Final StanislausGHG short clean · Refrigerants/High GWP Gases.....2‐16 Chapter 3 Methods ... (MT...

STANISLAUS COUNTYWIDE REGIONAL COMMUNITY GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORY

P R E P A R E D F O R :

StanislausCounty

101010thStreet,Suite3400

Modesto,CA95354

Contact:KristinC.Doud

209.525.6330

P R E P A R E D B Y :

ICFInternational

620FolsomStreet,Suite200

SanFrancisco,CA94105

Contact:RichWalter

415.677.7100

July2013

ThisprojectwasfundedwithagrantfromtheCaliforniaStrategicGrowthCouncil

ICFInternational.2013.StanislausCountyRegionalCommunityGreenhouseGasInventory.July(ICF00203.10)SanFrancisco,CA.PreparedforStanislausCounty,Modesto,CA.

StanislausCounty CityofModesto

CityofHughson CityofCeres

CityofNewman CityofOakdale

CityofPatterson CityofRiverbank

CityofTurlock CityofWaterford

Stanislaus Countywide Regional Community Greenhouse Gas Inventory

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Contents

List of Tables ......................................................................................................................................... iii

List of Figures ......................................................................................................................................... iv

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ....................................................................................................... v

Page

Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................ vii

Study Purpose ....................................................................................................................................... vii

Regional Emissions by Sector ............................................................................................................... vii

Chapter 1 Background .............................................................................................................. 1‐1

Greenhouse Gas Definitions ................................................................................................................ 1‐1

Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Planning in the United States and California ................................... 1‐3

National and State Level Inventories ............................................................................................ 1‐3

National and State Legislation ...................................................................................................... 1‐5

Local Level Planning .................................................................................................................... 1‐10

Overview of Stanislaus County ................................................................................................... 1‐12

Chapter 2 Sector Summaries .................................................................................................... 2‐1

Agriculture ........................................................................................................................................... 2‐2

Building Energy .................................................................................................................................... 2‐6

On‐Road Transportation ...................................................................................................................... 2‐7

Off‐Road Transportation ..................................................................................................................... 2‐9

Stationary Sources ............................................................................................................................. 2‐11

Waste ................................................................................................................................................. 2‐11

Water ................................................................................................................................................. 2‐13

Wastewater ....................................................................................................................................... 2‐15

Refrigerants/High GWP Gases ........................................................................................................... 2‐16

Chapter 3 Methods ................................................................................................................... 3‐1

Agriculture ........................................................................................................................................... 3‐1

What the Sector Includes .............................................................................................................. 3‐1

Methodology ................................................................................................................................. 3‐1

Data Sources ................................................................................................................................. 3‐2

Building Energy .................................................................................................................................... 3‐2


Methodology ................................................................................................................................. 3‐2

Data Sources ................................................................................................................................. 3‐3


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Landfill Sites ......................................................................................................................................... 3‐3


Methodology ................................................................................................................................. 3‐3

Data Sources ................................................................................................................................. 3‐4

Off‐Road Transportation ..................................................................................................................... 3‐4


Methodology ................................................................................................................................. 3‐4

Data Sources ................................................................................................................................. 3‐4

On‐Road Transportation ...................................................................................................................... 3‐4


Methodology ................................................................................................................................. 3‐5

Data Sources ................................................................................................................................. 3‐5

Refrigerants/ High GWP gases ............................................................................................................ 3‐5


Methodology ................................................................................................................................. 3‐6

Data Sources ................................................................................................................................. 3‐6

Stationary Sources ............................................................................................................................... 3‐6


Methodology ................................................................................................................................. 3‐6

Data Sources ................................................................................................................................. 3‐6

Waste Generation ............................................................................................................................... 3‐7


Methodology ................................................................................................................................. 3‐7

Data Sources ................................................................................................................................. 3‐7

Wastewater Treatment ....................................................................................................................... 3‐7

What the sector includes .............................................................................................................. 3‐7

Methodology ................................................................................................................................. 3‐7

Data Sources ................................................................................................................................. 3‐8

Water ................................................................................................................................................... 3‐8

What the sector includes .............................................................................................................. 3‐8

Methodology ................................................................................................................................. 3‐8

Data Sources ................................................................................................................................. 3‐9

Chapter 4 References ............................................................................................................... 4‐1

Printed References .............................................................................................................................. 4‐1

Personal Communications ................................................................................................................... 4‐4


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Tables

Page

ES‐1 2005 GHG Emissions Inventory for the Stanislaus County Region (MT CO2e) .................. viii

ES‐2 Socioeconomic Data For All Participating Jurisdictions in 2005 ......................................... x

1‐1a United States GHG Inventory in 2005 .............................................................................. 1‐5

1‐1b California GHG Inventory in 2005 .................................................................................... 1‐5

1‐2 Summary of Key Federal and State Legislation and Regulations ..................................... 1‐6

1‐3 Socioeconomic Data for All Participating Jurisdictions in 2005 ..................................... 1‐12

2‐1 2005 GHG Emissions Inventory for the Stanislaus County Region (MT CO2e) ................. 2‐1

2‐2 GHG Emissions from Agriculture Sources in 2005 (MT CO2e) ......................................... 2‐3

2‐3 Stanislaus Agriculture Emissions Compared to Other California Agriculture

Producing Counties .......................................................................................................... 2‐5

2‐4 Building Energy Consumption—Residential and Commercial/Industrial

Electricity and Natural Gas in 2005 .................................................................................. 2‐6

2‐5 Regional VMT and GHG Emissions by Speed Bin ............................................................. 2‐8

2‐6 Regional GHG Emissions Due to Off‐Road Equipment in 2005 by Equipment

Type................................................................................................................................ 2‐10

2‐7 Waste Generation by Waste Type (Tons) ...................................................................... 2‐12

2‐8 Water Consumption by End User Sector in 2005 (Agriculture,

Commercial/Industrial, Residential) .............................................................................. 2‐14

2‐9 Water Sources for the Region and Associated Energy Intensity (kwh/MG) .................. 2‐14


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Figures

Page

ES‐1 2005 GHG Emissions Inventory for the Stanislaus County Region

(MT CO2e)—Sector View ..................................................................................................... ix

ES‐2 Per Capita Emissions (Excluding Agriculture) Compared to Other

Jurisdictions ........................................................................................................................ xi

1‐1 United States and California GHG Inventories in 2005 .................................................... 1‐4

1‐2 GHG Related Legislation, Regulation, and Executive Orders ........................................... 1‐9

2‐1 GHG Emissions Inventory for the Stanislaus County Region (MT CO2e) .......................... 2‐2

2‐2 GHG Emissions from Agriculture Sources in 2005 (MT CO2e) ......................................... 2‐4

2‐3 Comparison of Stanislaus GHG Emissions from Agriculture to National and

State Level Agriculture Emissions ................................................................................... 2‐5

2‐4 Proportion of Regional GHG Emissions in the Building Energy Sector Due to

Electricity and Natural Gas Use by Various End Users (MT CO2e) ................................... 2‐7

2‐5 Regional GHG Emissions by Speed Bin in 2005 (MT CO2) ................................................ 2‐9

2‐6 GHG Emissions Due to Off‐Road Equipment in 2005 from Various Off‐Road

Equipment Types ........................................................................................................... 2‐10

2‐7 Regional GHG Emissions by Waste Type (MT CO2e) ...................................................... 2‐13

2‐8 Water Consumption by End User Sector in 2005 (Agriculture,

Commercial/Industrial, Residential) .............................................................................. 2‐14


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Acronyms and Abbreviations

AB AssemblyBillAR4 IPCCFourthAssessmentReport CAA CleanAirActCAFE CorporateAverageFuelEconomyCal/EPA CaliforniaEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyCAP ClimateActionPlanCARB CaliforniaAirResourcesBoardCCA CommunityChoiceAggregationCEC CaliforniaEnergyCommissionCEQA CaliforniaEnvironmentalQualityActCFCs chlorofluorocarbonsCH4 methaneCO2 carbondioxideCPUC CaliforniaPublicUtilitiesCommission EO ExecutiveOrderEPA U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyESPs energyserviceproviders FED FunctionalEquivalentDocument GHG greenhousegasGWP globalwarmingpotential HCFCs hydrochlorofluorocarbonsHFCs hydrofluorocarbons IOUs investor‐ownedutilitiesIPCC IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange LAFCO LocalAgencyFormationCommissionLCFS LowCarbonFuelStandardLGOP LocalGovernmentOperationsProtocol MCAP municipalclimateactionplanMID ModestoIrrigationDistrictmph milesperhourMPOs metropolitanplanningorganizations


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MSR MunicipalServiceReviewMTCO2e metrictoncarbondioxideequivalentMW megawatt N2O nitrousoxideNGOs non‐governmentalorganizationsNSPS NewSourcePerformanceStandards O3 ozone PFCs perfluorocarbonsPG&E PacificGasandElectricPUR PesticideUseReport RPS RenewablePortfolioStandardRST RegionalSustainabilityToolboxRTAC RegionalTargetsAdvisoryCommitteeRTPs RegionalTransportationPlans SAR SecondAssessmentReportSB SenateBillSCAG SouthernCaliforniaAssociationofGovernmentsSCRSWPA StanislausCountyRegionalSolidWastePlanningAgencySF6 sulfurhexafluorideSGC StateofCaliforniaStrategicGrowthCouncilSJVAPCD SanJoaquinValleyAirPollutionControlDistrictSP servicepopulation TDM TravelDemandModelTID TurlockIrrigationDistrict UNFCCC UnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChangeUSGS UnitedStatesGeologicalSurveyUWMP UrbanWaterManagementPlan VMT vehiclemilestraveled WARM WasteReductionModelWMO WorldMeteorologicalOrganizationWWTPs wastewatertreatmentplants


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Executive Summary

Study Purpose TheStanislausRegionalGHGInventoryProjectwascompletedaspartoftheStanislausCountyRegionalSustainabilityToolbox(RST),agroupofinitiativesfundedthroughtheStateofCaliforniaStrategicGrowthCouncil(SGC).TheproposalwassubmittedcollaborativelybyStanislausCounty(leadjurisdiction),andtheCitiesofCeres,Hughson,Modesto,Newman,Oakdale,Patterson,Riverbank,TurlockandWaterford.TheSGCgrantcontainsthefollowingrequirements:

ConsistencywithStatePlanningPriorities—thegoaloftheStanislausCountyRSTistoprovidealocallydrivensetoftoolsthatareconsistentwithregional,state,andfederalgoalsandstandards.TheStanislausCountyRSTisintendedtofitstate,regionalandfederalsustainabilitygoals,blueprintplansandGHGreductionthresholdsintoalocallyrelevantsetting.

ReductionofGreenhouseGases—theintentionoftheRSTistoidentifylocallyspecific,measurableactionsthatallowseachjurisdictiontomeetorpreferablyexceedStatewidegreenhousegas(GHG)reductiongoals.Assuch,acentralcomponentoftheRSTistoestablishabaselineGHGinventoryfortheentirecounty.

Collaboration—thetoolkitapproachallowsplanningeffortstobebothlocallyappropriatewhilealsobeingregionallyconsistent.TheRSTisintendedtobetheimplementationtoolforseveralregionalplanningeffortsincluding:StanCOG’sRegionalTransportationPlan,theValleyBlueprint,theSustainableCommunitiesStrategy,andtheCaliforniaPartnershipfortheSanJoaquinValley.TheproposalincludescollaborationwiththeGreatValleyCenter,CaliforniaStateUniversityStanislaus,LocalAgencyFormationCommission(LAFCO),ICLEI–LocalGovernmentsforSustainability,StanislausCountyHealthServicesAgencyandStanislausCountyAsthmaCoalition.

Thisreportprovidesthequantification(intermsofcarbondioxideequivalent[CO2e])ofGHGcommunityemissionsforthecountyasawholefortheyear2005.Usingthemethodologyfortheregionalinventory,separateGHGcommunityinventorieswerepreparedforeachjurisdictioninthecountyandprovidedtotheindividualcitiesandtheunincorporatedcountyfortheiruse.

ThisstudyisnotaGHGreductionplandoesitquantifyGHGreductions.ThisstudyisabaselineGHGinventoryonly.

Regional Emissions by Sector TotalGHGemissionsin2005fromtheStanislausCountyRegion(combinedemissionsfromthenineincorporatedcitiesandtheCounty),referredtointhisreportas“theregion”were6,042,232metrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(MTCO2e).Additionalemissionsarisefromstationarysourcesandlandfillsites(658,692MTCO2e).Stationarysourceemissions,whilequantifiedanddisclosed,werenotincludedintheregionaltotalbecausetheyareregulatedbystateandfederalmandates.Landfillemissionsfor2005,whilequantifiedanddisclosed,werenotincludedintheregionaltotalinordertoavoiddouble‐countingofwastesectoremissionsfor2005asemissionsforthissectorwere

Stanislaus County Executive Summary


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quantifiedbasedon2005wastegenerationinstead.GHGemissionsfortheregionareshownintableES‐1andFigureES‐1.TableES‐1andFigureES‐1representtheregion’sbaselineGHGinventoryfortheyear2005.ThelargestsourcesofGHGemissionsintheregionareBuildingEnergy(ElectricityplusNaturalGas),On‐RoadTransportationandAgriculture.

