FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
-
Upload
mohd-hadis-syakir -
Category
Documents
-
view
212 -
download
0
Transcript of FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
![Page 1: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 1/66
Master Thesis of Gävle University, Sweden
2007-09
Energy Saving Curtain
ENERGY INVENTORY AND CONSERVATION POSSIBILITIESFOR WINDOW APPLICATION of COMMERCIAL BUILDING
Fan Zou
![Page 2: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 2/66
Table of contents
Abstract..........................................................................................................5
Acknowledgement.........................................................................................6
1 Introduction..................................................................................................7
1.1 Aims of the Study ............................................................................... 9
1.2 Background of the Study.................................................................. 10
2 General Descriptions..................................................................................12
2.1 Overview of the Energy Saving Curtain System Principles.............12
2.2 The concept of heat flow and heat transfer....................................... 13
2.3 Solar Intensity in Sweden.................................................................142.4 Different utilizations:........................................................................ 14
3 Principles....................................................................................................17
3.1 Parameters for the solar heat transmission....................................... 18
3.2 Energy saving curtain ideas from Ludvig Svensson AB.................. 20
3.3 Energy saving roller-blind from Almedahl-Kinna AB..................... 26
3.4 Alternatives to Improve Heating Energy Conservation....................31
3.4.1 Clever and easy control system............................................... 31
3.4.2 Higher efficiency of the light source utilization...................... 31
3.4.3 Fit installation..........................................................................31
3.4.4 Suitable and prompt maintenance............................................ 31
3.4.5 Perfect matching...................................................................... 31
4 Evaluations of energy saving..................................................................... 33
4.1 One case in Stockholm..................................................................... 34
4.1.1Geometry.................................................................................. 36
4.1.2 Window embrasure and frame................................................. 37
4.1.3 Site and Orientation.................................................................38
4.1.4 Window type............................................................................ 39
2
![Page 3: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 3/66
4.1.5 External window Sunshade..................................................... 40
4.1.6 Internal window sunshade....................................................... 44
4.2 Simulation for the Energy saving curtain (68| Svensson
Optic-31558000 alu white)..................................................................... 46
4.3 Simulation for the Roller-blind (Haglunds Texienne H 925-90 white)
.................................................................................................................54
5 Future tendency of energy consumption for the office-use buildings.......60
6 Analysis of world window coverings market............................................ 61
7 Conclusions................................................................................................ 63
Reference......................................................................................................64
Table of figures
Figure 1 Residential used curtain................................................................................... 15Figure 2 Agriculture used curtain.................................................................................. 16Figure 3 Decoration used curtain................................................................................... 17Figure 4 G-value (double glazing windows) ................................................................. 19Figure 5 G-value (single glazing windows)................................................................... 19Figure 6 U-value systems............................................................................................... 20Figure 7 (Optic 270)....................................................................................................... 21Figure 8 (Mood 270)...................................................................................................... 22Figure 9 (Ombra270) ..................................................................................................... 22Figure 10 (Orbit)............................................................................................................22Figure 11 (Topic color).................................................................................................. 23Figure 12 (Topic 300/200)............................................................................................. 23Figure 13 (Cinq)............................................................................................................. 23Figure 14 (Opaq)............................................................................................................ 24Figure 15 (Spin).............................................................................................................24Figure 18 (Roller Blind with Channel System)............................................................. 30Figure 19 Main menu of ParaSol................................................................................... 34Figure 20 Picture of Städet 2 ......................................................................................... 35Figure 21 Geometry....................................................................................................... 37Figure 22 Window embrasure, frame............................................................................. 38Figure 23 Site and Orientation....................................................................................... 39Figure 24 Window type.................................................................................................. 40Figure 25 (Awning)........................................................................................................ 41
