE RESPONDENTS

/0


31/67

TAB/E NO [email protected]

ONTH/Y INCOE O THE RESPONDENTS

S.NO ONTH/Y INCOENO.O

RESPONDENTS

PERCENTA:E

4>5

-. Below ;s.&000 6- %-

1. ;s.&00- to ;s.-0000 // 11

/. ;s. -000- to ;s.-&000 1% -6

/-


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%. $bo!e ;s. -&000 /1 1-

Tt)l 1=? 1??

Inter!ret)t*n$

The abo!e table %..- clearl shows that out of -&0 respondents, -6 J of the

respondents come under the income le!el of ;s. -000- to ;s. -&000, 11 J of the

respondents belong to the categor of income le!el of ;s.&00- to ;s.-0000,1-J of the

respondents belong to the categor of income le!el of abo!e ;s.-&000, %- J of the

respondents come under the categor of below ;s.&000.

In(erence$

Ma#orit 4%- J7 of the respondents come under the categor of below ;s.&000.

CHART NO [email protected]

ONTH/Y INCOE O THE RESPONDENTS

/1


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TAB/E NO 8.7.1

SOURCES O A+ARENESS O THE RESPONDENTS

//


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S.NO SOURCES O A+ARENESNO.O

RESPONDENTS

PERCENTA:E

4>5

-. $d!ertisement < &1. =howroom % /1

/. 9riends Q relati!es 6%. :thers 6 %

Tt)l 1=? 1??

Inter!ret)t*n$

The abo!e table %..- shows that out of -&0 respondents, & J of the respondents

are came to know about the EC+ products through ad!ertisement, 6 J of the respondents

are came to know about the EC+ products through friends and relati!es, /1 J of the

respondents are came to know about the EC+ products through showroom and % J of the

respondents are came to know about the EC+ products through others.

In(erence$

Ma#orit 4&J7 of the respondents are come to know about the EC+ products

super through ad!ertisement.

CHART NO 8.7.1

SOURCES O A+ARENESS O THE RESPONDENTS

/%


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TAB/E NO 8.%.1EDIA O AD2ERTISEENT

S.NO EDIANO.O

RESPONDENTS

PERCENTA:E

4>5

-. Tele!ision -16 %

/&


36/67

1. 3ewspaper Q maga*ines -& -0

/. ;adio 6 %

%. :thers / 1

Tt)l 1=? 1??

Inter!ret)t*n$

The abo!e table %.-0.- shows that out of -&0 respondents, %J of the respondents

are tele!ision, -0J of the respondents are newspapers Q maga*ines, %J of the

respondents are radio and 1J of the respondents are others.

In(erence$

Ma#orit 4%J7 of the respondents are tele!ision.

CHART NO 8.%.1

EDIA O AD2ERTISEENT

/6


37/67

TAB/E NO 8.&.1

TYPES O PRODUCT

S.NO TYPES O PRODUCTSNO.O

RESPONDENTS

PERCENTA:E

4>5

-. EC+ '+=A($O= 1< -

1. EC+ A$3E(= - &%

/. EC+ =D+TC" B:$;'= /0 10

%. :thers -1

/


38/67

Tt)l 1=? 1??

Inter!ret)t*n$

The table %.--.- identified that out of -&0 respondents, &%J of the respondents are

ha!ing EC+ A$3E(=, 10J of the respondents are ha!ing EC+ =D+TC" B:$;'=, -J

of the respondents are ha!ing EC+ '+=A($O= and J of the respondents are ha!ing

others.

In(erence$

Ma#orit 4&%J7 of the respondents are ha!ing EC+ A$3E(= plaer.

CHART NO 8.&.1

TYPES O PRODUCT

/


39/67

TAB/E NUBER 8.1?.1

ODE O PURCHASE

S.NO ODE O PURCHASENO.O

RESPONDENTS

PERCENTA:E

4>5

-. Cash /& 1/

1. Credit %& /-

/. Aartl paidQpartl credit /& 1/

%. E2change offer /& 1/

Tt)l 1=? 1??

/


40/67

Inter!ret)t*n$

9rom the abo!e table re!eals that out of -&0 respondents, /-J of the respondents

are take Credit purchase,1/ J of the respondents are take Cash pament,1/Jof the

respondents are Cash partl to pa the installments Q 1/J of the respondents sas

e2change offer.

In(erence$

Ma#orit /-J of the respondents takes are Credit pament.

CHART NO 8.1?.1

ODE O PURCHASE

%0


41/67

TAB/E NO 8.11.1

PERIOD O USIN: THE ECI PRODUCTS

%-


42/67

S.NOPERIOD O

CONSUPTION

NO.O

RESPONDENTS

PERCENTA:E

4>5

-. Below - ear /0 10

1. ->1 ears - &%/. 1>% ears -& -0

%. $bo!e % ears 1% -6

Tt)l 1=? 1??