Table ES‐1. 2005 GHG Emissions Inventory for the Stanislaus County Region (MT CO2e)

Sector Emissions Percent

Directa

Agriculture—LivestockEmissions 1,113,647 18%

Agriculture—OtherEmissions 340,767 6%

BuildingEnergy—NaturalGas 973,386 16%

Off‐RoadTransportation 134,546 2%

On‐RoadTransportation 1,636,983 27%

HighGWP/Refrigerants 364,473 6%

Indirectb BuildingEnergy—Electricity 1,380,477 23%

WasteGeneration 49,667 0.8%

WastewaterTreatment 17,899 0.3%

Water 32,267 0.5%

Total 6,044,113 100%

Excluded

c

StationarySources 642,576

WasteLandfill 16,115

a. Directemissionsareemissionsthatphysicallyoccurwithintheinventoryboundary;seeChapter1fordetail.

b. IndirectemissionsareduetoactivitythatoccurswithintheinventoryboundaryalthoughtheGHGemissionmayhappeninsideoroutsidetheinventoryboundary;seeChapter1fordetail.

c. Stationarysourceemissionswereexcludedduetostateandfederalregulationofthesesources.Landfillemissionswereexcludedtoavoiddouble‐countingwithwastegenerationemissions.



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Figure ES‐1. 2005 GHG Emissions Inventory for the Stanislaus County Region (MT CO2e)—Sector View

GHGemissionsintheregionaretheresultofdailyactivitiesofresidents,employees,businesses,farmsandindustryintheregion.AGHGinventoryreflectstheuniqueclimate,characterandeconomyofaparticularregion.Population,housingandemploymentforallparticipatingjurisdictionsin2005areshowninTableES‐2.TheSTANCOGTravelDemandModel(TDM)wasusedtoestimatesocioeconomicdatabecauseitrepresentsaconsistentsourceofdatabetweenalljurisdictionsandresultedinestimatesthataresimilartosocioeconomicdatafromothersources.Therearedifferingsocioeconomicdataestimatesfromdifferentsources,buttheTDMresultsareclosetotheseotherestimates.ThesocioeconomicdatainTableES‐2representthehouseholds,population,andjobswithineachjurisdiction’sgeographicalboundaries.Sphereofinfluenceboundarieswerenottakenintoconsiderationforthesocioeconomicdataestimates.



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Table ES‐2. Socioeconomic Data For All Participating Jurisdictions in 2005

Jurisdiction Households Population Employment

Ceres 12,639 40,722 8,402

Hughson 1,915 6,091 749

Modesto 73,489 206,962 78,310

Newman 3,091 10,083 1,056

Oakdale 7,496 20,299 6,005

Patterson 5,414 19,167 2,273

Riverbank 6,477 21,417 3,452

Turlock 23,074 67,510 23,738

Waterford 2,447 8,169 476

UnincorporatedCounty 36,730 113,740 47,521

TotalStanislausCounty 172,772 514,160 171,982

Source:StanCOG2005asreportedbyFehr&Peers2012

Thejurisdictionsintheregionareconnectedeconomically,logisticallyandsocially.ThusexaminingGHGemissionsfortheregionasawhole,asthisdocumentdoes,isadvantageous.ForcertainaspectsofGHGreductionplanning,individualjurisdictionsmightopttopursueprogramsorpoliciesuniquetotheircommunity,butforothers,severalcommunitiesorallcommunitiesmayopttopursueprogramsandpoliciestogether.

FigureES‐2showspercapitaemissionsfortheStanislausregioncomparedtothestateaveragein2005andseveralotherjurisdictions.Ingeneral,percapitaemissionsintheStanislausregionwereverysimilartotherestofCaliforniain2005.EmissionstrendsspecifictoeachsectorarediscussedinChapters2.



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Figure ES‐2. Per Capita Emissions (Excluding Agriculture) Compared to Other Jurisdictions


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Chapter 1 Background

TheStanislausCountyRegionalGreenhouseGasInventoryProjectcompletedabaselinegreenhousegas(GHG)inventoryfortheentirecountyfortheyear2005.1AGHGinventoryiscommonlycompletedbyanentityseekingtobetterunderstandthesources,magnitude,andtrendsinGHGemissions.Commonentitiesincludenations,states,localgovernments,publicorganizationssuchasuniversitiesorajointpowersauthority,oraprivatecorporationorfacility(e.g.,asingleoilrefinery).AGHGinventorymayservethepurposesofregulatorycompliance,basicresearch,purchaseorsaleofGHGcreditsonthevoluntarymarket,orasabaselineformeasuringtheachievementsofvoluntaryorrequiredsustainabilitypractices.

StandardprotocolsexistforconductingGHGinventoriesatallscales.RulesandproceduresforGHGinventorieshavebeendevelopedbyavarietyofgovernmentandnon‐governmententitiesincludingtheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeorIPCC(apartoftheWorldMeteorologicalOrganizationorWMO),theU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA),theCaliforniaAirResourcesBoard(CARB),theSanJoaquinValleyAirPollutionControlDistrict(SJVAPCD),theWorldResourcesInstitute,theCaliforniaClimateRegistry,ICLEI—LocalGovernmentsforSustainability,theAssociationofEnvironmentalProfessionalsandothers.

Priorto2006whenthestateofCaliforniapassedAssemblyBill(AB)32,themajorityofCaliforniacitiesandcountieshadnotcompletedaGHGinventory.Assuch,GHGreductionplanningatthelocalleveliscloselylinkedtostatelevelGHGplanningthathasoccurredsince2006.Further,manycommunities,includingthoseinStanislausCounty,arecompletingaGHGinventoryforthefirsttimeandfamiliarizingthemselveswiththeprocess.

ThissectionprovidesdefinitionsofcommontermsusedintheGHGinventoryprocess,abriefhistoryofGHGplanninginCalifornia,adescriptionoftheco‐benefitstypicallyassociatedwithGHGplanningandanoverviewofStanislausCounty.

Greenhouse Gas Definitions GreenhouseGas—AGHGisanygasthatabsorbsinfraredradiationintheatmosphere.GHGsinclude,butarenotlimitedto,watervapor,carbondioxide(CO2),methane(CH4),nitrousoxide(N2O),hydrochlorofluorocarbons(HCFCs),ozone(O3),hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs),perfluorocarbons(PFCs),andsulfurhexafluoride(SF6).Ofthese,allbutwatervaporandO3areregulatedunderAB32andaccountedforinthestate’sGHGinventory.

CommunityGHGInventory—AcommunityinventoryincludesGHGemissionsassociatedwiththeactivitiesofthecommunityasawhole,includingresidents,businesses,andthemunicipal

1GHGcommunityinventoriesfortheindividualjurisdictionsintheCountywerealsopreparedaspartofthisproject.Thecommunityinventorieswereprovidedseparatelytothejurisdictionsfortheiruse.

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governmentoperations.2Forexample,acommunityGHGinventoryincludesemissionsduetoenergyusedtopowerandheathomesandbusinesses;fuelusedbyvehiclesthathaveeitheranoriginordestinationwithinthejurisdiction;wastethatisgeneratedbyresidentsandbusinessesinthejurisdictionandsenttolandfills;fueluseatlargestationarysourcessuchasfactoriesorindustrialfacilities;livestockandfertilizeruse;fuelusebyoff‐roadequipment;andothers.

MunicipalGHGInventory—AmunicipalinventoryincludesGHGemissionsassociatedwithaCityorCounty’sservicesandmunicipaloperations.Forexample,amunicipalGHGInventoryincludesemissionsduetothefollowing:energyusedbyCityorCountybuildingssuchasthecourthouse,cityhallorthejail;fuelusedbytheCityorCountyvehiclefleet;wastegeneratedbytheCityandCountyemployees;processemissionsassociatedwithtreatingwastewateriftheCityorCountyoperatesaplant;fugitiveemissionsofmethanefromlandfillsiftheCityorCountyoperatesalandfill;andfuelusebyCityandCountyemployeescommutingtoandfromwork.TheGHGemissionsassociatedwithaCityorCounty’smunicipaloperationsaretypically1to5%ofthecommunity’semissionsasawhole.

UnitofMeasure—TheunitofmeasureusedthroughoutthisGHGinventoryisthemetrictonofCO2equivalent,abbreviatedasMTCO2e.Thisistheinternationalunitthatcombinesthedifferingimpactsofallgreenhousegasesintoasingleunit,bymultiplyingeachemittedgasbyitsglobalwarmingpotential(GWP).GWPisthemeasureofhoweffectiveagreenhousegasisattrappingheatintheearth’satmosphere.GWPcomparestherelativewarmingeffectoftheGHGinquestiontothatofcarbondioxide.3

Boundary—AGHGinventoryrepresentsemissionsduetoactivitiesassociatedwithacertainboundary.Thisboundarycanbeorganizational,operationalorgeographic.Theseboundariesdeterminewhichemissionsareaccountedforandreportedbytheentity.

DirectEmissions—DirectemissionsincludedirectreleasesofGHGsthatphysicallyoccurwithintheboundaryandarerelatedtofuelcombustion,processemissionsorfugitiveemissions.Forexample,thecombustionoffuelbyvehiclesdrivingwithintheboundary,thecombustionofnaturalgasorotherfuelbyindustriesorfacilitieswithintheboundaryorthereleaseofmethanefromlivestockphysicallylocatedwithinajurisdiction.4

IndirectEmissions—IndirectreleasesofGHGs.IndirectreleasesareGHGemissionsthatresultfromactivitythatoccurswithintheboundarybutthephysicalreleaseoftheGHGemissionoccursoutsideoftheboundary.Forexample,residentsandbusinesseswithinthecountyuseelectricitybyturningonlightsorotherelectronicequipmentbutthepowerplantwheretheelectricityisgenerated,andwherefuelisburnedtogeneratetheelectricity,maybelocatedfarawayfromthecounty.Electricityuseisconsideredanindirectemission.

2Municipalgovernmentemissionsareincludedintheregionalcommunityinventorywhentheemissionsoccurwithinthecountyboundaryoverall.Sometimesmunicipalgovernmentemissionsdonotoccurwithinthecommunityboundary.3TheGWPofCO2is,bydefinition,one(1).TheGWPvaluesusedinthisreportarebasedontheIPCCSecondAssessmentReport(SAR)andUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange(UNFCCC)reportingguidelinesandareasfollows:CO2=1,Methane(CH4)=21,NitrousOxide(N2O)=310,SulfurHexaflouride(SF6)=23,600(IPCC1996;UNFCCC2006).AlthoughtheIPCCFourthAssessmentReport(AR4)presentsdifferentGWPestimates,thecurrentinventorystandardreliesonSARGWPstocomplywithreportingstandardsandconsistencywithregionalandnationalinventories(IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange2007).4BiogenicCO2emissionsareexcludedfromtheinventoryastheydonotresultinnetatmosphericincreasesinCO2.



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ExcludedEmission—Inthisreport,twosourceswerequantifiedbutnotincludedintheregionaltotals.Stationarysourceemissionswereexcludedduetostateandfederalregulationandcontroloverthesesources.Landfillemissionsfor2005duetohistoricalwastegenerationwereexcludedbecauseemissionsassociatedwith2005wastegenerationwereconsideredforappropriatetoincludeasameasureof2005activity.

EmissionsSector—AnemissionssectorisacategoryofGHGemissionsreflectingthenatureoftheactivityproducingtheGHGemissions,forexamplebuildingenergyoron‐roadtransportation.GHGemissionssectorsincludedinthisinventoryare:agriculture,buildingenergy,off‐roadtransportation,on‐roadtransportation,highglobalwarmingpotentialgases(refrigerants),wastelandfills,wastegeneration,wastewatertreatment,waterconsumptionandstationarysources.

EmissionFactor—AnemissionfactorisauniquevalueequatingtheamountofGHGsemittedperunitofagivenactivity,forexamplemetrictonsofCO2pergallonofgasolineburned.

BaselineYear—Thebaselineyearforanyentityisthefirstyearforwhichemissionsareinventoriedandreported.Forthisinventory,thebaselineyearis2005.

ClimateActionPlan(CAP)/GreenhouseGasReductionPlan—“ClimateActionPlan”isatermcommonlyusedinCaliforniaforaplanningdocumentdesignedtoreduceanentity’sGHGemissionsoveraperiodoftime.Somecommunitiesusedifferenttermssuchasa“GreenhouseGasReductionPlan.”ThespecificcomponentsofaGHGreductionplanarenotrequiredbylaworarticulatedinCaliforniaGHGlegislation.However,airdistrictsandotheragenciessuchasICLEIhaveproducedguidanceforwhatshouldbeincludedinaGHGreductionplan.Inaddition,CEQAguidelinesadoptedin2010describeelementsrequiredinGHGreductionplansifajurisdictionintendstotierCEQAprojectcomplianceoffajurisdictionalreductionplan.GHGreductionplanstypicallyinclude:abaselineGHGinventory,aprojectionofGHGemissionsto2020(orotherfutureyears),aGHGreductiontargetfor2020(orotherfutureyears),GHGreductionstrategiesthattogetherachievethetarget,implementationactions,monitoringrequirements,andadaptivestepstobetakentoensurethejurisdictionmeetsitsidentifiedtarget.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Planning in the United States and California

National and State Level Inventories

EPAcompletesaGHGinventoryeachyearfortheUnitedStates.GHGinventorydataisavailableforeveryyearbeginningin1990.ThestateofCaliforniaalsocompletesanannualGHGinventoryanddataisavailablebeginningin2000.ThenationalandstateofCaliforniaGHGinventoriesfortheyear2005areshownbelowinFigure1‐1andTable1‐1inunitsofmillionMTCO2e.PleasenotethattheCaliforniaEnergyCommission(CEC)andtheEPApresentinventorydataslightlydifferently.