3
![Page 4: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 4/66
Figure 26 (Italian awning) ............................................................................................. 42Figure 27 Venetian blind................................................................................................ 42Figure 28 Horizontal slatted baffle................................................................................ 43Figure 29 (Screen)..........................................................................................................43Figure 30 (Venetian blind)............................................................................................. 44
Figure 31 (Pleated curtain) ............................................................................................ 45Figure 32 Screen/Roller-blind........................................................................................ 45Figure 33 Screen/Roller-blind........................................................................................ 46Figure 34 Energy balance I ............................................................................................ 47Figure 35 Solar radiations with and without sunshade of one year...............................50Figure 36 Cooling Energy Demand with and without sunshade for one year...............51Figure 37 Heating Energy demand with and without sunshade for one year................ 51Figure 38 Energy balance II........................................................................................... 52Figure 39 Almedahl-Kinna AB article 912634-8........................................................... 55Figure 40 Energy Balance figure for Almedahl-Kinna AB article 912634-8................56Figure 41 Cooling Energy Demand for Almedahl-Kinna AB article no 912634-8.......57
Figure 42 Heating Energy Demand for Almedahl-Kinna AB article 912634-8............ 57
Tables
Table 1 Parameters of different products from Ludvig Svensson AB ...........................25 Table 2 Parameters of products from Almedahl-Kinna AB I.........................................27 Table 3 Parameters of products from Almedahl-Kinna AB II .......................................27 Table 4 Parameters of 68| Svensson Optic-31558000 I .................................................47 Table 5 Parameter of 68| Svensson Optic-31558000 II .................................................47 Table 6 The difference of energy demand: with only glasses, with internal energy
saving curtain..................................................................................................... 52
Table 7 Parameters for Almedahl-Kinna AB article 912634-8 I....................................55 Table 8 Parameters for Almedahl-Kinna AB article 912634-8 II ..................................56 Table 9 Energy Demand for Almedahl-Kinna AB article 912634-8..............................58
4
![Page 5: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 5/66
Abstract
This paper presents the energy saving curtains, in order to make the
consumers be more aware of the energy efficiency of the energy saving
curtains, the paper gave related analysis and conclusions.
The work was performed by using the Parasol Program, developed by Lunds
University, Sweden. The Program is used for quantifying the influence of window size, glass type, textile type, wall thermal insulation and sun
shading on annual energy use and indoor thermal comfort. The results which
are obtained from the calculations are applicable to similar climatic and
environment conditions. Calculations were performed to investigate the
potential for using sunshade devices to reduce annual energy demand for
cooling and heating. Different materials and dimensions of the energy saving
curtain are used as variables in the analysis. The results indicated that for the
current climatic conditions and other related factors, the total reduction rate
of the annual energy consumption of office used buildings in Stockholm is
estimated generally 20% -30% lower comparing to those buildings without
energy saving curtain system. That means at least 20% of energy cost can be
saved by the energy saving curtain system.
5
![Page 6: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 6/66
Acknowledgement
This thesis work is a master degree work of the Master Program in the field
of Energy System, Gävle University, Sweden.
Big appreciation goes to my supervisor Henrik Willers at Sveriges Textil &
Modeföretag (TEKO). He gave me the great opportunity to work for this
thesis and supported my project with valuable ideas and suggestions from
the very beginning to the end. Without his help, I can not learn that much in
this area and can not finish the work.
A special thank goes to my supervisor Mathias Cehlin at Gävle University,
who supported my project with valuable suggestions as well.
Also, I want to thank Michael Johansson and his colleagues at Ludvig
Svensson AB, for all their kind help to my work, not only the contributions
of material and valuable experiences of industrial production but also their
thoughts and ideas of sustainable development help me to finish this work.
Many thanks to Jamilla Nilsson at Almedahl-Kinna AB, she shared her wide
knowledge and valuable work experience with me, her kind help and
thoughtful suggestions made me learn much deeper in the field.
At last, I would like to thank all my teachers in Gävle University, for
supporting my work by various means and kind advice. Without their help, I
can not learn so much in this field.
