FINAL REPORT ON MASTER PLAN FOR TOURISM DEVELOPMENT...

PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT

MINISTRY OF TOURISM, INDUSTRY, FOREST AND ENVIRONMENT

(MoTIFE)

GANDAKI PROVINCE, KASKI

FINAL REPORT

ON

MASTER PLAN FOR TOURISM DEVELOPMENT

IN SWARGADWARI

Pisang, Manang Ngisyang Rural Municipality, Manang

SUBMITTED BY:

SHELL ENGINEERING CONSULTANCY PVT. LTD.

SITAPAILA, WARD NO.- 4, KATHMANDU

Email: [email protected]

July, 2019

Master Plan for Tourism Development in Swargadwari, Manang

Shell Engineering Consultancy Pvt. Ltd. Page | i

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Background ...................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Objectives of the Study .................................................................................................... 2

1.3 Scope of Works ................................................................................................................ 2

1.4 Expected Output .............................................................................................................. 2

1.5 Contents of the Report .................................................................................................... 3

2. Methodology ............................................................................................................................ 4

2.1 Desk Study ........................................................................................................................ 4

2.2 Data Collection ................................................................................................................. 4

2.3 Field Visit .......................................................................................................................... 5

2.4 Preparation of Master Plan .............................................................................................. 5

Needs Assessment ........................................................................................................ 5

Preparation of Conceptual Master Plan ....................................................................... 5

Preparation of Draft Master Plan and Draft Report .................................................. 5

Preparation of Final Master Plan and Final Report ...................................................... 6

3. Site Context .............................................................................................................................. 7

Location of Project ....................................................................................................... 7

Accessibility .................................................................................................................. 9

3.2 Climatic Condition .......................................................................................................... 10

Temperature ............................................................................................................... 10

Rainfall ....................................................................................................................... 11

3.3 Geological and Geotechnical Study ............................................................................... 12

The Terai (Indo-Gangetic Plain) .................................................................................. 12

Sub Himalaya or Churiya Range ................................................................................. 12

The Lesser Himalaya................................................................................................... 12

The Higher Himalaya .................................................................................................. 13

The Tethys Zone (The Inner Himalaya) ....................................................................... 13

Structures ................................................................................................................... 13

3.4 Regional Geology of the Project Area ............................................................................ 15

3.5 Land use pattern and Land Acquisition .......................................................................... 15

Land use ..................................................................................................................... 15


Shell Engineering Consultancy Pvt. Ltd. Page | ii

Land Acquisition ......................................................................................................... 16

3.6 Existing Physical Infrastructure ...................................................................................... 17

Transportation: .......................................................................................................... 17

Electricity: ................................................................................................................... 17

Communication: ......................................................................................................... 17

Water supply: ............................................................................................................. 17

Sanitation and Waste Disposal System ...................................................................... 17

3.7 Socio-economic Status ................................................................................................... 17

Demographics Determinants ..................................................................................... 18

Households ................................................................................................................. 19

Education Status ........................................................................................................ 21

Economic Status ......................................................................................................... 22

4. Survey and Investigation ........................................................................................................ 24

4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 24

4.2 Scope of Works .............................................................................................................. 24

4.3 Survey Methodology ...................................................................................................... 24

Reconnaissance Survey .............................................................................................. 24

Survey Equipment ...................................................................................................... 25

Survey Team .............................................................................................................. 25

Detail Topographic Survey ........................................................................................ 25

Plotting and Preparation of Maps .............................................................................. 26

5. Tourism Potential and Beneficiaries Analysis ........................................................................ 27

5.1 Tourism Potential ........................................................................................................... 27

5.2 Revenue Generation ...................................................................................................... 29

5.3 Tourism Flow Analysis .................................................................................................... 30

Tourist Nationality...................................................................................................... 30

Demographic Characteristics of Tourist Visitors ........................................................ 31

5.4 Tourism Package Analysis .............................................................................................. 34

Visiting Season ........................................................................................................... 38

Nature Culture and Adventure Weighting ................................................................. 39

Beneficiaries Analysis ................................................................................................. 39

6. Structural Components of the Master Plan Project ............................................................... 42

6.1 Component of Master Plan ............................................................................................ 42


Shell Engineering Consultancy Pvt. Ltd. Page | iii

6.2 Generalization of Design concept: ................................................................................. 44

Areas for Design Development ................................................................................... 44

Design Alignment: ...................................................................................................... 45

6.3 PROJECT COMPONENTS JUSTIFICATION ........................................................................ 46

6.4 Description of the Project Components ........................................................................ 46

Entry Gate .................................................................................................................. 46

The View Tower .......................................................................................................... 47

The Tea House ............................................................................................................ 48

The Bridge .................................................................................................................. 49

The Foot Trail ............................................................................................................. 50

Viewing Decks ............................................................................................................ 50

7. Project Cost Estimate ............................................................................................................. 53

7.1 Quantity Estimates ......................................................................................................... 53

7.2 Rate Analysis .................................................................................................................. 53

7.3 Cost Estimate ................................................................................................................. 53

8. Financial Arrangement, Revenue Generation and Economic Analysis .................................. 55

8.1 Financial Arrangement of Project .................................................................................. 55

8.2 Revenue Generation ...................................................................................................... 55

Employment Generation ............................................................................................ 56

Foreign Exchange Earnings ........................................................................................ 56

Contribution to Local Economics ................................................................................ 56

Contribution to Government Revenue ....................................................................... 56

Stimulation of Infrastructure Investment ................................................................... 56

8.3 Economic Analysis .......................................................................................................... 56

9. Project development stages .................................................................................................. 59

9.1 Planning Stage ................................................................................................................ 59

9.2 Construction Preparation Stage ..................................................................................... 59

9.3 Construction Stage ......................................................................................................... 59

10. SWOT Analysis .................................................................................................................... 62

11. DISASTER AND SAFETY ....................................................................................................... 63

11.1 Risk Assessment ............................................................................................................. 63

Geological and Geo-technical Risks ........................................................................... 63

Risk of Land Degradation ........................................................................................... 63


Shell Engineering Consultancy Pvt. Ltd. Page | iv

Risk to Flora and Fauna ............................................................................................. 64

Construction Schedule Risks ...................................................................................... 64

Risks Related to Construction Materials .................................................................... 64

Risk Related to Climatic Condition ............................................................................. 64

12. Conclusion and Recommendation ..................................................................................... 65

12.1 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 65

12.2 Recommendation ........................................................................................................... 65


Shell Engineering Consultancy Pvt. Ltd. Page | v

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2-1: Details of the topographic map of the study area ...................................................................... 4

Table 2-2: Details of the data collected during the study phase ................................................................. 4

Table 3-1: Location of Swargadwari ............................................................................................................. 7

Table 3-2: Accessibility to Swargadwari via road ......................................................................................... 9

Table 3-3: Monthly maximum, minimum and average temperature and precipitation in Pisang ............ 12

Table 3-4: Land plot details of the Swargadwari Area ............................................................................... 16

Table 3-5: Total Population and average household of Manang district and Pisang ................................ 18

Table 3-6: Population of Manang by Religion ............................................................................................ 18

Table 3-7: Total Population of Pisang by Caste and Ethnicity .................................................................... 19

Table 3-8: Households by house ownership in Pisang Village ................................................................... 19

Table 3-9: Household by main source of drinking water ........................................................................... 20

Table 3-10: Household by toilet facility ..................................................................................................... 20

Table 3-11: Literacy status of Manang district and Pisang ........................................................................ 21

Table 3-12: School attending population (age group 5-25 years) ............................................................. 22

Table 3-13: Usual economic activity performed in Manang district .......................................................... 22

Table 3-14: Economic activity performed in Manang District ................................................................... 23

Table 3-15: Poverty rate and poverty gap of Manang District .................................................................. 23

Table 4-1 : Survey Team ............................................................................................................................. 25

Table 4-2: List of Coordinates and Elevations of Benchmarks ................................................................... 25

Table 5-1: Annual number of Tourist visiting Nepal and Manang ............................................................. 27

Table 5-2: Top ten nationality visiting Manang via Dharapani Check Post ................................................ 30

Table 5-3: Comparative annual tourist data (1996-2018) visiting Manang via Dharapani Check Post ..... 32

Table 5-4: Distribution of tourists as per gender through Dharapani Check post in 2018 ........................ 33

Table 5-5: Number of tourists visiting Manang in different months recorded in Dharapani Check Post in

2018 ........................................................................................................................................................... 33

Table 5-6: No of Tourist by purpose of visit ............................................................................................... 35

Table 5-7: Monthly number of tourists visiting different route in Manang via Dharapani Check Post .... 35

Table 5-8: Tour Package of Annapurna Circuit Trek (including proposed Swargadwari project area) ...... 37

Table 5-9: Number of tourists visiting Manang in different months recorded in Dharapani Check Post in

2018 ........................................................................................................................................................... 38

Table 5-10: Components of Direct, Indirect & induced tourism contribution to GDP .............................. 40

Table 7-1: Summary of the project cost of Swargadwari Project .............................................................. 53

Table 8-1: Proposed financial arrangement for the project ...................................................................... 55


Shell Engineering Consultancy Pvt. Ltd. Page | vi

Table 8-2: Economic Analysis ..................................................................................................................... 58

Table 9-1: Stages of Project Development................................................................................................. 59

Table 10-1: SWOT analysis for Swargadwari Project ................................................................................. 62


Shell Engineering Consultancy Pvt. Ltd. Page | vii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 3-1: Location Map of the Project Area .............................................................................................. 8

Figure 3-2: Location of Swargadwari rock ................................................................................................... 9

Figure 3-3: Accessibility Map of Swargadwari via Prithivi Highway, Dumre Besisahar Chame Road and

Manang Road ............................................................................................................................................. 10

Figure 3-4: Average annual temperature of Pisang, Manang (Source: climate-data.org) ......................... 11

Figure 3-5: Average monthly rainfall of Pisang (Source: climate-data.org) ............................................... 11

Figure 3-6: Physiographic Subdivision of the Himalayan Arc (after Gansser, 1964). ................................. 14

Figure 3-7: Generalized Geological Map of Nepal ..................................................................................... 14

Figure 3-8: Project Area in Regional Geological Map of Nepal .................................................................. 15

Figure 3-9: Land use Map of Manang Ngisyang Rural Municipality .......................................................... 16

Figure 3-10: Percentage of house ownership in Pisang ............................................................................. 20

Figure 3-11: Percentage of households with toilet facility ........................................................................ 21

Figure 3-12: Literacy status of Population of Pisang.................................................................................. 22

Figure 3-13: Usual economic activity performed in Manang District ........................................................ 23

Figure 5-1: Annual number of tourists visiting Manang via Dharapani Check Post .................................. 28

Figure 5-2: Gross Foreign Currency Revenue Generation from tourism ................................................... 30

Figure 5-3: Top ten nationality visiting Manang via Dharapani Check Post .............................................. 31

Figure 5-4: Distribution of tourists as per gender through Dharapani Check post in 2018....................... 33

Figure 5-5: Number of tourists visiting Manang in different months recorded in Dharapani Check Post in

2018 ........................................................................................................................................................... 34

Figure 5-6: Monthly number of tourists visiting different route in Manang via Dharapani Check Post ... 36

Figure 5-7: Annapurna Circut Treaking Route ........................................................................................... 36

Figure 5-8: Number of tourists visiting Manang in different months recorded in Dharapani Check Post in

2018 ........................................................................................................................................................... 39

Figure 6-1 Component of Swargadwari Masterplan .................................................................................. 43

Figure 6-2: Representing Buddhist Religion Prayer Flag in Viewing Deck ................................................. 45

Figure 6-3: Line of Axis of the View Deck and Entrance ............................................................................ 45

Figure 6-4: Plan, Elevation and 3D view of Entry Gate .............................................................................. 47

Figure 6-5: Plan, Elevation and 3D view of View Tower (Tunnel) .............................................................. 48

Figure 6-6: Elevation of Tea House inspired by voids of Manang Village .................................................. 49

Figure 6-7: Conceptual Design of Bridge connecting Left and Right Bank................................................. 49

Figure 6-8: Proposed Trail Layout .............................................................................................................. 50

Figure 6-9: Viewing Decks Align along the Trail at Interval ....................................................................... 51


Shell Engineering Consultancy Pvt. Ltd. Page | viii

Figure 6-10 Plan and 3D view of deck at end of trail ................................................................................. 52

Figure 8-1: Proposed financial arrangement for the project ..................................................................... 55

Figure 9-1: Construction Schedule of the Project ...................................................................................... 61


Shell Engineering Consultancy Pvt. Ltd. Page | ix

LIST OF ANNEXES

Annex A: Quantity Estimate and Bill of Quantity

Annex B: Rate Analysis

Annex C: Site Photographs

Annex D: Master Plan Design Drawings

Annex E: Minutes of Meeting

Annex F: Linkage Map of Major Tourist Destination of Manang


Shell Engineering Consultancy Pvt. Ltd. Page | 1

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

Tourism is one of the potential sectors for the economic development of Nepal. It has become one of the

major sources of earning foreign currency in Nepal. Expansion of tourism sector expands the employment

and income generation opportunity. Nepal is known for its natural and cultural diversity within its short

north-south territorial extent. Being a highly diverse country, Nepal is rich in natural beauty, religious and

cultural heritage which attracts large number of tourists annually from around the world. Nepal possess 8

out of 10 highest mountains in the world and there exist many other natural assets which has recognize Nepal

as a hotspot destination for mountaineers, rock climbers and other many adventure tourist. Similarly,

location of birth place of Lord Buddha, Pashupatinath, numerous World Heritage Sites, religious harmony,

linguistic and cultural diversity and climatic and geographical variations of the country lure visitors worldwide.

In 2018, total 11, 73,072 numbers of tourist arrived in Nepal that generated revenue of around 0.7 billion US

dollar.

Manang is the biggest village situated at an altitude of 3540 meters in the trans-Himalayan region of Nepal.

Manang has been an essential base for trekkers and mountaineers exploring this area. Upon entering the

Manang, there is a joyful, magical feelings. The tranquil beauty of this magnificent city lures tourists and adds

some of the most cherished moment in their life. The warm hospitality and cultural diversity of Manang has

attracted the attention of the visitors and make them fall in love with this majestic village. The sound of

silence, the subtle whistles of wind and eye-popping view mountain ranges will increase the desire to visit

Manang again and again.

Upper Manang is a part of the Annapurna Circuit and the whole district lies within the Annapurna

Conservation Area Project (ACAP). Annapurna Region is one of the world's renowned and notable tourist

destinations, especially for trekking tourists. As per Dharapani Check post, total 29,484 numbers of tourist

visited, among them, 23,884 numbers of tourist trekked through Annapurna Trekking route.

The proposed project site is located in Pisang village, Manang Ngisyang Rural Municipality of Manang district,

along Annapurna Trekking Route. The Buddhist community residing here and in nearby villages greatly

reveres the region for its prodigious beauty and spiritual significance. The Ngisyang valley is most remote and

mystical destination. Apart from traditional villages of Manang Mountain vistas, icy glacial lake and

monasteries are attractions to be hold. The major attraction for tourists in this rural municipality are Tilicho

Lake, Gangapurna Lake, Ice Lake, Mamschoo Lake, Green lake, Gale Raja Palace, Yak Kharka, Thorang Pas,

Kalanga Pas, Mesokanta Pas, Ne Cave, Swargadwari, Milarepa Cave, Milarepa Gumba, Manang Gumba, Braga

Gumba, Tare Gumba, Pocho Gumba, Pisang Gumba, Ghyaru Gumba, Ngawal Gumba, Tanki Gumba, Khangsar

Gumba, Karki Gumba and Sher Gumba. Along with these tourist destinations, Swargadwari is another

potential destination for tourist. The religious and cultural importance of Swargadwari, its magical natural

beauty and geological location has potential for developing the place as one of the major tourist hubs of this

region. With this background Manang Ngisyang Rural Municipality along with Ministry of Industry, Tourism,

Forest and Environment (MoITFE), Gandaki Province has planned to develop a Detailed Master Plan of the

Swargadwari area. In this course, the Ministry of Industry, Tourism, Forest and Environment has appointed

and signed the contract with Shell Engineering Pvt. Ltd for providing consultancy services for the project



"Preparation of Master Plan for Tourism Development in Swargadwari, Manang". It is expected that the

proposed master plan project will increases the flow of tourist in that area and contribute in tourism

development and local development of the region by accumulating more revenue from tourism sector.

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The primary objectives of the project are the preparation of Detail Master Plan in Swargadwari area of Pisang

Village of Manang Ngisyang Rural Municipality in order to promote tourism and conserve the area. In specific

terms, the objectives of the projects given as below:

1. To develop Swargadwari as a place of religious importance and a major touristic destination.

2. Explore the possibilities of Swargadwari as a vibrant touristic place and destination

a. Explore and propose possibilities for museum, spiritual and public building amenities

(gompa) and resting space, park etc. and all other required/necessary services and

facilities.

b. Propose an easy path and adequate access for human traffic.

