Final Study Guide - Spring 2011

8/6/2019 Final Study Guide - Spring 2011

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Physical Science-Final Exam Study Guide

1)Introduction to Physical Sciencea)A BriefHistory of Science

i) The Development of Scienceii)Some Early Scientists

(1) Aristotle(2) Pythagoras(3) Galileo

iii)Definition of Modern Scienceiv)Definition of Pseudosciencev)Comparison/Contrast of Science and Philosophy

b)The Role of Mathematics in Sciencei) Mathematics is a Part of Scienceii)Beauty in Mathematicsiii)Mathematics Can Direct Scientific Discoveryiv)Mathematics Can Explain Sciencev)Mathematics is a Language

c)The SI System of Unitsi) Definition of the SI System of Unitsii)The SI System is Used by Scientists and by Our Physical

Science Class

iii)Many SI Units are the Same as the Corresponding MetricUnits

iv)SI prefixesv)Introduction to Unit Conversion

d)The Scientific Methodi) Scientific Fact


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i) Scalar Quantities(1) Definition of Scalar Quantity(2) List of Some Common Scalar Quantities

ii)Vector Quantities(1) Definition of Vector Quantity(2) List of Some Common Vector Quantities

iii)Position(1) Definition of Position(2) Abbreviation for Position(3) Position is a Vector Quantity(4) SI Unit for Position(5) Position as Represented in Two Dimensions(6) Position as Represented in One Dimension

iv)Distance(1) Definition of Distance(2) Abbreviation for Distance(3) SI Unit for Distance(4) Distance is a Scalar Quantity(5) Finding Distance Traveled

v)Displacement(1) Definition of Displacement(2) FindingNet Displacement Given Path(3) Abbreviation for Displacement(4) SI Unit for Displacement(5) Displacement is a Vector Quantity(6) Formula for Displacement(7) Finding Displacement Mathematically

b)Speed and Velocityi) Speed


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(1) Definition of Speed(2) Abbreviation for Speed(3) Formula for Average Speed(4) SI Units for Speed(5) Speed is a Scalar Quantity(6) Using Speed, Distance, and Time in Calculations(7) Instantaneous Speed Versus Average Speed

ii)Velocity(1) Definition of Velocity(2) Abbreviation for Velocity(3) Formula for Average Velocity(4) SI Units for Velocity(5) Velocity is a Vector Quantity(6) Using Velocity, Displacement, and Time in

Calculations

(7) Instantaneous Velocity Versus Average Velocityc)Acceleration and Relative Motion

i) Constant Acceleration(1) Definition of Acceleration(2) Abbreviation for Acceleration(3) Formula for Average Acceleration(4) SI Units for Acceleration(5) Acceleration is a Vector Quantity(6) Using Acceleration, Change in Velocity, and Time in

Calculations

(7) Galileo and Acceleration(8) Free-Fall Acceleration(9) Hang Time

ii)Relative Motion


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d)An Introduction to Forcei) Systems

(1) Definition of a System(2) Identifying Good Systems

ii)Net Force(1) Finding Net Force in One Dimension

(a) Finding Net Force in One Dimension Mathematically(b) Finding Net Force in One Dimension by Using Vector

Addition/Subtraction

(2) Finding Net Force in Two Dimensions(a) Finding Net Force in Two Dimensions (in Component

Form) Mathematically

(b) Finding Net Force in Two Dimensions by UsingVector Addition/Subtraction

iii)Mechanical Equilibrium(1) Net Force on an Object in Mechanical Equilibrium is

Equal to Zero (for an Non-Rotating System)

(2) Two Types of Mechanical Equilibrium(a) Static Equilibrium(b) Dynamic Equilibrium

iv)Some Types of Forces(1) Weight(2) Support Force(3) Friction Force

e)Newtons Three Laws of Motioni) Newtons First Law of Motion

(1) Inertia(2) Mass(3) Description of Newtons First Law of Motion


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ii)Newtons Second Law of Motion(1) Description of Newtons Second Law of Motion(2) Free-Fall Acceleration(3) Non-Free Fall Motion

(a) Terminal Velocity/Speediii)Newtons Third Law of Motion

(1) Interaction(a) Action/Reaction Pair of Forces

(2) Description of Newtons Third Law of Motioniv)Newtons Second and Third Law on Different Size Masses

f)Momentum and Impulsei) Momentum

(1) Momentum is Inertia in Motion(2) Abbreviation for Momentum(3) Formula for Momentum(4) SI Units for Momentum(5) Momentum is a Vector Quantity(6) Using Momentum, Mass, and Velocity in Calculations

ii)Impulse(1) Impulse is Change in Momentum(2) Abbreviation for Impulse(3) Formula for Impulse(4) SI Units for Impulse(5) Impulse is a Vector Quantity(6) Using Impulse (or Change in Momentum), Force, and

