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ANNUAL REPORT FOR AFACI PAN-ASIAN PROJECT ONConstruction of Epidemiology Information Interchange System for

Migratory Disease and Insect Pests in Asia Region (IPM)

ANNUAL REPORT

Project Title Construction of Epidemiology Information Interchange System for Migratory Disease and Insect Pests in Asia Region (IPM)

Country BangladeshPrincipal Investigator

Dr. Md. Mofazzel Hossain (From 27 Jan 2014 to date)

Co-Investigators Mir Md Moniruzzaman Kabir Scientific Officer, Entomology Division, BRRI

Working Scientist /Officers

Upazilla Agriculture Officer, Upazilla: Tarash, District: Sirajganj, Bangladesh

Organization Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI)Project Duration July 2013 - June 2016Total budget US$ 30000

1. Introduction

Rice is essential component to Bangladesh’s economy and agriculture, accounting for

nearly 18% of the gross domestic product and providing about 70% of an average

citizens total calorie intake. Rice occupies 74.77% of total cropped areas of Bangladesh

having maximum cropping intensity with high yielding varieties and it alone provides

about 90% of the total food grain produced annually in the country (Anon., 2009).

Food security, which is the condition of having enough food to provide adequate

nutrition for a healthy life, is a critical issue in the developing world. More than 90 per

cent of the world’s rice is produced and consumed in Asia, where more than half of the

world populations live on (David, 1992; Anon., 1993). In Asia, in total, just over 30% of

all calories come from rice. Bangladesh is one of the most important rice growing

country in Asia where the crop is grown throughout the year. About 90% of the

populations of Bangladesh depend on rice for their major food intake (Anon., 2000).

Despite the efforts for population control over the last few decades, still it is increasing

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at an alarming rate throughout the developing Asia and that in Bangladesh it is about

1.50% (Anon., 2000). Therefore, farms and farmers of this region are under

tremendous pressure for producing more rice for this ever increasing population. For

instance, Bangladesh needs 2.7% increases in rice production per year due to

increasing population (Alam et al., 2004).

Rice yields have been increasing since the 1960’s, but since the 1990’s growth in rice

production has been slower than population growth. Indeed, it is anticipated that rice

production will need to increase by 30% by 2025 in order to sustain those who need it

for sustenance. However, climate change, especially access to water, soil erosion, pest

attack and other problems threaten rice yields. Results of several crop loss assessment

trials showed that an average of 18% yield loss due to the infestations of major insect

pests (13% in Boro, 24% in Aus and 18% in Transplanted Aman) in Bangladesh. In

Bangladesh, 232 species of insect pests of rice have been identified which depend on

rice.

Rice planthoppers (RPH) such as brown planthoppers (BPH), small brown planthoppers

(SBPH), and white-backed planthoppers (WBPH) have been serious constraints to the

rice production in Asian countries. RPH also transmit viruses devastating to rice plants.

For example, rice grassy stunt virus (RGSV) and rice ragged stunt virus (RRSV) are

persistently transmitted by BPH, while rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) and rice

stripe virus (RSV) are spread by SBPH. Recent studies showed that WBPH also can

transmit a new virus, Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV or also known

as RBSDV-2), which is currently problematic in Southern China and Northern Vietnam.

Project observation data from the AFACI member countries indicated that the

outbreaks of RPH and associated viruses are closely associated with cropping patterns

of rice in Asian countries. The continuous production of selected high yielding rice

varieties with narrow genetic diversity and excessive use of pesticides unbalancing

natural ecosystem are considered as the main causes for RPH outbreaks in recent

years. Such rice production practices are likely to continue or to be even intensified to

meet the increasing demand for rice in Asia, which may worsen the production losses

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incurred by RPH and associated viruses.

Threats from RPH and associated viruses in Asia emerged as an actual obstacle to

stable rice production and trade in Asia in 2006 when the rice production of Vietnam

and neighboring countries were severely affected by the outbreaks of BPH and

associated viruses. The BPH outbreaks in the Indochina peninsula eventually resulted

in export ban of rice from Vietnam and India followed by sudden rise of rice prices and

social unrests by shortage of rice supplies in rice-importing countries. Management of

RPH and associated viruses heavily relies on preventive measures often requiring close

monitoring of RPH populations and the incidences of rice viruses transmitted by RPH.

Since RPH are capable of long distance migration, the management of RPH should be

coordinated among neighboring countries.

Therefore, the goal of the proposed project is to establish a concrete international

cooperative network for the operation of early warning system of migrating RPH and

associated viruses to reduce the risk of RPH outbreaks among Asian countries. The

project results will contribute to the development of efficient management strategies

for RPH and associated viruses, and the stable rice production and supply as well as

vegetable production in Asian countries.

2016 Agricultural Statistics : General information of agricultural statistics

Total family : 2,86,95,763

Total farm holding : 1,51,83,183

Total area : 14.86 million hectare

Forest : 2.330 million hectare

Cultivable land : 8.51 million hectare

Cultivable waste : 0.204 million hectare

Current fellow : 0.469 million hectare

Cropping intensity : 190%

Single cropped area : 2.441 million hectare

Double cropped area : 3.820 million hectare

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Triple cropped area : 1.637 million hectare

Net cropped area : 7.908 million hectare

Total cropped area : 15.034 million hectare

Contribution of agriculture sector to GDP (National Accounting Wing, 2014-15 (p))

: 15.96%

Contribution of crop sector to GDP : 13.44%

Manpower in agriculture(% of Total manpower) : 47.5%

Total food crop production(Including maize and Wheat) : 38.182 million metric

ton

Source: Annon. (2006 & 2012); DAE/Agriculture Wing (2014-15), BBS (2015)

2. 2016 Project Result Summary

Monitoring by yellow sticky trap during T. Aman 2015 indicated that the rice

planthopper incidence started from 3rd week of September at Kanchaneswar, Kasta and

Aurangail in Tarash Upazilla. Peak incidence was found on November 4 at Aurangail

and that was from October 7 to November 4 at Kanchaneswar and again highest on

November 4 at Kasta then decreased until harvest of the crop except Kanchaneswar

(for BPH) due to the absence of natural enemies. Among the natural enemies, green

mirid bug (GMB) population was higher in Kasta on November 11 catches. In Boro

2016, BPH and WBPH population tended to increase at Dobila, Hamkuria and Washin

from the 4th week of March and the peak population was in the 3 rd week of April/2016.