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Figure 1‐1. United States and California GHG Inventories in 2005



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Table 1‐1a. United States GHG Inventory in 2005

Sector MillionMTCO2e %oftotalnationalemissions

Transportation 2018 28

ElectricPower 2449 34

CommercialandResidentiala 745 10

Industrial 1438 20

Agriculture 496 7

U.S.Territories 58 1

Total 7204 100

Source:U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency2012a. Includesemissionsfromlandfills,wastewatertreatment,on‐sitestationarycombustionsuchas

naturalgasandhighGWPsubstances

Table 1‐1b. California GHG Inventory in 2005

Sector MillionMTCO2e %oftotalstateemissions

Transportation 186 38

ElectricPower 109 23

CommercialandResidential 41 9

Industrial 93 19

RecyclingandWaste 7 1

HighGWP 14 3

Agriculture 33 7

WildfireEmissions <1 <1

Total 483 100

Source:CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard2011a

Fossilfuelsareburnedtocreateelectricitywhichpowershomesandcommercial/industrialbuildings,tocreateheatandtopowerourvehicles.IntheUnitedStates,vehicleemissionsrepresentapproximately28%ofallemissions(U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency2010a).Vehicleemissionsrepresentedapproximately38%ofallGHGsemittedbyCaliforniansin2005.EnergyusedtopowerbuildingsistheotherprimarysourceofGHGsintheUnitedStatesandCalifornia.OthersourcesofGHGemissionsincludeagriculture,landclearing,thedecompositionofwasteinlandfills,refrigerants,andcertainindustrialprocesses.

National and State Legislation

AlthoughthereiscurrentlynofederaloverarchinglawspecificallyrelatedtoclimatechangeortheregulationofGHGs,pursuanttoauthorityundertheCleanAirAct,theUSEPAistakingaleadroleinregulatingcertainspecificemissionssourcesincludingstationarysources.KeylegislativeandregulatoryactionsaresummarizedinTable1‐2.



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TheStateofCaliforniahasadoptedlegislation,andregulatoryagencieshaveenactedpolicies,addressingvariousaspectsofclimatechangeandGHGemissionsmitigation.Muchofthislegislationandpolicyactivityisnotdirectedatlocaljurisdictionsbutratherestablishesabroadframeworkforthestate’slong‐termGHGmitigationandclimatechangeadaptationprogram.

SummariesofkeyregulationsandlegislationatthefederalandstatelevelsthatarerelevanttotheGHGplanningintheStanislausregionareprovidedinTable1‐2below.Figure1‐2displaysatimelineofkeystateandfederalregulatoryactivity.

Table 1‐2. Summary of Key Federal and State Legislation and Regulations

Federal

Massachusettsetal.vs.U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(2007)

TwelvestatesandcitiesincludingCalifornia,inconjunctionwithseveralenvironmentalorganizations,suedtoforceEPAtoregulateGHGsasapollutantpursuanttotheCleanAirAct(CAA)inMassachusettsetal.v.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency549US497(2007).Thecourtruledthattheplaintiffshadstandingtosue,GHGsfitwithintheCAA’sdefinitionofapollutant,andtheEPA’sreasonsfornotregulatingGHGswereinsufficientlygroundedintheCAA.

U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyEndangermentFinding(2009)

Inits“EndangermentFinding,”theAdministratoroftheEPAfoundthatGHGs,asdescribedabove,threatenthepublichealthandwelfareofcurrentandfuturegenerations.TheAdministratoralsofoundthatthecombinedemissionsofthesewell‐mixedGHGsfromnewmotorvehiclesandnewmotorvehicleenginescontributetotheGHGpollutionthatthreatenspublichealthandwelfare.AlthoughtheFindingofEndangermentdoesnotplacerequirementsonindustry,itisanimportantstepinEPA’sprocesstodevelopregulation.ThismeasureisaprerequisitetofinalizingEPA’sproposedGHGemissionstandardsforlight‐dutyvehicles,whichwerejointlyproposedbyEPAandtheDepartmentofTransportation’sNationalHighwaySafetyAdministrationin2009.

U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyCauseorContributeFinding(2010)

Inits“CauseorContributeFinding”theEPAAdministratorfoundthatthecombinedemissionsofthesewell‐mixedGHGfromnewmotorvehiclesandnewmotorvehicleenginescontributetotheGHGpollutionthatthreatenspublichealthandwelfare.

U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyMandatoryReportingRuleforGHGs(2009)

Undertherule,suppliersoffossilfuelsorindustrialGHGs,manufacturersofvehiclesandengines,andfacilitiesthatemit25,000MTormoreperyearofGHGsarerequiredtoreportannualemissionstotheEPA.Thefirstannualreportsforthelargestemittingfacilities,coveringcalendaryear2010,weresubmittedtotheEPAin2011.ThemandatoryreportingruledoesnotlimitGHGemissionsbutestablishesastandardframeworkforemissionsreportingandtrackingoflargeemitters.

U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencySettlementAgreementstoAddressGHGEmissionsfromRefineriesandElectricityGeneration(2010)

In2010,theEPAenteredintotwosettlementagreementstoissuerulesthatwilladdressGHGemissionsfromfossilfueledpowerplantsandrefineries.RegulationsonbothtypesoffacilitieswillbecoordinatedwithregulatoryactionontraditionaltypesofpollutantsandpromulgatedthroughtheNewSourcePerformanceStandards(NSPS).TheauthoritytoissueregulationsisundertheCleanAirActasconfirmedbytheU.S.SupremeCourtruling.

UpdatetoCorporateAverageFuelEconomy(CAFE)Standards(2009,2012)

TheCorporateAverageFuelEconomy(CAFE)standardsestablishstricterfueleconomyrequirementsandrequireautomakerstocutGHGemissionsinnewvehiclesbyroughly25%by2016.Newstandardsformodelyears2017–2025wereissuedin2012andwillachieveafleetaveragein2025of54.5milespergallon.



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State

ExecutiveOrderS‐03‐05(2005)

ExecutiveOrder(EO)S‐03‐05establishedthefollowingGHGemissionreductiontargetsforCalifornia’sstateagencies.

By2010,reduceGHGemissionsto2000levels.

By2020,reduceGHGemissionsto1990levels.

By2050,reduceGHGemissionsto80%below1990levels.

Executiveordersarebindingonlyonstateagenciesandnotonlocalgovernmentsorprivateproperties.Accordingly,EOS‐03‐05willguidestateagencies’effortstocontrolandregulateGHGemissionsbutwillhavenodirectbindingeffectonlocalefforts.TheSecretaryoftheCaliforniaEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(Cal/EPA)isrequiredtoreporttotheGovernorandstatelegislaturebiannuallyontheimpactsofglobalwarmingonCalifornia,mitigationandadaptationplans,andprogressmadetowardreducingGHGemissionstomeetthetargetsestablishedinthisexecutiveorder.

AssemblyBill1493—PavleyRules(2002,amendments2009)/AdvancedCleanCars(2012)

Knownas“PavleyI,”AssemblyBill(AB)1493standardswerethenation’sfirstGHGstandardsforautomobiles.AB1493requiredtheCaliforniaAirResourcesBoard(CARB)toadoptvehiclestandardsthatwilllowerGHGemissionsfromnewlightdutyautostothemaximumextentfeasiblebeginningin2009.AdditionalstrengtheningofthePavleystandards(AdvancedCleanCars)wasadoptedforvehiclemodelyears2017–2025.Together,thetwostandardsareexpectedtoincreaseaveragefueleconomytoroughly43mpgby2020andreduceGHGemissionsfromthetransportationsectorinCaliforniabyapproximately14%.ThenewfederalCAFEstandards,describedabove,aretheanalogousnationalpolicy.

SenateBills1078/107andSenateBill1—RenewablePortfolioStandard(2002,2006,2011)

California’sRenewablePortfolioStandard(RPS),obligatesinvestor‐ownedutilities(IOUs),energyserviceproviders(ESPs),andCommunityChoiceAggregations(CCAs)toprocure33%ofretailsalesfromeligiblerenewablesourcesby2020.TheCaliforniaPublicUtilitiesCommission(CPUC)andCECarejointlyresponsibleforimplementingtheprogram.

AssemblyBill32—CaliforniaGlobalWarmingSolutionsAct(2006)

AB32codifiedthestate’sGHGemissionstargetbyrequiringthatthestate’sglobalwarmingemissionsbereducedto1990levelsby2020.Sincebeingadopted,theCARB,CEC,CPUC,andBuildingStandardsCommissionhavebeendevelopingregulationsthatwillhelpmeetthegoalsofAB32andEOS‐03‐05.TheScopingPlanforAB32identifiesspecificmeasurestoreduceGHGemissionsto1990levelsby2020,andrequiresCARBandotherstateagenciestodevelopandenforceregulationsandotherinitiativesforreducingGHGs.Specifically,theScopingPlanarticulatesakeyroleforlocalgovernments,recommendingtheyestablishGHGreductiongoalsforboththeirmunicipaloperationsandthecommunityconsistentwiththoseofthestate(i.e.,approximately15%belowcurrentlevels).

ExecutiveOrderS‐01‐07—LowCarbonFuelStandard(2007)

EOS‐01‐07essentiallymandates:(1)thatastatewidegoalbeestablishedtoreducethecarbonintensityofCalifornia’stransportationfuelsbyatleast10%by2020,and(2)thataLowCarbonFuelStandard(LCFS)fortransportationfuelsbeestablishedinCalifornia.

AssemblyBill939,title27(2009)—LandfillMethaneRegulation

ThisregulationisadiscreteearlyactionGHGreductionmeasure,asdescribedintheCaliforniaGlobalWarmingSolutionsActof2006(AB32;Stats.2006,chapter488).Itwillreducemethaneemissionsfromlandfillsprimarilybyrequiringownersandoperatorsofcertainuncontrolledlandfillstoinstallgascollectionandcontrolsystems,andbyrequiringexistingandnewlyinstalledgascollectionandcontrolsystemstooperateoptimally.



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SenateBill375—SustainableCommunitiesStrategy(2008)

SB375providesforanewplanningprocessthatcoordinateslanduseplanning,regionaltransportationplans,andfundingprioritiesinordertohelpCaliforniameettheGHGreductiongoalsestablishedinAB32.SB375requiresregionaltransportationplans,developedbymetropolitanplanningorganizations(MPOs)toincorporatea“sustainablecommunitiesstrategy”(SCS)intheirRegionalTransportationPlans(RTPs).ThegoaloftheSCSistoreduceregionalvehiclemilestraveled(VMT)throughlanduseplanningandconsequenttransportationpatterns.CARBsetregionalGHGreductiontargetsthatwillfocuseachSCS.TheregionaltargetswerereleasedbyCARBinSeptember2010.SB375alsoincludesprovisionsforstreamlinedCaliforniaEnvironmentalQualityAct(CEQA)reviewforsomeinfillprojectssuchastransit‐orienteddevelopment.StanCOGispreparingtheSCSforStanislausCountyandisscheduledtocompleteandadopttheSCSinlate2013.

CaliforniaTitle24EnergyEfficiencyandGreenBuilding(2008,2011,2014)

Title24providesvoluntaryandmandatoryenergyefficiencystandardsfornewresidentialandnon‐residentialbuildings,aswellasmajormodificationstoexistingbuildings.Thelastupdatewasadoptedin2013,whichtakeseffectin2014.TheCaliforniaGreenBuildingStandardsCode(includedinTitle24)establishedrequirementsforplanninganddesignforsustainablesitedevelopment,waterconservation,materialconservation,andinternalaircontaminants.

CARBGHGMandatoryReportingRuleTitle17(2009)

CARBapprovedarulerequiringmandatoryreportingofGHGemissionsfromcertainsources,pursuanttoAB32.Facilitiessubjecttothemandatoryreportingrulemustreporttheiremissionsfromthecalendaryear2009andhavethoseemissionsverifiedbyathirdpartyin2010.Ingeneraltheruleappliestofacilitiesemittingmorethan25,000MTCO2einanygivencalendaryearorelectricitygeneratingfacilitieswithanameplategeneratingcapacitygreaterthan1megawatt(MW)and/oremittingmorethan2,500MTCO2eperyear.Additionalrequirementsalsoapplytocementplantsandentitiesthatbuyandsellelectricityinthestate.

CaliforniaCapandTradeProgram(2011)

CARBadoptedtheCaliforniaCapandTradeprogram,formalizingacomplexmarketsystemdesignedtohelpCaliforniareachtheGHGemissionsreductionstargetssetforthinAB32.TheregulationwhichwentintoeffectonJanuary1,2013andwasidentifiedasakeystrategyintheAB32ScopingPlan,setsacapontheannualGHGemissionsfromthestate’slargestemitters,stationarysourcessuchasoilrefineries,powerplants,fueldistributioncenters,cementplantsandotherindustrialprocesses.Theregulationestablishesapricesignalwhichwilldrivelongterminvestmentincleanerfuelsandefficientenergyuse.

AB341MandatoryCommercialRecycling(2011)

Thislegislationrequirescommercialbusinessesandmulti‐familybuildingownerstosupportthereuse,recycling,compostingorotherdiversionofsolidwastefromdisposalbyeitherself‐haul,subscriptiontoahauler,arrangementforpickupofrecyclablematerialsorsubscriptiontoarecyclingservice.Thelawtookeffectinmid‐2012.