Time in Calculations

(7) Examples of Impulse Changing Momentum(a) Impulse Increases Momentum(b) Impulse Decreases Momentum


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g)The Law of Conservation of Linear Momentumi) English Statement of the Law of Conservation of Linear

Momentum

ii)Definition of a Closed System(1) Linear Momentum is Conserved Only for a Closed

System

iii)Mathematical Statement of the Law of Conservation ofLinear Momentum

iv)Using the Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum to FindMomentum, Mass, and/or Velocity of Objects in a Closed

Systemh)Energy and Work

i) Energy(1) Definition of Energy(2) Abbreviation for Energy(3) Some Common Forms of Energy

(a) Kinetic Energy(i)Definition of Kinetic Energy(ii) Formula for Kinetic Energy

(b) Potential Energy(i)Definition of Potential Energy(ii) Some Common Forms of Potential Energy

1.Elastic Potential Energy2.Gravitational Potential Energy

a.Formula for Gravitational Potential Energy(4) SI Unit for Energy(5) Energy is a Scalar Quantity(6) Using Energy and Other Quantities in Calculations

ii)Work


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(1) Work is Change in Energy(2) Abbreviation of Work(3) Formula for Work(4) SI Unit for Work(5) Work is a Scalar Quantity(6) Using Work (Change in Energy), Force, and Distance

in Calculations

i) The Law of Conservation of Energyi) English Statement of the Law of Conservation of Energy

(1) Energy for a System is Conserved Only when NetWork Done on or by the System is Equal to Zero

ii)Using the Law of Conservation of Energy in Calculationsj) Power, Efficiency, and Machines

i) Power(1) Definition of Power(2) Abbreviation for Power(3) Formula for Power(4) SI Units for Power(5) Power is a Scalar Quantity(6) Using Power, Work (Change in Energy), and Time in

Calculations

ii)Efficiency(1) Definition of Efficiency(2) Abbreviation for Efficiency(3) Formula for Efficiency(4) Efficiency is Dimensionless (it has no Unit)(5) Efficiency is a Scalar Quantity(6) Using Efficiency, Work Input (or Energy Input),

and Work Output (or Energy Output) in Calculations


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iii)Machines(1) Definition of Machine(2) Machines Follow the Law of Conservation of Energy(3) Six Examples of Simple Machines

(a) Lever(b) Inclined Plane(c)Wheel and Axle(d) Screw(e) Wedge(f)Pulley

k)Gravity, Projectiles, and Satellitesi) Gravity

(1) Newtons Law of Universal Gravitation(a) Mathematical Statement of Newtons Law of

Universal Gravitation

(b) The Inverse Square Law(c)The Effect of Changing Mass and/or Distance on

Gravitational Force

(2) Weight(a) Definition of Weight

(3) Apparent Weight(a) Definition of Apparent Weight(b) Cases in Which Apparent Weight is not Equal to

Actual Weight

(i)Apparent Weight is Greater than Actual Weight foran Object Which is Accelerating Upward

(ii) Apparent Weight is Less than Actual Weightfor an Object Which is Accelerating Downward


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(iii) An object is Weightless When it has NoSupport Force (When it is Accelerating Downward

at g)

(4) Projectile Motion(a) Definition of a Projectile(b) The Velocity of a Projectile has Two Components

(i)Vertical Component of Velocity Undergoes anAcceleration of g Downward (for Negligible Air

Resistance)

(ii) Horizontal Component of Velocity is Constant(for Negligible Air Resistance)

(5) Satellite Motion(6) Energy is Conserved for Satellite Motion(7) Escape Speed

l) Thermal Energyi) Temperature

(1) Definition of Temperature(2) Abbreviation for Temperature(3) SI Unit for Temperature(4) Temperature is a Scalar Quantity(5) Absolute Zero

ii)Thermal Energy(1) Definition of Thermal Energy(2) Abbreviation for Thermal Energy(3) Acceptable Units for Thermal Energy(4) Thermal Energy is a Scalar Quantity

iii)Heat(1) Definition of Heat(2) Abbreviation for Heat


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(3) Acceptable Units for Heat(4) Heat is a Scalar Quantity

iv)Specific Heat Capacity(1) Definition of Specific Heat Capacity(2) Abbreviation for Specific Heat Capacity(3) SI Units for Specific Heat Capacity(4) Specific Heat Capacity is a Scalar Quantity(5) Using Specific Heat Capacity, Thermal Energy,

Mass, and Change in Temperature in Calculations

v)Thermal Expansion(1) Definition of Thermal Expansion(2) Typical Behavior of Substances for Changes in

Temperature

(3) The Thermal Expansion of Watervi)Change of Phase

(1) Five Known States of Matter(a) Bose-Einstein Condensate(b) Solid(c)Liquid(d) Gas(e) Plasma