Spider population was observed in lower number during this season. Generally, winged

adults of BPH and WBPH were trapped in light trap. Yearly incidence of planthoppers

differed among the light trap locations. Highest number of winged adults of BPH and

WBPH were trapped in Gazipur followed by the catches of Sagordi farm (Barisal),

Dobila and Washin (Tarash, Sirajgonj). At Dobila, BPH and WBPH population build-up

started from the 1st week of October/2015 and peak incidence occurred during 4 th

week of October and again in 3rd week of April to the middle of May/2016. The number

of WBPH was higher than BPH and it was peak in 3 rd week of November/2015 and 2rd

week of May/2016. In Sagordi farm, Barisal; the peak incidence of BPH and WBPH was

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recorded in the 2nd week of October/2015 to the end of November/2015. Aerial

monitoring of planthoppers with YST at Dobila, Hamkuria and Washin showed that RPH

(BPH, WBPH and SBPH) and natural enemy (GMB and spider) were more active in the

boro rice seedbed, and higher number of

insect was caught at 2.44 m height traps than the other one. So, aerial movement of

RPH occurred in space and it was higher in Dobila followed by Hamkuria and Washin.

Based on the monitoring information and research findings, day-long training programs

for 100 farmers (30 farmers per batch per day, comprising 48 project commanding and

52 surrounding farmers of the project) on insect pest management emphasizing on

rice planthopper (RPH) were organized, at Madhainagar and Dobila union parishad

auditorium under Tarash Upazilla. Upazilla Agriculture Officer, SAPPO and the

respective block SAAO’s, Union Parishad Chairman were participated and shared the

information in the day-long training programmes. RPH samples from light trap and

field collection were difficult to identify at its Genus or species level lack of proper

instruments. To minimize the problem, AFACI, RDA, Korea provided US$10000 to

purchase the necessary equipments (like Research stereo microscope with digital

camera system: CMEX-18 Pro – USB 3.0 Supp, Laptop, Data reserve bank, DSLR

Camera, Yellow sticky traps preservation chamber, Insect identification kits,

Glassware’s, Chemicals and other apparatus etc) to address the problem. Therefore, an

Insect Identification and Preservation Room with air cooling and lightening system

developed in Entomology Division, BRRI to accelerate the project activities in

Bangladesh. Besides, RPH samples from light trap and field collection are prepared to

be sent to Korea for the genetic analysis and to trace the migratory rout of RPH in the

Asian countries.

3. Objectives:

i. To collaborate in the establishment of an international cooperative network for the best management of migratory insect pests and associated viruses in Asian region.

ii. To collaborate in the development and distribution of essential molecular kits for the identification of rice planthoppers and associated viruses in field conditions.

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iii. To be an integral partner in analysis of the genetic diversity of planthoppers and virus populations.

iv. To collaborate in an examination of the biological and ecological characteristics of vegetable pests which are mostly related to the transmission of viruses in Asian region.

4. 2016 Field Survey Activities and Results

Information on Geographic Regions & Monitoring Methods:

Geographic Regions: Three districts of Bangladesh, namely Sirajganj from

northern part, Gazipur from middle part, and Barisal from southern part were

selected as the RPH study areas (Fig. 1). Light traps were established in the selected

areas. The locations of the light traps have been defined by Global Positioning System

(GPS).

The experiments were conducted in six villages using yellow sticky traps during T.

aman/ 2015 and Boro/ 2016 seasons. The studies were conducted during Boro at

Dobila, and Hamkuria sites of Tarash upazilla (southern part) under Sirajganj district.

These sites fall under the agro-ecological zone 4 (AEZ- 4) (Karatoa-Bangali floodplain)

and comprises of low lying area (beel). The other four sites (northern part) namely

Washin, Kanchaneswar, Kasta and Aurangail belong to the AEZ-25 (Barind tract).

The major cropping patterns of Tarash Upazilla are Mustard/maize-Boro-Fallow, Boro-

Fallow-Fallow and Boro-B.Aman-Fallow. The southern part of Tarash (Dobila and

Hamkuria) remains under water from June/July to October. Every year BPH along with

WBPH and SBPH causes considerable damage to the Boro crop.

Information on Rice Varieties:

The popular varieties, cultivated by the farmers in the Boro season are BRRI dhan29

and BRRI dhan28 and some other local varieties. In addition to that some farmers are

now cultivated maize instead of BRRI dhan29 after harvesting the Mustard crop to

minimize the time period. The area of maize cultivation is increasing day by day. In T.

aman season, the cultivated high yielding varieties (HYV) are BRRI dhan49, BRRI

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dhan39, BRRI dhan34, BRRI dhan33, BRRI dhan32, BR11, Bina7, Swarna, Ranjit (Indian

variety) and some other local varieties like Zira shail, Pajam etc. The rice fields having

Ranjit rice variety are infested earlier than the other HYVs but farmers prefer this

variety due to its high yielding performance.

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Fig. 1. Map showing project locations in Bangladesh.

Monitoring Methods of rice planthopper population: To monitor the

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population density, abundance and incidence period of RPH and their natural enemies

in the project area, the following methods were followed.

a) Monitoring of rice planthoppers with light trap: Pennsylvanian light traps (Fig.2)

were operated at two sites (Dobila-L2 and Washin-L4) in Tarash upazilla under Sirajganj

district in different periods (rice season) from the February 23, 2012 to May 2016. In

addition to that light traps were also operated in two other locations one at BRRI farm

(L5) in the Gazipur district and the other at Sagordi farm (L7) in the Barisal district. The

locations of the light traps were early defined by GPS (Table 1). The traps were

operated from dusk to dawn. The insect pests and natural enemies (NE) caught in the

trap were collected, sorted, counted and their numbers were recorded in the

prescribed form with the respective data code. The light trap locations and their

coordinates in the corresponding sites have been listed in Table-1.