3. Prepare Master plan for sustainable development of Swargadwari rock area

a. Prepare a Master Plan that would further aid in the conservation of the existing

natural amenities and natural constraints.

b. Ensuring that the pre-existing natural landform that surrounds the area is altered to

its minimum.

1.3 SCOPE OF WORKS

The primary scope of this study is to prepare detailed master plan. The scope of the study necessarily includes

but not restricted to the followings.

• Design and prepare a conceptual Master plan including access and all necessary facilities to

propose conservation, and sustainable development of Swargadwari rock area

• Determine appropriate building type, space requirements, uses and user.

• Determine appropriate services and facilities to make the use of the space comfortable and

efficient.

• Prepare landscape design and drawing to match the spirit of project.

• Preparation of architectural plans and design

• Preparation of Preliminary cost-estimates based on the architectural plan and design.

1.4 EXPECTED OUTPUT

Within the aforementioned scope, the study at the end is expected to produce following summarized

outcomes as specified in the given TOR:

• Conceptual master plan with conceptual space designs for Gumba, Meditation hall, Gallery,

Dormtories, Dinning Hall, Foot-trail Design . It will also have the conceptual planning of the



service and utilities, public amenities and the facilities for the visitors as well as the

administrative services.

• Conceptual layout design for the infrastructure development including the road network,

water supply, electricity, communication.

• Cost-estimate of component of Tourism Master Plan and preparation of Project Report.

1.5 CONTENTS OF THE REPORT

The final report for the project Preparation of Master Plan for Tourism Development in Swargadwari Manang

is presented in two Volumes.

Volume I: Final Report

Volume II: Detail Master Plan Design and Drawings

The final report have been divided into altogether twelve chapters as outlined below:

Chapter 1: Introduction

Chapter 2: Methodology

Chapter 3: Site Context

Chapter 4: Survey and Investigation

Chapter 5: Tourism Potential and Beneficiaries Analysis

Chapter 6: Structural Components of the Master Plan Project

Chapter 7: Project Cost Estimate

Chapter 8: Project Development Stages

Chapter 9: Power Evacuation and Transmission Line Study

Chapter 10: SWOT Analysis

Chapter 11: Disaster and Safety

Chapter 12: Conclusions and Recommendations



2. METHODOLOGY

The methodology of the study for the preparation of Master Plan for Tourism Development in Swargadwari,

Manang is largely guided by the methodology presented in the TOR and Proposal. Further, both rational and

participative methods has been used, the direct observations and information collected during site visit and

the interpretation of the existing documents, program formulation and the conceptual planning has been

complemented by stakeholder’s opinion and suggestions on the proposed design of master plan. The

different stages followed during preparation of master plan is discussed in the subsequent chapters.

2.1 DESK STUDY

The team of consultant after signing the contract agreement carried out the desk study of the project in the

initial phase. The team collected relevant literature and topographical map prepared by the department of

survey of the site (1:50000 Scale). The description of the topographical map prepared by the survey

department collected for the study is depicted in the table Table 2-1 below. The consultant also carried out

consultation with the client’s representative prior to field mobilization. This was undertaken to understand

the specific needs of the community and the municipality in terms of obtaining optimum benefits from the

project. The brief information about the site and its topographic features were also obtained by visiting the

areal imagery of the site location in google earth.

Table 2-1: Details of the topographic map of the study area

SN Topographical Map Map Scale

1 Sheet No. 2884 05 Chame 1: 50000

2.2 DATA COLLECTION

During the study phase, different data were collected from different relevant sources. During desk study

phase, the topographic map (sheet no. 2884-05, Chame) was collected from Department of Survey for

analyzing the physical and topographical features of the area. Prior to site visit, available regional geological

data of the area was also collected from Department of the Mines and Geology. To have knowledge about

the general trend of tourist visiting Nepal and Manang district, the statistics available from the Ministry of

Tourism and Civil Aviation and records available at ACA Check post and Visitor Information Center Dharapani

have been collected and analyzed. The record included total number of visitors, their nationalities and gender

which has been utilized to study the tourist potential and flow analysis. The socioeconomic data and their

analysis was carried out, from district profile of Manang district, 2014 published by the Central Bureau of

Statistics. Moreover, various websites, previous studies and reports and other relevant secondary data were

explored, reviewed and utilized during the preparation of the report.

Table 2-2: Details of the data collected during the study phase

SN Description of collected Data Data Type Source

Topo Sheet No: 2884-05, Chame Map Department of Survey

Regional Geological data Map Department of Mines and Geology

Nepal Tourism Statistic 2018 Report Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation



Tourist flow data at Manang

district Record ACA Check post and Visitor Information Center at Dharapani

Socioeconomic data District

Profile

District Profile Manang, 2011, the Central Bureau of

Statistics.

2.3 FIELD VISIT

The team of consultant visited the site along with the personnel from Rural Municipality and local community

from B.S. 2076/01/21 to B.S. 2076/01/23. The team discussed and consulted with the local authorities and

stakeholders at site to understand their perception regarding the project. The locals demonstrated keen

interest towards the project development. A detailed topographic survey of the proposed area was also

carried out using Total Station. Efforts were made to collect as much details as possible during the survey

works. Inventory of the existing site condition was also carried out during field visit.

2.4 PREPARATION OF MASTER PLAN

Needs Assessment

Based on the desk study, literature review and field assessment, the consultant carried out a need assessment

regarding the project development. The suggestions of the local community, representatives from Rural

Municipality and the consultant’s previous experience on similar projects supported by experts’ judgement

were used to finalize the needs and the components to be included in the master plan. The finalized

components was later used for project formulation and preparation of conceptual design.

Preparation of Conceptual Master Plan

After finalization of the needs assessment, the conceptual Master Plan of the area was prepared including all

the possible infrastructures. The conceptual Master Plan mainly delimited the following amenities:

• Entrance Gate

• View Tower (ramp)

• Tea House

• Bridge

• Landscaping design and Trekking Trail

• Viewing Deck

Preparation of Draft Master Plan and Draft Report

The comments and suggestions on the preliminary design and conceptual drawings prepared during

conceptual Master Plan provided by the authorities of the Ministry of Tourism, Industry, Forest and

Environment and Manang Ngisyang Rural Municipality were included to prepare the draft Master Plan. The

draft master plan is the updated version of conceptual master plan with details. The Master Plan was

prepared taking into consideration the suitability of the proposed structures with respect to local conditions,

culture, topography and public acceptance. The proposed structures and amenities with landscape design is

expected to add beauty to the site enhancing its scenic beauty and landscape design of the area. The detail

design and drawings of various proposed components were prepared during the draft master plan. The detail



Architectural and Structural drawings (Plans, Sections, and Elevations) were prepared in AutoCAD software.

The three dimensional drawings were prepared in sketch-up and the rendered images of the 3D views were

prepared using rendering software Lumion 8.0.

Further, the preliminary quantities of different items of works was also calculated. The draft report on

Preparation of Master Plan for Tourism Development in Manang was also prepared and presented to the

Ministry for final comments and approval.

Preparation of Final Master Plan and Final Report

The final comments received from the client was incorporated and final master plan was prepared. The Final

design and drawings of the proposed amenities were prepared. The 3D views and images of the finalized

design was also prepared. The detailed quantities and cost of the components were determined and

economic analysis was performed.

The final report on the project Preparation of Master Plan for Tourism Development in Manang was finally

prepared incorporating all the comments on the draft report and submitted for approval.



3. SITE CONTEXT

Location of Project

Swargadwari is located in Pisang village of Manang Ngisyang Rural Municipality in Manang district of Gandaki

Province, Nepal. Pisang village is approximately 187 km via Prithivi Highway and Dumre Besisahar Chame

Road from Pokhara, capital city of Gandaki Province. The Pisang village lies in the Annapurna Circuit at

approximately 4,300 meters on the way to famous Tilicho Lake. The administrative location of the

Swargadwari is depicted in the following Table 3-1.

Table 3-1: Location of Swargadwari

Country : Nepal

Province : Gandaki Province

Province No. : 4

District : Manang

Rural Municipality : Manang Ngisyang Rural Municipality

Nearest Village : Pisang

Nearest Airport : Humde

Provincial Centre : Pokhara

Distance from Provincial Centre : 187 km (Pokhara to Pisang via Prithivi Highway/

Dumre Besisahar Chame Road)

Distance from Nearest Airport : 8.5 km (Humde to Pisang)

The project district Manang falls in Gandaki Province No.4 of Nepal is one the most beautiful hidden valley

of South Asia, a Nepalese village, which is approximately 248 km from the national capital Kathmandu. It is

situated in the broad valley of the Marshyangdi River to the north of the Annapurna mountain range. The

river flows to the east. To the west, the 5,416-metre (17,769 ft) Thorong La pass leads to Muktinath shrine

and the valley of the Gandaki River. To the north, there is the Chulu East peak of 6,584 m (21,601 ft). The

village is situated on the northern slope, which gets the most sunlight and the least snow cover in the winter.

The cultivation fields are on the North Slope with terrace. There are total four-rural municipality in Manang

district. They are Chame, Nashong, Narphu and Neshyang Municipality.

The proposed master plan is planned in Pisang village of Manang Ngisyang rural municipality, of Gandaki zone

of Mid-Western Region, currently in province number 4 of Nepal. The municipality was established on 2017

as local level government of Nepal by merging former VDCs of Nar, Phu, Bharka, Khangsar, Manang, Pisang,

Tanki Manag, Gyaru, Ngawal. The office of the Manang Ngisyang Gaunpalika (Manang Ngisyang Rural

Municipality) is located in Humde, Manag, Gandaki province of Nepal. The municipality has a total area of

649.63 km² with total population of 2222 as per the Census of 2011 consisting of 1017 male and 1205 female

population. This rural municipality with total nine ward lies East of Narpa Bhumi Rural Municipality and, west

of the Myagdi and Mustang district, North of Narpa Bhumi Rural Municipality and Mustang district, West of

Kaski district. The proposed Master plan is planned in ward no 1, Pisang of this rural municipality. Pisang is

one of those places that show the best of Nepal, scenery, mountains, culture, and generosity of spirit.

The Manang Ngisyang Rural Municipality was formed by merging former VDCs of Nar, Phu, Bhraka, Khangsar,

Manang, Pisang, Tanki Manang, Gyaru, Ngawal. The office of the Manang Ngisyang Rural Municipality is



located in Humde of Manang district. The rural municipality has a total area of 694.54 km² with total

population of 2222 as per the Census of 2011 consisting of 1017 male and 1205 female population. This rural

municipality has a total nine wards and shares its border with Chame Municipality and Narphu Rural

Municipality in the East, Mustang and Myagdi district in the West, Narphu Rural Municipality and Tibet in

North and Kaski and Lamjung district in the South.

Most of the population of the rural municipality follows Buddhism. Gurung, Ghale, Lama and Bishwokarma

are the major ethnicity in the rural municipality. The Buddhist community residing here and in nearby villages

greatly reveres the region for its prodigious beauty and spiritual significance. The Ngisyang valley is most

remote and mystical destination. The major attraction for tourists in this rural municipality are Tilicho Lake,

Gangapurna Lake, Ice Lake, Mamschoo Lake, Green lake, Gale Raja Palace, Yak Kharka, Thorang Pas, Kalanga

Pas, Mesokanta Pas, Ne Cave, Milarepa Cave, Milarepa Gumba, Manang Gumba, Braga Gumba, Tare Gumba,

Pocho Gumba, Pisang Gumba, Ghyaru Gumba, Ngawal Gumba, Tanki Gumba, Khangsar Gumba, Karki Gumba,

Sher Gumba and Swargadawari.

Figure 3-1: Location Map of the Project Area



Figure 3-2: Location of Swargadwari rock

Accessibility

3.1.2.1 Accessibility via Road

The proposed project site is located in Pisang village, about 187 km via Prithivi Highway, Dumre Besisahar

Chame Road and Manang road from Pokhara, capital city of Gandaki Province. Local Vehicles are available to

reach the project site in Pisang village, which takes about 5 hours from Besisahar of Lamjung. Besisahar of

Lamjung can be reached via Dumre Besisahar Chame Road (43.43 km) from Dumre of Tanahun district. Dumre

is about 68 km east from Pokhara via Prithivi Highway. Dumre can be reached after travelling 130 km west

from Kathmandu via Tribhuwan Highway and Prithivi Highway.

Table 3-2: Accessibility to Swargadwari via road

SN From To Distance (km) Road Name Road Type Remark

1. Pokhara Dumre 68.11 Prithivi Highway Blacktopped

2. Dumre Besisahar 43.43 Dumre Besisahar Road Blacktopped

3. Besisahar Chame 65.00 Besisahar Chame Road Gravel

4. Chame Bhratang 6.30 Manang Road Earthen

5. Bhratang Project site 3.50 Manang Road Earthen



Figure 3-3: Accessibility Map of Swargadwari via Prithivi Highway, Dumre Besisahar Chame Road and Manang Road

3.1.2.2 Accessibility via Air

There exists an airport in Humde which was started in 1985 AD. There used to be daily flight to Manang from

Pokhara in the past, however now a days flights are scheduled on load basis by Tara airlines and Nepal

Airlines. The fare cost for this route depends on airlines to airlines and types of ticket. It takes about 20 min

to reach from Pokhara to Manang. Direct flight from Kathmandu to Manang is not available.

3.2 CLIMATIC CONDITION

Temperature

The climate in Pisang is warm and temperate. Generally, there is huge amount of rainfall in summer. The

Köppen-Geiger climate classification is Cwb. This place faces less rainfall during winter. The average annual

temperature in Pisang is 6.8 degree Celsius1.

The warmest month of the year is June with an average temperature of 12.3 °C. The month with lowest

average temperatures in the year is January with an average temperature is around -0.3 °C. As this region

lies in mountainous region, most of the time this town faces snow fall in winter.

1 Source: climate-data.org



Figure 3-4: Average annual temperature of Pisang, Manang (Source: climate-data.org)

Rainfall

Pisang is one of the arid regions in the country. The average annual rainfall in Pisang is around 397 mm. Most

of the precipitation in Pisang occurs during monsoon season (June-September). The wettest month (with the

highest average rainfall) is July (80 mm). The driest month (with the lowest average rainfall) is November (4

mm).

Figure 3-5: Average monthly rainfall of Pisang (Source: climate-data.org)

-0.30.9

4.9

7.8

10

12.3 12.1 11.710.7

7.5

2.8

0.8

-6-5

-10.8

3.3

6.87.9 7.5

6

1.5

-2.8

-4.8

5.56.8

10.9

14.8

16.817.8

16.3 16 15.413.5

8.5

6.5

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Te

mp

era

ture

(C

elc

ius)

Months

31

25

38

24

14

27

8077

43

25

49

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

PR

EC

IPIT

AT

ION

(M

M)

MONTHS



Table 3-3: Monthly maximum, minimum and average temperature and precipitation in Pisang

Description Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

Avg. Temperature -0.3 0.9 4.9 7.8 10 12.3 12.1 11.7 10.7 7.5 2.8 0.8 6.77

Min. Temperature -6 -5 -1 0.8 3.3 6.8 7.9 7.5 6 1.5 -2.8 -4.8 1.18

Max. Temperature 5.5 6.8 10.9 14.8 16.8 17.8 16.3 16 15.4 13.5 8.5 6.5 12.40

Precipitation 31 25 38 24 14 27 80 77 43 25 4 9 397

3.3 GEOLOGICAL AND GEOTECHNICAL STUDY

Nepal Himalaya is one of the important parts of entire Himalayan Range. In the entire length of 2,400 km of

Himalayan Range, it is about 800 km long and occupies the central part (Figure 3-6). It is generally accepted

that the youngest and highest peaks were formed by collision of the northward moving Indian continent with

the Eurasian plate. Geologically, Nepal Himalaya is divided into five distinct morpho-geotectonic zones, which

also correspond roughly to the geographical division of the country. From south to the north, they are:

1. Terai (Indo-Gangetic Plain)

2. Sub Himalayan or Churiya Range

3. Lesser Himalaya

4. Higher Himalaya

5. Tibetan Tethys Zone (Inner Himalaya)

Each of the zones is separated by major longitudinal thrust/fault. The Main Frontal Thrust (MFT) separates

the Sub Himalaya from the Terai Zone, the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) separates the Lesser Himalaya and

the Sub Himalaya, the Main Central Thrust (MCT) separates the Higher Himalaya form the Lesser Himalaya.

Similarly, South Tibetan Detachment Fault System (STDS) separates the Tibetan Zone form the Higher

Himalaya.

The Terai (Indo-Gangetic Plain)

It is the northern fringe of Indo-Gangetic plain which lies to the south of Siwalik foot hills. It is composed of

quaternary alluvial deposits represented by gravel, sand, silt and clay. It is believed that the Terai is slightly

tilted towards south and southwest. Total thickness of this deposit is more than a kilometer.

Sub Himalaya or Churiya Range

Siwalik range forms the southern part or outer belt of the Himalayan Range. Various terrigenous rocks such

as shales, claystone, mudstone, sandstone, and conglomerates constitute the Siwalik Group. In general,

gradual coarsening in upward direction is the characteristic of the rocks of the Siwalik Group. Based on

various plant fossils evidences, age of this group is considered to be from Middle Miocene to Early

Pleistocene.