Stanislaus Countywide Regional Community Greenhouse Gas Inventory1‐9

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Figure 1‐2. GHG Related Legislation, Regulation, and Executive Orders

StanCOG RTP/SCS



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Local Level Planning

TheAB32ScopingPlanlaysoutCalifornia’splanforachievingtheGHGreductionsrequiredbyAB32.SpecificallytheScopingPlandescribesalistofmeasuresthatthestatewillundertake,andtheexpectedGHGreductionsassociatedwiththesemeasuresbefore2020.BecausethestatedoesnothavejurisdictionalcontroloversomeoftheactivitiesthatproduceGHGemissionsinCalifornia,theAB32ScopingPlanarticulatesauniqueroleforlocalgovernmentsinachievingthestate’sGHGreductiongoals.TheAB32ScopingPlanrecommends,butdoesnotrequire,localgovernmentstoreduceGHGemissionsfromboththeirmunicipaloperationsandthecommunityatlargetoalevelthatis15%belowcurrentlevels.

AtthetimeoftheScopingPlanadoptionin2008,a15%reductionfrom2005–2008levelswasthestate’sburdenofreductiontomeet1990emissionslevels.However,thiscalculationwasbasedonanestimateonlyofthelevelofemissionsduringtheperiod2005to2008.Subsequentdevelopmentofactualinventoriesfor2005to2008indicatesthata10%to11%reductionisneededby2020tomeet1990emissionslevels.

ManyjurisdictionsacrossCaliforniahavecompletedaGHGInventory,aGHGreductionplan,orboth.Theseplansgenerallyaddresstwotypesofemissions.

Communityinventoryandreductionplansaddressemissionsthatarisefromthecommunityatlarge(residents,businessesandtheirassociatedactivitieswithinthejurisdictionalboundary).

Municipalinventoryandreductionplansaddressemissionsthatarisefromthemunicipaloperationsonly(CountyorCitybuildings,vehiclefleet,activitiesrequiredtoprovideservicestothejurisdiction).

CompletingaGHGinventoryisthefirststeptowardseitherofthesegoals.Inadditiontothisregionalcommunityinventory,thecitiesandunincorporatedareaofStanislausCountypreviouslycompletedmunicipalGHGinventoriesfortheyear2005.AsaseparatepartoftheRSTproject,communityinventoriesweredevelopedforeachjurisdictionfortheyear2005usingthesamemethodologyusedfortheregionalinventoryandprovidedtothemfortheiruse.

ThisreportpresentsacommunityGHGinventorydatafortheregionasawhole(sumofemissionsfromallincorporatedcitiesandtheunincorporatedcounty)forthebaselineyear2005.

Benefits of Greenhouse Gas Planning and Accurate Accounting

LocalgovernmentsoftenpursueGHGplanningformultiplereasons.AreductioninGHGemissionsisoftenaco‐benefitofotheractivities,primarilyenergyefficiencyrelatedactivitiesorotherenvironmentalmitigation.WithaccurateaccountingofGHGemissionsinthejurisdiction,acommunitycan“takecredit”fortheGHGbenefitsassociatedwitharangeofpolicies,programsandactivitiesthatthejurisdictionispursuinganyway.Thissectiondescribesco‐benefitstypicallyassociatedwithGHGaccountingandplanningandviceversa.

Greenhouse Gas Reduction Benefits

Thecompletionofacommunityand/ormunicipalGHGinventoryandthesubsequentsteptoidentifypoliciesandprogramsthatwillreduceGHGemissionsovertimecandemonstratethatlocal



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planningispromotingconsistencywithAB32,(i.e.,thatalocalgovernmentisdoingitsfairsharetohelpmeetthestategoalsoverall).

Energy Use Benefits

InthestateofCalifornia,GHGemissionsassociatedwiththeenergyusedtopowerandheatourbuildingsrepresentapproximately23%oftotalGHGemissionsin2005.BuildingenergyrelatedemissionsrepresentasimilarpercentoftotalemissionsattheCityorCountylevelaswell.Forfinancialreasons,includingtheincreasedavailabilityofutilityincentivesandretrofitgrants,localgovernments,home‐ownersandbusinessesopttoconductenergyefficiencyretrofitstoexistingconstruction.Buildingordinancesfornewerconstructionensureoptimumenergysavingsfornewoccupants.TheseenergysavingsbenefittheenergycustomeraswellastheutilityandalsoresultinlowerGHGemissions.

Financial Benefits

Inadditiontothefinancialbenefitsassociatedwithenergyefficientconstructionandretrofits,otherfinancialsavingsareoftenassociatedwithactionscommonlypursuedaspartofaCityorCounty’sGHGplanning.Forexample,whenwastediversionprogramsdecreasetheamountofwastegoingtolandfills,fewerlandfillfeesarepaid.Whencomprehensivewaterconservationeffortsarepursued,waterbillsarelower.Duringtimesofhighfuelcosts,alternativemodesoftransportationincludingbus,rail,bike,ride‐shareoremployersponsoredshuttlescangreatlyreduceindividual’sfuelcosts.Intheagricultureandforestrysectors(andothers)itisalsopossibletodevelopGHGoffsetprojectsbyestablishingspecificmanagementpracticesorinstallingspecificequipmentonthesite.Theoffsetprojectcanthenbesoldonthevoluntarymarket.Finally,throughtheeffortsofgatheringthedatarequiredtocompleteaGHGinventoryandregularlyupdateit,manycommunitiesidentifywaystostreamlinedataandreportingforotherprograms,increasingefficiencywithincitydepartments.

Additional Co‐Benefits

Additionalco‐benefitsofGHGplanningandaccountingaregenerallyassociatedwithimprovedairquality,increasedsustainabilityofthewatersupply,increasedaestheticsincommunitiesandpublichealth.

Tiering under CEQA

AmendmentstotheCEQAguidelinesinMarch2010describethatCEQAprojectevaluationofGHGemissionscantieroffaprogrammaticanalysisofGHGemissionsreductionsprovidedthattheGHGreductionplanincludesthefollowing(CEQAGuidelinesSection15183.5):

1. Quantifygreenhousegasemissions,bothexisting(a)andprojected(b)overaspecifiedtimeperiod,resultingfromactivitieswithinadefinedgeographicarea.

2. Establishalevel,basedonsubstantialevidence,belowwhichthecontributiontoGHGemissionsfromactivitiescoveredbytheplanwouldnotbecumulativelyconsiderable.ThisusuallyinvolvessettingaGHGreductiontargetaspartoftheplanthatisconsistentwiththestate’sgoals.ParticipatingjurisdictionsinStanislaushavenotsetGHGreductiontargetsaspartofthiseffort.

3. IdentifyandanalyzetheGHGemissionsresultingfromspecificactionsorcategoriesofactionsanticipatedwithinthegeographicarea.



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4. Specifymeasuresoragroupofmeasures,includingperformancestandardsthatsubstantialevidencedemonstrates,ifimplementedonaproject‐by‐projectbasis,wouldcollectivelyachievethespecifiedemissionslevel.

5. Monitortheplan’sprogress.

6. AdopttheGHGReductionStrategyinapublicprocessfollowingenvironmentalreview.

TheAmendmentstotheCEQAguidelinescreateastreamlinedCEQAprocessfortheanalysisofgreenhousegasemissionsattheprojectlevel.Individualprojectscoulddemonstrateconsistencywithanover‐archingGHGreductionplan,whereoneexists,inlieuofacomprehensiveproject‐levelGHGanalysisinordertoreachalessthansignificantdetermination.ThisapproachisalsosupportedbytheSanJoaquinAirPollutionControlDistrict.

Thisreportquantifiesexistinggreenhousegasemissionsonly(baselineyear2005)withinthecountyboundary.ToprepareaqualifiedGHGreductionplanthatcouldbeusedforCEQAtiering,Stanislausjurisdictionswouldneedtousetheseparatelypreparedindividualjurisdictionalcommunityinventoriesandthencompletesteps1b–6above.

Overview of Stanislaus County

StanislausCountyislocatedinCalifornia’sCentralValleyandisborderedbySanJoaquinCountytothenorth,MercedCountytothesouth,SantaClaraCountytothewestandCalaverasandTuolumneCountiestotheeast.TheSanJoaquinRiverflowsnorththroughthecenterofthecountyandeasternareasofthecountyareknownasthe“gatewaytoYosemite”.NineincorporatedcitiesarepresentinStanislausCounty:Ceres,Hughson,Modesto,Newman,Oakdale,Patterson,Riverbank,TurlockandWaterford.Themajorindustryintheunincorporatedcountyisagriculture.SignificantindustriesinStanislauscitiesincludethefollowing:foodpackagingandprocessing,agriculturalsupport,wineproduction,agriculture,governmentofficesandeducation,andtourism.AccordingtotheU.Scensus,thetotalpopulationofStanislausCountywas446,997in2000and514,453in2010.In2005,thepopulationofStanislausCountywas514,160.Socioeconomicdata(population,jobsandhousing)foralljurisdictionsinStanislausCountyforyear2005areshownbelowinTable1‐3.

Table 1‐3. Socioeconomic Data for All Participating Jurisdictions in 2005

Jurisdiction Households Population Employment

Ceres 12,639 40,722 8,402

Hughson 1,915 6,091 749

Modesto 73,489 206,962 78,310

Newman 3,091 10,083 1,056

Oakdale 7,496 20,299 6,005

Patterson 5,414 19,167 2,273

Riverbank 6,477 21,417 3,452

Turlock 23,074 67,510 23,738

Waterford 2,447 8,169 476

UnincorporatedCounty 36,730 113,740 47,521

TotalStanislausCounty 172,772 514,160 171,982

Source:StanCOG2005asreportedbyFehr&Peers2012


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Chapter 2 Sector Summaries

Thissectionpresentsthe2005StanislausRegionalGHGemissionsinventory.Resultsarepresentedbysector.TheGHGemissionsfortheregionasawhole(i.e.,“regionalinventory”)for2005arepresentedinTable2‐1andFigure2‐1.Percapita(Totalemissions/population)andperservicepopulation(Totalemissions/populationplusjobs)emissionsfortheStanislausregionwere11.8MTCO2e/personand8.8MTCO2e/servicepopulation(SP),respectively.ThesevaluesincludeAgriculture.Thefollowingsub‐sectionseachdescribeadifferentsectoroftheinventory.Thephysicalprocessesresultinginemissionswillbedescribedforeachandageneraloverviewofemissionsinthesectorwillbeprovided.Completediscussionofthedataacquisition,emissionscalculationsandmethodologies,anddatasourcesusedcanbefoundinChapter3.

Table 2‐1. 2005 GHG Emissions Inventory for the Stanislaus County Region (MT CO2e)

Sector Emissions Percent

Directa

Agriculture—LivestockEmissions 1,113,647 18%

Agriculture—OtherEmissions 340,767 6%

BuildingEnergy—NaturalGas 973,386 16%

Off‐RoadTransportation 134,546 2%

On‐RoadTransportation 1,636,983 27%

HighGWP/Refrigerants 364,473 6%

Indirectb BuildingEnergy—Electricity 1,380,477 23%

WasteGeneration 49,667 0.8%

WastewaterTreatment 17,899 0.3%

Water 32,267 0.5%

Total 6,044,113 100%

Excluded

c

StationarySources 642,576

WasteLandfill 16,115

a. Directemissionsareemissionsthatphysicallyoccurwithintheinventoryboundary;seeChapter1fordetail.

b. IndirectemissionsareduetoactivitythatoccurswithintheinventoryboundaryalthoughtheGHGemissionmayhappenoutsidetheinventoryboundary;seeChapter1fordetail.

c. Stationarysourceemissionswereexcludedduetostateandfederalregulationofthesesources.Landfillemissionswereexcludedtoavoiddouble‐countingwithwastegenerationemissions.

Stanislaus County Sector Summaries


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Figure 2‐1. GHG Emissions Inventory for the Stanislaus County Region (MT CO2e)

Agriculture Emissionsintheagriculturesectoraredirectemissionsresultingfromtheapplicationoffertilizertocropsandtheactivityoflivestock5.EmissionsofN2Ocanresultfromanthropogenicinputsofnitrogenintosoilthroughfertilizersbywayofadirect(directlyfromthesoilstowhichthenitrogenisaddedandreleased)andindirect(followingvolatilizationofammoniaandoxidesofnitrogenfrommanagedsoils)pathway(IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange2006).EmissionsofCH4andN2Ocanalsoresultfromlivestockproductionthroughentericfermentationandmanuremanagement.BothdirectandindirectemissionsofN2Oareaccountedforinthisinventory.

5LivestockrelatedGHGemissionsresultfromentericfermentation,byruminants,andalsofrommanurebyalllivestocktypes.Thedecompositionofmanureinponds,stockpilesorothermanurestorageandtreatmentsystemsresultsinthereleaseofCH4andN2O,dependingonconditions.



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Agricultureemissionsaccountforapproximately24%oftheregion’stotalGHGemissionsinventoryin2005.Comparatively,agriculturalemissionsinthestateofCaliforniawereapproximately7%oftotalemissionsin2005.StanislausCountyisalargeagricultureproducingregionforthestateandforthenation.AsCaliforniaagricultureisconcentratedincertainareasofthestate,agriculturalrelatedemissionswillonlybeasignificantfractionoftotalemissionsinselectcommunities,suchastheunincorporatedportionsofStanislausCounty.StanislausCountyranked6thamong58countiesinCaliforniafortotaldollarvalueofagricultureproducts,ranked4thamong58countiesfortotalvalueoflivestockproductsandranked2ndamong58countiesforalmondproduction(USDACensusofAgriculture2007).In2005,agricultureemissionsinStanislausrepresentapproximately4.5%ofagriculturerelatedemissionsstatewide.