(2) Common Types of Phase Changes(a) Melting and Freezing(b) Evaporation and Condensation(c)Sublimation and Deposition

vii) Energy and Change of Phasem)Heat Transfer

i) The Three Processes of Heat Transfer(1) Conduction


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(a) Definition of Conduction(b) Conduction can Only Occur in Matter in Certain

Phases

(c)Good Conductors(d) Poor Conductors (Insulators)

(2) Convection(a) Definition of Convection(b) Convection can Only Occur in Matter in Certain

Phases

(3) Radiation(a) Definition of Radiation(b) Radiation can Occur in Any Phase of Matter(c)Electromagnetic Spectrum

(4) The Greenhouse Effect(5) The Characteristics of a Good Thermos

n)Static Electricity(1) Electric Charge

(a) Definition of Electric Charge(b) Abbreviation for Electric Charge(c)SI Unit for Electric Charge(d) Electric Charge is a Scalar Quantity(e) The Two Signs of Electric Charge

(i)Positive Charge1.Each Proton has a Charge of +1

(ii) Negative Charge1.Each Electron has a Charge of -1

(iii) Neutrons are Neutral (have a Charge of Zero)(f)Net Charge

(i)Definition of Net Charge


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(ii) Finding Net Charge of a System of ChargedParticles

(2) Electric Force Between Two Charged Particles:Coulombs Law

(i)Mathematical Statement of Coulombs Law(ii) Electric Force can be Attractive or Repulsive

1.Charges with Opposite Signs Attract2.Charges with Like Signs Repel

(iii) The Effect of Changing Charge and/orDistance on Electric Force

(iv) Comparing and Contrasting Newtons Law ofUniversal Gravitation and Coulombs Law

(3) Charge Separation (Polarization)o)Current Electricity

(1) Electric Potential(a) Definition of Electric Potential(b) Abbreviation for Electric Potential(c)SI Unit for Electric Potential(d) Electric Potential is a Scalar Quantity

(2) Electric Potential Difference(a) Definition of Electric Potential Difference(b) Abbreviation for Electric Potential Difference(c)SI Unit for Electric Potential Difference(d) Electric Potential Difference is a Scalar Quantity(e) Electric Potential Difference is also Called Voltage

(i)Voltage Sources1.Batteries2.Generators


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(f)Electric Potential Difference is Necessary for Chargeto Flow

(3) Electric Current(a) Definition of Electric Current(b) Abbreviation for Electric Current(c)SI Unit for Electric Current(d) Electric Current is a Vector Quantity

(4) Electrical Resistance(a) Definition of Electrical Resistance(b) Abbreviation for Electrical Resistance(c)SI Unit for Electrical Resistance(d) Electrical Resistance is a Scalar Quantity(e) Electrical Resistance Depends on Certain Factors

(i)Electrical Resistance Increases with IncreasingTemperature

(ii) Electrical Resistance Increases with IncreasingWire Length

(iii) Electrical Resistance Decreases withIncreasing Wire Diameter

(iv) Electrical Resistance Depends on the Kind ofSubstance

(5) Electric Circuits(a) Definition of an Electric Circuit(b) Two Types of Electric Circuits

(i)Series Circuit1.Definition of Series Circuit2.Resistance Increases with Added Devices in

Series

(ii) Parallel Circuit


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1.Definition of Parallel Circuit2.Resistance Decreases with Added Legs in Parallel3.Common Household Circuits are Parallel Circuits

a.Household Circuit Overload(6) Ohms Law

(a) English Statement of Ohms Law(b) Mathematical Statement of Ohms Law

(i)Using Voltage, Current, and Resistance inCalculations

3)Chemistrya)Atoms

i) The Elementsii)The Electroniii)The Atomic Nucleusiv)Protons and Neutronsv)Bohrs Planetary Model of the Atomvi)Quantum Mechanicsvii) Electron Wave-Cloud Model of the Atomviii) The Quantum Model

b)The Periodic Table of Elementsi) Organizing the Elementsii)Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloidsiii)Atomic Groups and Periods

c)An Introduction to Chemistryi) Submicroscopic, Microscopic, Macroscopicii)Physical and Chemical Propertiesiii)Physical and Chemical Changesiv)Elements Versus Compounds


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v)Naming Compounds(1) Naming Type I Ionic Compounds(2) Naming Covalent Compounds

d)Chemical Bondingi) Electron-Dot Structuresii)Ionsiii)Ionic Bondsiv)Covalent Bondsv)Polar Covalent Bondsvi)Molecular Polarityvii) Molecular Attractions

e)Chemical Reactionsi) Chemical Equations

4)Astronomya)The Solar System

i) The Formation of the Solar Systemii)The Suniii)The Inner Planetsiv)The Earths Moonv)The Outer Planetsvi)Cometsvii) Asteroidsviii) Meteoroids, Meteors, and Meteorites

b)Stars and Galaxiesi) The Birth of Starsii)Life of Starsiii)Death of Starsiv)Black Holesv)Galaxies


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vi)Quasars

Final Study Guide - Spring 2011

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