Inter!ret)t*n$

The abo!e table %.-/.- shows that out of the -&0 respondents ,&%J of the

respondents are using ->1 ears, 10J of the respondents are using below - ear, -0J of

the respondents are using 1>% ears and -6J of the respondents are using abo!e % ears.

In(erence$

Ma#orit 4&%J7 of the respondents are using ->1 ears.

CHART NO 8.11.1

PERIOD O USIN: THE ECI PRODUCTS

%1


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TAB/E NO 8.1-.1

ECI PRODUCTS COPARED +ITH OTHER PRODUCTS

%/


44/67

S.NOCOPARED +ITH OTHER

PRODUCTS

NO.O

RESPONDENTS

PERCENTA:E

4>5

-. Arice /0 10

1. ualit - &%

/. (oalt // 11

%. =er!ice 6 %

Tt)l 1=? 1??

Inter!ret)t*n$

The abo!e table %.-%.- clearl shows that out of -&0 respondents, &%J of the

respondents are prefers to ualit of EC+ products, 11 of the respondents are prefers to

Brand name, 10J of the respondents are prefers to price of EC+ products and %J of the

respondents are prefers to ser!ice of the EC+ products.

In(erence$

Ma#orit 4&%J7 of the respondents are prefers to ualit of the EC+ products.

CHART NO 8.1-.1

ECI PRODUCTS COPARED +ITH OTHER PRODUCTS

%%


45/67

TAB/E NO 8.10.1

SATISACTION O THE RESPONDENTS ABOUT ECI PRODUCTS

S.NO /E2E/ O SATISACTIONNO.O

RESPONDENTS

PERCENTA:E

4>5

%&


46/67

-. "ighl satisfied %& /0

1. =atisfied 6 6%

/. 3eutral 6 %

%. 'issatisfied / 1

Tt)l 1=? 1??

Inter!ret)t*n$

The abo!e table %.-&.- clearl shows that out of -&0 respondents, 6%J of the

respondents are satisfied, /0J of the respondents are highl satisfied, %J of the

respondents are neutral and 1J of the respondents are dissatisfied.

In(erence$

Ma#orit 46%J7 of the respondents are satisfied.

CHART NO 8.10.1

SATISACTION O THE RESPONDENTS ABOUT ECI PRODUCTS

%6


47/67

TAB/E NO 8.18.1

RECOENDATION O THE RESPONDETS

S.NORECCOENDATION O

THE RESPONDETS

NO.O

RESPONDENTS

PERCENTA:E

4>5

-. Oes % &6

1. 3o 66 %%

Tt)l 1=? 1??

Inter!ret)t*n$

%


48/67

The abo!e table %.-%.- clearl shows that out of -&0 respondents, &6J of the

respondents are recommending to others, and %% J of the respondents are not

recommending to others for the purchase of the EC+ products.

In(erence$

Ma#orit 4&6J7 of the respondents are recommending to others for purchasing the

EC+ products.

CHART NO 8.18.1

RECOENDATION O THE RESPONDETS

%


49/67

TAB/E NO 8.1=.1

:UARANTEE PERIOD

S.NO :UARANTEE PERIODNO.O

RESPONDENTS

PERCENTA:E

4>5

-. - ear /6 1%

1. 9or 1 ears &- /%

/. 9or / ears / 16

%. $bo!e / ears 1% -6

%


50/67

Tt)l 1=? 1??

Inter!ret)t*n$

The abo!e table %.-&.- clearl shows that out of -&0 respondents, /%J of the

respondents are ha!ing guarantee period is for 1 ears, 16J of the respondents are ha!ing

guarantee period is for / ears, 1%J of the respondents are ha!ing guarantee period for -

ear and -6J of the respondents are ha!ing guarantee period for abo!e / ears.

In(erence$

Ma#orit 4/%J7 of the respondents are ha!ing guarantee period for 1 ears.

CHART NO 8.1=.1

:UARANTEE PERIOD

&0


51/67

TAB/E NO [email protected]

ECHAN:E OER IN ECI PRODUCTS

S.NO ECHA:E OER NO.O

RESPONDENTS

PERCENTA:E

4>5

-. Arice offer / 16

1. 9ree gift 6 %6

/. 'iscount /6 1%

%. :thers 6 %

&-


52/67

Tt)l 1=? 1??

Inter!ret)t*n$

The abo!e table %.-6.- shows that out of -&0 respondents, %6J of the respondents

are got price gift, 16J of the respondents are got price offer, 1%J of the respondents are

got discount offer and %J of the respondents are got others.