The Lesser Himalaya

It is confined within the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) in the south and Main Central Thrust (MCT) to the

north. The rock units of this group are the most widely distributed rocks in Nepal. They form the Central



Midland Zone of the Himalaya range. It consists mostly of limestone, dolomite, shale, phyllite, schist, and

quartzite. They form a thick pile (8-10 km thick) of unfossiliferous rocks. Stromatolite are the only known

fossil evidence. Tentatively their age is given as Pre-Cambrian to Early Palaeozoic. Along the southern margin

of the Midland, a thin belt of fossiliferous rock unit called Surkhet Group is present. Various coloured shales,

sandstone and limestone of this group contain fossils. The ages range from Carboniferous to Miocene. Klippes

of high-grade metamorphic rocks (with root zone lying to the north in the Higher Himalaya region) are present

within this zone.

The Higher Himalaya

It is confined within the Main Central Thrust (MCT) in the South and South Tibetan Detachment Fault System

(STDS) to the north. Higher Himalayan rocks form the base of the Great Himalayan Mountain range. They are

thought to be the basement rocks thrusted over the rocks of the Lesser Himalaya along the Main Central

Thrust, with root zone lying somewhere north in Tibet. The Higher Himalaya is composed mostly of high-

grade metamorphic rocks such as gneiss, calc-gneiss, migmatite, garnet schist, Kyanite-Siliminite schist,

quartzite and marbles.

The Tethys Zone (The Inner Himalaya)

This zone is bounded by South Tibetan Detachment Fault System (STDS) to the south and Tsangpo Suture

Zone to the north. Mostly weakly metamorphosed or non-metamorphosed sedimentary rocks with fossils

represent the zone. The main rock types are various coloured limestone, sandstone and shale. In general, a

tendency of decrease in calcareous materials towards top is noticed. Fossil evidence show that their age

ranges from Ordovician to Cretaceous. At places the rocks form NW-SE trending fold structures.

Structures

Main Central Thrust (MCT), Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) and Main Frontal Thrust (MFT) are the major linear

geological structures that run from east to west throughout Nepal and separate the geologically distinct

lithological units. All these thrust structures dip towards north. These structures are successively younger

toward south. Rocks of Higher Himalaya Group are characterized by monoclinal rocks dipping towards north,

whereas, the central part of Nepal (Midland) is generally characterized by open fold of NW-SE trend. This

part shows several thrust sheets and Klippen structures composed either of high-grade metamorphic rocks

of the Higher Himalayan Group or different units of the Midland itself. Rocks of Siwalik and Tethys zone are

characterized by open NW-SE trending folds and block faulting.



Figure 3-6: Physiographic Subdivision of the Himalayan Arc (after Gansser, 1964).

Figure 3-7: Generalized Geological Map of Nepal



3.4 REGIONAL GEOLOGY OF THE PROJECT AREA

Manang Ngisyang Rural Municipality geologically lies in the higher Himalayan Zone in Western Nepal. The

project area falls in except Crystalline Precambrian basement, granitic intrusions and associated high-grade

metamorphic rocks in Dharapani and Chame areas, whole region of Manang is confirmed by Tetyan Paleozoic

and Mesozoic low-grade meta-sedimentary rocks, mostly limestone and fine-grained clastic rocks.

Muscovite-Schorl-Garnet pegmatites are easily found in Dharapani and Chame. Complex gem-bearing

pegmatite dykes are noticed in Naje and Dharapani.

Figure 3-8: Project Area in Regional Geological Map of Nepal

3.5 LAND USE PATTERN AND LAND ACQUISITION

Land use

Manang Ngisyang Rural Municipality lies in Manang district which is also known as district beyond the

Himalayas. Most of the area (about 85%) of the Rural Municipality is covered by Mountains, Cliff, Grassland

and Pasture Land. Of 694.54 km² area covered by Manang Ngisyang Rural Municipality, about 5% of the total

area is covered by Cultivable Land, 10% by Forest Area, 50% by grassland and Pasture Land and 35% by Cliff

and Mountains.2

The land use map of Manang Ngisyang Rural Municipality is shown in the following Figure 3-9.

2 Source: official website of Manang Ngisyang Rural Municipality (manangngisyangmun.gov.np)



Figure 3-9: Land use Map of Manang Ngisyang Rural Municipality

Land Acquisition

Most of the land around the project area are government land and only few are private land. The area in

which the master plan has been developed completely lies on the government land. The details of the plot

where the master plan has been planned to develop is depicted in the following Table 3-4.

Table 3-4: Land plot details of the Swargadwari Area

SN District VDC Ward No. Sheet No. Plot No. Land Ownership Remarks

1 Manang Pisang 1 088-1216 636 Government



3.6 EXISTING PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE

Transportation:

After the construction of Besisahar Chame Road, Manang district is connect to other parts of country via road

network. The transportation facility is available from Chame to Pisang village via Manang local road; however,

the condition of road is poor. Local vehicles like jeep/van is available from Besisahar of Lamjung to travel

Manang. Materials required for daily uses are also transported via Besisahar Chame Road.

There is an existing airport at Humde in Manang which is about 8.3 km far from Pisang village. Flights are

available from Pokhara to Manang; however, no regular flights are scheduled.

Electricity:

The electricity facility is available in the Pisang village. The electricity is provided from the micro hydropower

project located near the Gangapurna Lake which is reliable and sufficient for the area. The electricity in Pisang

is used for lighting and other purpose like watching television, listening radio etc., however none of the

household use electricity for cooking purpose.

Communication:

Landline phone is not available in the project area. However, GSM and CDMA based mobile phones provide

good communication facilities in most of the part of Manang. CDMA mobile phones, Nepal Telecom and Ncell

mobile communication are fairly available in Pisang and Swargadwari project area.

Water supply:

Several springs and small streams are observed in the vicinity of the project area which provide a reliable

source of drinking water in the project area. Most of the households are facilitated with piped water that

supplies water from these sources. Alternatively, spout water is used as other sources of drinking water.

Sanitation and Waste Disposal System

The overall drainage and sanitation system in settlements around the site are negligible and is poor. However,

the abundant availability land presents the alternatives of on-site sanitation and water disposal system.

Most of the households do not have proper sanitation system and only few households (around 20%) have

toilet facility in their homes. Huge quantity of solid waste materials is not generated in the villages and most

of the solid waste disposed by burning.

3.7 SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS

Manang is situated in the northern central part of Nepal. On the basis of the existing ecological variation of

the different regions, the district is divided into three micro-eco zones: Nyesyang, Nar Phu and Gyasumdo.

There are altogether six villages in Nyesyang, two villages in Nar Phu and twelve villages in Gyasumdo. The

indigenous inhabitants in Nyesyang valley are called Nyesyanba, Mano Chhachhumthe or Manthe. The



people of Nar Phu are called Narba or Narthe and the people of Gyasumdo are called Syarhte or Nasuthe.

The current project lies in Nyesyang eco zone, in Pisang village of Manang district.

The socio-economic structures of the three eco zones have many similarities and dissimilarities. Agriculture,

animal husbandry and trade have played a significant role in forming the basic economic structure. In

Nyesyang, men are traders and semi-agriculturists, Women are full time agriculturists, and animal husbandry

is in the primary stage of development. At the very beginning, the Nyesyangba were probably pastoralist,

then both pastoralist and agriculturist. Trade are probably in a primary stage of development a century ago.

Nyesyang valley has a larger seasonal migration figure than Nar phu and Gyasumdo, and in the last two

decades the duration of the migration period has increased.

The socioeconomic class is a group of people with similar characteristics that includes social and economic

standing, demographic determinants, level of education, households’ facilities, and ethnic background. The

socio-economic data of Manang district and Pisang village is depicted in the following subheadings.

Demographics Determinants

3.7.1.1 Population and Average Household Size

The total population of Pisang is 307 including 159 males and 148 females. There are 105 households with

average household size of 2.92 and sex ratio of 107.43. The total population of Pisang is around 7.1% of that

of Manang district. The demographic characteristics of Manang and Pisang is shown in the following Table

3-5.

Table 3-5: Total Population and average household of Manang district and Pisang

V.D.C. / Municipality Household Population Average

Household Size Sex Ratio

Total Male Female

Pisang Village 105 307 159 148 2.92 107.43

Manang District 1480 6538 3661 2877 4.42 127.25

3.7.1.2 Population by Religion

Buddhism and Hinduism are the main religions followed by the people of Manang. About 55% of the

population of Manang follows Buddhism and 39% follow Hinduism. Only about 6% of the population follows

other religions which includes Islam, Jain, Kirati, Christian and others. The total population of Manang by

religion is shown in the following Table 3-6.

Table 3-6: Population of Manang by Religion

Religion Hindu Buddhist Islam Kirati Christian Jain Others

Total Population in nos. 2562 3606 4 1 93 2 270

% 39.19 55.15 0.06 0.02 1.42 0.03 4.13



3.7.1.3 Population by Caste and Ethnicity

Gurung is the most dominant caste with more than 50% of total population of Pisang village. Ghale and Bhote

are the next dominant caste in the village. The total population of Pisang by Caste and Ethnicity is shown in

the following Table 3-7.

Table 3-7: Total Population of Pisang by Caste and Ethnicity

Caste/Ethnicity Total Male Female

All Caste 307 159 148

Gurung 251 122 129

Ghale 28 17 11

Bhote 13 7 6

Others 15 13 2

Households

3.7.2.1 Households by home ownership

The houses in Pisang village are traditionally constructed with stone/brick with mud. The roof of the houses

is either made of mud or Galvanized Iron sheet.

About 65% of the total housing units in Pisang are privately owned by the people residing there. There are

four institutional houses and fifteen housing units are rented. The following Table 3-8 and Error! Reference

source not found. shows the status of ownership of the house in Pisang.

Table 3-8: Households by house ownership in Pisang Village

Total Ownership of house/housing unit

Owned Rented Institutional Others

105 68 15 4 18



Figure 3-10: Percentage of house ownership in Pisang

3.7.2.2 Household Facilities

The major source of fuel is firewood collected from nearby forest. All of the households in Pisang use

firewood for cooking. Electricity is available in all houses and generally used for lighting and entertainment

purpose.

The village is facilitated with piped water supply from nearby streams. All of the total household in Pisang

use tap/piped water as the main source of drinking water. The following Table 3-9 provides the status of

source of drinking water in the area.

Table 3-9: Household by main source of drinking water

Total

Household

Main source of drinking water

Tap/piped

water

Tubewell /

handpump

Covered

well/kuwa

Uncovered

well/kuwa

Spout

water

River /

stream Others

Not

Stated

105 105 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

The overall sanitation status of Pisang is poor. More than 34% of the household do not have toilet in their

house. About 38 households in the village have flush toilet and 31 households possess ordinary pit latrine.

The following Table 3-10 and Figure 3-11 illustrates the status of source of availability of toilet facility in the

area.

Table 3-10: Household by toilet facility

Total households

Households with toilet facility of

Households without toilet facility Flush toilet Ordinary toilet Toilet facility not stated

105 36 38 31 0

65%

14%

4%

17%

Households by ownership of house/housing unit in use (Pisang)

Owned Rented Institutional Others



Figure 3-11: Percentage of households with toilet facility

Education Status

3.7.3.1 Literacy Rate

The literacy rate of Pisang is around 76% which is more than that of Manang District (about 74%). Only about

44% of total female population can read and write while more male population (about 56%) are literate. The

literacy status of Manang district and Pisang is illustrated in the following Table 3-11.

Table 3-11: Literacy status of Manang district and Pisang

Population

Population aged 5

years & above

Population who Literacy not

stated

Literacy rate

(%) Can read &

write

Can read

only

Can't read &

write

(MD) (P) (MD) (P) (MD) (P) (MD) (P) (MD) (P) (MD) (P)

Both Sex 6161 286 4611 218 41 1 1509 67 0 0 74.84 76.22

Male 3481 150 2890 121 21 1 570 28 0 0 83.02 80.67

Female 2680 136 1721 97 20 0 939 39 0 0 64.22 71.32

Note: MD stands for Manang District and P stands for Pisang

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Households without

toilet facility

Flush toilet Ordinary toilet Toilet facility not

stated

Households by types of toilet (Pisang)

Pisang



Figure 3-12: Literacy status of Population of Pisang

The status of population currently going to school for education purpose is shown in the following Table 3-12.

The status shows that still 43% of population between ages of 5 to 25 are currently not going to school and

are deprived from their right of education.

Table 3-12: School attending population (age group 5-25 years)

Population aged 5-25 years Population who are

Currently going to school Not currently going to school Attendance not stated

Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

39 34 22 19 17 15 0 0

Economic Status

Agriculture, livestock farming, cottage industries, tourism and service industries are the main economic

activities of Manang district. Agriculture is the major source of income in about 65.76% of the households.

Most of the small and cottage industries work are related to the tourism sector. Flourishing tourism industry

is one of the major reasons behind the falling of poverty level in Manang district. Apart from that, many local

people work as a carpenter, mason whereas few others, especially youths leave their village for foreign

employment.

Table 3-13: Usual economic activity performed in Manang district

Total

Population

Own

Agriculture

Wage/

Salary

Earning

Own Non-

Agricultural

Extended

Economic

Seeking

job

Household

chores Study

None

of

Activity

Not

Stated

5001 2183 1167 1434 649 89 1217 1076 589 0

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Can read &

write

Can read only Can't read &

write

Literacy not

stated

Literacy rate

121

1

28

0

80.67

97

0

39

0

71.32

Literacy Rate (Pisang)

Male Female



Figure 3-13: Usual economic activity performed in Manang District

Out of total 5001 population above 10 years, around 70% of population are economically active population

with employment while about 26% are economically inactive. The details of the economic activity performed

is depicted in the following Table 3-14.

Table 3-14: Economic activity performed in Manang District

Total

Population

10 yrs. and

above

Economically active Not

Economically

Active

Economic

Activity Not

Stated

Usually Active Not usually Active

Employment Unemployment

Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

5001 1909 1551 20 4 98 104 583 732 0 0

The district is served by four different branches of ‘A’ Class Commercial banks, two branches of ‘B’ Class

Development Bank. The population served per branch is 1,069 against the national average of 8,9603.

The poverty rate and poverty gap of Manang district is depicted in the following

Table 3-15: Poverty rate and poverty gap of Manang District

Prosperity

Rank

Poverty

Rate

Poverty

Gap

Squared

Poverty Gap

Head Count

Index

59 36.9 (5.61) 9.89 (2) 3.82 (0.92) 2150

3 Source: Nepal Rastra Bank, July 2018

26%

14%

17%8%

1%

14%

13%7%0%

Occupation

Own Agriculture

Wage/Salary Earning

Own Non-Agricultural

Extended Economic

Seeking job

Household chores

Study

Non of Activity

Not Stated



4. SURVEY AND INVESTIGATION

4.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter basically describes the methodology adopted for the topographical survey works, field

investigations carried out and procedure for the preparation of topographical map of Swargadwari area.

The survey works were carried out with the objective of preparing topographical maps of the project area.

The topographical features including land, buildings, temples, landmarks etc. were determined on the maps.

The following works were carried out for the survey and mapping work:

I. Carrying out close traversing in the project area and establishment of control points.

II. Detailed topographical survey of the project area showing all the features, field terraces and with

details to draw accurate 1 m contour interval to produce map in 1:1,000 scale of the area. The

following information shall be depicted from the field in order to prepare accurate and informative

topographical maps:

All ground features/ land terrain in 1 m contour interval.

Buildings, Bridges, Foot track, Road etc.

Hydrography Features (River, Stream and Pond)

Utility Infrastructures (Electricity, Water Supply and Telephone Networks)

Other features if any

4.2 SCOPE OF WORKS

The scopes of the work to be carried out for the preparation of the topographical map are as follows:

Carryout detailed topographical survey of the project area

Prepare topographical map showing all topographic features like buildings, bridges, road,

stream and other features.

4.3 SURVEY METHODOLOGY

Reconnaissance Survey

A quick preliminary reconnaissance survey has been executed by an experienced surveyor. He visited and

rapidly examined the whole survey area and identified the suitable locations for establishment of the control

stations and bench marks. During site visits, the condition and usefulness of the identified ground control

stations have been established. Issues such as accessibility to proposed survey stations, visibility, lengths of

lines of sight, ground cover, need for cutting and clearing of vegetation, etc. have been studied during the

visits to confirm the proposed survey plans.



After the finalization of the survey stations to be established, enamel paint has been used for the fixation of

survey control stations from where the detail survey of the area can be carried out.

Survey Equipment

Angular measurements for horizontal survey have been performed with a repeating Total Stations with a

minimum least count resolution of 1" (second). For distance measurements, an Electro-magnetic Distance

Measuring (EDM) device has been used.

Here, in this project, a TOPCON Total Stations with the least count 1״ (second) has been employed.

Survey Team

The topographical Survey was carried out by a team of experienced team consisting of the following team

members.