Fig. 2 : Light trap installed in farmers field at Tarash, Sirajganj.

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Table-1: Light trap locations and their coordinates in the corresponding sites

Sl no.

Locations (Upazilla/Districts)

Sites(Symbol)

Coordinates(Longitude &

Latitude)

Rice Season / Year

Remarks

1 Tarash, Sirajganj(Northern part of Bangladesh)

Ghargram (L1)Magurabinod Union Parishad (U.P.)

N 24◦23.326 E 89◦21.951

Boro /2012Boro/2013& Single cropped

area (Southern part of Tarash) which remains under water during T. aman season.

2 Dobila (L2) Magurabinod U.P.

N 24◦23.450 E 89◦22.397

Boro /2012Boro/2013 Boro/2014 Boro/2015 &Boro/2016

3 Hamkuria (L3)Magurabinod U.P

N24◦21.950 E 89◦21.039

4 Washin (L4), Madhainogor U.P.

N 24◦45317 E 89◦39585

T.Aman/2012Boro/2013, T.Aman/2013Boro/2014T.Aman/2014Boro/2015T.Aman/2015Boro/2016

Northern part of Tarash which is double cropped area

5 BRRI farm, Gazipur

BRRI HQ (L5) N 23°98603 E 90°41146

From July, 2012 toJuly, 2016

Triple cropped area and Situated in the middle part of the country

6 Sagordi farm, Barisal

Sagordi farm (L7)

N 22°67716 E 90°36434

From August 2012to May 2016

Situated in the southern part of the country

b) Monitoring of planthoppers with Yellow Sticky Trap: Planthoppers were also

monitored weekly by yellow sticky traps (YST) (15.24 x 25.4 cm) in the representative

fields from six sites in Tarash. One transplanted rice field was selected from a site.

Selected rice field was larger than 1,000 m2. Insect samples were collected from 30

spots in a field consisting of three units. Thus each unit comprised of 10 randomly

selected spots diagonally or vertically along the field (Fig. 3-5). Each unit was

considered as a sample replication. At each trapping spot, sticky trap was hold flatly

between two plants at the base and the plants were tapped three times to capture

insects on YST (Fig. 3B). Planthoppers were monitored weekly at Kanchaneswar,

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Kasta and Aurangail in T. Aman 2015 and at Dobila, Hamkuria and Washin in Boro

2016 seasons and the details of monitoring have been listed in Table-2.

Fig. 3: Placement of YST in the rice field

Fig. 4: Placement of YST in the rice field Fig. 5: Rice planthopper on YST

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Table-2: Weekly monitoring using YST at different sites during the reporting period (T. Aman/2015 and Boro2016 seasons) at Tarash, Sirajgonj.

Rice Season/ Year

Scouting Period

Sites Fields Remarks

Transplanted aman/2015

9 Sep. to 11 Nov 2015 (Not uploaded)

Kanchaneswar

L1 Double cropped area and located in the northern part of Tarash.Kasta L2

Aurangail L3 Boro /2016 16 March to 20

April 2016(Not uploaded)

Dobilla L2 Single cropped area andremains under water during T. aman season (southern part of Tarash)

Hamkuria L3

Washin L4 Double cropped area located in the northern part of Tarash.

c) Monitoring of Planthoppers with Aerial Yellow Sticky Trap:

The aerial movement of RPH was also investigated in three locations namely Dobila,

Washin and Hamkuria of Tarash Upazilla during the period from 1st Dec, 2015 to January

17, 2016. For this, the yellow sticky traps (25cm X 35cm) were placed on the bund of a

seedbed by facing all the four directions i.e., North, South, East and West. The area of

the seedbed was about 800 m2. The yellow sticky traps were placed in seedbed at

2.44m and 4.88m heights in the four directions. Thereby, two traps were placed in each

location at the same direction and same height (Fig. 6 & 7). Data on RPH, other insect

pests and natural enemies were recorded from aerial yellow sticky trap at two days

interval.

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. Fig. 7: RPH on Aerial YST

Fig. Placement of Aerial YST in the Boro rice seedbed at 2.44m and 4.88m heights

d) Monitoring planthoppers using white cloth: Planthoppers were also monitored

using white cloth (size- 1m X 1.5m) on grasses and non rice crop during off rice season.

The purposes of using white cloth were to know their hiding site when rice crop not

available in the project area. The cloth acts as a reflector of the light, a resting site for the

attracted planthoppers, and hence as a collecting site. The use of cloth on the ground

provides greater light reflection and easy collecting surfaces.

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Fig. 6: DAE officials observing the boro seedbed with aerial YSY



2016 Field Survey Results:

a) Yellow Sticky Trap (YST) :

Year Progress of the project

Year1

Monitoring by YST during T.Aman 2013 indicates that the planthopper incidence

started from September and peak incidence was from the 3rd week of October to

the 1st week of November. Planthopper population tended to migrate to

Boro/2014 seedbeds of the project area from the vegetation and T. Aman field

of eastern Tarash, Sirajganj. In Boro 2014 brown planthopper (BPH) and white-

backed planthopper (WBPH) population tended to increase at Dobila and

Hamkuria from the 4th week of March and the peak population was in the early

part of May.

Year2

Monitoring by YST during T. Aman 2014 indicates that the rice planthopper

incidence started from 2nd week of September 2014. Peak incidence was found

at Kanchaneswar on October 29 (Fig.8) and that was from October 29 to

November 5 at Kasta (Fig. 9), and again highest on October 29 at Aurangail

(Fig.10) then decreased until harvest of the crop. Like planthoppers, natural

enemy population was also caught during the observation period (Fig.8-10).