Thefourgeneralsourcesofagriculturalemissionsaccountedforinthisinventoryare:livestockentericfermentation,livestockmanuremanagement,N2Oemissionsfromtheapplicationoffertilizerandpesticide,andtheburningoffuelbyagriculturalvehiclesandequipment.AcompletedescriptionofmethodsanddatausedcanbefoundinChapter3.Table2‐2andFigure2‐2present2005agricultureemissionsbysource.Figure2‐3comparesStanislausCounty’sagriculturalemissionstothestateandnationalagriculturalemissions,whileTable2‐3comparesthecounty’sagriculturalemissionstootheragriculturalproducingcountiesinCalifornia.

Table 2‐2. GHG Emissions from Agriculture Sources in 2005 (MT CO2e)

AgriculturalSource TotalSectorEmissions Percentage

LivestockEntericFermentationandManureManagement 1,113,647 76.6%

FertilizerApplication 169,120 11.6%

PesticideUsage 2,090 0.1%

AgriculturalEquipment 169,557 11.7%

TotalEmissions 1,454,414 100.0%



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Figure 2‐2. GHG Emissions from Agriculture Sources in 2005 (MT CO2e)



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Figure 2‐3. Comparison of Stanislaus GHG Emissions from Agriculture to National and State Level Agriculture Emissions

Table 2‐3. Stanislaus Agriculture Emissions Compared to Other California Agriculture Producing Counties

CountyAgriculture‐RelatedEmissions(MTCO2e) Year SourcesIncludedinEmissions

StanislausCountya 1,454,414 2005 Allagriculturesources

SanJoaquinCountyb 951,023 2007 Allagriculturesources

TulareCountyc 3,294,870 2007 Dairy/feedlots

YoloCountyd 297,341 2008 Allagriculturesources

Note:a. Thisworkb. SanJoaquinCounty2011c. TulareCounty2011d. YoloCounty2010



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Building Energy GHGemissionsresultfromtheuseofelectricityandnaturalgasbyresidential,commercial,andindustrialbuildingsintheregion.Emissionsassociatedwithbuildingenergyuseaccountedfor39%ofthetotalregionalemissionsin2005(Table2‐1).ResidentsandbusinessintheregionreceiveelectricityandnaturalgasfromPacificGasandElectric(PG&E),TurlockIrrigationDistrict(TID)andModestoIrrigationDistrict(MID).Electricityuseinbuildingsresultsinindirectemissionsfromthepowerplantsthatproduceelectricity.Theseplantsmaybelocatedeitherwithinoroutsideofthecountyandthecombustionofthefueltoproducetheelectricityalwaysoccursinadifferentlocationfromtheuser.Electricityemissionsareclassifiedasindirectemissions.Naturalgasconsumptioninbuildingsbyfurnacesandotherappliancesresultindirectemissionswherethenaturalgasiscombusted;theseareclassifiedasdirectemissions.

Table2‐4presentstheenergyconsumption(residential,commercialandindustrialbuildings)in2005fortheregion.TheproportionsofenergytypeandenduserstotheregionaltotalofGHGemissionsinthissectorareshowninFigure2‐4.ThisdatacapturesdirectaccesscustomersinthePG&Eservicearea.MIDandTIDconfirmedtheabsenceofdirectaccesscustomersintheirserviceareas.Buildingenergyuseemissionsaregenerallyafunctionofthenumberofresidentsandbusinesses,typesandagesofbuildings,predominanttypesofindustryandthecompositionofthepowersupply.

Table 2‐4. Building Energy Consumption—Residential and Commercial/Industrial Electricity and Natural Gas in 2005

ResidentialBuildingEnergyUse Commercial/IndustrialBuildingEnergyUse

Electricity(kwh)NaturalGas(therms) Electricity(kwh)

NaturalGas(therms)

RegionalTotal 1,682,405,061 64,710,119 2,592,105,029 118,233,329



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Figure 2‐4. Proportion of Regional GHG Emissions in the Building Energy Sector Due to Electricity and Natural Gas Use by Various End Users (MT CO2e)

Buildingenergyrelatedemissionswithintheregionaretheresultofcommercial/industrialelectricityconsumption(36%)followedbycommercial/industrialnaturalgasconsumption(27%),residentialelectricity(23%)andresidentialnaturalgas(15%).

BuildingenergyrelatedemissionsinthestateofCaliforniaaccountedforapproximately23%oftotalstateGHGemissionsin2005,whilebuildingenergyemissionswereapproximately39%oftotalStanislausregionalemissionsin2005(CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard2011a).Buildingenergyuseistypicallybetween25–40%ofacommunity’stotalGHGemissionsdependingontheotherdominantsourcesofemissionsinthecommunity,thepresenceorabsenceoflargecommercialorindustrialusers,andtheclimateandageofthebuildingstock(i.e.,olderhomesincolderregionsofthestaterequiremoreheating).

On‐Road Transportation ThissectorincludesGHGemissionsthatresultfromtheburningoffuelbyon‐roadvehiclestravelingintheregion.On‐roadvehicleemissionsaccountfor27%oftheregion’stotalemissionsin2005andapproximately38%ofCalifornia’sstatewideemissionsduringthesameyear.Theseemissionsareconsidereddirectemissions.

TheStanislausCouncilofGovernments,orStanCOG,traveldemandmodelwasusedtodevelopvehiclemilestraveled(VMT)estimatesfortheregionin2005(FehrandPeers2012).Themodelcapturesvehicletrips,includingtrucktrips,bydifferenttravelpurposes,includinghome‐basedwork,shoppingandrecreationaltrips,andnon‐homebasedtrips.ThetraveldemandmodelareaincludesallofStanislausCounty.Adjacentcounties(SanJoaquin,Merced,SantaClara,Calaveras,



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Tuolumne,Mariposa,andAlameda)arerepresentedbyexternalgatewayswheremajorroadwaysprovideaccessintotheoverallmodelarea.Thesestationscapturethetrafficentering,exitingorpassingthroughthemodelareaonmajorcountyandstateroadways(e.g.,StateRoute99,Interstate5,andStateRoute108).

TransportationmodelingandthequantificationofGHGsinthisanalysisareconsistentwiththemethodsbeingusedforthedevelopmentofStanCOG’sSustainableCommunitiesStrategy.

Table2‐5andFigure2‐5presentregionalVMTandassociatedGHGemissionsin2005byvehiclespeedbins.Becausethefueleconomyofvehiclesdependsonthespeed,thefuelconsumptionandGHGemissionspartiallydependonthespeedatwhichvehiclesaregenerallytraveling.Ingeneral,themajorityofVMTintheregionoccuratspeedsbetween35and50milesperhour(mph)withabout15%occurringabovespeedsof60mph(highwaytraffic).

Table 2‐5. Regional VMT and GHG Emissions by Speed Bin

SpeedBin(MPH) AnnualVMT AnnualCO2Emissions(MTCO2)

0‐5 17,380,883 23,690

5‐10 15,549,764 16,374

10‐15 10,893,718 9,147

15‐20 11,154,315 7,746

20‐25 34,372,085 20,845

25‐30 305,504,699 166,798

30‐35 268,670,649 135,914

35‐40 838,474,144 404,119

40‐45 282,636,011 133,411

45‐50 373,459,791 177,517

50‐55 59,046,214 29,083

55‐60 100,798,989 53,002

60‐65 266,157,328 154,179

65‐70 450,077,391 265,409

Total 3,034,175,981 1,597,233

Note:TheemissionsinthistableareCO2emissions,notCO2eemissions.CH4andN2Oemissionsfromon‐roadtransportationwerecalculatedusingadifferentmethodology.



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Figure 2‐5. Regional GHG Emissions by Speed Bin in 2005 (MT CO2)

Off‐Road Transportation Thissectorcapturesfuelconsumptionbyalltypesofoff‐roadvehiclesandequipmentbeingusedintheregion,referredtointhisdocumentas“Off‐RoadTransportation”.Off‐roadequipmentincludesrecreationalboatsandvehicles,equipmentforindustry,construction,andlawnandgardenmaintenance(agriculturalequipmentwasincludedintheagriculturalsector).GHGemissionsresultfromthecombustionofdieselorgasolinetopowerthesevehiclesandequipment.TheseemissionswerecalculatedatthecountylevelusingCARB’sOFFROAD2007model.Off‐roadequipmentemissionsaccountedforapproximately2%ofthetotalregionalemissionsin2005(Table2‐1,Figure2‐1).Theseemissionsaredirectemissionsresultingfromequipmentfuelcombustion.Table2‐6andFigure2‐6presenttheregionalGHGemissionsduetooff‐roadequipmentin2005byequipmenttype.Constructionand/orminingequipmentaccountfor51%ofthetotalregionalemissionsinthissector.



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Table 2‐6. Regional GHG Emissions Due to Off‐Road Equipment in 2005 by EquipmentType

EquipmentType Off‐RoadEmissions(MTCO2e)

ConstructionandMiningEquipment 68,857

EntertainmentEquipment 123

IndustrialEquipment 17,225

LawnandGardenEquipment 8,348

LightCommercialEquipment 9,300

OtherPortableEquipment 67

PleasureCraft 12,595

RailyardOperations 2

RecreationalEquipment 5,198

TransportRefrigerationUnits 12,833

Total 134,546

Note:Emissionsfromoff‐roadvehiclesinthecountyweredeterminedusingCARB’sOFFROAD2007model.TheOFFROADmodelprovidestheamountandtypeoffuelconsumedatthecountylevelforawidevarietyofoff‐roadvehicleandequipmentcategories,suchasconstructionequipment,lawnandgardenequipment,andindustrialequipment.

Figure 2‐6. GHG Emissions Due to Off‐Road Equipment in 2005 from Various Off‐Road Equipment Types



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Stationary Sources ThissourcecategoryaccountsforGHGemissionsfromfuelcombustionandfugitive(process)emissionsatprimarilyindustrialfacilitieslocatedintheregion.Emissionsfromthesefacilities,includingGHGemissions,areregulatedbySJVAPCD,CARB,and/ortheUSEPAandlocaljurisdictionsusuallydefertostateandfederalauthoritytoregulatethesesources.Inaddition,giventhestateandfederalframeworkofregulation,localregulationofsuchsourcescouldresultinconfusionandinconsistenciesintheregulationofsuchlargesourcesbetweenjurisdictions,whichisundesirable.Thus,whileemissionswerequantifiedfromstationaryindustrialsourcetheywereexcludedfromGHGtotalsfortheregion.Werethesesourcestobeincludedintheregionaltotal,emissionsfromthesesourceswouldaccountforapproximately10%oftotalregionalemissionsin2005andareprimarilyassociatedwithfacilitiesthatsupporttheagricultureorfoodpackagingindustry.

GHGemissionsfromstationarysourcesresultfromonsitefuelusethatisnotprovidedbyacentralnaturalgasutilitysuchasPG&E(naturalgasuseisaccountedforinthebuildingenergycategory(Chapter1,Background).Combustedfuelsaccountedforinthissectorincludediesel,distillateoil,liquidpetroleumgas,propane,naturalgas(fromnon‐utilitysources),digestergas,gasoline,wastegas,wasteoil,vaporrecoverygas,landfillgasoranyfuelcombustedbyasourcerequiredtoobtainapermitfromtheSJVAPCD.AnumberofstationarysourcesintheregionarealsorequiredtoreportGHGemissionstoCARBunderCalifornia’sMandatoryReportingRule(MRR)forGHGemissions.PerSJVAQCDpolicy,fuelusedatausedtoestimateGHGemissionsinthisreportdoesnotincludefacilitiesthathaverequestedtheirfuelusebekeptconfidential.FuelusedbyequipmentnotrequiringaDistrictpermit,suchasresidentialcombustionequipment,portableequipment,mobileequipment,andpermitexemptstationarycombustionequipment,isalsonotincludedintheestimateofGHGemissionsfromstationarysources.

Severalpowergenerationfacilitiesarelocatedintheregion.EmissionsassociatedwiththesefacilitiesarecapturedintheBuildingEnergysectorwheretheenduseactivityoccurs.

Waste TheregionalGHGinventoryincludesGHGemissionsduetotwodistinctwastesources.Thefirst,wastegeneration,isforwardlooking,asitaccountsfortheGHGemissionsthatwilloccurinthefutureduetowastethatiscreatedduringtheinventoryyear(2005)andsenttoalandfillduringtheinventoryyear(2005),butdecomposesinthelandfillovermanyfutureyears(2005andbeyond).Theactivityofgeneratingthewasteoccurscompletelyinsidethejurisdictionboundaryandduringtheinventoryyear(2005),buttheGHGemissionsmayoccuroutsidetheboundaryatadistantlandfill.Theseemissionsareclassifiedasindirectemissionsandincludedintheregionaltotal.

Thesecondwastesource,landfillsites,isbackwardlookingandaccountsfortheGHGemissionsthatoccuratspecificlandfillsiteslocatedintheboundaryandaretheresultofallthewastethathashistoricallybeendepositedatthatsiteandiscurrentlydecomposinginthelandfillduringtheinventoryyear.Theactivityofgeneratingthewasteoccurredinthepast,andoccurredinanyofthejurisdictionsthatsendwastetothespecificlandfillsite.Sitespecificlandfillemissionsareonlyreportedasaninformationaliteminthisdocumentbecauseiftheywereincludedinregionaltotals,therewouldbeadouble‐countingofemissionsfromthewastesectorduetocombiningofthebackward‐lookingandforward‐lookingemissionsthatwoulddistortthepresentationofanannual



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emissionsestimate.Itwasdecidedtoincludetheforward‐lookingemissionsfromwastegenerationastheyareemissionsassociatedwiththeinventoryyearactivityandtodisclosethebackward‐lookinglandfillemissionasaninformationalitemonlybecauseitisrelatedtoprioryearwastegenerationbeforetheinventoryyear.Thediscussionbelowrelatesonlytotheregion’swastegenerationduring2005.