Table 4-1 : Survey Team

SN Name Designation

1 Mr. Pradip Magar Surveyor

2 Ms.Shobha Subedi Engineer

3 Mr. Mahesh Maharjan Engineer

4 Mr. Ksehring Dorje Gurung Helper

Detail Topographic Survey

Since, the topographical maps of master plan area are to be prepared in 1:1,000 scale with 1 m contour

interval. Keeping this in view, sufficient survey stations have been fixed during the stage of horizontal

controlling.

For detail topographic survey, tachometric method of survey has been introduced. The X, Y and Z co-ordinates

of every detail was recorded by the Total Stations instrument in the site.

After setting the instrument over a known survey station, the back sight was fixed on the prism reflector

placed over a known point and then started taking details on the ground. The details include roads, footpath,

houses, physical and man-made features, hydrographic features such as rivers, streams etc. All information

mentioned in the scope has been depicted from the ground. A rough sketch of surveyed points has been

maintained so that it might be useful while plotting of the maps.

The X, Y and Z Co-ordinates of every detail has been recorded and saved in the Total Stations and downloaded

in the computer later. The further processing of all topographic data have been done in the computer and

they have been prepared the plot file in AutoCAD format.

Table 4-2: List of Coordinates and Elevations of Benchmarks

S. N. Point Easting (m) Nothing (m) Elevation (m) Remarks

1. BM-1 224910.22 3166692.39 3150.00

2. BM-2 224904.76 3166678.38 3149.30



Plotting and Preparation of Maps

After the completion of fieldwork, the digital data of details captured by Total Station instrument is

downloaded and then followed the steps as given below:

Managing of data in proper location of the computer

Plotting of maps

Contour generation

Editing of contours and other topographic details

Symbolization of details

Preparation of layouts and adding of marginal information

Printing of maps

Proofing

Final printing

The plotting of the data from total station and generation of contours were done by using the SW DTM

software and the topographic features were digitized and topographic map was prepared in digital form by

using AutoCAD Software.



5. TOURISM POTENTIAL AND BENEFICIARIES ANALYSIS

5.1 TOURISM POTENTIAL

Tourism is one of the potential sectors for the economic development of Nepal. It becomes a major source

of earning foreign currency. Expansion of tourism sector expands the employment and income generation

opportunity. Year 2018 seems remarkable improvement in tourist arrivals. Nepal possess 8 out of 10 highest

mountains in the world and there exist many other natural asset which has recognize Nepal as a hotspot

destination for mountaineers, rock climbers and other many adventure tourist. Similarly, location of birth

place of Lord Buddha, Pashupatinath, numerous World Heritage Sites, religious harmony, linguistic and

cultural diversity and climatic and geographical variations of the country lure visitors worldwide.

Manang is the biggest village situated at an altitude of 3540 meters in the trans-Himalayan region of Nepal.

Manang has been an essential base for trekkers and mountaineers exploring this area. Upon entering the

Manang, there is a joyful, magical feelings. The tranquil beauty of this magnificent city lures tourists and adds

some of the most cherished moment in your life. The warm hospitality will surely attract your attention and

make you fall in love with this majestic village. The sound of silence, the subtle whistles of wind and eye-

popping view mountain ranges will make you to visit Manang again and again.

Upper Manang is a part of the Annapurna Circuit. Annapurna Circuit is one of the world's renowned trekking

route. Tourism in Manang started with the opening of the district for tourism in 1977 (Watkins, 1996; Koirala,

1981). After opening of Upper Manang for trekking and thus, some of the entrepreneurs with their skill and

funds accrued during external trades found an avenue to carry on hotel management and other tourism-

related activities back in Upper Manang. Moreover, the government’s decision to include the entire district

as part of the ACAP in 1984 further reinforced the prospect of tourism development in this area.

Tourism industry has flourished since then in Manang and arrival of visitors has increased year by year. The

Tourist arrivals in Manang has increased by 22% in the year 2017 and 9% in the year 2018 compared to the

previous year. The annual number of tourists visiting Manang compared to those visiting Nepal is depicted in

the following Table 5-1. In 2018, total 11, 73,072 of tourist arrived in Nepal where higher proportion (60%)

visited Nepal for holiday and pleasure followed by adventure including trekking & mountaineering (16%),

pilgrimage (14.4%) and other purpose (9.6%)4.

Table 5-1: Annual number of Tourist visiting Nepal and Manang

SN Year

Nepal Manang

No Annual Growth Rate No. Annual Growth Rate

1 1996 393613 8309

2 1997 421857 7.2 9083 9.3

3 1998 463684 9.9 10264 13.0

4 Source: Nepal Tourism Statistics 2018, Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation.



SN Year

Nepal Manang

No Annual Growth Rate No. Annual Growth Rate

4 1999 491504 6.0 11234 9.5

5 2000 463646 -5.7 12777 13.7

6 2001 361237 -22.1 13920 8.9

7 2002 275468 -23.7 9841 -29.3

8 2003 338132 22.7 11136 13.2

9 2004 385297 13.9 10526 -5.5

10 2005 375398 -2.6 9590 -8.9

11 2006 383926 2.3 9360 -2.4

12 2007 526705 37.2 14191 51.6

13 2008 500277 -5.0 16911 19.2

14 2009 509956 1.9 17065 0.9

15 2010 602867 18.2 18075 5.9

16 2011 736215 22.1 19646 8.7

17 2012 803092 9.1 19499 -0.7

18 2013 797616 -0.7 21207 8.8

19 2014 790118 -0.9 20694 -2.4

20 2015 538970 -31.8 13615 -34.2

21 2016 753002 39.7 22108 62.4

22 2017 940218 24.9 27068 22.4

23 2018 1173072 24.8 29484 8.9

Figure 5-1: Annual number of tourists visiting Manang via Dharapani Check Post

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

Ye

ar

19

96

19

97

19

98

19

99

20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

04

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12

20

13

20

14

20

15

20

16

Annual No. of Tourist



5.2 REVENUE GENERATION

Revenue from tourism sector is observed from foreign currency exchange made by tourists and tourism

industries as proxy of income. The revenue generation from tourism sector has increase each year. Nepal

Rastra Bank report shows total foreign currency exchange (less return) for 2018 stood NRs. 69,750,584

thousand, (Around 617,263 thousand US$). This is almost 17% higher than previous year 2017 in USD. There

is less increase in currency compare to tourist arrivals results decreased in per tourist per day expenditure at

44 USD which is 18% less than last year.

Gross Foreign Exchange Earnings from Tourism

Fiscal Year

Total Earnings (Net received)

NRs. (million) Annual Average

US$ (million) Exchange Rate

2000/01 11,717.00 158.7

2001/02 8,654.30 109.7

2002/03 11,747.70 151.0

2003/04 18,147.40 245.2

2004/05 10,464.00 71.76 132.1

2005/06 9,556.00 72.03 143.6

2006/07 10,125.00 70.19 286.9

2007/08 18,653.00 64.72 363.7

2008/09 27,960.00 76.58 377.5

2009/10 28,139.00 74.24 340.4

2010/11 24,611.00 72.07 379.0

2011/12 30,703.80 81.02 388.9

2012/13 34,210.60 87.96 472.2

2013/14 46,374.90 98.21 544.1

2014/15 53,428.80 99.49 392.7

2015/16 41,765.40 106.35 551.0

2016/17 58,526.90 106.21 642.9

2017/18 67,094.60 104.37 418.0

2018/19 47584.9 113.83 418.0

(Source: Nepal Rastra Bank)



Figure 5-2: Gross Foreign Currency Revenue Generation from tourism

5.3 TOURISM FLOW ANALYSIS

The analysis of tourist flows behavior can help to achieve the reasonable allocation of social resources for

tourist area and respond effectively to the tourist destination traffic pressure, maintain social public

security, etc. It helps to understand the demographic characteristics of tourist visitors and origin or

nationality of tourists. The required data to explain all of these components, are collected from Annapurna

Conservation Area (ACA) Check Post and Visitor information Center Dharapani Check post.

Tourist Nationality

5.3.1.1 International visitors

As per records available from Annapurna Conservation Area (ACA) Check Post and Visitor information Center

Dharapani in Manang, tourists from 98 different countries visited Manang in 2018. German citizens ranked

highest followed by French citizens. Top ten tourist visitors visited Manang via Dharapani Check Post in 2018

is presented in the following Table 5-2 and Figure 5-3.

Table 5-2: Top ten nationality visiting Manang via Dharapani Check Post

S. N Nationality Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Total

1 Germany 42 174 709 450 216 51 34 68 343 923 501 80 3591

2 French 21 59 308 514 226 49 30 84 171 1077 657 62 3258

3 Israel 1 2 321 698 114 1 1 15 555 553 165 2426

4 British 30 66 326 307 157 57 131 45 167 432 303 74 2095

5 American 24 53 266 341 260 82 69 40 145 413 268 61 2022

6 Spain 18 24 104 139 69 38 67 142 127 341 294 33 1396

-

10,000.00

20,000.00

30,000.00

40,000.00

50,000.00

60,000.00

70,000.00

80,000.00

To

tal E

arn

ing

s (N

Rs

in m

illio

ns)

Fiscal Year



S. N Nationality Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Total

7 Australia 47 60 127 164 90 25 36 21 140 299 252 97 1358

8 Russia 9 27 153 377 146 15 6 20 36 337 198 10 1334

9 Dutch 28 54 155 205 93 19 26 20 63 322 193 58 1236

10 Chinese 62 108 115 126 23 17 19 25 215 228 117 54 1109

(Source: ACA Check post and Visitor Information Center Dharapani)

Figure 5-3: Top ten nationality visiting Manang via Dharapani Check Post

5.3.1.2 Domestic Visitors

Among 10,401 numbers of total domestic visitors, 5,143 numbers of Nepali guide, 5,057 numbers of Nepali

porter and 201 numbers of Nepali Trekkers visited the area.

S. N Going to Route Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

1 Nepali Guide 114 150 588 874 322 107 130 143 647 1340 518 210 5143

2 Nepali Porter 54 95 529 898 254 72 92 73 604 1654 537 195 5057

3 Nepali Trekkers 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 6 0 191 0 201

Total 168 245 1117 1772 576 179 222 220 1257 2994 1246 405 10401

Demographic Characteristics of Tourist Visitors

The annual number of tourists visiting Manang via Dharapani Check Post from the year 1996 to 2018 is

presented in the following Table 5-3. Europeans are the main tourists visiting in this area. Usually, tourists

who complete the Annapurna Circuit spend two to three nights in Upper Manang. According to local hotel

owners, visitors generally spend one night at Pisang and the remaining two nights at Manang village.

For the analysis of demographic characteristics of tourist, a 12 month’s records of tourist visitors passing

through Dharapani Check Post from January to December of the year 2018 was taken.

3591

3258

2426

2095 2022

1396 1358 1334 12361109

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

Nationality



Table 5-3: Comparative annual tourist data (1996-2018) visiting Manang via Dharapani Check Post

Year/ Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Change

No. %

1996 51 196 984 1216 355 60 66 129 637 2831 1548 236 8309 0 0

1997 39 162 1320 1104 361 58 102 166 773 3193 1649 156 9083 774 9.32

1998 46 239 1067 1414 495 69 121 165 928 3543 1923 254 10264 1181 13

1999 58 379 1469 1668 427 139 284 197 1150 3362 1841 260 11234 970 9.45

2000 120 307 1669 1126 179 132 293 247 1367 4334 2697 306 12777 1543 13.74

2001 176 484 1980 2453 731 74 181 207 1305 3832 2222 275 13920 1143 8.95

2002 79 294 1386 1476 433 88 177 107 777 3060 1660 304 9841 -4079 -29.3

2003 104 269 1552 1629 601 122 119 165 685 3504 2029 357 11136 1295 13.16

2004 112 313 1499 1771 423 65 109 183 650 3339 1810 252 10526 -610 -5.48

2005 93 89 1081 1038 394 107 104 172 859 3627 1720 306 9590 -936 -8.89

2006 137 177 1063 806 316 64 68 207 853 3627 1780 262 9360 -230 -2.4

2007 116 270 1485 2229 674 136 175 300 1249 4810 2339 408 14191 4831 51.61

2008 168 283 1906 2249 954 214 210 311 1606 5924 2713 373 16911 2720 19.17

2009 188 337 1993 2499 933 162 211 338 1821 5456 2661 466 17065 154 0.91

2010 258 341 1909 2534 748 199 369 436 1993 5985 2794 509 18075 1010 5.92

2011 247 412 2113 2808 1023 278 371 420 2099 5811 3560 504 19646 1571 8.69

2012 315 493 2195 2651 961 295 426 493 2462 5811 2848 549 19499 -147 -0.75

2013 280 573 2351 3201 1301 331 516 498 2522 5742 3117 775 21207 1708 8.76

2014 458 640 2550 3647 1434 413 536 567 2279 4517 2998 655 20694 -513 -2.42

2015 427 652 2212 2871 155 85 105 231 1101 3285 1967 524 13615 -7079 -34.21

2016 315 576 2398 3178 1464 383 406 602 2497 5792 3624 873 22108 8493 62.38

2017 459 843 3060 4473 1828 516 673 721 2620 6674 4338 863 27068 4960 22.44

2018 479 880 3798 5041 2085 527 618 702 2856 7163 4386 949 29484 2416 8.93



5.3.2.1 Gender Wise Distribution of Tourist

The gender distribution of tourist flow in Dharapani Check post in 2018 shows males dominating the

total flow of tourists. Of the total 29,484 tourists’ records, 59.15 percent were male and 40.85 percent

of female tourists. The numerical dominance of male over female in the tourist arrival remains almost

the same thought the year.

Table 5-4: Distribution of tourists as per gender through Dharapani Check post in 2018

S.

N

Gende

r Jan Feb

Marc

h April May

Jun

e

Jul

y

Au

g Sept Oct Nov

De

c Total

1 Female

16

2

33

7 1584

218

6 875 188 233 278

111

2

294

2

180

1 345

1204

3

2 Male

31

7

54

3 2214

285

5

121

0 339 385 424

174

4

422

1

258

5 604

1744

1

Total

47

9

88

0 3798

504

1

208

5 527 618 702

285

6

716

3

438

6 949

2948

4

Figure 5-4: Distribution of tourists as per gender through Dharapani Check post in 2018

5.3.2.2 Seasonal variation of tourist flow

Seasonality is an important feature in mountainous region. There are mainly two tourist seasons,

namely spring and autumn. In three months, March, April and May of spring season, total 37.1 percent

of the total annual tourist visited Manang while 48.9 percent visitors visited Manang in autumn season

i.e. September, October and November as per records collected from Dharapani Check post in 2018.

Nearly 86 percent of the total visitors visited Manang in these two seasons. The total no of tourist

visiting Manag in different months of the year 2018 is shown in the following

Table 5-5: Number of tourists visiting Manang in different months recorded in Dharapani Check Post in 2018

SN Months Number of visitors Percentage

1 January 479 1.62

2 February 880 2.98

3 March 3798 12.88

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Female Male




4 April 5041 17.10

5 May 2085 7.07

6 June 527 1.79

7 July 618 2.10

8 August 702 2.38

9 September 2856 9.69

10 October 7163 24.29

11 November 4386 14.88

12 December 949 3.22

Total 29484 100.00

Figure 5-5: Number of tourists visiting Manang in different months recorded in Dharapani Check Post in 2018

5.4 TOURISM PACKAGE ANALYSIS

Nepal’s natural beauty within various ecological zones and its rich cultural heritage have attracted large

number of tourists annually from around the world. The Annapurna Region is one of the notable tourist

destinations, especially for trekking tourists. The region lies in the north-western part of Nepal.

Popularly known as the Annapurna Trekking Route (Annapurna Circuit) boasting/ comprising some of

the world’s highest peaks of above 8,000 m elevation and the world’s deepest valley, the Kali Gandaki

Valley, it has attracted trekkers from many countries since the late 1980s in particular and since the

1970s in general (see Ives, 2006). Ecologically, the region comprises two high mountain districts and

three hill districts. The region has unique ecological and cultural diversity. Such features include diverse

climates, i.e. subtropical to alpine and diverse landscapes supporting 22 different forest types with

1,140 plant species, 21 species of amphibians, 32 species of reptiles, 478 bird species and 101 different

mammals (KMTNC, 1997). In addition, its cultural diversity is demonstrated in its accommodation of

people of different castes and ethnic groups such as Brahman, Chhetri, Gurung, Magar, Thakali, Tibetan

and many occupational groups plus their own cultural and religious patterns and expressions.

Moreover, the Annapurna Region has also been noted for its innovative work as early as in the 1980s

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

No

s. o

f vi

sito

rs

Month



in terms of participation of local community in activities and decision- making regarding tourism

activities (see Sharma, 1989).

Number of tourists by purpose of visit is a major indicator for tourism sector output. This indicator is

very useful for evaluation of characteristics, type and economic and social contributions made by

tourists and to plan and manage infrastructure, services and market economy accordingly. It also

shows inflow of high value tourists. According to Nepal Tourism Statistics 2018, a total of 11,73,072 of

tourist arrived in Nepal where higher proportion (60%) visited Nepal for holiday and pleasure followed

by adventure including trekking & mountaineering (16%), pilgrimage (14.4%) and other purpose (9.6%).