6
![Page 7: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 7/66
1 Introduction
It's a common sense that energy plays a more and more important role in our
daily life, almost in every field: transport, household, producing,
entertainment, so on and so forth, no body can ever imagine what the world
will be like if we live in a life without energy consumption, it is impossible.
In ancient times, without many energy consumption equipments, people
used experience gained by many years to make the best use of available
resources at that time in order to achieve better living conditions. The quest
to achieve a safe as well as a comfortable environment is always one of the
main preoccupations of the human being. However, the world oil crisis of
the 1970s became a driving force for many intensive research aimed at
reducing energy costs. Also, problems such as global warming, the
increasing costs of nature fuels and serious ozone depletion over the last few
years have made governments and some globe-organizations to re-examine
the whole approach to building design and control. As a result, it is of great
importance in the building field to reconsider the building design and exploit
the renewable energy systems, which can minimize the energy consumption.
For the last decades, also because of oil crises, cost increase of energy
sources, changes in energy tax policies, there is a great shift from oil to
electricity and district heating for heating purposes. Take Sweden as
example, Energy consumption in the building sector has remained relatively
7
![Page 8: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 8/66
stable since the early 1970s. During the 1970s and 1980s, single-family
homes in suburban areas were mainly built with electric heating. The
majority of the buildings in urban areas have replaced individual oil-fired
heating systems with district heating which are commonly run by bio-fuel
and other new resources.
According to the data from Statistic Sweden, Energy which used in the
building sector accounts for 39% of Sweden’s total final energy
consumption and for about 50% of total electricity consumption. The energy
is used to heat and cool rooms, as well as to operate equipment.
Many organizations such as The Swedish Consumer Agency, City Planning
Institute, Building and Planning and the Swedish Environmental Protection
Agency and the Swedish National Board of Housing, also have done a lot of
energy-related undertakings in the building field. Energy-related
Research-Development and demonstration work is characterized by a
system-based approach. One of the goals is to reduce the use of oil and
electricity for heating use in future and another is to improve the efficiency
of the operational and household electricity in properties. The work aims to
reduce the energy needs of buildings and replace fossil fuels with renewable
alternatives. The goal of building research as climate simulation is to boost
the efficiency of energy consumption for heating, cooling, operational
electricity and so on by 50% over 40–50 years. And windows application is
a very important field which has a big energy saving potential.
Windows are always important parts of houses,they permit not only natural
light into the house but also views and fresh air if designed to be open and
8
![Page 9: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 9/66
close. In the same time we can say that windows are extremely influential
factors in climatic design, as the weakest climatic element of the building
envelope, it is of great importance to wider the field of available products.
Well designed and protected windows improve comfort year round and
reduce the need for heating in winter and cooling in summer. Aesthetics
appearance, view, and optical performance, are usually quite important to the
occupant. In reality, the lighting designers rarely pay any attention to the
energy implications of window choices. New technologies can help to solve
the historic problem of the transaction between windows that reflect
unwanted solar gains in the summer time and meanwhile admit a maximum
quantity of solar light in winter time. Well designed windows and shading
devices allow solar heat gain in winter and shade in summer while providing
enough day lighting. Today’s window technologies can replace many
strategies for shielding interior spaces from unwanted sunlight, as the use of
energy saving curtains.
1.1 Aims of the Study
Since the middle of the 1990s, the number of high-rise residential complexes
has increased in many cities of Sweden. In these residential complexes,
energy saving curtain system is commonly applied to provide good external
appearance and good energy saving efficiency. In this study, the aim is to
analyze this modern efficient energy saving method.
9
![Page 10: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 10/66
1.2 Background of the Study
This Thesis work is sponsored and conducted by Sveriges Textil &
Modeföretag (TEKO), cooperated with Ludvig Svensson AB,
Almedahl-Kinna AB and Gävle University, Sweden.