Among the natural enemies, green mirid bug (GMB) population was higher in

Kasta on Novemver 5 catches than the other locations, and the population was

comparatively lower in kanchaneswar than Aurangail. Spider population was

almost similar during the observation period (from September. to November,

2014) in the above mentioned locations.

In Boro 2015, BPH and WBPH population tended to increase at Dobila, Hamkuria

and Washin from the 1st week of April and the peak population was in the end of

April (Fig. 11-13). Natural enemies were also observed all the year round.

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Year3

Monitoring by YST during T. Aman 2015 indicates that the rice planthopper

incidence started from 3rd week of September 2015. Peak incidence was found

at Aurangail on November 4 (Fig.8) and that was from October 7 to November 4

at Kanchaneswar (Fig. 9), and again highest on November 4 at Kasta (Fig.10)

then decreased until harvest of the crop except Kanchanneswar (for BPH) due

to the absence of natural enemies like GMB. Like planthoppers, natural enemy

population was also caught during the observation period (Fig.8-10). Among the

natural enemies, GMB population was higher in Kasta on November 11 catches

that decreased the hopper number than the other locations, and the population

was comparatively lower in Aurangail and almost absent in Kanchaneswar.

Spider population was almost similar during the observation period (from

September. to November, 2015) in the above mentioned locations.

In Boro 2016, BPH and WBPH population tended to increase at Dobila, Hamkuria

and Washin from the 4th week of March and the peak population was in the 3rd

week of April (Fig. 11-13) due to the scarcity of natural enemies especially green

mirid bug. Spider population was also observed in lower number during

Boro/2016 season.

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Fig.8. Rice insect pest incidence in YST, Kanchaneswar, Tarash during Sep.- Nov., 2015

Fig.9. Rice insect pest incidence in YST, Kasta, Tarash during Sep.-Nov. 2015

Fig. 10. Rice insect pest incidence in YST, Aurangail, Tarash during Sep.-Nov., 2015

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Fig.11. Rice insect pest incidence in YST, Dobila, Tarash during March-April, 2016

Fig.12. Rice insect pest incidence in YST, Hamkuria, Tarash during March-April, 2016

Fig.13. Rice insect pest incidence in YST, Washin, Tarash during March-April, 2016

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b) Light Trap:


Year1

In light trap, winged adults were trapped from the 1st week of September to the

end of November during T. Aman 2013 and the higher incidence was from mid-

October to the end of November. But in Boro 2014 light trap attracted

considerable number of winged adult BPH than WBPH from the 3rd week of

March and the peak incidence of BPH was recorded in the 3rd week of April.

Year2

Yearly incidence of planthoppers differed among the light trap locations (Fig. 14

- 17). Winged adults of BPH and WBPH were trapped in light trap. At Dobila, BPH

and WBPH population build-up started from the 1st week of October and peak

incidence occurred during 4th week of October to the end of November/2014

and again in 3rd week of March to the end of May/2015 (Fig. 14). The number of

WBPH was higher than BPH and it was peak in 3rd week of May/2015. Similar

results were obtained from Washin (Fig. 15). On the other hand, light trap

catches of the natural enemies was almost similar in different weeks from mid

October to the mid December/2014 and again in mid-March to the end of

May/2015 both at Dobila and Washin (Fig. 14 & 15).

Light trap attracted considerable number of winged adult BPH than WBPH from

the 3rd week of October to the end of November/ 2014 both at BRRI HQ, Gazipur

(Fig. 16) and Sagordi farm, Barisal (Fig. 17). The peak incidence of BPH was

recorded in the 2nd week of November/2014 in the above mentioned locations

(Fig. 16 & 17). Population of WBPH was comparatively lower as compared with

BPH population during this period. However, peak numbers were recorded in

November/2014 and May/2015. Among the natural enemies, green mired bug

population was considerably higher in BRRI HQ, Gazipur than Sagordi farm,

Barisal; indicating their density dependence with BPH population build-up.

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Year3

Yearly incidence of planthoppers differed among the light trap locations (Fig. 14

to 17). Highest number of winged adults of BPH and WBPH were trapped in

Gazipur light trap followed by the catches of Sagordi farm, Barisal; Dobila and

Washin under Tarash Upazilla. At Dobila, BPH and WBPH population build-up

started from the 1st week of October and peak incidence occurred during 4th

week of October and again in 3rd week of April to the middle of May/2015 (Fig.

14). The number of WBPH was higher than BPH and it was peak in 3rd week of

November/2015 and 2rd week of May/2016. Similar results were obtained from

Washin (Fig. 15). On the other hand, light trap catches of the natural enemies

was almost similar in different weeks except the GMB population during the

period from mid to the end of November/2015 and again in 1st April to the end

of May/2016 both at Dobila and Washin (Fig. 14 & 15).

Light trap also attracted huge number of winged adult BPH and WBPH as peak

on the 2nd week of October/2015 at BRRI HQ, Gazipur (Fig. 16) and less number

of hoppers at Sagordi farm, Barisal (Fig. 17). The peak incidence of BPH and

WBPH was recorded in the 2nd week of October/2015 to the end of

November/2015 in Sagordi farm, Barisal (Fig. 17). Population of WBPH was

comparatively lower as compared to BPH population during this reporting

period. However, peak numbers were recorded in the middle of October/2015.

Among the natural enemies, GMB population was almost two times higher in

BRRI-HQ, Gazipur than Sagordi farm, Barisal (Fig. 16 & 17); indicating their

density dependence with rice planthopper (BPH & WBPH) population build-up.

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Fig. 14: Yearly incidence of BPH, WBPH, SBPH and natural enemy in light trap from 1 June 2015 to 31 May 2016, Dobila, Tarash.