Table 5-6: No of Tourist by purpose of visit

Purpose of Visit Total number of visitors Percentage

Holiday/Pleasure 703,843.00 60.00

Pilgrimage 187,692.00 16.00

Trekking & Mountaineering 169,180.00 14.42

Others 112,357.00 9.58

Total 1,173,072.00

(Source: Nepal Tourism Statistics 2018, Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation.)

The project site is located in Annapurna trekking route. Most of the visitors have purpose of

adventurous trekking and mountaineering, catching pleasing view of natural beauty and landscaping of

Manang, while few other visitors visit for cultural, religious and holiday purpose. As per records from

Dharapani Check Post, about 81 percent of the visitors chose the Annapurna Trekking Route and 15.76

percent took Jeep for reaching their destination while 2.7 percent of visitors visited Nar/Phu and about

0.52 percent visit Manaslu from Dharapani Check post in 2018. The monthly variation of tourist visiting

Manang via different routes for different purposes are presented in the following Table 5-7.

Table 5-7: Monthly number of tourists visiting different route in Manang via Dharapani Check Post

S. N Route Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Total

1

Annapurna

Trekking

Route

377 713 3213 4154 1687 328 445 460 2194 5700 3866 747 23884

2 Manaslu 4 4 24 68 22 17 2 14 155

3 Nar/Phu 6 0 65 97 42 37 26 36 83 334 62 10 798

4 Jeep 92 163 496 722 334 145 145 192 579 1129 458 192 4647

TOTAL 479 880 3798 5041 2085 527 618 702 2856 7163 4386 949 29484

(Source: Dharapani Check Post 2018)



Figure 5-6: Monthly number of tourists visiting different route in Manang via Dharapani Check Post

The visitors generally took tour package for visiting Upper Manang for adventurous trekking and

mountaineering. The tour package follows Annapurna Trekking route starting from Besisahar via

Besisahar-Dharapani-Chame-Pisang-Manang_Ledar-Thorung Phedi- Thorung La Pass-Muktinath-

Jomsom-Pokhara.

Figure 5-7: Annapurna Circut Treaking Route

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

Annapurna Trekking

Route

Manaslu Nar/phoo Jeep



As Swargadwari project area has been developed as one of the major touristic hubs which is located in

the Annapurna Circuit Trek Route, a new tour package has been proposed by including proposed

Swargadwari project area for visiting.

Table 5-8: Tour Package of Annapurna Circuit Trek (including proposed Swargadwari project area)

Days Route Main Features

Day 1 Kathmandu to Besi Sahar 172 km, 8 hrs. drive through Prithvi Highway to reach from Kathmandu

to Besi Sahar.

Day 2 Trek from Syange to

Dharapani

Crossing Marsyangdi River, move towards Tal, from Tal descend

following the east bank of river to reach Karte and ascend to Dharapani.

Enter east-west Manang valley and reach Bagarchhap.

Day 3 Trek from Dharapani to

Chame

The trail ascends through forest to Danakyu, crossing landslides areas

and ascend to Lata Manang, reach Kothe that is surrounded by huge

pine and spruce trees then trek to Chame by viewing Mt. Annapurna II,

Mt. Annapurna IV and Lamjung.

Day 4 Trek from Chame to

Pisang

Trek through pine forest and big apple orchard, trail present views of

Mt. Pisang, Mt Himalchuli and Ngadi Chuli, continuing ahead along

Marsyangdi river then reach to Pisang.

Day 5 Pisang to Swargadwari

Project area (proposed

site)

The present study site is located at Pisang, will see beautiful

landscaping of Manang with proposed tea house, bridge, gate, view

tower structure and foot trail of about 4km length after crossing

Marsyangdi River, will see natural beauty of Manang through foot trail

and proposed viewing decks. Beautiful views of Dhukur Pokhari, Green

Lake will see from the site.

Day 5 Trek from Pisang to

Manang

The route will ascend with wonderful views of Tilicho peak and Manang

valley to reach Manang airstrip at Humde, cross Marsyangdi river and

trek towards Munchi then move towards Bhraka which is a Tibetan

influenced village then arrive at Manang.

Day 6 Acclimatization day in

Manang

Climb the ridge to north of village then descend to see Glacier lake at

the foot of massive ice-fall from Gangapurna, returning back to Manang

village.

Day 7 Trek from Manang to

Ledar

After crossing a stream ascend to Tengi and continue ascending to get

out of Marsyangdi Valley and reaches Ghunsang, cross a large stream to

reach Yak Kharka, walk for an hour to reach Lehar.

Day 8 Trek from Ledar to

Thorung Phedi

Trail ascends along east bank of jar Sang khola then descend and cross

a bridge and descend to reach Thorung Phedi, along the ascent glorious

views of Annapurna and Manaslu ranges.

Day 9 Trek from Thorung Phedi

to Thorung La Pass to

Muktinath

Steep and rocky trail to reach Thorung la Pass, the highest spot of this

trek, beautiful views of landscapes and mounains, descend steeply to

reach Chabarbu then cross a meadow and trek towards Muktinath.

Day

10

Trek from Muktinath to

Jomsom

Descend to Jharkot and further to Khingar, trekking towards Jomsom

following beautiful Kali Gandaki River, after reaching Jomsom enjoy the

apple brandy 'Marpha'.

Day

11

Fly from Jomsom to

Pokhara

Fly to Pokhara from Jomsom (20 min).



Visiting Season

Seasonality is an important feature in mountainous region. The main trekking season is from September

to April, due to appropriate climate, clear visibility of the mountains and no rains. More tourists visit

Nepal during this period.

When the monthly tourist arrivals are compared for 1996 to 2018, the heavy concentration on

September, October and December was alleviated along with the months of March, April and May.

Similarly, the arrivals in the months of January and February were gaining ground. This analysis of the

seasonal variation of the tourist flow shows that tourist mainly visit Manang in two seasons. The highest

concentration of tourist being in autumn season (September to November) followed by spring (March

to May).

Out of total 29,484 tourist visiting Manang in 2018, about 37 percent visited in spring season while 49

percent visitors visited Manang in autumn season (i.e. September, October and November) as per

records collected from Dharapani Check Post. Nearly 86 percent of the total visitors visited Manang in

these two seasons. The total no of tourist visiting Manang in different months of the year 2018 is shown

in the following Table 5-5.

Table 5-9: Number of tourists visiting Manang in different months recorded in Dharapani Check Post in 2018


1 January 479 1.62

2 February 880 2.98

3 March 3798 12.88

4 April 5041 17.10

5 May 2085 7.07

6 June 527 1.79

7 July 618 2.10

8 August 702 2.38

9 September 2856 9.69

10 October 7163 24.29

11 November 4386 14.88

12 December 949 3.22

Total 29484 100.00



Figure 5-8: Number of tourists visiting Manang in different months recorded in Dharapani Check Post in 2018

Nature Culture and Adventure Weighting

The project site area is located in natural beauty of Manang landscape, from where Annapurna

Range Mountain view, vernacular architecture of Upper Manang valley, Glacier and majestic

Landscaping can be observed. Yearly, large number of tourists visit Manang for viewing this

natural beauty. The proposed project area shall also add the aesthetic view of the area.

Moreover, the proposed project site carries important religious and cultural values of people

living in Manang. The famous tourist attraction is Swargadwari rock, which falls, in Pisang

village of Manang district carries both religious and cultural values of people living in Manang.

Also, name as “Gateway to Heaven” the steep sides look smooth from the other side of the

valley, slate grey with the occasional silver streak of water running through, deep fissures cast

shadows, as do the white cotton wool clouds. The “Gateway to Heaven” is a sacred place,

protected by spiritual and environmental law. No one may set foot upon it. Likewise, the

culture and festivals of the local community also increase the cultural and religious value of the

area.

Additionally, the project site is located along the Annapurna Trekking Route so the tour

becomes more adventurous. The exciting foot trail of length about 4km inside the project area

after crossing Marsyangdi River Bridge, provides more excitement to the visitors. In addition,

the viewing decks at different location along the foot trail and one at the end of the trail adds

additional adventurous to the trekkers.

Thus, the project area is the mix up of all three components, Nature, Culture and Adventure.

The visitors can catch the view of natural beauty along with cultural and religious values as well

as adventurous trekking.

Beneficiaries Analysis

Beneficiaries' analysis is a highly effective framework for planning and promoting services because it

emphasizes that there are both direct and indirect benefits to the community. It is a qualitative research

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

No

s. o

f vi

sito

rs

Month



tool used to improve the impact of development operations by gaining the views of intended

beneficiaries regarding a planned or ongoing intervention. The objective of beneficiaries’ analysis is to

assess the value of an activity as perceived by project beneficiaries and to integrate findings into project

activities.

As the project site is situated along the Annapurna Trekking route, there will be large number of visitors

who will visit the proposed site. The proposed Swargadwari Masterplan site is located at Pisang village

in Manang district. Due to its natural beauty, location along Annapurna Trekking route and cultural and

religious importance, it is expected that many international and domestic visitors will visit the site area.

The main targeted visitors’ group at the project site is Annapurna route trekkers and mountaineers,

pilgrimage and domestic/foreigner with the purpose of spending holiday and pleasure.

Tourism has direct, indirect and induced impacts on local economy, which can often be largely divergent

between countries, based on the structure of the sector but most importantly on how well linked

tourism activities are with the local economy.

Table 5-10: Components of Direct, Indirect & induced tourism contribution to GDP

Direct

Contribution

of Tourism

Industries

Accommodation services, Food & Beverage

services, Retail trade, Transportation services,

Cultural & recreational services

Commodities Accommodation, transportation, Entertainment,

Attractions

Source of Spending

Resident's Domestic Spending, Business Domestic

Travel Spending, Visitor Exports, Individual

Government Tourism & Travel Spending

Indirect Contribution of Tourism

Private tourism investment spending, Government

collective tourism spending, impact of purchase

from suppliers

Induced Contribution of Tourism Food & beverages, Recreation, Clothing, Housing,

Household goods

(Source: WTTC 2012)

Table 5-10 above shows different components of the direct, indirect and induced impacts of tourism on

local economy. The table highlights the different activities that are undertaken at the three levels of

impacts i.e. direct impacts will be accrued through the activities of accommodation or tourism transport

services, indirect contributions through expenditure on food and beverage suppliers to tourism

enterprises, whilst induced impacts will be the expenses of people working in the tourism sector (or

benefitting from the sector) within the local economy.

While visiting the proposed master plan area, the local people and local government can get direct and

indirect benefits from the visitors or tourism sector. Apart from that, nearby villages as well as the whole

nation will get an opportunity to increase an economy that helps to increase Gross Domestic Products

(GDP) of the nation. The beneficiaries may categories as Direct and Indirect benefits. The possible direct

and indirect beneficiaries of the proposed master plan project is described as follows:

5.4.3.1 Direct Beneficiaries

Direct benefit is a return that can be directly observed and is easily quantified that includes

transportation, lodging and fooding expenses during travelling period, ticket counter fee, souvenir fee,

accommodation and dining facilities expenses, and all other miscellaneous expenses done by the

foreigners as well as domestic visitors at the proposed project site.



5.4.3.2 Indirect Beneficiaries

An indirect benefit is a return that cannot be directly observed but is nonetheless realized and is not

easily computed that includes social benefits (such as contribution to community pride and identity,

stronger social networks and community connectedness), income generation in local community (that

includes porter charge, employment generation), improvement, increased property values, etc.),

revenue generation, increase in cultural and natural values of the area.



6. STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF THE MASTER PLAN PROJECT

The premises for the concept development of Manang Nesyang Rural Municipality as a tourism

destination were conceived to ensure long-term socio-economic benefits of tourism by making optimal

use of environmental resources, maintaining essential ecosystems and helping conserve biodiversity in

the area. It aims to prioritize fair distribution of benefits to all local residents, including stable

employment and income-earning opportunities, social services and poverty alleviation. The master plan

is based on the principles of sustainable tourism to ensure the benefits is in accord with the stakeholders

and is handed down through the generations of the local community. It proposes the structures

essential for a place with attraction to be a successful tourist destination along with the required

amenities.

6.1 COMPONENT OF MASTER PLAN

As per the site visit, the requirements of the locals were discussed and considered. The requirements

for the Conceptual Master planning in Swargadwari include:

1. Existing Settlement

2. Access to Swargadwari

3. Existing Vehicular Road

4. Tea House

5. Zen Garden

6. Proposed Bridge

7. Swargadwari Rock

8. Marsyangdi River

9. The Gate



Figure 6-1 Component of Swargadwari Masterplan



6.2 GENERALIZATION OF DESIGN CONCEPT:

The Masterplan is divided into two parts. The entrance, Tower, Tea House, Resting space and spill out

spaces in one hill and the trail is to be designed in the Swargadwari Hill. The bridge acts as a connection

between the hill and the Swargadwari Mountain.

Areas for Design Development

The main Architectural concept behind the Swargadwari Masterplan was minimum intervention in the

rock to protect the natural state of the existing rock yet to fulfill the requirement of the locals of creation

of the trail to reach at the top will also be accomplished at the same time. The bare rock was treated as

a blank vertical canvas for displaying art and religion of the Buddhist. During the site visit, the local

architecture, culture, religion was studied. The relationship between the human and the religion,

culture can be perceived in the Manang Village. The people of Manang are devoted to their gods and

goddesses. Each individual house of Manang carries a fluttering Prayer flag at the roof. The mesmerizing

view of the religious flags carries Buddhist Mantras “OM MANI PADME HUM”. It is the most common

mantra in Tibet. It is recited by Buddhist, painted in rocks, and carved on prayer wheels. The essence of

all the teachings of the Buddha are said to be contained in this mantra. Tibetan people and almost all

Buddhist believe that chanting this mantra helps to rescue them from the sea of suffering and to activate

the Buddhahood. Repeating it is believed to purify the mind and body and the mantra is used for

protection.

• Om: Helps to achieve perfection in the practice of generosity.

• Mani: Helps to perfect the practice of pure ethics.

• Padme: Helps you to achieve perfection in the practice of perseverance and concentration.

Hum: Helps you to achieve perfection in the practice of wisdom



Figure 6-2: Representing Buddhist Religion Prayer Flag in Viewing Deck

The prayer flags and its five different colors were used as an abstraction of the Land Art in the Rock. So,

the flags were used in the intervals for resting and viewing deck along the path to reach at the top. The

number of view decks were five with four cantilevered balconies in between the flags.

Design Alignment:

The decks are aligned in such a way that the flags in the deck are seen at an angle from the entrance

gate.

Figure 6-3: Line of Axis of the View Deck and Entrance



6.3 PROJECT COMPONENTS JUSTIFICATION

• The proposed project components not only solve the basic tourist facilities like tea house,

toilets, spill out areas, trail but at the same time it gives an opportunity to reflect the

architecture of the Manang valley, religious and traditional aspects of their culture through

built spaces and architecture.

• The concept of gate symbolizes pointing towards heaven, which welcomes the tourists in

Swargadwari. The designed structure is inspired by the abstraction of the intangible

aspects, which helps the visitors to understand their culture, social, economic life more

closely of the Manang valley and its people.

• Since the tourists visits the Annapurna Conservation Area for trekking purpose. The walking

trail was proposed so that the route is more adventurous by crossing the Marsyandi River

and reaching at the top rather than providing the cable car to reach at the top.

• The cost of alternate means of path to reach at the top makes the project more

costly/expensive to reach at the top. The preparation of trail makes the project financially

viable.

6.4 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT COMPONENTS

The various components designed in the preparation of master plan is described in the subsequent

chapters.

Entry Gate

The entry gate is an abstract of the name Swargadwari which means Heaven’s door. The designed Gate

is a symbol of pointing towards heaven and consists of concrete doorframe. Through the concrete gate,

one can view the five colored Buddhist Flag in five different decks, which is vertically aligned and

cantilevered in the rock, as one can seize the Buddhist Religious aspect from this Gate. It reflects the

religious belief and myth of the Rock that climbing a rock one can go to heaven. The area of Gate is 47

sqm.



Figure 6-4: Plan, Elevation and 3D view of Entry Gate

The View Tower

The tower consists of the linear path where one can take the view of the Swargadwari curved rock and

mountains behind it and reach to the bridge. It is an expression of the stepped houses of the Manang

villages with certain voids within. The tower is in a Brutalism style expression with concrete shear walls

and cantilevered platforms with rotation in 360 degree to reach at the bottom so that one can enjoy

the overall Majestic view of the exceptional Swargadwari rock and incredible Himalayas in the

background. The area of View Tower is 133 sq.m



The Tea House

The teahouse consists of three small towers with 8 m X 4 m rectangular box. The central tower acts as

a service tower where there is rest rooms, kitchen, and locker rooms for the tourists. Whereas the other

two towers acts as functional wings serving the purpose of the tea house. These towers are connected

through the glass box bridge. The exterior is inspired form the punctured balconies of the typical

Manang Village houses. The area of Tea house is 109 sq.m.

