Final Review This is an aid. Not an answer key. Measurement Accuracy Precision What are the rules...
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Transcript of Final Review This is an aid. Not an answer key. Measurement Accuracy Precision What are the rules...
Final Review
This is an aid. Not an answer key.
Measurement • Accuracy• Precision• What are the rules for
reading instruments in the lab?
• How do you decide the best instrument to use in the lab?
Significant Figures
• What are the rules?
• 0.5260
• 5.02
• 5020
• 0.00502
• 500.
Significant Figures
• What are the rules for addition and subtraction?
• 5.20 + 6.2 = 5.21 – 5.234 =
• What are the rules for multiplication and division?
• 5.02 x 5.203 = 5.54 x 5.4/5 =
Density
D
M
Vensity
ass
olume
D = MV
M = D x V
V = MD
lecturePLUS Timberlake 6
Density
• Osmium is a very dense metal. What is its density in g/cm3 if 50.00 g of the metal occupies a volume of 2.22cm3?
• The density of octane, a component of gasoline, is 0.702 g/mL. What is the mass, in kg, of 875 mL of octane?
D = m/Vm = D*VV = m/D
Conversions
• How many micrometers are in 5 meters?
• How many kilometers are in 4.95 x 105 millimeters?
• How many miles are in 4.95 x 105 millimeters?
• How many liters are in 8.95 ounces?
• How many pounds are in 9.8 milligrams?
Matter
• What is matter?
• What kinds of pure substances can you have? Definitions.
• What kinds of mixtures can you have? Define each.
Chemical and Physical Change
• How do we know something is a chemical change?
• What are some chemical changes?
• How do we know something is a physical change?
• What are some physical changes?
Chemical and Physical Properties
• What is a chemical property? Physical property?– Melting point - length– Corrosive - toxicity– Solubility - mass– Density - Flammability– Boiling point - combustibility
Atomic Models
• Describe the atomic models (experiment, evidence, conclusion).– Dalton– Thompson– Rutherford– Bohr– Quantum theory
Atomic Structure
• What is an isotope?• How many protons,
neutrons, and electrons?Br
80 35
Carbon- 12Carbon- 12
S3216
Atomic Structure
Element Atomic Mass
Protons Neutrons Electrons
Sodium -24 11 11
Oxygen-18 18 10 10
Calcium-41 41 20 18
Nuclear Chemistry(Decay Particles)
Particle Symbol What is it? Penetration
Alpha ()
Helium nucleus (2 p+)
0.2 mm
(paper)
Beta () High Speed e-
100 mm
(wood)
Gamma ()
High Energy
Electromagnetic Wave
500 mm
(concrete)
242 He
-01- e
00
Nuclear Chemistry(Decay Particles)
Types of Radioactive Decay
alpha production (): helium nucleus
beta production ():
92238
24
90234U He Th
90234
91234
10Th Pa e
2
4
He
1
0e
2+
Half-life Concept
http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/radioactive-dating-game
Fission
Fusion
Electron Configuration
Electron Configuration
• What are the quantum numbers?• What is the electron configurations for:
– Sodium– Fluorine– Phosphorus– Calcium– Iron– Bromine
What are the shorthand configurations?
Ionization energy, electronegativity
Electron affinity INCREASE
Atomic size increases, shielding constant
Ionic size increases
Periodic Trends
• Which atom is larger and has the greater electronegativity?– Sodium or chlorine– Magnesium or barium– Oxygen or lithium
• Which ion is smaller? – Calcium or barium– Magnesium or silicon– Chlorine or silicon
Compounds
• Identify each of the following as ionic or covalent. Write the name of each compound.– NaBr F3H9
– P3N7 Mg3P2
– O4Br6 NaCl
– Ca3N2 SrI2
– B2I8 BaBr2
Two Types of Compounds
Smallest piece
Melting Point
State
Types of elements
Formula Unit Molecule
Metal and Nonmetal
Nonmetals
solidSolid, liquid or gas
High >300ºC Low <300ºC
Ionic Molecular
Naming Compounds
• Identify each of the following as ionic or covalent. Write the name of each compound.– NaBr F3H9
– P3N7 Mg3P2
– O4Br6 NaCl
– Ca3N2 SrI2
– B2I8 BaBr2
Write the formulas for these• Lithium sulfide• tin (II) oxide• tin (IV) oxide• Magnesium fluoride• Copper (II) sulfate• Iron (III) phosphide• gallium nitrate• Iron (III) sulfide
Identify the cations and anions above.
Polar-Covalent bonds
Nonpolar-Covalent bonds
Covalent BondsCovalent Bonds
Electrons are unequally shared Electronegativity difference between .3 and 1.7
Electrons are equally shared Electronegativity difference of 0 to 0.3
PolarityPolarity A molecule, such as HF, that has a A molecule, such as HF, that has a
center of positive charge and a center center of positive charge and a center of negative charge is said to be polar, of negative charge is said to be polar, or to have a dipole moment.or to have a dipole moment.
+
FH
Draw Lewis StructuresPolar/Non-Polar
• H2O
• O2
• CH3Cl
• HCl
• CCl4• N2
• PH3
Table – VSEPR Structures
Calculating Formula MassCalculate the formula mass of magnesium Calculate the formula mass of magnesium carbonate, MgCOcarbonate, MgCO33..
24.31 g + 12.01 g + 3(16.00 g) 24.31 g + 12.01 g + 3(16.00 g) ==
84.32 g84.32 g
Calculations with Moles:How many grams of lithium are in 3.50 moles of lithium?
3.50 mol Li= g Li
1 mol Li
6.94 g Li24.29
Calculations with Moles:Converting grams to moles
How many moles of lithium are in 18.2 grams of lithium?
18.2 g Li= mol Li
6.94 g Li
1 mol Li2.62
Calculations with Moles:Using Avogadro’s Number
How many atoms of lithium are in 3.50 moles of lithium?
3.50 mol Li = atoms Li
1 mol Li
6.022 x 1023 atoms Li 2.11 x 1024
Calculations with Moles:How many atoms of lithium are in 18.2 g of lithium?
18.2 g Li
= atoms Li
1 mol Li 6.022 x 1023 atoms Li
1.58 x 1024
6.94 g Li 1 mol Li
(18.2)(6.022 x 1023)/6.94
Experiments
• Can you identify the independent, dependent, experimental control, and controlled variables?
• Can you write a hypothesis? If…(what you do)…then….(what will happen)…., because… (scientific reason).
• Can you graph data?(titles, units, dependent, independent)