TEKO, The Sveriges Textil & Modeföretag is the joint sector and employers'
organization for the Swedish textile and clothing industry. TEKO represents
the sector - nationally and internationally - in all questions of common
interest, and inform customers, suppliers, the media, the public and thegovernment about the Swedish textile and clothing industry, its companies
and its products. An important task is to supply information and service to
the member companies. The market, the EU, the environment, contract areas
and labour law are the core of operations.[1]
AB Ludvig Svensson is a textile producer situated in Kinna on the west
coast of Sweden. The company was established in 1887, has 400 employees
and a turnover of EUR 50 mill. The product range contains textiles for
professional furnishing (trademark Svensson Markspelle), high quality terry
cloth (trademark Pellevävare) and climate control screens for greenhouses
(trademark Svensson). For the past 120 years and over four generations the
family has owned and run our company, there is a considerable cross
breeding between the three business areas, which consistently drives thewhole company forward. [2]
Almedahl-Kinna AB is a company which has more than one hundred years
of experience in textile manufacturing and today is one of the world's
10
![Page 11: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 11/66
leading manufacturer of fabrics for indoor sun protection. The share of
exports exceeds 90 % with sales to more than 35 countries. Their products
fabric for roller blinds, vertical blinds, pleated blinds and panel tracks have a
unique combination of functionality and topical design. Light, shadow and
darkness are balanced effectively and at the same time design and colors
create an effective decor. Their fabric qualities, all with different opacity, are
used in the most varied settings, ranging from private bedrooms to public
buildings. [3]
11
![Page 12: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 12/66
2 General Descriptions
2.1 Overview of the Energy Saving Curtain System Principles
As a common sense, for summer with high solar radiant intensity and high
ambient air temperature, the demand for air-conditioning and refrigeration is
in preference to heating and hot water, this phenomenon is obvious
especially in the area with higher solar radiant intensity. As has been shown
from mass media, the prevalence of air-conditioners has brought great
pressure upon energy, electricity and environment. Consequently,
solar-powered system would be a perfect scheme because it not only makes
the best use of solar energy, but also it is meaningful for the energy
conservation and environment protection. Solar heating and cooling has
been shown to be technically feasible. It is particularly an attractive
application for solar energy, because of the near coincidence of peak cooling
loads with the available solar power. The future development trend isbuilding integration of solar energy systems.
Energy saving curtain is a window product from a combination of textile,
with solar-collection materials. During the day, the shade can be drawn to
the extent that people choose to reflect sunlight. It can significantly reduce
cooling loads, improve thermal comfort and reduce potential glare problems.
In this example, people make tangible choices over how much energy to
save and use, their choices are experienced as an aesthetic presence in their
home that reflects the natural cycle of daily light.
12
![Page 13: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 13/66
The Energy saving curtain is an example of how power becomes integral to
the function and the aesthetic expression of the artifact - thus energy is in
focus as a design material. Designing for visualization and choice over
energy use led to an interaction model, where natural rhythms and human
decisions together build the expression of the object. The user is presented
with a direct and tangible choice over enjoying the sunlight or saving the
energy from curtain system.
2.2 The concept of heat flow and heat transfer
In order to regulate the input and output energy, the window’s layers must be
sufficient to limit the heat transfer in a dynamic system or limit the
temperature change, in a complicated system. In order to realize how glass
layers mechanism, it is necessary to understand the concept of heat flow or
heat transfer.
As common sense, heat always flows from warm surface to cool surface; the
flow will not stop until the temperature in the two surfaces is equal.
Generally, heat is “transferred” by four different means: conduction,
convection, radiation and infiltration. Insulation decreases the transference
of heat.
a) Conduction, conduction is the transfer of heat in a stationary solid or fluid.
This transfer of heat is by direct molecular interaction.
b) Convection, convection is the process of heat transfer by flow and mixing
13
![Page 14: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 14/66
motions in fluids. If the fluid movement is caused by density difference (as a
result of temperature differences) it is called free convection. This is not the
case, for instance where a blower or pump cause the flow-forced convection
results. Convection originating from wind is also considered to be forced
convection.
c) Radiation, radiation is the process of temperature transfer by means of
electromagnetic wave. All molecules emit radiation, depending on their
temperature, and they absorb radiation from their environment. This
absorption of radiation by the air can be neglected in the case of average
distances between walls in architectural elements.
d) Infiltration is heat loss by air movement through the seals around the sash
or cracks and other openings where the window attaches to the wall.