Figure 6-5: Plan, Elevation and 3D view of View Tower (Tunnel)



Figure 6-6: Elevation of Tea House inspired by voids of Manang Village

The Bridge

The 1.5 km suspension bridge that connects the hill with the Swargadwari Rock is designed as an

abstract of the criss cross of the wooden bridge in Manang.

Figure 6-7: Conceptual Design of Bridge connecting Left and Right Bank



The Foot Trail

The 4.095 km foot trail with a width of 1.5m is designed to reach at the top of the Rock.

Figure 6-8: Proposed Trail Layout

Viewing Decks

Along the Foot trail there are 6 different decks where 5 (8 m X 2.5 m) cantilevered decks are vertically

aligned with 5 different colors reflecting the Prayer flag colors of the Buddhist religion. The Rock is taken

as bare surface of vertical Canvas where the five decks are aligned to reach at the top of the view deck,

which is 10 m X 3 m. The top deck is a simple deck with a glowing phosphorescent material at the top

as a symbol of silver lining at the top and heavenly feeling while reaching at the top.



Figure 6-9: Viewing Decks Align along the Trail at Interval



Figure 6-10 Plan and 3D view of deck at end of trail



7. PROJECT COST ESTIMATE

7.1 QUANTITY ESTIMATES

After completion of design and preparation of drawings and in consideration to the technical

specifications, bill of quantities is prepared wherein items of work are identified and corresponding

quantities are computed and recorded. The quantities of different structures proposed are determined

based on the design and drawings prepared. Similarly, provision for miscellaneous cost and

contingencies is detailed out.

7.2 RATE ANALYSIS

The preliminary work to be carried out for the determination of the project cost is to prepare the unit

rate of various items required for the construction. During the calculation of unit rates, 3-major

components were considered. These include:

i. Labor Cost

ii. Material Cost and

iii. Equipment Cost

The unit rate of all items of work are prepared as realistically as possible, taking into account the

expected hauling distance of various structural materials required during construction. The prices of

materials like cement, steel, stone, etc. and labor are based on market rates or approved District Rates

for FY 2075/76. Analysis of rates for various items of work are prepared keeping in view all the above-

mentioned factors based on unit rate derived from Rate Analysis Norm of the government or current

rates of similar works in Nepal. Sometimes historic data are used with appropriate escalation factors to

estimate unit rates applicable at the expected start date of construction. With the unit costs derived as

explained above and the quantities developed by estimation, the project base costs are worked out.

Detailed quantity estimate together with rate analysis and cost estimate has been included in the annex.

7.3 COST ESTIMATE

In order to calculate the total project cost, quantities of various individual components were multiplied

with the calculated unit rates from the rate analysis as mentioned in the previous chapter. The total

cost of individual items of work were then summed up to obtain the total project cost. The expected

total cost of the project is NRs. 159,199,912.67 including contingencies and VAT. The summary of total

cost of the project is presented in the following Table 7-1.

Table 7-1: Summary of the project cost of Swargadwari Project

S. No. Description of Works Estimated Cost

1 Gate 4,957,333.65

2 Tunnel and Ramp 17,543,557.85

3 Service Building 8,061,203.46

4 Foot Trail including viewing deck 65,413,256.20

5 Suspension Bridge 18,900,000.00

6 Landscaping Works 6,055,875.00

Sub Total of Civil works 120,931,226.15



S. No. Description of Works Estimated Cost

9 Services 10,279,154.22

a. Electrical Services 4,232,592.92

b. Sanitary Services 6,046,561.31

Sub Total (Nrs.) 131,210,380.37

Miscellaneous works 3,627,936.78

Contingency 6,046,561.31

VAT 13% 18,315,034.20

Grand Total 159,199,912.67

In words: Fifteen Crore Ninety-one Lakhs Ninety-nine Thousand Nine hundred and thirteen rupees

only.



8. FINANCIAL ARRANGEMENT, REVENUE GENERATION AND

ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

8.1 FINANCIAL ARRANGEMENT OF PROJECT

Project finance is the long-term financing of infrastructure and projects based upon the projected cash

flows of the project rather than the balance sheets of its sponsors. Usually, a project financing structure

involves a number of equity investors, banks or other lending institutions that provide loans to the

operation.

Financial arrangement of the project is basic for development of the project. The study project “Master

Plan for the Tourism Development of Swargadwari, Manang” is project under the Government of the

Nepal, Ministry of Tourism, Gandkai Province, 4. So, the total investment will be financed from the same

authority. However, in course of project development there is possibility of fund collection from local

people, international donor and other funding organization. Thus, two separate funding mechanism has

been proposed based on present and future scenario. The chart below shows the present and future

financial arrangement for the project.

Table 8-1: Proposed financial arrangement for the project

Financial Arrangement Proposed at Present Proposed for Future

Total Cost (including 13% VAT) 159,199,912.67 100% 159,199,912.67 100%

Government fund 159,199,912.67 100% 127,359,930.14 80%

Equity - 0% 15,919,991.27 10%

Donation - 0% 15,919,991.27 10%

Figure 8-1: Proposed financial arrangement for the project

8.2 REVENUE GENERATION

The purpose masterplan is mainly focused on tourism development of the Swargadwari area of Manang.

The Swargadwari rock which carry religious and cultural values of Manang, is located in Pisang village

along the Annapurna Trekking Circuit. Annapurna Trekking Circuit is one of the world's famous tourism

attraction of Nepal and is travelled by a lot of international and domestic tourist. A brief revenue

10

0%

0%

0%

80

%

10

%

10

%

G O V E R N M E N T F U N D E Q U I T Y D O N A T I O N

FINANCIAL ARRANGEMNT OF THE PROJECT

Proposed at Present Proposed for Future



generation plan is prepared based on expected tourist arrival at the rock area after its development.

The figure of expected tourist arrival considered in this study is based on the tourist arrival data

collected from Dharapani Check Post of Manang district. The calculated net annual incremental benefit

is NRs 50,659,411.22. The sources of the revenue after the development of the project are described

below.

Employment Generation

After commissioning of the project, a lot of employment opportunity will be created for the people

living in the project area. Job will be created directly through souvenir sales, ticketing office, teahouse

and management unit etc.

Foreign Exchange Earnings

Generation of foreign exchange earnings plays an important indicator for the revenue generation. After

development of the project, large number of foreigner tourist is expected to visit the site which will

increase the collection of foreign currency.

Contribution to Local Economics

Once the project is opened for tourist, money is earned from tourism through informal employment

(informal guides, portal, hotel and sales of other local goods). The positive side of informal employment

is that the money is returned to the local economy and has a great multiplier effect as it is spent

repeatedly.

Contribution to Government Revenue

The commissioning of the project will bring both direct and indirect revenue in the project area. Direct

contribution is generated by the taxes in the income from tourism employment and tourism businesses

and direct levies on tourist such as departure taxes.

Indirect contribution come from taxes and duties levied on goods and services supplied to the tourist.

Stimulation of Infrastructure Investment

Tourism can induce the local government to make infrastructure improvements such as better water

and sewage systems, roads, electricity, telephone and public transport networks. This can improve the

quality of life for residents as well as facilitate tourism industry.

8.3 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

8.3.1.1 Basis of economic Analysis

Economic analysis of Swargadwari Master Plan Project is carried out based on the incremental benefit,

which will be earned by proposed project. The economic life of the project is taken as 25-years. The

construction works are planned to be completed within 3 years. Average Operation and Maintenance

cost of the project is considered 3% of total project cost/year.

In the economic analysis, a distinction is made between financial and economic prices. The financial

prices refer to the actual prices as they occur in the market and as paid or received by individual and

companies, where the latter refers to the values which reflects the real value of an input or output to

the national economy. Financial prices of goods and service are usually converted to the economic value



by using conversion factors, taking account of the distortions to the price system within the national

economy.

8.3.1.2 Assumption

The economic analysis of the project is based on the following assumptions.

• The economic analysis for the project has been carried on the cost of the project without

contingency and VAT.

• Project life has been taken as 25 years including construction period.

• All input and output have been evaluated based on the fiscal 2075/2076.

• The Project would start giving revenue immediately after the completion of the construction works,

the annual benefit obtained increasing in the successive years until full benefit is realized at the end

of the three year from completion.

• It has been assumed that the project will be completed in three successive years; the cash flows in

these years will be distributed by 10%, 20%, 20%, 20% and 30% respectively.

• Cost expenditure for Operation and Maintenance of the project will be started one year after the

Project completion. Average Operation and Maintenance cost of the project is assumed to be 3%

of total project cost.

• The salvage value at the end of the Project life is assumed as zero.

8.3.1.3 Result of Economic Analysis

The economic analysis of Swargadwari Master Plan Project has been carried for discount rate of 12%

and 14%. The values of EIRR obtained is 20 % and BC ratio of the project obtained is 1.92 and 1.64 at

12% and 14% discount rate.

The result of economic analysis show that BC ratio of the project is greater than 1 for both discount

rates and EIRR for the project is greater than the discount rate. Hence the project is attractive and good

for investment. The results of the economic analysis are presented in the Table 8-2 below.



Table 8-2: Economic Analysis

Name of Project = Master plan for Tourism Development in Swargadwari, Manang Assumptions District: Manang, Pisang Village Life of protection work is 10 years. Total of cost 133,840,634.55 NRs Benefit 40% in 1st year,60% in 2nd year and 100% thereafter

Benefit (after deducting expenditure) : 50,659,411.22 NRs O & M is 2% for 1st 2 years and 1% thereafter

Construction cost- 20% for1st,2nd year and 60% for 3rd year.

Year Capital cost O & M cost Total cost Incremental Net Return Present Value Present Value Present Value Present Value Cash flow

NRs NRs NRs return Nrs of cost at 12% of benefit at 12% of cost at 14% of benefit at 14%

Nrs NRs NRs NRs NRs

1 13384063.45 0.00 13384063.45 0.00 -13384063.45 11950056.66 0.00 11740406.54 0.00 -13384063.45

2 26768126.91 0.00 26768126.91 0.00 -26768126.91 21339386.89 0.00 20597204.45 0.00 -26768126.91

3 26768126.91 0.00 26768126.91 0.00 -26768126.91 19053024.01 0.00 18067723.21 0.00 -26768126.91

4 26768126.91 0.00 26768126.91 0.00 -26768126.91 17011628.58 0.00 15848880.01 0.00 -26768126.91

5 40152190.36 0.00 40152190.36 0.00 -40152190.36 22783431.13 0.00 20853789.48 0.00 -40152190.36

6 2676812.69 2676812.69 20263764.49 17586951.80 1356156.61 10266253.72 1219519.85 9231898.51 17586951.80

7 2676812.69 2676812.69 30395646.73 27718834.04 1210854.12 13749446.95 1069754.26 12147234.88 27718834.04

8 1338406.35 1338406.35 50659411.22 49321004.87 540559.88 20460486.53 469190.46 17759115.31 49321004.87

9 1338406.35 1338406.35 50659411.22 49321004.87 482642.75 18268291.54 411570.58 15578171.33 49321004.87

10 1338406.35 1338406.35 50659411.22 49321004.87 430931.02 16310974.59 361026.83 13665062.57 49321004.87

11 1338406.35 1338406.35 50659411.22 49321004.87 384759.84 14563370.17 316690.20 11986896.99 49321004.87

12 1338406.35 1338406.35 50659411.22 49321004.87 343535.57 13003009.08 277798.42 10514821.92 49321004.87

13 1338406.35 1338406.35 50659411.22 49321004.87 306728.19 11609829.54 243682.82 9223528.00 49321004.87

14 1338406.35 1338406.35 50659411.22 49321004.87 273864.46 10365919.23 213756.86 8090814.04 49321004.87

15 1338406.35 1338406.35 50659411.22 49321004.87 244521.84 9255285.03 187506.02 7097205.29 49321004.87

16 1338406.35 1338406.35 50659411.22 49321004.87 218323.07 8263647.35 164478.97 6225618.68 49321004.87

17 1338406.35 1338406.35 50659411.22 49321004.87 194931.31 7378256.56 144279.79 5461069.02 49321004.87

18 1338406.35 1338406.35 50659411.22 49321004.87 174045.81 6587729.07 126561.22 4790411.42 49321004.87

19 1338406.35 1338406.35 50659411.22 49321004.87 155398.05 5881900.96 111018.62 4202115.28 49321004.87

20 1338406.35 1338406.35 50659411.22 49321004.87 138748.26 5251697.28 97384.75 3686066.03 49321004.87

21 1338406.35 1338406.35 50659411.22 49321004.87 123882.37 4689015.43 85425.22 3233391.26 49321004.87

22 1338406.35 1338406.35 50659411.22 49321004.87 110609.26 4186620.92 74934.40 2836308.12 49321004.87

23 1338406.35 1338406.35 50659411.22 49321004.87 98758.27 3738054.39 65731.93 2487989.58 49321004.87

24 1338406.35 1338406.35 50659411.22 49321004.87 88177.03 3337548.56 57659.59 2182447.00 49321004.87

25 1338406.35 1338406.35 50659411.22 49321004.87 78729.49 2979954.08 50578.59 1914427.19 49321004.87

Total 99093684.43 190147290.98 92856553.08 152314592.42 799243238.94

BCR at 12% = 1.92 BCR at 14% = 1.64

EIRR = 20%



9. PROJECT DEVELOPMENT STAGES

The implementation program for proposed masterplan is carried out by following Implementation

Schedule. Implementation program can be divided into three major stages.

9.1 PLANNING STAGE

Various activities are carried out during this stage. Error! Reference source not found. below depicts the

list of activities and its allocated time. The first task to be carried out is desk level study. During desk

study, review of the existing document related to project, relevant data collection, program formulation

and conceptual planning is carried out prior to site visit. The field visit and topographical survey of the

area is carried out. During the field visit, a general meeting with Rural Municipality personnel and local

people is also conducted for their view and need regarding the project. After returning from the site,

technical study along with socio-economic study and tourism potential analysis is conducted and draft

master plan is prepared. The prepared draft report is submitted to the Ministry of Industry, Tourism,

Forest, and Environment. After incorporating comment and suggestion, a final master plan report is

prepared and submitted to authority.

9.2 CONSTRUCTION PREPARATION STAGE

Preparatory work is needed for every project before implementing the actual construction works. During

this stage, detailed layout surveying, detailed investigation, finalization of engineering design,

preparation of construction drawing, finalization of the project cost, tender document preparation and

detail of construction plan shall be carried out.

9.3 CONSTRUCTION STAGE

The construction of project shall be carried out based on construction plan, construction drawing, BoQ

specification and method of the statement. The supervisor of the project will inspect and verify each item

of works quality control. The safety of the worker during construction shall always have higher priority.

After completion of each item of work, quantity and bill verification and payment shall be carried out in

the parallel basis.

The details of project development are presented in Error! Reference source not found..

Table 9-1: Stages of Project Development

SN Stages Details of Activities

Approximate

Time

Required

1 Planning Stage

Desk level Study

Field Investigation and Topographical Survey

Engineering Design of Masterplan Component, BoQ and Costing,

Financial and Economic Analysis

Tourism potential and Beneficiaries analysis

Final report preparation

6 months



SN Stages Details of Activities

Approximate

Time

Required

2 Construction

preparation stage

Detailed layout survey, Detailed Investigation and Detailed

Engineering Design and Tender document preparation, Tender

Award, Detailed construction plan

1 year

3 Construction Stage

Contractors Mobilization,

Project Construction/ management and supervision for quality

control;

Progress monitoring and reporting

Measurement, payment and disbursements;

Commercial Operation

5 year



Figure 9-1: Construction Schedule of the Project

J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M

1 Initial Infromation Dissemination Completed

2 Field Investiagtion and Surveying Completed

3 Planning and Design Completed4 Appraisal Approval

5 Signing of MOA

6 Detail Design and Approval of Estimate

7 Tendering and Selection of Contractor

8 Signing of Agreement with Contractor

9 Mobilization of Contractor

10 Construction of Work11 Commissioning

2025 20262022 2023 2024

S.N Activity 2019

2019 2020 2021



10. SWOT ANALYSIS

The strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats faced by the tourism of Swargadwari are

summarized in Table 10-1 below. Swargadwari has a diversity of attractions. Especially, its cultural and

religious importance and its natural endowments are potentially excellent in attractiveness. But it is

underperforming its potential, due to its weak tourism competitiveness and enabling capacity

Growing demands, as well as flourishing domestic tourism, offer opportunities to the tourism of

Swargadwari. On the other hand, a growing competition in tourism, the instability in the Nepali politics

and lack of vision in the top management level are expected to be limiting factors.

Table 10-1: SWOT analysis for Swargadwari Project

STRENGTH

Majestic natural endowments

Important cultural and religious values

Diversity of attractions

Strong geographical location (i.e. along

the Annapurna Trekking Circuit)

Peaceful and Silent Environment

WEAKNESS

Poor infrastructure

Weak governance and leadership

Human resource constraints

Difficult accessibility

OPPORTUNITIES

Flourishing International Tourism

Growing domestic market

Growing demand for new travelling

pockets

Attraction for new group of tourism

(place for meditation)

THREATS

Growing competition

Lack of Political Vision

Unfavorable environment for

construction



11. DISASTER AND SAFETY

Risks of the project can be defined as an elaboration of unfortunate consequences, both of finance and

structure of project, because of decisions taken or due to environmental conditions on the project

location. Risks in projects are the matter that cannot be eliminated, but their impact can be minimized.