GHGemissionsduetosolidwastegeneratedwithintheregionin2005were49,667MTCO2eandaccountforapproximately0.8%oftotalregionalemissions.GHGemissionsduetowastegeneratedintheregionarefugitiveemissionsofCH4thatoccuratthevariousreceivinglandfills,andareconsideredanindirectemission.Thematerialsdisposedofintheregionarerecycled,composted,placedinalandfill,orcombustedforenergyattheCovantaFacilityonFinkRoad.Theemissionscalculatedhereincludethosethatresultonlyfromthedecompositionofwasteplacedinalandfill.EnergythatisproducedbycombustingwasteattheCovantafacilityissoldtoPG&E.AssociatedGHGemissionsarecapturedintheBuildingEnergysectorandarelower(onaperkwhbasis)thanGHGemissionsassociatedwiththeburningoffossilfuelstoproduceequivalentamountsofelectricity.Tonsofwasteofeachtypegeneratedintheregionin2005areshowninTable2‐7.RegionalGHGemissionsthatresultfromthelandfillingofeachtypeofwasteareshowninFigure2‐7(CaliforniaDepartmentofResourcesRecyclingandRecovery2012aand2012b)6.

Table 2‐7. Waste Generation by Waste Type (Tons)

WasteType TonnagebyWasteType(ShortTons)

Agricultural/YardWaste 85,201

FoodandBeverageContainers 29,971

OtherWaste 14,922

ConstructionandDemolitionWaste 82,805

OtherPlasticWaste 44,885

OtherGlassWaste 4,810

OrganicWaste 105,979

HazardousWaste 374

PaperProducts 177,784

OtherMetalWaste 13,507

Vehicle/EquipmentWaste 1,564

Total 561,801

Source:CaliforniaDepartmentofResourcesRecyclingandRecovery2012aand2012b

6AlldatarelatedtowastegenerationinthisdocumentwasobtainedthroughCalRecyclewhichtrackswastedataacrossthestate.Individuallocalwastehaulersmayhavemoredetailedandoftenmoreaccuratedataforwastegenerationamountsandprofilesforaspecificcommunity.Datacollectionfromallindividualwasteserviceproviderswasbeyondthescopeofthisregionaleffort.



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Figure 2‐7. Regional GHG Emissions by Waste Type (MT CO2e)

Wastegeneratedintheregioniseitherdiverted(throughrecycling,composting,etc.)ortransportedtooneof16differentlandfillslocatedthroughoutthestate(CaliforniaDepartmentofResourcesRecyclingandRecovery2012a).Muchofthewastegeneratedinthecountyisexportedtolandfillsoutsidethecounty.AccordingtoCalRecycle,in2005,theregionexported50%‐75%ofthewastegeneratedtolandfillsoutsideofthecountyborder,dependingonthejurisdiction.Assuch,themajorityoftheseemissionswillnotoccurwithinthecounty,butthecountyisresponsibleforcreatingthiswasteduringtheinventoryyear.

In2005,thepercentageofwastedivertedfromlandfillsinthecountywasbetween48%‐61%,dependingonthejurisdiction(CaliforniaDepartmentofResourcesRecyclingandRecovery2012b).Thestateaveragein2005was52%.

Water ThemajorityofwaterdemandinStanislausCountyismetwithsuppliesfromlocalgroundwaterandsurfacewaterincludingtheTuolumneRiver.TheOakFlatWaterDistrict,servicingtheWestSideAreareceivesStateWaterProjectdeliveries.Table2‐8andFigure2‐8showsthetotalamountofwaterconsumedintheregionin2005byenduser.Table2‐9showsthevariouswatersourcesfortheregionandtheassociatedenergyofeach.



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Table 2‐8. Water Consumption by End User Sector in 2005 (Agriculture, Commercial/Industrial, Residential)

EndUse WaterConsumption(Acre‐feet/year)

Residential 142,258

Commercial/Industrial 206,073

Agricultural 1,284,759

Total 1,633,089

Source:IndividualjurisdictionUrbanWaterManagementPlans,StanislausLocalAgencyFormationCommission2011,andUnitedStatesGeologicalSurvey2009

Figure 2‐8. Water Consumption by End User Sector in 2005 (Agriculture, Commercial/Industrial, Residential)

Table 2‐9. Water Sources for the Region and Associated Energy Intensity (kwh/MG)

WaterSource EnergyIntensity(kWh/MillionGallon)

GroundWater—SanJoaquinRiverBasin 896

SurfaceWater—StateWaterProjecttotheSanJoaquinValley 1,510

Source:CaliforniaAirPollutionControlOfficersAssociation2010

GHGemissionsassociatedwithwaterconsumptionareduetoelectricityuseforwatersupplyandconveyance(i.e.,energyusedtobringwatertotheregionfromotherareasorenergyconsumedtopumpwaterlocally),electricityuseforwatertreatment,andwaterdistribution(i.e.,energyusedtomovewaterwithintheregionfromtreatmentfacilitiestoendusers).Energyassociatedwith



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pumping,treatmentandlocaldistributionareaccountedforinthebuildingenergysector.OnlytheGHGemissionsrelatedtoconveyingwatertothecountyarereportedinthissection.

GHGemissionsrelatedtowaterconsumptionaccountedforapproximately0.5%oftheregion’stotalemissionsin2005.Theterm“waterconsumption”asusedinthissectionincludesthefollowingindirectemissionsbyactivity:Emissionsduetowaterconsumedbyresidential,commercial/industrial,andagriculturalendusersintheregionareincludedandwerecalculatedbasedoninformationinUrbanWaterManagementPlans(UWMP)inthecounty.

Wastewater GHGemissionsresultfromtwoactivitiesassociatedwiththetreatmentofcommercial/industrialanddomesticwastewater:1)energyconsumedtopowerthetreatmentfacilitiesand2)fugitiveemissionsofCH4andN2Othatoccurduringthechemicalandbiologicaldegradationofthewaste.Localgovernmentsoftenownandoperatewastewatertreatmentplants(WWTPs)andthustheGHGemissionsassociatedwithaspecificplant,regardlessofthepopulationitserves,arecapturedinajurisdiction’smunicipalGHGinventory.BecausesomejurisdictionsdonotownandoperateWWTPsandrelyonaplantoperatedbyaneighboringjurisdictionandbecausetheactivityofgeneratingwastewateroccurswithinthephysicalboundaryofthejurisdiction,theseGHGemissionsarealsocapturedinthecommunityinventorypresentedinthisreport

GHGemissionsduetothetreatmentofwastewatergeneratedbyresidents,businessesandfacilitiesintheregionaccountforapproximately0.3%oftotalregionalGHGemissionsin2005(Table2‐1andFigure2‐1).Themajorityoftheregion’sresidentsandbusinessesareservedby8WWTPslocatedwithintheboundaryofthisinventory.GHGemissionsthatresultfromelectricityand/ornaturalgasusedtopowerthefacilitiesareclassifiedasindirectemissionsandareincludedintheinventoryinthebuildingenergysector.FugitiveemissionsofCH4andN2Othatresultfromthetreatmentandbreakdownofwasteinthefacilityareclassifiedasdirectemissionsifoccurringataplantwithintheinventoryboundaryandindirectemissionsifthereceivingplantislocatedoutsideoftheinventoryboundary.GHGemissionsassociatedwiththetreatmentandbreakdownofwastecanvarybyalargeamountfromplanttoplant,dependingonthetechnologyinplaceattheplantandthepresenceorabsenceofanaerobicorfacultativelagoons,andnotnecessarilyontheamountofwastewatertreatedattheplantorthesizeofthepopulationitserves.Thus,WWTPsthatservesmallruralcommunitiesmayproducemoreemissionsthanlargeplantsservingmanytimesmorepeople.

ToestimateGHGemissionsduetowastewatergeneratedwithintheregion,percapitaGHGemissionsfactorsweredevelopedforeachWWTPusinginformationasreportedinthejurisdictions’municipalGHGinventories.PlantspecificfactorswerethenappliedtopopulationswithanadjustmentforcommercialandindustrialactivitypertheLGOP.FouroftheeightWWTPslocatedintheregioncaptureandflarethefugitiveemissions(biogas)onsite;theotherfourfacilitiesdonotcapturethebiogas.Emissionsfromflaredmethaneandmethaneusedasfuelarenotcountedtowardstotalemissionsastheyareconsideredtobeequivalenttothegasesproducedfromnaturaldecompositionprocesses.7

7ModestoMunicipalInventory



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Refrigerants/High GWP Gases Refrigerantsoftencontaingreenhousegases.DirectreleaseofthesecompoundsthroughleaksorduringmaintenanceoftheequipmentthatusethesecompoundsisadirectGHGemission.TotalemissionsfromrefrigerantsandotherhighGWPgaseswere364,473MTCO2eandaccountforapproximately6%oftotalregionalGHGemissionsin2005.Refrigerantemissionsalsoaccountforapproximately3%ofCalifornia’sstatewideGHGemissions(CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard2010b).

High‐GWPgasesareemittedfromresidentialandcommercial/industrialstationaryrefrigerationandair‐conditioningequipment.High‐GWPrefrigerantsincludechlorofluorocarbons(CFCs),HCFCs,andHFCs.ThesegasesareregulatedundertheMontrealProtocolandtheKyotoProtocol.Eachoftheserefrigerantshasaveryhighglobalwarmingpotential,rangingbetween500and10,000timesmorepotentthanCO2(CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard2009a).RefrigerantusesarecategorizedbyCARBaccordingly:

Largecommercialrefrigerationincludesrefrigeratedequipmentfoundinsupermarkets,largegrocerystores,andotherretailfoodestablishments.

Smallcommercialrefrigerationincludesstand‐alonedisplaycases,smallwalk‐incoldrooms,andothersmallrefrigerationequipmentusedprimarilyinconveniencestores,smallgrocerystores,pharmacies,andrestaurants.

LargecommercialACincludescentrifugalchillersandpackagedchillersusedforcomfortcoolinginnon‐residentialcommercialbuildings,whilesmallcommercialACincludesunitaryACsystemsusedforcommercialbuildingcomfortcooling.

ResidentialACandrefrigerationincludepackagedACunitsandrefrigerator‐freezersusedinhouseholds(CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard2009a).

RefrigerantemissionsfortheregionwerecalculatedusingstatewideemissionspublishedbyCARBandscaledtothelocallevelusinghouseholdpopulationandcommercial/industrialnaturalgasconsumptiondata.


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Chapter 3 Methods

ThissectiondescribesdatasourcesandmethodsusedtoestimateGHGemissionsfromallsectorsfortheregion.

DoublecountingofGHGemissionswouldresultinemissionsfromaspecificsourcebeingattributedtomorethanonesector,whichwouldresultinanoverestimateoftotalGHGemissions.Carefulattentionwaspaidtothedevelopmentofeachsector’semissionsestimatestoensurethatdoublecountingofemissionsdidnotoccur.

Agriculture

What the Sector Includes

Thissectorincludesemissionsfromagriculturalactivitiesassociatedwiththecombustionoffossilfuelsinagriculturalequipment,fugitiveemissionsofmethaneandnitrousoxidefrommanuremanagement,fugitiveemissionsofmethanefromentericfermentation,fugitiveemissionsofnitrousoxidefromfertilizeruse,andpesticiderelatedGHGemissions.

Methodology

Fuel Combustion Emissions from Agricultural Vehicles

Agriculturalvehiclesincludetractors,pumps,smallfarmequipment,andothervehiclesusedforagriculturalpurposes.EmissionsfromagriculturalvehicleswerecalculatedusingCARB’sOFFROAD2007model.TheOFFROAD2007modelestimatesemissionsatthecountylevelformultipleequipmentandvehicletypes.

Emissions from Manure Management, Enteric Fermentation, and Fertilizer Use

Toestimateemissionsintheseagriculturalsub‐sectors,populationsinvariouslivestockcategoriesandacresofagriculturallandtypeswithintheregionwereobtainedfromtheUSDAAgricultureCensusfor2005.Thisdataincludesthepopulationofmilkcows,beefcows,othercattle,hogsandpigs,poultry,sheep,lambs,andgoats,aswellasamountsandtypesoffertilizerapplicationforeachU.S.countyfor2002and2007(U.S.DepartmentofAgriculture2007).Alinearextrapolationwasusedtoestimate2005populationdataandfertilizeracreage.ManuremanagementandentericfermentationemissionswerecalculatedusinglivestockpopulationnumbersandstandardemissionsfactorsusedintheCaliforniastateGHGinventoryanddevelopedbyCARB(2010).

EmissionsresultingfromfertilizerusewerecalculatedusingthenumberofacrestreatedwithfertilizersfoundintheUSDA’sAgricultureCensusinconjunctionwithCARBequationsandprotocolsforestimatingdirectandindirectN2Oemissionsfromfertilizerapplication(U.S.DepartmentofAgriculture2007;CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard2011a).

Stanislaus County Methods


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Pesticiderelatedemissionswereestimatedusingacresofeachcroptypeandthecorrespondingpesticidecarbonintensityfactors,andpesticideapplicationratesfromtheCaliforniaPesticideUseReport(PUR)dataset,collectedandmanagedbytheCaliforniaDepartmentofPesticideRegulation(PesticideActionNetwork2010)8.