In(erence$

Ma#orit 4%6J7 of the respondents are got free gift offer.

CHART NO [email protected]

ECHAN:E OER IN ECI PRODUCT

&1


53/67

TAB/E NO 8.17.1

OPINION RE:ARDIN: THE O2ER A// PERORANCE

S.NO OPINION NO.O RESPONDENTS

PERCENTA:E

4>5

-. E2cellent &% /6

1. Good < &

/. $!erage 6 %

%. Aoor / 1

Tt)l 1=? 1??

&/


54/67

Inter!ret)t*n$

The abo!e table %.-


55/67

TAB/E NO 8.1%.1

PROB/E ACED BY THE RESPONDENTS

S.NO PROB/E ACEDNO.O

RESPONDENTS

PERCENTA:E

4>5-. Oes


56/67

The abo!e table %.-.- shows that out of -&0 respondents, &-J of the respondents

are falling an problem while using EC+ products and %J of the respondents are not

falling an problem while using EC+ products.

In(erence$

Ma#orit 4&-J7 of the respondents are falling problems while using EC+ products.

CHART NO 8.1%.1

PROB/E ACED BY THE RESPONDENTS

&6


57/67

CHI9S


58/67

A:E :ROUP

2S

ONTH/Y INCOE

ONTH/Y INCOE

;s &000 &00-> -000-> $bo!e -0000 -&000 -&000

10 to /0 rs

/- to %0 rs

%- to &0 rs

&0 and $bo!e

Total

10 -1 -0 < %

-6 -& -& % &0

-0 -/ & & //

1 / & -

&% %1 // 1- -&0

O* E* O*9E* 4O*9E*5 4O*9E*5E*

10 -1.00 %.0 0.11

-0 --. >-. /.& 0.1

6.% 1.% 6.- 0.%

-1 -/.-.


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-/ .1% /./.0% .1 -.1

-0 -0.0.


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Critical !alue for chi>suare distribution U -6. so calculated !alue is less than

the table !alue 4 --.6 W -6.7

In(erence$

$s the table !alue at -6. J le!el is greater than the calculated !alue, accepted

null hpothesis, so there is no relationship between age group and monthl income.

CHI9S


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ODE O PURCHASEC$=" C;E'+T A$;TO EXC"$3GE

A$+' :99E;

Emploee

Business

$griculture

Arofessional

Total

-& -& % - /&

- -0 -0 %6.6 %/.& 1.61

-& -1.0 /.0 .0 0.1./ &.1 0./-0 .% -.6 1.&6 0./0

1 6.- >%.- -6. 1./.% --.& 1.6-

&. /.- .6- -.61

1 %./ >1./ &.1 -.1/

< %./ 1.<


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Critical !alue for chi>suare distribution U -6. so calculated !alue is greater

than the table !alue 41


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Ma#orit 4&&J7 of the respondents are unmarried.

#orit 4/%J7 of the respondents are belonging to the categor of income le!el

of ;s.-000- to ;s.-&000.

Ma#orit 4


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users. The durabilit is the factor which is e2pected b ma#orit of the respondents. so

the compan ma impro!e the durabilit of EC+ products to some possible e2tent.

'ealers ha!e to concentrate to after sales ser!ice selection. $ttracti!e and

effecti!e ad!ertisement through !arious media ma be repeatedl gi!en in order to

capture the attention of potential customers.

Z

=.0 CONC/USION

This pro#ect is a fact finding e2cise to the research. $fter anal*ing the !arious

problems and findings, the researcher offered suitable suggestions for better consumer

satisfaction. E!en ualit goods are offered at a fair price it will succeed, onl when

adeuate awareness is created among the public about it. This stud concluded that

6&


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the performance of the EC+ products is good. To increase the sales of the compan. +t

has to concentrate on the suggestions gi!en in this report.

BIB/IO:RAPHY

B6#$

Fotler, A., $rmstrong G., Brown (., Chandler =. $. 4-7, Marketing, 4%th

edition7, Arentice "all, =dne

66


67/67

Gilbert $. Churchill, #r, marketing research methodological foundations, =$ The

'rden press, fifth edition, --.

'. $sker, @. Fumar, and G. 'a marketing ;esearch, =ingapore, #ohn willed Q

=ons 4$=+$7 limited, =e!enth Edition, 100/

+e#*te#$

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,,,.,*6*!ed*).c"

,,,.#l*de#h)re.c"
http://www.ecisystems.com/http://www.wikipedia.com/http://www.slideshare.com/http://www.ecisystems.com/http://www.wikipedia.com/http://www.slideshare.com/

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