2.3 Solar Intensity in Sweden
In Sweden, an annual average figure for the solar intensity is presented, 55%
– 60 % of the total irradiation is direct, 35% - 40 % is diffused, 0 - 5% is
reflected. The total irradiation is 900-1000 kWh/m2 towards a horizontal
surface and about 1050 –1250 kWh/m2 on surface inclined 30°.
2.4 Different utilizations:
14
![Page 15: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 15/66
Residential Utilization
In summer, Energy saving curtains can protect residents from the heat,
protect the carpets, furniture, plants, and wall coverings from the sun, and
keep the room cool during the day time. In the winter a window’s interior
surface temperature drops. How far it drops depends on the insulating value
of the window. The surface temperature of double-glazing, for example, will
be extremely bad insulating to external temperatures which means interior
surface temperature of triple glazing will be much warmer but still
significantly lower than interior temperature. Frames can take an area10-30% of a typical window, also have perceptible effects; surface
temperatures of insulating frames will be much warmer than those of highly
conductive frames. Warmer glass surface temperatures translate into more
comfortable spaces or occupants during the winter because comfort is a
function of radiant heat transfer among people and their surroundings.
Figure 1 Residential used curtain
15
![Page 16: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 16/66
Agriculture utilization:
For greenhouse: Use of the Curtains in Vegetable Crops.
Figure 2 Agriculture used curtain
Other utilization:
In office buildings they can be used as decoration and market advertisement.
16
![Page 17: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 17/66
Figure 3 Decoration used curtain
3 Principles
17
![Page 18: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 18/66
3.1 Parameters for the solar heat transmission
G-value (also called SHGC in North America) is a common property when
talking about the fenestration (e.g. windows and doors) and shading devices.
It is a measure of the total solar heat transmission which reaches a room
through a window or a window/solar shade. The lower the g-value, the better
the protection against solar heat is. T-value is the value stands for primary
energy transmittance. It is the ratio of the transmitted insolation through the
shading device to the solar insolation. The difference between the g-value
and the t-value is the percentage of the solar insolation which is absorbed in
the window (or shading device) which reaches the room through heat
transport.
Example: If you have a double glazing window system with a g-value of
0.77 you will lower the g-value down to 0.32 by using the article Optic as asolar shade. This means that you will lower the solar heat transmission into a
building from 77 percent down to 32 percent.
18
![Page 19: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 19/66
Figure 4 G-value (double glazing windows)
Figure 5 G-value (single glazing windows)
Another measurement is U-value, which is a measure of insulation capacity.
It is the number of watts that will be lost per square meter, at a given
temperature difference in Kelvin. Insulation is a factor that sometimes is
19
![Page 20: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 20/66
neglected when choosing window covering products. However, the savings
on heating are sometimes substantial in cold climates. U-value describes the
heat flow through the glazing per unit of time and area when the difference
in temperature between the two sides of the construction is one degree, given
in W/m2K.
Figure 6 U-value systems
3.2 Energy saving curtain ideas from Ludvig Svensson AB
Ludvig Svensson AB's expertise focuses on interior and technical textiles for
the last 2 decades; the company has been the market leader in climatecontrol screens for greenhouses. Combining the advanced technology from
the greenhouse screening and a vast knowledge of energy saving materials,
Svensson has developed a collection of interior textiles----Svensson's
Ups&Downs. These unique fabrics all act as energy saving sunscreens,
20
![Page 21: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 21/66
protecting the interior of different buildings from sun and heat. Items from
the Ups&Downs collection can be used for a number of combinations in the
screen field.