Fig.15: Yearly incidence of BPH, WBPH, SBPH and natural enemy in light trap from 1 June 2015 to 31 May 2016, Washin, Tarash.

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Fig. 16: Yearly incidence of BPH, WBPH, SBPH and natural enemy in light trap from 1 June 2015 to 31 May 2016, BRRI HQ, Gazipur.

Fig. 17: Yearly incidence of BPH, WBPH, SBPH and natural enemy in light trap from 1 June 2015 to 31 May 2016, Sagordhi, Barisal.

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c) Monitoring of planthoppers with Aerial Sticky Trap:


Year1

Aerial monitoring of planthoppers with aerial YST at Dobila, Hamkuria and

Washin showed that BPH landed in the seedbed mostly from the eastern

direction and higher number was caught at 2.44 m height traps.

Year2

Monitoring of planthoppers with aerial YST at the same locations (like year1)

showed that RPH (BPH, WBPH and SBPH) and natural enemy (GMB and spider)

were more active in the boro rice seedbed, and higher number of insects was

caught at 4.88 m height traps than the other one. Similar observations were

recorded for WBPH, SBPH and natural enemies (Table-3) indicating that aerial

movement of RPH in space do exist and it was higher in Dobila followed by

Hamkuria and Washin.

Year3

Monitoring of planthoppers with aerial YST at the same locations (like year1&2)

showed that RPH (BPH, WBPH and SBPH) and natural enemy (GMB and spider)

were more active in the boro rice seedbed, and higher number of insects was

caught at 2.44 m height traps than the other one. Similar observations were

recorded for WBPH, SBPH and natural enemies (Table-3) indicating that aerial

movement of RPH occured in space and it was again higher in Dobila followed by

Hamkuria and Washin considering the experimental locations. Aerial monitoring

with YST showed almost similar findings in 1st and 3rd year but that differ with

the 2nd year findings.

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Table 3: Monitoring of planthoppers using aerial sticky trap from 1st December 2015 to 17 January 2016.

Location Direction Brown planthopper (no./Sheet)

White-backed

planthopper (no./Sheet)

Small brown planthopper(no./Sheet)

Green mired bug

(no./Sheet)

Spider(no./Sheet)

2.44m 4.88m 2.44m 4.88m 2.44m 4.88m 2.44m 4.88m 2.44m 4.88m

Dobila

North 18 14 21 16 8 3 45 30 18 13South 19 13 23 13 8 4 36 34 18 14East 22 17 20 15 6 5 41 33 20 14West 24 11 22 15 5 4 39 36 18 13

Hamkuria


Washin


d) Monitoring planthoppers using white cloth : Planthoppers were also monitored

using white cloth (size- 1m X 1.5m) on grasses and non rice crop during off rice season.

The purposes of using white cloth were to know their hiding site when rice crop not

available in the project area. The cloth acts as a reflector of the light, a resting site for

the attracted planthoppers, and hence as a collecting site. The use of cloth on the

ground provides greater light reflection and easy collecting surfaces.

Fig. The use of white cloth for monitoring of planthoppers on Cynodon dectylon L.

The use of white cloth for monitoring of planthoppers were demonstrated to farmers,

DAE personnel particularly SAAO, SAPPO to quick identify the presence or absence of

rice planthoppers in the rice fields, bunds, roadsides, school and college fields or other

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untouch areas.

e) Training of Farmers & SAAOs : Three separate day long training programmes for

farmers on the Insect management emphasizing on rice planthopper (RPH) were

organized, one at Dobila union parishad auditorium and another two at Madhainagar

union parishad auditorium under Tarash Upazilla in Sirajgonj district. A total of 100

farmers attended the training which comprised of 48 project commanding farmers

and 52 farmers from surrounding the project site. The Upazilla Agriculture Officer,

SAPPO and the respective block SAAO’s, Union Parishad Chairman were participated

and shared the information in the day-long training programmes.

Farmer’s Training –Pictorial View

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f) Establishment of Insect Identification and Preservation Room:

RPH samples from light trap, field collection or any other sources were difficult to

identify at its genous or species level. To minimize the problem, AFACI, RDA, Korea

provided US$10000 to purchase the necessary equipments (like Research Stereo

Microscope with digital camera system: CMEX-18 Pro – USB 3.0 Supp, Laptop, Data

reserve bank, DSLR Camera, Split Air Conditioner, Yellow sticky traps preservation

chamber, Insect identification kits, Glassware’s, Chemicals, First aid box with

necessary equipments and other apparatus, etc) to address the problem. Therefore,

an Insect Identification and Preservation Room with air cooling and lightening

system was furnished / developed in Entomology Division, BRRI to accelerate the

project activities in Bangladesh. All equipments and necessary services were

purchased as per procurement rules of 2006 and 2008 with the permission of

Director General, BRRI.

Dr. Jibon Krishna Biswas, Director General, BRRI; Dr. Md. Shahjahan Kabir, Director

(Administration and Common Service), BRRI and Dr. Md. Anser Ali, Director

(Research), BRRI; and Dr. Samsuddin Ahmed, Director, Bangladesh Meteorological

Department, Agargaon, Dhaka have inaugurated the Insect Identification and

Preservation Room on 13 June 2016. Dr. Md. Mofazzel Hossain, Principal Scientific

Officer & Principal Investigator of AFACI-IPM project, Dr. Sheikh Shamiul Haque,

Principal Scientific Officer & Head, Entomology Division, BRRI; Dr. Abdul Latif,

Principal Scientific Officer & Head, Plant Pathology Division, and Programme Leader

of Pest Management Group, BRRI and all other scientists of Entomology Division

were participated in the inaugural session and deliberated suggestions for the future

improvement.

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Pictorial view of Insect Identification and Preservation Room

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g) Data input information to AMIVS are mentioned in the following table.

Table-4: Cumulative Light trap data input information to AMIVS (from February 2012 to July 2016).