Every project is unique, specific, and dynamic, and therefore projects have different levels and

combinations of risks, hence different responses are taken to minimize those risks and different

consequences affect the project performance. Risk can be external risks, economic and financial risks,

technical and contractual risks, and managerial risk. It is important to manage the multifaceted risks

associated with projects, in particular in developing countries, not only to secure work but also to make

profit. To effectively manage risks in projects, it is crucial to correctly identify the important risks and

properly allocate them to the contractual parties. Stakeholders’ perceptions of risk vary due to different

interests in the project. Risks are identified in each risk category. The risk category in the project can be

within the scope of financial risk, time risk, physical risk, personnel risk, design and technical risk,

contractual risk, political and regulation risk, and safety risk.

11.1 RISK ASSESSMENT

The section has presented some general discussions on the topic and tabulated the identified risks along

with root cause, potential mitigation and severity level.

Listed risks being:

• Geological and natural risk

• Construction schedule risk

• Risk related to construction material

• Safety and security

Geological and Geo-technical Risks

The project area falls in higher Himalayan zone. The main geological formation of the area is Gneisses,

schists, migmatites and marbles. The proposed master plan components are located in both the bank of

the Marsyangdi River. Geologically the right bank area seems more stable compared the left bank where

the 4.0 km trail is proposed. The study showed that the topographical set up of proposed trail is likely to

pass to align oblique/sub parallel to the foliation/bedding plane of the rock strata. Plane failure in such

setup is minimal and even toe cutting may not tiger huge instability problem. Overall geology of the area

seems stable. However, during construction of the project, detailed investigation of the area should be

carried out since those terrain is once a glacier valley and during movement of ice there could be deeply

dissected fractured in the vicinity and those features are highly sensitive to hill slope cuttings.

Risk of Land Degradation

Minimal removal of vegetation and reshaping of topography is considered during design of project

component. Therefore, risk of land degradation is very low in this project.



Risk to Flora and Fauna

The proposed project area falls in the conservation area, attention is given during planning stage to

ensure minimal losses during the implementation stages and steps must be taken later to ensure that the

losses are “replenished.”

Construction Schedule Risks

The Swargadwari master plan is located at varying elevation of 3100 to 4300 m from mean sea level.

Construction work at such location is seasonal based and mainly govern by climatic condition. The

physical environment of area has low humidity, strong winds and inadequate cellular oxygen, intensified

UV radiation and air pressure, which is not favorable for workers. Thus, during planning stage of the

project all these foreseen risks are analyzed and total 5 years construction period is proposed for the

work. In addition, for the timely completion of the project, there should be highly efficient project

management and experienced contractors/suppliers for constructing the project within anticipated time-

period and to the required quality. Lack of interface management can delay the project and increase the

cost.

Risks Related to Construction Materials

Local construction materials including sand, gravel, boulders and cobbles are easily available within the

project area and thus there is no major risk related to availability of local construction materials. However,

as the trail area is located at difficult terrain and lack of accessibility of motor able road, carrying other

construction material such as reinforcement, cement to the site is quite challenging and time consuming.

Risk Related to Climatic Condition

The climate of the project area is not construction friendly. The major health risks for worker related to

the altitude is represented by the reduction of partial pressure of oxygen (hypoxia), humidity, speed wind

and atmospheric pressure



12. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

12.1 CONCLUSION

The initiative taken by the Manang Ngisyang Rural Municipality along with the provincial government for

preparation of Detailed Master Plan of Swargadwari area is a gateway for developing the area as a

religious and tourist destination. Manang itself being a majestic and marvelous place, Swargadwari laying

on the laps of the Annapurna range and the religious and cultural values of the area will lure the

international and domestic tourists. The proposed master plan is well equipped with necessary

components, infrastructures and amenities necessary for attracting tourists and people of Manang. The

development of the plan at this moment includes The Entry Gate, The View Tower (Tunnel), The Tea

House, The Bridge, The Foot Trail, Viewing Decks, Landscaping and other required components needed

to develop the place as tourism destination. Further, the possibility of further extension is wide open and

the current plan serves as a milestone and guideline for the future. The components are fairly distributed

based on a planned and guided approach. However, practically, distributing the infrastructures as foot

trails in the geography is challenging. So, the project should be implemented in a systematic manner.

The development of the current project will not only increase the foreign exchange revenue but also will

have direct impact on the livelihood of the community. There will be the generation of employment

opportunity, increase in local business and economy, development of local infrastructures and overall

quality of life of the community around the area is expected to increase to higher values. The overall cost

of infrastructural development identified in the Master Plan is approximately NRs. 159.20 million and

revenue generation of around NRs. 50 million per year. Owing to all these facts and positive impact of

the project, it will be a wise decision for Gandaki Province and Manang Ngisyang Rural Municipality to

invest in the project development.

12.2 RECOMMENDATION

1. The components are fairly distributed based on a planned and guided approach. However,

practically, distributing the infrastructures as foot trails in such geology is quite challenging. So,

it is strongly recommended to carry detailed survey and design before going for the construction.

2. It is recommended to carry the structural analysis of all the structures (Viewing deck, View tower

of Tunnel, Tea House and other required structures) before actual start of the construction.

3. The implementation of the project should be carried in a systematic manner. For timely

implementation, a good technical and financial planning is necessary. A strong supervision team

is essential for the project to keep its attractiveness on timely construction keeping cost in

control.

4. Proper and sufficient security arrangements shall be made for safety of visitors, existing bio-

diversity and components of the area with cultural values.

ANNEXES

Annex A:

Bill of Quantity and Details of Quantity Estimate

Annex A1: Bill of Quantities

S. No. Work Description Unit Quantity Rate Amount

1

Clearing (site clearance) construction

sites before and after construction also

leveling the surface as per instruction,

specification and drawing all complete.

sqm 1,490.00 25.00 37,250.00

2

Earthwork in excavation in hard soil in

perfect line and level in foundation

stacking to the appropriate location near

site for refill all complete as per

instruction, specification and drawing all

complete.

cum 1,236.99 895.48 1,107,702.94

3

Earthwork in backfilling in perfect line

and level in foundation stacking to the

appropriate location near site for refill all

complete as per instruction, specification

and drawing all complete.

cum 865.90 545.02 471,930.34

4

Soling works at the foundations or floors

with bricks on flat face on line level as per

the specifications and instructions of site

engineer.

sqm 92.75 5,080.13 471,171.90

5

Mixing and laying Cement sand,

aggregate of approved quality in ration

1:3:6 ( M10) including mixing, finishing,

laying with proper compaction in perfect

line, level & dimensions, curing, all

complete as per design & drawings(upto

30m haul).

cum 39.33 27,621.44 1,086,392.67

6



1:2:4 ( M15) including mixing, finishing,




30m haul).

cum 2.18 34,698.63 75,573.62

7



1:1.5:3 ( M20) including mixing, finishing,




30m haul).

cum 166.16 43,576.38 7,240,615.35

7

Steel reinforcement bars Fe 500 all sizes

(dia.) including supplying straightening,

cleaning, cutting, bending, binding with

18 SWG Annealed type wire and fixing in

positions all complete as per design &

drawings(haul distance upto 30m).

kg 13,254.17 205.51 2,723,865.28

8

Supplying and laying shuttering of

Formworks (12mm thick Waterproof

Plywood & steel adjustable props for

concreting works) including nails,

propping scaffolding, staging, supporting

sqm 1,046.03 1,151.25 1,204,241.46


and bracing in proper lines and level all

complete as per design & drawings.

9

Providing, laying and fixing saal wood

Door/Window Chaukhat 4"x3" size all

complete

cum 1.59 89,356.38 141,681.24

10

Providing, laying and fixing of saal wood

Window Shutter 38mm thick with 5mm

glass window all complete

sqm 77.61 9,858.24 765,098.01

11

Providing and laying 12.5 mm thick

cement plaster on all surface with 1:4

cement sand mortar in perfect line and

level including Chipping Concrete Surface,

scaffolding, curing etc. all complete as per

drawings.

sqm 62.34 806.77 50,294.04

12

Stone masonry works in 1:6 C/S ratio with

perfect line and level, provide weepholes

using 75mm dia PVC pipe in required

location of the retaining structures as per

drawings all complete

cum 525.23 19,233.92 10,102,162.56

13

Stone masonry works in 1:4 C/S ratio in

foundation and walls with perfect line and

level as per drawings all complete

cum 112.48 22,947.02 2,581,126.70

14

50 mm average thick P.C.C. with stone

chips (1:2:4) M15 concrete for floor

screed work in required level, slope and

curing all works complete .

sqm 52.92 1,977.84 104,667.29

15

Making providing and fixing of MS

Tubular structure with mat finish enamel

black paint on metal surface with smooth

finish with all necessary fittings as per

design and drawing

kg 1,528.69 238.16 364,072.72

16

Providing, laying and fixing 50mm

sandwich panel walls with necessary

anchoring and inplace holding channels at

top and bottom in line level and as per

drawings with all necessary fitting and

accessories.

sqm 18.40 4,607.44 84,776.90

17

Providing and laying 50mm flagstone

flooring work 1 : 6 Cement Sand Mortar

in line & level as per instructions of site

engineer.

cum 509.70 2,339.04 1,192,208.69

18

Providing and fixing glass panel with

required thickness all complete as per

drawings and instructions of site

engineer.

sqm 53.91 9,858.24 531,457.72

19

Providing and fixing non glazed porcelain

tiles fixed on walls with 1 : 4 Cement

Sand Mortar in line & level as per

instructions of site engineer.

sqm 36.80 6,136.02 225,805.54


20 Construction of 135m span Suspension

bridge over Marsyangdi River m 135.00 140,000.00 18,900,000.00

21

Landscaping works including pathway,

gardening, statue, surface drainage

system including catch drains, retaining

structures, sand filling and dressed

peebles all complete as per drawings

sqm 4,037.25 1,500.00 6,055,875.00

22

Construction of 1.5m wide foot trail on

rock surface including 5 nos. of viewing

decks, one viewing deck at top, RCC

footing with anchorage at cantilever, M/S

railing and all other neccesary items.

m 4,094.00 15,977.83 65,413,256.20

A. SUB TOTAL OF CIVIL WORKS (Rs.) 120,931,226.15

B. Electrical works ( 3.5% of total civil cost ) 4,232,592.92

C. Sanitary works (5% of total civil cost) 6,046,561.31

D. Miscellaneous (3% of total civil cost) 3,627,936.78

E. Contingency (5% of total civil cost) 6,046,561.31

SUBTOTAL OF A,B,C,D&E 140,884,878.47

Vat 13% 18,315,034.20

GRAND TOTAL (NRs.) 159,199,912.67

Annex A2: Details of Quantity Estimate

S. No. Work Description Unit Quantity

1

Clearing (site clearance) construction sites before and after

construction also leveling the surface as per instruction,

specification and drawing all complete.

sqm 1,490.00

2

Earthwork in excavation in hard soil in perfect line and level

in foundation stacking to the appropriate location near site

for refill all complete as per instruction, specification and

drawing all complete.

cum 1,236.99

3

Earthwork in backfilling in perfect line and level in

foundation stacking to the appropriate location near site for

refill all complete as per instruction, specification and

drawing all complete.

cum 865.90

4

Soling works at the foundations or floors with bricks on flat

face on line level as per the specifications and instructions of

site engineer.

sqm 92.75

5

Mixing and laying Cement sand, aggregate of approved

quality in ration 1:3:6 ( M10) including mixing, finishing,

laying with proper compaction in perfect line, level &

dimensions, curing, all complete as per design &

drawings(upto 30m haul).

cum 39.33

6


quality in ration 1:2:4 ( M15) including mixing, finishing,




cum 2.18

7


quality in ration 1:1.5:3 ( M20) including mixing, finishing,




cum 166.16

7

Steel reinforcement bars Fe 500 all sizes (dia.) including

supplying straightening, cleaning, cutting, bending, binding

with 18 SWG Annealed type wire and fixing in positions all

complete as per design & drawings(haul distance upto 30m).

kg 13,254.17

8

Supplying and laying shuttering of Formworks (12mm thick

Waterproof Plywood & steel adjustable props for concreting

works) including nails, propping scaffolding, staging,

supporting and bracing in proper lines and level all complete

as per design & drawings.

sqm 1,046.03

9 Providing, laying and fixing saal wood Door/Window

Chaukhat 4"x3" size all complete cum 1.59

10 Providing, laying and fixing of saal wood Window Shutter

38mm thick with 5mm glass window all complete sqm 77.61

11

Providing and laying 12.5 mm thick cement plaster on all

surface with 1:4 cement sand mortar in perfect line and

level including Chipping Concrete Surface, scaffolding, curing

etc. all complete as per drawings.

sqm 62.34

S. No. Work Description Unit Quantity

12

Stone masonry works in 1:6 C/S ratio with perfect line and

level, provide weepholes using 75mm dia PVC pipe in

required location of the retaining structures as per drawings

all complete

cum 525.23

13 Stone masonry works in 1:4 C/S ratio in foundation and walls

with perfect line and level as per drawings all complete cum 112.48

14

50 mm average thick P.C.C. with stone chips (1:2:4) M15

concrete for floor screed work in required level, slope and

curing all works complete.

sqm 52.92

15

Making providing and fixing of MS Tubular structure with

mat finish enamel black paint on metal surface with smooth

finish with all necessary fittings as per design and drawing

kg 1,528.69

16

Providing, laying and fixing 50mm sandwich panel walls with

necessary anchoring and inplace holding channels at top and

bottom in line level and as per drawings with all necessary

fitting and accessories.

sqm 18.40

17

Providing and laying 50mm flagstone flooring work 1 : 6

Cement Sand Mortar in line & level as per instructions of site

engineer.

cum 509.70

18 Providing and fixing glass panel with required thickness all

complete as per drawings and instructions of site engineer. sqm 53.91

19

Providing and fixing non glazed porcelain tiles fixed on walls

with 1 : 4 Cement Sand Mortar in line & level as per

instructions of site engineer.

sqm 36.80

20 Construction of 135m span Suspension bridge over

Marsyangdi River m 135.00

21

Landscaping works including pathway, gardening, statue,

surface drainage system including catch drains, retaining

structures, sand filling and dressed peebles all complete as

per drawings

sqm 4,037.25

22

Construction of 1.5m wide foot trail on rock surface including

5 nos. of viewing decks, one viewing deck at top, RCC footing

with anchorage at cantilever, M/S railing and all other

necessary items.

m 4,094.00

Annex B:

Rate Analysis

S.n. Work Description Resour

ce Type/Grade Qty UnitRate per unit

Amount Amt per resource

Unskilled 0.023 no. 945 21.74 21.74

Equipment

21.7425

m2

Unskilled 0.7 no. 945 661.5 661.5

0Equipment 19.845

681.345783.55

m3

Unskilled 0.8 no. 945 756 756

0Equipment 22.68

778.68895.48

m3

Unskilled 0.5 no. 945 472.5 472.5Water 5 ltr 0.286 1.43

1.43Equipment

473.93545.02

m3

Unskilled 0.5 no. 945 472.5 472.5Water 5 ltr 0.286 1.43Soil 1.5 cum 370 555 556.43

Equipment

1028.931183.27

m3Skilled 1 no. 1120 1120Unskilled 0.5 no. 945 472.5 1592.5Stone for Soling 1.1 cum 850 935Sand coarse 0.7 cum 2700 1890 2825

Equipment

4417.55080.13

m3

6

Soling works at the foundations with hard stones and filling the voids with sand as per the specifications and instructions of site engineer.

Manpower

Material

Total(Rs.)Total(Rs.) with 15% contractor's overhead

Unit

5

Back filling works including cost of soil by spreading in layers of 150mm thickness, watered and well consolidated by suitable mechanical compactors at every layers, all complete & as per drawing, specification & instruction of site in-charge.

Manpower

Material


Unit

4

Back filling works from stock pile within 10mtrs including spreading in layers of 150mm thickness, watered and well consolidated by suitable mechanical compactors at every layers, all complete & as per drawing, specification & instruction of site in-charge.

Manpower

Material


Unit

3

Earthwork in excavation in hard clay/ soft rock in perfect line and level in foundation stacking to the appropriate location near site for refill all complete as per instruction, specification and drawing all complete.

Manpower

Material

3% of total manpowerTotal(Rs.)

Total(Rs.) with 15% contractor's overheadUnit

2

Earthwork in excavation in soft soil in perfect line and level( upto 1.5m lift and 10m haul) in foundation stacking to the appropriate location near site for refill all complete as per instruction, specification and drawing all complete.

Manpower

Material

3% of total manpowerTotal(Rs.)