Data Sources

U.S.DepartmentofAgriculture(USDA).2007.http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2007/Full_Report/Volume_1,_Chapter_2_County_Level/California/

CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard.2011a.CaliforniaGreenhouseGasInventoryData2000to2009andTechnicalSupportDocument.http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/inventory/data/data.htm

PesticideActionNetwork.2010.Available:http://www.pesticideinfo.org/DCo.jsp?cok=50

Building Energy


Buildingenergyemissionsincludebothdirectemissionsfromonsitenaturalgasconsumption(heatingandcooking)andindirectemissionsfromelectricityconsumption.Thissectorcapturesbothresidentialandcommercial/industrialbuildingsorfacilities.Indirectemissionsfromelectricityconsumptionoccurasaresultofcombustionoffossilfuelsatpowerplants,althoughtheactivityofusingelectricityoccurs(e.g.,lightingorairconditioning)withintheinventoryboundary.

Methodology

Electricityandnaturalgasusagedata(aggregatedbyendusercategories)wascollectedfromtheutilitiesservingtheregion.Theseutilitiesinclude:MID,PG&E,andTID.GHGemissionsduetoelectricityusewerecalculatedbyapplyingutilityandyear‐specificCO2emissionfactors(MTCO2e/MWH)tothetotalelectricityconsumption.CO2electricityemissionfactorsforMIDandPG&EweretakenfromPublicUtilityProtocolReports9(theseutilitiespubliclyreporttheiremissionstotheCaliforniaClimateActionRegistry),whiletheCO2electricityemissionfactorforTIDwasprovidedbyTID.Weightedaveragesoftheemissionfactorswerecalculatedforcitiesthatreceiveelectricityfrommorethanoneutility.ElectricityemissionfactorsforCH4andN2OweretakenfromonE‐Grid(U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency2010b)valuesforCaliforniaandareidenticalforallthreeutilities.TIDandMIDconfirmedthatnodirectaccesscustomersarepresentwithintheirserviceareas.ElectricityconsumptiondataasprovidedbyPG&Eaccountsfordirectaccesscustomerswithintheirservicearea.

NaturalgasisprovidedtothecountybyPG&E.Naturalgasconsumptionbyendusercategoryforthewholeregionin2005wasprovidedbyPG&E.GHGemissionsduetonaturalgasconsumptionwereestimatedbymultiplyingnaturalgasconsumption(therms)bythenaturalgasemission

8OriginalsourceforallpesticideusedatausedbyPANistheCaliforniaPesticideUseReport(PUR)dataset,collectedandmanagedbytheCaliforniaDepartmentofPesticideRegulation.9CaliforniaClimateActionRegistryPublicReports:<http://www.climateregistry.org/>



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factorsforCO2,CH4,andN2OfromtheClimateRegistryGeneralReportingProtocolversion3.1(CaliforniaClimateActionRegistry2009).

Data Sources Electricityconsumptionfortheregionbyendusercategoryand2005carbonintensityof

electricity(residential,commercial,industrial)for2005—TID

Electricityconsumptionfortheregionbyendusercategoryand2005carbonintensityofelectricity(residential,commercial,industrial)for2005—MID

Electricityandnaturalgasconsumptionfortheregionbyendusercategoryand2005carbonintensityofelectricity(residential,commercial,industrial)for2005—PG&E

CO2,CH4andN2Oemissionfactorsfornaturalgascombustion—CaliforniaClimateActionRegistryGeneralReportingProtocolv.3.1

Landfill Sites


ThissectorincludesCH4emissionsfromsolidwastethatwasalreadyinplaceduringtheinventoryyear2005inlandfillsitesinthecounty.Thewastethatisinplaceintheselandfillsmayhavebeengeneratedbymanyjurisdictionsovermanyyearsandthemethanethatisphysicallyreleasedinagivenyearisthecombinationofdecomposingwastefrommanyyearsinthepast.Landfillemissionwerequantifiedfor2005butwereexcludedfromtheregionalGHGinventorybecausetheemissionsfromwastegenerationwereconsideredmoreappropriatetoincludeintheregionaltotalastheyaretiedtowastegeneratingactivitythatoccurredin2005versusthelandfillemissionswhicharetiedtoprioryearhistoricalwastegeneration.PertheLGOP,landfillemissions,forlandfillsownedandoperatedbyajurisdiction,shouldbeincludedinamunicipalinventoryastheyareundertheoperationalcontrolofthejurisdiction.Emissionsassociatedwiththethreelandfillslocatedintheunincorporatedcountyarea(Bonzi,FinkRoad,andGeerRoad)werenotcapturedinthemunicipalinventoriesandareincludedhereasaninformationalitemonly.

Methodology

EmissionsresultingfromthedecompositionofwasteinplaceatregionallandfillsweremodeledusingCARB’slandfillemissionstool(CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard2011b).StaffreportsfromCECandCARBwereusedtodeterminetheyearinwhichthelandfillsopenedandthewasteinplaceatinterimyears(CaliforniaEnergyCommission2002;CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard2009b).CompostingfacilitiesinthecountywerenotanalyzedforGHGemissionsbecauseofthebiogenicnatureofcompostpileemissions(U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency2010a).ThelandfillemissionstoolrequiresanannualwastedepositionaswellasdailycoverandclimateconditionsatthelandfilltogenerateannualCO2andCH4emissionsforeachyearthatwasteispresentinthelandfill.Anassumedlandfillgascapturerateof75%wasappliedtoCH4emissionsfrom2005ateachlandfill.CO2emissionsfromlandfillsareconsideredbiogenicandwerenotincludedinthisanalysis.



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Data Sources CECStaffReport500‐02‐041V1.September2002.LandfillGastoEnergyPotentialinCalifornia.

CARB.StationarySourceDivision.May2009.InitialStatementofReasonsfortheProposedRegulationtoReduceMethaneEmissionsfromMunicipalSolidWasteLandfills.

CARBFODLandfillEmissionsTool

Off‐Road Transportation


Thissectorincludesemissionsduetotheburningoffuelbyalltypesofoff‐roadvehiclesandequipmentoperatinginthecountyincludingbutnotlimitedtoresidential(e.g.,lawnandgarden),commercial/industrial(e.g.,transportationrefrigerationunits,construction),oil,gasandminingequipment,pleasurecraftandrecreationalvehicles,andportablepumpsandgenerators.

Methodology

Emissionsfromoff‐roadvehiclesinthecountywereestimatedusingCARB’sOFFROAD2007model(CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard2007).TheOFFROADmodelprovidestheannualactivitylevel(hoursofoperationperyearorgallonsoffuelconsumedperyear)andtypeoffuelconsumedforawidevarietyofoff‐roadvehicleandequipmentcategories.Outputsareprovidedatthecountylevel.ThefuelconsumedwassummedforeachequipmentandvehiclecategoryandmultipliedbycorrespondingfuelemissionfactorsfromtheCaliforniaClimateActionReserve(2009)GeneralReportingProtocolv3.1.TheCCARemissionfactorsrelatetheamountofCO2,CH4,andN2Oemittedpergallonofgasoline,diesel,orliquefiedpropaneconsumed.

Data Sources CaliforniaClimateActionRegistryGeneralReportingProtocolv3.1.January2009

CARB’sOFFROAD2007model

Regionalsocioeconomicdata(TableES‐2)

On‐Road Transportation


Thissectorincludesemissionsfromon‐roadtransportationintheregion.Emissionsfromthissectorareduetothecombustionoffossilfuels(suchasdieselandgasoline)usedtopowerallon‐roadvehicles(e.g.,lightandmediumdutyautos,mediumandheavydutytrucks,buses,andmotorcycles).



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Methodology

TrafficmodelingwasconductedfortheregionusingtheStanCOGTravelDemandModelfortheyear2005.Thissamemodel,andallunderlyingassumptionsandinputs,willalsobeusedforallSB375Planningintheregion.TheStanCOGmodelrunswereperformedbytrafficanalystsatFehrandPeers.

CO2emissionsfromon‐roadvehicleswereestimatedusingVMTdataasoutputbytheStanCOGTravelDemandModelandemissionfactors(gramsCO2/mile)byspeedbinfromtheCT‐EMFACmodel(CaliforniaDepartmentofTransportation2007).TheStanCOGtraveldemandmodelincludesmultiplevehicletriptypessuchashome‐basedwork,shoppingandrecreationaltrips,andnon‐homebasedtrips.Forthisanalysis,VMTwasestimatedfortheregionusingtheaccountingguidelinessetforthbytheSB375RegionalTargetsAdvisoryCommittee.VMTforthecountyisdefinedas:

1. AllCounty‐County(CC‐CC)trips:AlltripsthattravelfromonepartoftheCountytoanotherpartofthecountyarea.

2. One‐halfofCounty‐External(CC‐EC)trips:One‐halfofthetripswithanorigininthecountyandadestinationoutsideStanislausCounty.

3. One‐halfofExternal‐County(EC‐CC)trips:One‐halfofthetripswithanoriginoutsideStanislausCountyandadestinationinthecounty.

CH4andN2OemissionswerecalculatedusingtheVMTdataandemissionfactors(gramsCH4/mileorgramsN2O/mile)asprovidedbytheEMFAC2011model(CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard2011c).TheEMFAC2011modelwasalsousedtodeterminethevehiclecategoryprofileinStanislausCounty.Thevehiclecategorydistributionindicatesthevehicletypesinthecountysuchaslightdutyautos,lightdutytrucks,heavydutytrucksandbuses.TheproportionsofvehicletypesweremultipliedbytotalVMTandthenbythecorrespondingvehicletypeemissionfactorfromtheEPAtoestimateCH4andN2Oemissions.

Data Sources StanCOGTDMoutputsfortheregion

*CTEMFACmodel

U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.InventoryofU.S.GreenhouseGasEmissionsandSinks:1990‐2005,EPA430‐R‐07‐002,Annex3.2,(April2007)

Refrigerants/ High GWP gases


Refrigerantemissionsareproducedbyairconditioninguseandotherrefrigerantapplicationsincommercial/industrialandresidentialbuildings.



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Methodology

ICFusedatopdownapproachtoestimaterefrigerantemissions,usingstate‐leveldataprovidedbyCARB(CaliforniaEnergyCommission2006).Residentialrefrigerantemissionswereestimatedbyscalingstate‐levelresidentialrefrigerantemissionstotheregionbasedonthenumberofhouseholds.

Commercial/industrialrefrigerantemissionsweredeterminedbyscalingstatelevelcommercialrefrigerantusetotheregionbasedoncommercialnaturalgasconsumption.TheCEChasdeterminedacorrelationbetweenthecommercialnaturalgasuseandcommercialrefrigerantemissions(CaliforniaEnergyCommissionn.d.).

Data Sources CaliforniaGHGEmissionInventory2000–2009(CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard2012)

Naturalgasconsumptionbyendusercategory(residential,commercial,industrial)for2005—PG&E

Regionalsocioeconomicdata(TableES‐2)

Stationary Sources


Thissectorincludesemissionsfromstationarycombustionoffossilfuels(exceptnaturalgas,whichisincludedinthebuildingenergyusesector),andindustrialprocessemissions.

Methodology

EmissionsresultingfromthecombustionoffuelsatstationarysourceswereestimatedusingfuelconsumptioninformationforpermittedsourcesprovidedbytheSJVAPCD(LelandVillalvazo,SJVAPCD,pers.comm.).DatafromtheSJVAPCDincludedalistoffueltypesandtheamountconsumedandcapturesthosesourcesemittinggreaterthan25,000MTCO2eperyearandarerequiredtoreportunderCalifornia’sMandatoryReportingRule.FuelconsumptionquantitiesweremultipliedbycorrespondingcarbonintensityfuelemissionfactorsfromtheClimateRegistrytoobtainGHGemissions.

Data Sources CaliforniaClimateActionRegistryGeneralReportingProtocolv3.1(January2009)

SJVAPCD,personalcommunicationLelandVillalvazo



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Waste Generation


Thissectorincludesmethaneemissionsthatwillresultfromthedecompositionofwasteinlandfills,fromwastethatwasgeneratedbyintheregionin2005.Theseemissionsarealsoknownasthe“futuremethanecommitment”ofthewaste.CO2emissionsduetowastegeneratedin2005arenotconsideredinthisanalysisbecausetheyareconsideredbiogenicinorigin.

Methodology

EmissionsfromwastegenerationwerecalculatedusingpubliclyavailabledatafromCalRecycleandemissionfactorsbasedonEPA’sWasteReductionModel(WARM).ICFalteredemissionfactorsfromWARMtodiscountemissionsfromwastecollectionvehicles,andrecyclingrelatedemissions,asthesearelifecyclesandshouldnotbeincludedinacommunityGHGinventory.WasteintheregioniscollectedbytheCityofModestoandSCRSWPAwhoisresponsibleforwastecollectioninthecitiesandunincorporatedareasinStanislausCountyexceptModesto.

A1999StanislausCountywasteprofilefromCalRecyclewasusedtoestimatethetotaltonsofeachtypeofwastegeneratedintheregionin2005(CaliforniaDepartmentofResourcesRecyclingandRecovery2012aand2012b).Totalwastetonnagein2009wasobtainedforModestoandSCRSWPA,alsofromCalRecycle.Foreachmaterialtypesuchasusedoil,paint,orlumber,themodifiedEPAWARMemissionfactorthatrelatingCO2eemissionspertonofwastewereapplied.Theamountofeachmaterialtypewasmultipliedbythematerial’scorrespondingemissionfactorstofindemissionsbymaterialtype,andtheemissionsfromallmaterialtypesweresummedtoestimatetotalemissions.

Data Sources CaliforniaDepartmentofResourcesRecyclingandRecovery(CalRecycle)

U.S.EPA’sWasteReductionModel(WARM).