Year Progress of the projectYear1-3

Location(Upazilla/District)

SiteCode

Field area (ha)

Data input Period (Date)

Remarks (if any)

From ToTarash,

SirajganjGhargram

(L1)175 20120304 20120527 Light trap replaced

(on Sept/13) to Kanchaneswar

20121201 20130831

Dobila (L2)

200 20120224 20130228 Continued from early setup20130301 20160731

Hamkuria (L3)

150 20120226 20120512 Light trap removed from L3 and

Placed to Washin (L4)20140101 -

Washin (L4)

30 20120801 20160731

Gazipur BRRI HQ (L5)

50 20120701 20160731 Uploaded

Barisal Sagordi farm (L7)

16 20120801 20160531

Table-5: Light trap data input information to AMIVS from June 2015 to July 2016.


Year3

Location(Upazilla/District)

SiteCode

Field area (ha)

Data input Period (Date)

Remarks (if any)

From ToTarash,

SirajganjDobila

(L2)200 20120224 20130228 Continued from early

setup20150601 20160731Washin

(L4)30 20150601 20160731 Light trap removed

from L3 andPlaced to Washin (L4)

Gazipur BRRI HQ (L5)

50 20150601 20160731 Uploaded

Barisal Sagordi farm (L7)

16 20150601 20160531

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Table-6: Field collected data input information to AMIVS


Year1Rice

Season/ Year

ScoutingPeriod

Sites Fields Remarks

Transplanted

aman/2013

11 Sep. to 06 Nov, 2013

(Uploaded)

Kanchaneswar L1 Double cropped area and are located in the

northern part of TarashAurangail L2

Vogholman L3

Boro/ 2014

1 March to 7 May, 2014(Uploaded)

Dobilla L2 Single cropped area and remains under water

during T. aman season ( southern part of Tarash)

Hamkuria L3

Washin L4 Double cropped area and located in the northern

part of Tarash.

Year2Transplanted aman/

2014

10 Sep. to 05 Nov, 2014

(Uploaded)


northern part of TarashKasta L2

Aurangail L3

Boro /2015

4 March to 29 April, 2015(Uploaded)


during T. aman season (southern part of Tarash)

Hamkuria L3


part of Tarash.

Year3Year2

Transplanted aman/

2015

9 Sep. to 11 Nov, 2015

(Not uploaded)


northern part of TarashKasta L2

Aurangail L3

Boro /2016

16 March to 20 April, 2016

(Not uploaded)


during T. aman season (southern part of Tarash)

Hamkuria L3


part of Tarash.

h) Aerial Scouting and White Cloth data – Collected data was not uploaded to AMIVS.

i) Planthopper or Virus sample collection and delivery:

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Initially, rice planthopper samples collected from different locations of Bangladesh were

preserved in wet condition (in 95% ethanol) mentioning geographical position (latitude

and altitude) as suggested by Dr. Hong. Later on as per revised suggestion from Dr

Hong, we collected dried samples from three different regions of Bangladesh. We have

sent 25 dried samples which were collected from different endemic areas (locations) by

tapping infested plants as well as by light trap catches.


Phase1: Year: 2011-

13

In first phase of the project, 25 falcon tubes having 40 air dried insects per

tubes, were sent by DHL Express to the project hub in Korea.

Around Forty five falcon tubes, each having 40 dried insects was given to Dr.

HH Park during Lao PDR workshop, of which 19 tubes with BPH, 19 tubes with

WBPH and seven tubes with SBPH.

Phase2:

Year1: 2014

Fifty dried samples of BPH, WBPH and SBPH were sent to NAAS, RDA, Korea

for molecular analysis by DHL Express on August 7, 2014 (Fig. 18)

Phase2:

Year2: 2015

Around 120 air dried samples of RPH (BPH, WBPH and SBPH) are now ready

for sending to Korean PI for molecular analysis. Samples would be sent by July

20, 2015 after the accomplishment of requirements for export permit (Fig.

19).

Phase2:

Year3: 2016

Around 80 air dried samples of RPH (BPH, WBPH and SBPH) are now ready for

sending to Korean PI for molecular analysis. Some samples will be carried to

Cambodia on September 2016 to handover to Korean PI after the

accomplishment of export permit (Fig. 20).

No incidence of rice virus associated with RPH was recorded so far in Bangladesh.

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Fig. 18: Dried BPH, WBPH and SBPH samples from three different regions of Bangladesh.

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J) Information on pesticide usage and levels:

The use of toxic pesticides by Bangladeshi farmers increased by 328.4 percent during

the past 10 years, posing a serious health hazards on human health due to its long-term

residual effect, according to a study released by Bangladesh Rice Research Institute

(BRRI).

The survey report indicated that the use of toxic pesticides in farmland during 1997 to

2008, showed that in 1997 the use of pesticides in Bangladesh was more than 10,000

tons; it doubled to more than 20,000 tons in 2004; in 2007, it increased to nearly 40,000

tons and in 2009 it rose up to 48,690 tons. In 2010-11 for the first time a declining trend

of pesticide use were observed (3397 mt less used than previous year) (Fig. 21) and this

declining trend is continued from 2009 to 2015 due to proper implementation of

different pest management IPM package and the awareness of health hazard of

pesticide to users specially rice farmers (Fig. 22).

Fig. 21 : Pesticide use pattern in Bangladesh. Source: PPW, DAE, 2012

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Fig. 19: Dried BPH, WBPH and SBPH samples from three different regions of Bangladesh.

Fig. 20: Dried BPH, WBPH and SBPH samples from three different regions of Bangladesh



The insecticides, being the dominant item, account for 76 percent of the pesticides, and

per hectare use of pesticides increase around 598.8 percent and its annual import cost

stands nearly at 171.43 million U.S. dollars.

Fig. 22 : Pesticide use pattern in Bangladesh. Source: PPW, DAE, 2015

The intensity of pesticide use was found especially higher in vegetables in Bangladesh,

compared to other countries in the world. The residual effects of these toxic chemicals

on vegetables are likely to create cancer, skin diseases, hypertension and kidney

diseases as its long term effect. The use of pesticides in vegetables is increased day by

day unless appropriate alternatives, based on integrated pest management approaches,

are developed.