Total(Rs.) with 15% contractor's overheadUnit

1

Clearing & uprooting (site clearance) thin vegetation,grubbing their roots and disposal far from the construction sites before and after construction also leveling the surface as per instruction, specification and drawing all complete.

Manpower

Material


Unit




Manpo Skilled 1.5 no. 1120 1680Unskilled 5 no. 945 4725 6405Stone for walls 1.1 cum 2250 2475Sand coarse 0.45 cum 2700 1215Cement PPC 0.159 mt 61826 9830.33Water 100 ltr 0.286 28.6 13548.93

Equipment

19953.9322947.02

m3Skilled 1.5 no. 1120 1680Unskilled 5 no. 945 4725 6405Stone for walls 1.1 cum 2250 2475Sand coarse 0.47 cum 2700 1269Cement PPC 0.106 mt 61826 6553.56Water 79 ltr 0.286 22.59 10320.15

Equipment

16725.1519233.92

m3Skilled 1 no. 1120 1120Unskilled 2 no. 945 1890 3010Stone for walls 1.1 cum 2250 2475

2475Equipment

54856307.75

m3Skilled 1 no. 1120 1120Unskilled 4 no. 945 3780Cement OPC 0.22 mt 63826 14041.72Gravel 40mm 0.65 cum 4240 2756Gravel 20mm 0.24 cum 4240 1017.6Sand coarse 0.47 cum 2700 1269Water 120 ltr 0.286 34.32

Equipment

24018.6427621.44

m3Skilled 1 no. 1120 1120Unskilled 4 no. 945 3780Cement OPC 0.32 mt 63826 20424.32Gravel 40mm 0.52 cum 4240 2204.8Gravel 20mm 0.22 cum 4240 932.8Gravel 10mm 0.11 cum 4240 466.4Sand coarse 0.445 cum 2700 1201.5Water 150 ltr 0.286 42.9

Equipment

30172.7234698.63

m3

11

Mixing and laying Cement sand, aggregate of approved quality in ration 1:2:4 ( M15) including mixing, finishing, laying with proper compaction in perfect line, level & dimensions, curing, all complete as per design & drawings.

Manpower 4900

Material

25272.72


Unit

10

Mixing and laying Cement sand, aggregate of approved quality in ration 1:3:6 ( M10) including mixing, finishing, laying with proper compaction in perfect line, level & dimensions, curing, all complete as per design & drawings.

Manpower 4900

Material

19118.64


Unit

9

Providing and laying dry stone masonry (coursed rubble) including dressing etc. complete as per specification, lead 30m

Manpower

Material


Unit

8

Providing and laying random rubble stone masonry of hard block stone in 1 : 6 cement sand mortar(M5) including stone dressing,mortar transportation(upto 10m) all complete.

Manpower

Material


Unit

7

Providing and laying random rubble stone masonry of hard block stone in 1 : 4 cement sand mortar(M5) including stone dressing,mortar transportation(upto 10m) all complete.

Manpower

Material


Unit




Manpo Skilled 0.8 no. 1120 896Unskilled 7 no. 945 6615Cement OPC 0.4 mt 63826 25530.4Gravel 20mm 0.57 cum 4240 2416.8Gravel 10mm 0.29 cum 4240 1229.6Sand coarse 0.425 cum 2700 1147.5Water 200 ltr 0.286 57.2

Equipment

37892.543576.38

m3Skilled 0.012 no. 1120 13.44Unskilled 0.012 no. 945 11.34Rebar Fe500 1.05 kg 145.08 152.33Binding wire 0.01 kg 159.08 1.59

Equipment

178.7205.51

kgSkilled 0.267 no. 1120 299.04Unskilled 0.4 no. 945 378Wood local 0.004 cum 30022 117.09Ply 12mm 0.165 sqm 1087.6 179.46Metal Props 0.04 no. 0 0Nails 0.25 kg 110 27.5

Equipment

1001.091151.25

sqmSkilled 17.65 no. 1120 19768Unskilled 1.67 no. 945 1578.15Wood local 1.05 cum 30022 31523.1Nails 0.55 kg 110 60.5

Equipment

52929.7560869.21

sqmSkilled 34 no. 1120 38080Unskilled 3.4 no. 945 3213Wood local 1.1 cum 30022 33024.2Holdfast 92 no. 32 2944Nails 4 kg 110 440

Equipment

77701.289356.38

sqm

16

Providing, laying and fixing local salla wood Door/Window Chaukosh 4"x3" size with all complete

Manpower 41293

Material36408.2


Unit

15

Fixing at proper place local salla wood posts as column and beams including all materials complete as per specifications and drawings.

Manpower 21346.15

Material31583.6


Unit

14

Supplying and laying shuttering of Formworks (12mm thick Waterproof Plywood & steel adjustable props for concreting works) including nails, propping scaffolding, staging, supporting and bracing in proper lines and level all complete as per design & drawings.

Manpower 677.04

Material

324.05


Unit

13

Steel reinforcement bars Fe 500 all sizes (dia.) including supplying straightening, cleaning, cutting, bending, binding with 18 SWG Annealed type wire and fixing in positions all complete as per design & drawings(haul distance upto 30m).

Manpower 24.78

Material153.92


Unit

12

Mixing and laying Cement sand, aggregate of approved quality in ration 1:1.5:3 ( M20) including mixing, finishing, laying with proper compaction in perfect line, level & dimensions, curing, all complete as per design & drawings(upto 30m haul).

Manpower 7511

Material

30381.5


Unit




Manpo Skilled 4.036 no. 1120 4520.18Unskilled 0.404 no. 945 381.39Wood local 0.022 cum 30022 659.68Glass 5mm 1.085 sqm 2399.2 2603.1375mm hinge 4 pcs 21 84100mm lock 4 pcs 37 148Handle 2 pcs 63 126Screw 50

Equipment

8572.389858.24

sqmSkilled 3.118 no. 1120 3492.2Unskilled 0.312 no. 945 294.65Wood local 0.015 cum 30022 462.7Ply 6mm 1.036 sqm 636.31 658.98Ply 3mm commercial 1.036 sqm 488.92 506.34100mm hinge 1.336 pcs 37 49.44150mm lock 0.891 pcs 48 42.76Mortice lock 0.445 pcs 861 383.52Screw 50

Equipment

5940.596831.68

sqmSkilled 0.12 no. 1120 134.4Unskilled 0.16 no. 945 151.2Cement OPC 0.005 mt 63826 343.38Sand coarse 0.015 cum 2700 39.42Water 100 ltr 0.286 28.6

Equipment 4.536

701.536806.77

m3Skilled 0.12 no. 1120 134.4Unskilled 0.16 no. 945 151.2Cement OPC 0.004 mt 63826 243.82Sand coarse 0.016 cum 2700 42.39Water 100 ltr 0.286 28.6

Equipment 4.536

604.946695.69

m3Skilled 0.125 no. 1120 140Unskilled 0.25 no. 945 236.25Cement OPC 0.017 mt 63826 1085.04Gravel 10mm 0.046 cum 4240 195.04Sand coarse 0.023 cum 2700 62.1Water 5 ltr 0.286 1.43

Equipment

1719.861977.84

m2

21

50 mm average thick P.C.C. with stone chips (1:2:4) M15 concrete for floor screed work in required level, slope and curing all works complete .

Manpower 376.25

Material

1343.61


Unit

20

Providing and laying 12.5 mm thick cement plaster on all surface with 1:6 cement sand mortar in perfect line and level including Chipping Concrete Surface, scaffolding, curing etc. all complete as per drawings.

Manpower 285.6

Material314.81

3% of unskilled labourTotal(Rs.)

Total(Rs.) with 15% contractor's overhead

Unit

19

Providing and laying 12.5 mm thick cement plaster on all surface with 1:4 cement sand mortar in perfect line and level including Chipping Concrete Surface, scaffolding, curing etc. all complete as per drawings.

Manpower 285.6

Material411.4

3% of unskilled labourTotal(Rs.)


Unit

18

Providing, laying and fixing of local salla wood Door Shutter 38mm thick with 6mm waterproof plywood joint all complete

Manpower 3786.85

Material

2153.74


Unit

17

Providing, laying and fixing of local salla wood Window Shutter 38mm thick with 5mm glass window all complete

Manpower 4901.57

Material

3670.81


Unit




Manpo Skilled 1.3 no. 1120 1456Unskilled 0.45 no. 945 425.25Cement OPC 0.006 mt 63826 357.43Porcelain tile floor 1.1 sqm 2979.7 3277.68White cement 0.323 kg 42 13.56Sand fine 0.015 cum 2700 41.04Water 5 ltr 0.286 1.43

Equipment

5572.396408.25

m2Skilled 1.3 no. 1120 1456Unskilled 0.45 no. 945 425.25Cement OPC 0.006 mt 63826 357.43Porcelain tile wall 1.1 sqm 2764.5 3040.96White cement 0.323 kg 42 13.56Sand fine 0.015 cum 2700 41.04Water 5 ltr 0.286 1.43

Equipment

5335.676136.02

m2Skilled 0.2 no. 1120 224Unskilled 0.45 no. 945 425.25Cement OPC 0.006 mt 63826 402.1Flagstone 50mm 1.1 sqm 850 935Sand fine 0.017 cum 2700 46.17Water 5 ltr 0.286 1.43

Equipment

2033.952339.04

m2Skilled 0.036 no. 1120 40.63Unskilled 0.041 no. 945 38.97MS HS 1 kg 118.51 118.51Metal Primer 0.02 ltr 330 6.6

Equipment 2.388

207.098238.16

kgSkilled 0.12 no. 1120 134.4Unskilled 0.08 no. 945 75.6Wood Primer 0.081 ltr 352 28.51Enamel Paint 0.16 ltr 440 70.4

Equipment 6.3

315.21362.49

m2Skilled 0.11 no. 1120 123.2Unskilled 0.125 no. 945 118.13GI Sheet 0.179

bundle 9696.4 1738.88

Fixtures 20Equipment 7.2399

2007.44992308.57

m2

27Laying and fixing of CGI Sheet roofing ( 26 gauge) in truss structures all works complete.

Manpower 241.33

Material1758.88

3% of labour costTotal(Rs.)


Unit

26

Two coat of premium enamel paint of approved color over one coat of primer with smooth sanding and cleaning dust on wood surface including sealing works.

Manpower 210

Material98.91

3% of labour costs for scaffoldingTotal(Rs.)


Unit

25

Making providing and fixing of MS Tubular truss with mat finish enamel black paint on metal surface with smooth finish with all necessary fittings as per design and drawing

Manpower 79.6

Material125.11

3% of labour costsTotal(Rs.)


Unit

24

Providing and laying 50mm flagstone flooring work 1 : 6 Cement Sand Mortar in line & level as per instructions of site engineer.

Manpower 649.25

Material

1384.7


Unit

23

Providing and fixing non glazed porcelain tiles fixed on walls with 1 : 4 Cement Sand Mortar in line & level as per instructions of site engineer.

Manpower 1881.25

Material

3454.42


Unit

22

Providing and fixing non glazed porcelain tiles fixed on floors with 1 : 4 Cement Sand Mortar in line & level as per instructions of site engineer.

Manpower 1881.25

Material

3691.14


Unit




Manpo Skilled 0.2 no. 1120 224Unskilled 0.3 no. 945 283.5GI Sheet Dhuri 0.179

bundle 7966.4 1428.63


1961.3552255.56

m2Skilled 0.175 no. 1120 196Unskilled 0.2 no. 945 189GI sheet plain 9E-04

bundle 10627 9.96


706.51812.49

rmSkilledUnskilledMetal pipes ready 1 kg 151.51 151.51Metal Primer 0.02 ltr 330 6.6

Equipment 0

158.11181.83

m2Skilled 0.036 no. 1120 40.63Unskilled 0.041 no. 945 38.97MS I-Beam 1 kg 118.51 118.51Red oxide paint 0.02 ltr 330 6.6

Equipment 2.388

207.098238.16

m2Skilled 1.069 no. 1120 1197.11Unskilled 1.24 no. 945 1172.2150mm ssp 1.693 m 0 025mm ssp 2.186 m 0 0

Equipment 43.715847

2413.03582774.99

m2

32

Making providing and fixing of Stainless steel railing ( 50mm dia handrail supported at 2mc/c 50mm dia vertical posts with 2 layers of 25mm rails within 2.5-3 ft height) works smooth finish with all necessary fittings as per design and drawing

Manpower 2369.32

Material0

welding costs Total(Rs.)


Unit

31

Making providing and fixing of MS structural sections red oxide finish on metal surface with all necessary fittings as per design and drawing

Manpower 79.6

Material125.11



Unit

30

Making providing and fixing of MS Angles and pipes with mat finish enamel black paint on metal surface with smooth finish with all necessary fittings as per design and drawing

Manpower 0

Material158.11



Unit

29

Laying and fixing of Rainwater collection gutter of coloured plain sheet (150mm wide)with necessary brackets and fixtures in roof all works complete.

Manpower 385

Material309.96



Unit

28Laying and fixing of CGI ridge cover (0.5mm 0.6m wide) in truss structures all works complete.

Manpower 507.5

Material1438.63



Unit

Annex C:

Site Photographs

Ongoing Survey Works during field visit

Interviews with local community

View of Swargadwari Rock from Swargadwari bridge

Gorge on Marsyangdi River

Location of proposed Tea house

View of existing trail from settlement



Interaction with local peoples

View of proposed foot trail location

View of vegetation around site

Surrounding view of Swargadwari rock

Annex D:

Master Plan Design Drawings

3210

3205

3200

3195

3190

3185

3180

3175

3170

3165

3250

3245

3240

3235

3230

3145

3140

3125

3120

3110

3105

3110

3105

3230

3225

3185

3180

3130

3125

3120

3125

3120

3115

3230

3225

3130

3115

3110

3220

3215

3155

3135

3130

3100

3255

3130

3110

3105

3135

3130

ZEN GARDEN

ZEN GARDEN

1

2

3

46

7

8

9

5

Y

Y

X

X

ZEN GARDEN

EXIT FROM

TRAIL

ENTRY TO

TRAIL

TEA HOUSE

TEA HOUSE

SERVICE BLOCK

GARDEN

AMPHITHEATRE

VIEW DECK

THE GATE

S.NO PARTICLUARS

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

EXISTING SETTLEMENT

ACCESS TO SWARGADWARI

EXISTING VEHICULAR ROAD

TEA HOUSE

ZEN GARDEN

PROPOSED BRIDGE

8

SWARGADWARI ROCK

9

MARSYANGDI RIVER

THE GATE

S.K.C

S.K.C

M.MAHARAJAN

1:10000

01

Checked By:

Drawn By:

Designed By:

(MOITFE)


Dwg No.

Shell Engineering Consultancy

Pvt. LtdMasterplan for Tourism Development in

Swargadwari, Manang

Date:

Ministry of Industry, Tourism,

Forest and Environment

Signature

Checked By:

Recommended

By:

Accepted By:

DesignationJune, 2019

SHEET TITLE : ClientConsultant SignatureDesignation

Approved By:Gandaki Province

CONSULTANT: Name of Project:

Pokhara, Kaski

Sitapaila, Kathmandu, Nepal

Scale :

Sheet No.

01

SITE PLAN

3210

3205

3200

3195

3190

3185

3180

3175

3170

3250

3245

3240

3235

3230

3110

3105

3230

3225

3230

3225

3130

3110

3220

3215

3130

3100

3255

3110

3105

3135

3130

ZEN GARDEN

ZEN GARDEN

Y

Y

X

X

ZEN GARDEN

EXIT FROM

TRAIL

ENTRY TO

TRAIL

TEA HOUSE

TEA HOUSE

SERVICE BLOCK

GARDEN

AMPHITHEATRE

VIEW DECK

THE GATE

3170

3165

3145

3140

3110

3105

3125

3120

3115

3115

3155

3135

S.K.C

S.K.C

M.MAHARAJAN

1:10000

02

TEA HOUSE AND

LANDSCAPE

02Checked By:

Drawn By:

Designed By:

(MOITFE)


Dwg No.



Swargadwari, Manang

Date:



Signature

Checked By:

Recommended

By:

Accepted By:





Pokhara, Kaski


Scale :

Sheet No.

Y

Y

X

X

EXIT FROM

TRAIL

ENTRY TO

TRAIL

TEA HOUSE

TEA HOUSE

SERVICE BLOCK

GARDEN

AMPHITHEATRE

VIEW DECK

THE GATE

3135

S.K.C

S.K.C

M.MAHARAJAN

1:10000

03

BLOW UP OF TEA HOUSE

TEA HOUSE AND

LANDSCAPE

Checked By:

Drawn By:

Designed By:

(MOITFE)


Dwg No.



Swargadwari, Manang

Date:



Signature

Checked By:

Recommended

By:

Accepted By:





Pokhara, Kaski


Scale :

Sheet No.

02

Annex E:

Minutes of Meeting

Annex F:

Linkage Map of Major Tourist Destination of

Manang

FINAL REPORT ON MASTER PLAN FOR TOURISM DEVELOPMENT...

Documents

Transcript of FINAL REPORT ON MASTER PLAN FOR TOURISM DEVELOPMENT...