Wastewater Treatment

What the sector includes

Theseemissionsareassociatedwiththetreatmentofindustrial,residential,andcommercialwastewaterproducedbyeachparticipatingjurisdiction.TheseemissionsresultfromfugitiveemissionsofCH4andN2OthatoccurduringthechemicalandbiologicalbreakdownofwastewaterattheWWTP.

Methodology

FugitiveandprocessemissionsthatresultfromthetreatmentofwastewaterwereestimatedusingeachoftheCounty’sjurisdiction’smunicipalGHGinventories.ThemunicipalinventorieswerepreparedpriortothisanalysisandquantifytheGHGemissionsresultingfrommunicipaloperations,



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includingdirectandindirectemissionsfromindividualwastewatertreatmentplants.Forthisanalysis,ICFusedthefollowingdatafromthemunicipalinventories:WWTPservicepopulationandprocessemissions(directemissions).Inaddition,ICFmadeseveraladjustmentstoparametersinthemunicipalinventoriesincludingthefollowingchanges:emissionsresultingfromelectricityconsumptionattheWWTPswereomittedtoavoidoverlapwiththebuildingenergysector,methaneemissionsataerobicplantswereomittedusingLGOPguidance,N2Oprocessemissionswereaddedwherenecessary,andservicepopulationswerechangedusinganadjustmentfactor(fromLGOP)toincludepreviouslyunaccountedforindustrialwastewater.

PercapitavaluesforwastewateremissionsweredevelopedusingtheICF‐adjustedmunicipalinventorywastewateremissionsandtheWTTPservicepopulations.Todeterminewastewatertreatmentplantrelatedemissions,thepercapitavalueswereappliedtothepopulationthatresideswithinthecountyboundaryonly.

EmissionfromsepticsystemswereestimatedandaddedtoWWTPemissions.Theamountofpeopleusingsepticsystemswasestimatedusinginformationincommunities’GeneralPlans.ApercapitasepticsystememissionfactorfromtheLocalGovernmentsOperationsProtocolwasusedtodetermineCH4andN2Oemissionsresultingfromsepticsystemuse(LocalGovernmentsOperationsProtocol2010).

Data Sources MunicipalGHGInventories—alljurisdictions(availableuponrequestfromtheindividualcities

inStanislausCounty)

CARB.May2010.LGOPforthequantificationandreportingofgreenhousegasemissionsinventories.V1.1.

Water

What the sector includes

Emissionsfromwaterconsumptionwereestimatedbasedontheenergyassociatedwiththedistributionofwatertojurisdictionsintheregion.

Methodology

Emissionsfromtheconveyanceofwater(i.e.,thetransportofwatersuppliesfromoutsidetheinventoryboundarytowithintheboundary)werecalculatedusinginformationabouttotalwaterconsumptionandwatersourcesfromeachoftheCountyjurisdiction’sUWMPs.GHGemissionsassociatedwiththeenergyrequiredtotreatandlocallydistributewaterthatissuppliedfromotherareasarecapturedinthebuildingenergysector.TheUWMPsforsomejurisdictionswereunavailable,and,inthesecases,waterconsumptiondatawastakenfromMunicipalServiceReviews(MSR)conductedbytheLAFCO(StanislausLocalAgencyFormationCommission2011).Waterconsumptiondatafortheunincorporatedcountywasestimatedusing2005datafromtheUnitedStatesGeologicalSurvey(USGS)(2009).



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Insomeinstances,waterconsumptionwasnotavailableforthebaselineinventoryyear(2005).Inthesecases,waterconsumptionwasscaledfromanalternativeyeartothebaselineyearusingpopulation.Thismethodassumesthatwaterconsumptionchangesproportionallywithpopulation.Inothercases,waterconsumptionbyenduse(residential,commercial,etc.)wasnotavailable.Itwasassumedthatjurisdictionswhereconsumptionbyendusewasunavailablehaveaverageproportionsofenduseconsumptionascitieswithsimilarpopulationsizes.Alternately,enduseconsumptionwasdeterminedusingtheproportionsofcommercial/industrialandresidentialacresforjurisdictionswithavailableacreagedata.

Waterconsumptiondatafromthesourcesofwaterinthecounty,groundwater,surfacewater,andrecycledwater,weretakenfromtheUWMPs,MSRs,andUSGS.TheelectricityrequiredtoconveywaterfromeachsourcewasestimatedusingelectricityintensityfactorsfromCAPCOA(CAPCOA2010).ElectricityconsumptionrequiredforwaterconveyancetoeachjurisdictionwasmultipliedbycarbonintensityfactorsfromtheassociatedutilitiestoarriveatGHGemissionsresultingfromwaterconveyance.

Data Sources CAPCOA2010

MunicipalServiceReviewsfromtheLAFCO

UWMPsfromthejurisdictionsthathaveapubliclyavailableUWMP

USGSWaterStudy


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Chapter 4 References

Printed References CaliforniaAirPollutionControlOfficersAssociation(CAPCOA).2008.CEQA&ClimateChange:

EvaluatingandAddressingGreenhouseGasEmissionsfromProjectsSubjecttotheCaliforniaEnvironmentalQualityAct.January.Available:http://www.capcoa.org/wp‐content/uploads/2012/03/CAPCOA‐White‐Paper.pdf.Accessed:June6,2013.

CaliforniaAirPollutionControlOfficersAssociation(CAPCOA).2010.QuantifyingGreenhouseGasMitigationMeasures:AResourceforLocalGovernmenttoAssessEmissionReductionsfromGreenhouseGasMitigationMeasures.August.Available:http://www.capcoa.org/wp‐content/uploads/2010/11/CAPCOA‐Quantification‐Report‐9‐14‐Final.pdf.Accessed:October9,2010.

CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard.2009a.CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard.2009.CaliforniaFacilitiesandGreenhouseGasEmissionsInventory—High‐GlobalWarmingPotentialStationarySourceRefrigerantManagementProgram.Available:http://www.arb.ca.gov/regact/2009/gwprmp09/refappb.pdf

CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard.2009b.StaffReport:InitialStatementofReasonsfortheProposedRegulationtoReduceMethaneEmissionsfromMunicipalSolidWasteLandfills.May2009.Available:http://www.arb.ca.gov/regact/2009/landfills09/isor.pdf.

CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard2010a.LocalGovernmentOperationsProtocol:Forthequantificationandreportingofgreenhousegasemissionsinventories.Available:http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/protocols/localgov/pubs/lgo_protocol_v1_1_2010‐05‐03.pdf.

CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard2010b.CaliforniaGreenhouseGasInventoryfor2000‐2009—bySectorandActivity. Available:http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/inventory/data/tables/ghg_inventory_sector_00‐09_sum_2011‐10‐26.pdf

CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard.2011a.CaliforniaGreenhouseGasInventoryData2000to2009andTechnicalSupportDocument.October26,2011.Available:http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/inventory/data/tables/ghg_inventory_scopingplan_00‐09_2011‐10‐26.pdf

CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard.2011b.LandfillEmissionsToolVersion1.3.Available:http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/protocols/localgov/localgov.htm

CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard.2011c.EMFAC2011EMFACEmissionsRateDatabase.AccessedJanuary16,2012.Available:http://www.arb.ca.gov/jpub/webapp//EMFAC2011WebApp/rateSelectionPage_1.jsp

CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard.2012.CaliforniaGHGEmissionInventory2000–2009.

Stanislaus County References


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CaliforniaClimateActionRegistry.2009.GeneralReportingProtocolforthereportingofentitywidegreenhousegasemissions.Version3.1.January2009.Available:http://www.climateregistry.org/resources/docs/protocols/grp/GRP_3.1_January2009.pdf

CaliforniaDepartmentofResourcesRecyclingandRecovery(CalRecycle).2012a.SolidWasteInformationSystem(SWIS)Facility/SiteListing.Available:http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/SWFacilities/Directory/SearchList/List?COUNTY=Stanislaus

CaliforniaDepartmentofResourcesRecyclingandRecovery(CalRecycle).2012b.Single‐YearCountywideOriginDetail.Available:http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/LGCentral/Reports/Viewer.aspx?P=ReportName%3deDRSCountyWideOrigin%26CountyID%3d50%26ReportYear%3d2005

CaliforniaDepartmentofTransportation.2007.CT‐EMFACmodel.Version4.1.AccessedJanuary16,2012.Available:http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/env/air/pages/ctemfac_license.htm

CaliforniaEnergyCommission(CEC).n.d.CaliforniaEnergyConsumptionDatabase.AccessedDecember6,2011.Available:http://ecdms.energy.ca.gov/

CaliforniaEnergyCommission(CEC).2002.LandfillGastoEnergyPotentialinCalifornia.AccessedJanuary18,2012.Available:http://www.energy.ca.gov/reports/2002‐09‐09_500‐02‐041V1.PDF

CaliforniaEnergyCommission(CEC).2006.CaliforniaCommercialEnd‐UseSurvey.CEC‐400‐2006‐005.PreparedfortheCaliforniaenergyCommissionbyi‐Tron.March2006.Availableat:<http://www.energy.ca.gov/2006publications/CEC‐400‐2006‐005/CEC‐400‐2006‐005.PDF>.

CityofModestoandModestoIrrigationDistrict.2010.Joint2010UrbanWaterManagementPlan.AccessedJune6,2013.Available:http://www.modestogov.com/uppd/reports/water/masterplans/uwmp2010/Joint%20Urban%20Water%20Management%20Plan%202010%20Final%20Report.pdf>

Fehr&Peers.2012.StanislausCountyBaselineVehicleMilesofTravelEstimates.PreparedforICF.February17.

IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange.1996.1995:ScienceofClimateChange.(SecondAssessmentReport).Cambridge,U.K.:CambridgeUniversityPress.

IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC).2006.2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesVolume4:Agriculture,ForestryandOtherLandUse.AccessedJanuary18,2012.Available:http://www.ipcc‐nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol4.html

IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC).2007.ClimateChange2007:SynthesisReport,ContributionofWorkingGroupsI,IIandIIItotheFourthAssessmentReportoftheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange[CoreWritingTeam,Pachauri,R.KandReisinger,A.(eds.)],IPCC,Geneva,Switzerland.

LocalGovernmentOperationsProtocol.2010.FortheQuantificationandReportingofGreenhouseGasEmissionsInventories.AccessedJanuary18,2012.Available:http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/protocols/localgov/pubs/lgo_protocol_v1_1_2010‐05‐03.pdf

PesticideActionNetwork.2010.Available:http://www.pesticideinfo.org/DCo.jsp?cok=50



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SanJoaquinCounty.2011.SanJoaquinCountyGeneralPlanUpdate,Appendix5B—GreenhouseGasEmissionsInventory:SourcesandMethodology.Availableat:http://www.sjcgpu.com/pdf/backgroundreport/prd_br_a5b.pdf.

StanislausCouncilofGovernments(StanCOG).2005.StanCOGTravelDemandModel.2005ModelandSocioeconomicdatatherein.Documentationavailableat:http://www.stancog.org/trans‐model.shtm.

StanislausLocalAgencyFormationCommission(LAFCO).2011.MunicipalServiceReviews.AccessedDecember14,2011.Available:http://www.stanislauslafco.org/info/msr.htm.

TulareCounty.2011.TulareCountyGeneralPlan2030.AppendixE.GreenhouseGasEmissionsInventory.Availableat:http://generalplan.co.tulare.ca.us/documents/GeneralPlan2010/Appendix%20E%20‐%20Greenhouse%20Gas%20Inventory.pdf.

U.S.DepartmentofAgriculture(USDA).2007.Available:http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2007/Full_Report/Volume_1,_Chapter_2_County_Level/California/

U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.2007.InventoryofU.S.GreenhouseGasEmissionsandSinks:1990‐2005,EPA430‐R‐07‐002,Annex3.2.

U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.2010a.CompostingChapter.AccessedJanuary20,2012.Available:http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/waste/downloads/composting‐chapter10‐28‐10.pdf

U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.2010b.Emissions&GenerationResourceIntegratedDatabase(eGRID2010).Availableat:<http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy‐resources/egrid/index.html>.

U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.2012.InventoryofU.S.GreenhouseGasEmissionsandSinks:1990‐2010.ReleasedApril15,2012.Washington,D.C.Availableat:http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/Downloads/ghgemissions/US‐GHG‐Inventory‐2012‐Main‐Text.pdf

UnitedStatesGeologicalSurvey2009.EstimatedUseofWaterintheUnitedStatesCounty‐LevelDatafor2005.Available:http://water.usgs.gov/watuse/data/2005/.AccessedJanuary18,2012.

UnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange(UNFCCC)2006.ReviewoftheImplementationofCommitmentsandofOtherProvisionsoftheConvention.March.Page7.Available:http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/cop8/08.pdfAccessed:January10,2012.

UnitedStatesGeologicalSurvey2009.EstimatedUseofWaterintheUnitedStatesCounty‐LevelDatafor2005.Available:http://water.usgs.gov/watuse/data/2005/.AccessedJanuary18,2012.

USDACensusofAgriculture.2007.Available:http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2007/Online_Highlights/County_Profiles/California/.AccessedApril19,2012.



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YoloCounty.2010.YoloCountyDraftClimateActionPlan.Availableat:http://www.yolocounty.org/Modules/ShowDocument.aspx?documentid=18005.

Personal Communications Villalvazo,Leland.SupervisingAirQualitySpecialist.SanJoaquinValleyAirPollutionControl

District.February2012—emailwithLindseyMcAlpineofICFInternationalregardingamountoffuelburntatpermittedstationarysourcesineachjurisdiction.

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