5. 2016 Project Outcomes:

a) Publications: Hossain, MM. 2016. Participatory Management of Rice Planthoppers

(RPH)- A Case Study of appropriate monitoring and Management of RPH in Endemic

Areas of Bangladesh. Pp35-39. In: Making a Difference - Success Stories of AFACI

Projects. IS B N 978-89-480-3853-8 93520. 336P.

32



b) Major achievements till to date

BPH & WBPH were identified to be the main causes of hopper burn of rice as both were

observed in rice fields in admixtures. This information suggests the need to develop

policy & program to manage these insects simultaneously.

Seasonal occurrences of RPH are known for T. aman and boro season rice which is

helpful in prediction of outbreaks of RPH.Farmers and DAE personnel were informed

earlier on RPH infestation in field. Thereby, Extension workers can apply suitable

management practices to manage RPH at appropriate time.

Farmers and technicians trained on identification, monitoring and data management of

RPH which makes the monitoring program of RPH more successful.

Information on outbreaks of RPH shared among the member countries in Asia through

the internet platform of AMIVS which is helpful in prediction of possible outbreaks of

RPH in member countries in Asia. Besides, Management methods for RPH shared in

member countries through the experts' workshop meeting.

Establishment of insect identification and preservation room with the required facilities

improved or accelerated the unknown insect identification activities at Entomology

Division, BRRI.

A network on construction of epidemiology information interchange system for

migratory disease and insect pests established through AMIVS website.

In First phase (2011.8-2013.6):

Monitoring of BPH, WBPH and their natural enemies by yellow sticky trap revealed that

the population started to build up at economic threshold level during the last week of

March/2012. Natural enemy population also increased with the increase of their prey

population. However, the staphylinid beetle - a natural enemy showed a higher incidence

during March. Due to interrupted power supply in the evening at the project site, the

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catches of both BPH and WBPH in the light trap were very low. So, incidence pattern of

insect pest could not be understood clearly by light trap catches during the year 2012 in

first phase.

Yellow sticky trap is an effective method in monitoring planthopper incidence in the rice

field. Sticky trap caught planthoppers from September and peaked from the 1 st week of

October to mid November in T. Aman 2012. In Boro 2013 population increased in April

and the peak was in early May. Winged adults were trapped in the light trap during

September to October in T. Aman and Boro in December. Peak incidence was from

October to November in the T. Aman season and in May during the Boro season. Peak

incidences varied among the locations. In addition,

Monitoring sites established: Three locations: (1) Dobila (2) Hamkuria and (3) Washin

villages under Tarash Upazilla in Sirajgonj district.

• Basic information on RPH incidence & cropping pattern of the monitoring sites

obtained

• Monitoring tools installed and farmers/technical staffs trained on monitoring,

identification and data management of RPH

• Incidence pattern of RPH for T. aman and boro season rice (2012) reported.

(Reference: AFACI Final Report Proceedings no: 11-1390802-000477-01 & 11- 1390802-

000731-01)

• Monitoring data, both from light trap and filed scouting were entered to AMIVS web

site

RPH samples collected and sent to Korea PI for genetic study

• Report preparation and submission for Experts Workshop meeting held on: 26-28

June, 2012, Hanoi, Vietnam

In Second Phase (2013.7-2016.6):

Year Progress of the projectYear

1 Brown planthopper and WBPH incidence was noticed from the first week of

34



February each year in the light trap during the boro season and peak incidence

was from mid-March to mid-April/2013 in cultivated rice field. The same

phenomenon was observed in the first week of August with the peak in the

month of October during the T. aman season/2013. The rice fields having Ranjit

variety were infested earlier than the other HYV but farmers prefer this variety

due to its high yielding performance.

Planthopper population tends to migrate to Boro/2014 seedbeds in the project

area from the T.Aman/2013 field of eastern Tarash (Fig. 20-21). The target

farmers of Tarash and the Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE), Sirajganj

had been informed about the seedbed infestation with appropriate management

options.

Farmers and Extension personnel at project sites can detect RPH infestation at

initial infestation. This may help them to take control measures in proper time.

SBPH was not reported earlier in Bangladesh. But its incidence has been

recorded in Ghargram and Hamkuria rice fields in Tarash Upazilla during year one

in second phase by close monitoring with yellow sticky traps.

Uploaded data in AMVIS website are easy to understand the RPH incidence as

well as outbreak in the project implementing partner countries in Asia.

No incidence of rice virus associated with RPH was recorded so far.

Incidence pattern of RPH for T. aman (2013) and Boro season rice (2014) of RPH

endemic Tarash Upazilla undder Sirajgonj district studied- (Reference: AFACI

Final Report Proceeding no: 11-1390802-000731-01)

Monitoring data of Light traps (Four locations, namely Dobila, Washin, BRRI HQ

and Sagordi farm, Barisal), and field scouting information from Dobila, Hamkuria

and Washin of Tarash Upazilla were entered to AMIVS web site

RPH samples collected and sent to Korea for genetic study

Quarterly reports entered to AMIVS web site

Experts Workshop meeting participated: 29-31 October, 2013, Vientiane, Lao

PDR

35



Year2


and Sagordi farm, Barisal), and field scouting information from Dobila, Hamkuria

and Washin of Tarash Upazilla are to be entered soon to AMIVS site

Collected RPH samples will be sent soon to Korea for genetic study


Experts Workshop meeting participated: 15-17 October, 2014, Phnom Penh,

Cambodia

Year3


and Sagordi farm, Barisal), and field scouting information from Kanchaneswer,

Kasta, Aurongail, Dobila, Hamkuria and Washin of Tarash Upazilla are to be

entered soon to AMIVS web site

Collected RPH samples will be sent soon to Korea for genetic study.


Participated in Annual Evaluation Workshop: Progress report on AFACI-IPM

project was presented ‘In-country Annual Evaluation of AFACI Projects’ in VIP

Conference room-1, BARC, Dhaka on 06 July 2015.

Experts workshop meeting participated: AFACI Program Workshop on Food

Crops” (Under IPM Project) held on 15-19 September 2015 at Colombo, Sri Lanka

Attended in the fourth (4th) General Assembly (GA) of the Asian Food and

Agriculture Cooperation Initiative (AFACI)" held on 17-20 May 2016 at Colombo,

Sri Lanka and presented a success story of outstanding performances case of

AFACI-IPM project in Bangladesh to the 4th GA on “Participatory Management of

Rice Planthoppers (RPH): A Case Study of Appropriate Monitoring and

Management of RPH in Endemic Areas of Bangladesh”.

c) Political recommendations /reflections/commitments of government

The recently approved National Agricultural Policy (NAP, 2013) has aimed to ensure

food and nutritional security for all, and to generate employment opportunity

through increased productivity, agricultural diversification and income generations.

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Increased crop production critically depends on key factors including good quality

seeds, efficient irrigation management, the use of balanced fertilizers and proper

management of rice insect pest and diseases through IPM program. However,

successful IPM adoption will therefore depend on institutional support.

RPHs cause the considerable damage to rice farmers in Bangladesh. Ministry of

Agriculture (MoA) suggested to develop the program on short term, mid-term and

long term basis to address the RPH problem in Bangladesh. For this, plant breeding

and entomology division of BRRI are working together to develop RPH tolerant

variety(s) in Bangladesh.

6. 2017 Project Plan

Survey plan for rice insect pests and viruses

Rice planthoppers will be monitored weekly using yellow sticky (15.24 x 25.4 cm) &

aerial sticky trap (25 cm X 35 cm) at Tarash, Sirajganj during Boro and T. Aman Seasons.

Number of different rice planthoppers caught by sticky traps will be recorded and

documented for pest incidence database. In addition to that RPH virus incidence will be

surveyed in the possible virus epidemic areas like BRRI R/S, Barisal; BRRI R/S, Camilla;

BRRI R/S, Rajshahi and BRRI R/S, Rangpur with the help of plant pathology division, BRRI

(if needed). Virus infected plants and RPH will be carefully collected from the endemic

areas, and will be tested in confined situation with the different combination of virus

infected plants, insects and un-infested rice plants, tomato/peper plants to confirm the

virus incidence in Bangladesh.

The monitoring data of light trap and yellow sticky trap will be uploaded into the Asian

Migratory Insect and Virus Surveillance system (AMIVS) according to the prescribed /

standard methods. The training programme on field surveys and data management will

be carried out. In addition, fresh RPH and virus samples will be collected from BPH

endemic areas of northern, central and southern part of Bangladesh for genetic analysis

using Loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technology. Thereby, aaccurate

37



identification techniques of RPHs at field condition will be enhanced. Forecasting

information of rice planthoppers (RPH) and their monitoring system will be

disseminated to farmers as well as to DAE personnel’s.

7. Constrains / Problems (if any)

Monitoring of weather conditions in the respective project site was done partially at one

site; because there was no weather station at or near to the project site. A portable

Automatic Weather Station (AWS) is required to collect weather condition data in relation

to RPH incidence. However, a thermo-hygrometer provided by Dr. HH Park from Korea was

used to collect temperature and humidity data.

8. Suggestions for project development

Monitoring works of RPH need to be strengthened by improving the methodology making

it as much practical/simpler as it can. Besides, both conventional and molecular

approaches need to be strengthened in member countries in Asia for sustainable control

of RPH and rice viruses. IPM program need to be strengthened in every country in Asia

giving emphasis on biological control specially on the use of rice green mired bug at field

condition. Forecasting mechanism of RPH & rice viruses outbreaks need to be established

in Asian region through the present network under AFACI. It is more practical and

sustainable to train farmers in monitoring work of RPH as entomologists are mostly

unavailable in farmer's fields to run the monitoring program. So, policy should be made to

encourage farmers to involve in such monitoring works to make the program more

successful in Bangladesh.

The project must be able to recommend alternative management strategies, e.g.,

potential application of applied ecology (agro-eco engineering) and maximization of

biological control using green mired bug (GMB), based on the new developments and

findings to reduce vulnerability of rice to hopper burn and virus infections and thus

prevent pest outbreaks; and continue strong collaboration to manage RPH and associated

viruses in Asia Region

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9. Acknowledgement We acknowledge the assistance got from Asian Food and Agriculture Cooperative Initiative

(AFACI), Rural Development Administration (RDA) Korea for funding. We greatly

acknowledge the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) and Department of

Agricultural Extension (DAE), Tarash, Sirajgonj for supporting the staff to operate the data

monitoring devices and for collecting the light trap and field scouting data.

10.References:

Anon. 1993: IRRI-Rice Almanac. Int. Rice Res. Inst., Los Banos, Philippines. 142P.

Anon. 2000: Statistical Pocket Book of Bangladesh (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics), Ministry of Planning, Government of the People Republic of Bangladesh. P 190.





Alam MM, Buresh JR, Ladha JK, Khan AH 2004: Site Specific Nutrient Management for Rice. BRRI, Gazipur, Bangladesh.

DAE/AIS 2013: Department of Agricultural Extension / Agricultural Information System. Ministry of Agriculture. Government of the People Republic of Bangladesh.

David CC 1992: The world rice economy: Challenges ahead. pp. 1-18. In: Rice Biotechnology. CAB International, UK.

PPW, DAE, 2012: Plant Protection Wing / Department of Agricultural Extension. Ministry of Agriculture. Government of the People Republic of Bangladesh.

PPW, DAE, 2015: Plant Protection Wing / Department of Agricultural Extension. Ministry of Agriculture. Government of the People Republic of Bangladesh.

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