The fabric is a media which combines sun shading curtains with energy
savings and light transmission. The special material is a warp knitted fabric,
which has fine aluminum strips worked in, which effectively stop incoming
light through diffused reflection. According to the software program Parasol,
a computer software program developed in 1999 by Lund University's
department of Construction and Architecture to predict the impact of
shading devices on energy use in buildings, this material can lower air
conditioning costs by up to 40-50% if used as blinds. [2] There are several
different materials of this type, which differ mainly in the arrangement of the
aluminum strips. Following are some examples of the energy saving curtain
productions from Ludvig Svensson AB.
Figure 7 (Optic 270)
21
![Page 22: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 22/66
Figure 8 (Mood 270)
Figure 9 (Ombra270)
Figure 10 (Orbit)
22
![Page 23: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 23/66
Figure 11 (Topic color)
Figure 12 (Topic 300/200)
Figure 13 (Cinq)
23
![Page 24: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 24/66
Figure 14 (Opaq)
Figure 15 (Spin)
24
![Page 25: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 25/66
Material Thickness Ts% Rs% As% Tv% Tuv%
Optic270
(black)
100%
Polyester
0.43mm 3 69 28 1 0
Mood270
(black)
100%
Polyester
0.43mm 12 60 28 8 6
Ombra270
(black)
100%
Polyester
0.43mm 30 42 28 22 23
Orbit
(grey)
100%
Polyester
0.34mm 64 31 5 64 48
Topic color(dark blue)
100%Polyester
0.34mm 51 22 27 38 38
Optic300/200
(black)
100%
Polyester
0.34mm 49 19 32 35 35
Cinq (black) 100%
Polyester
0.42mm 42 21 36 28 28
Opaq (black) 100%
Polyester
0.34mm 36 26 38 22 23
Spin (8353) 100%
Polyester
0.34mm 64 31 5 64 48
(Ts: Solar transmission Rs: Solar Reflection
As: Solar Absorption Tv: Visible light transmission
Tuv: Ultraviolet Transmission)
Table 1 Parameters of different products from Ludvig Svensson AB
25
![Page 26: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 26/66
3.3 Energy saving roller-blind from Almedahl-Kinna AB
Examples from Almedahl-Kinna AB, Information of their productions:
Number
Key
Quality Color Fibre
Content
Construc
tion
Thicknes
s
Finish
H929-9
0
912634-
8
White
Dim-out
100%
polyester
Plain 0.25mm White or
Dyed
Marched
acrylic
coating
backing
H935-9
0
912659-
8
Printed
translucent
white
100%
polyester
Plain 0.2mm Pigment
printed.
acrylic
coating
backingH927-9
5
912655-
8
Printed
Dim-out
White
Fabric
100%
polyester
Plain 0.3mm Printed.
White
Acrylic
coating
H925-9
0
912613-
8
White
Dim-out
100%
polyester
Plain 0.3mm White
Acrylic
coating
H500-9
0
108338-
88
White
translucent
100%
Cotton
Plain 0.3mm Bleached or
dyed,
Acrylic
26
![Page 27: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 27/66
coating
H500-5
4
108389-
202
Blue
translucent
100%
Cotton
Plain 0.35mm Dyed,
Pigmented
acrylic
coating
Table 2 Parameters of products from Almedahl-Kinna AB I
Reflection% Transmission% Absorption%
916213 85±5 5±5 10±5
912634 70±5 5±5 25±5
108338 50±5 45±5 5±5
916255 70±5 5±5 25±5
Table 3 Parameters of products from Almedahl-Kinna AB II
Ideas from Almedahl-Kinna AB ----Roller blinds with side channel
Roller blinds or roller shades are one of the oldest window treatments which
have been invented several centuries ago, they become very popular in the
end of 20's century, at that time, they were typically made of vinyl, always
in white color, and were on a spring loaded tension roller that was often
troublesome in finding the areas to stop it or prevent the blind from
randomly rolling up the window. They can not only control unwanted glare
27
![Page 28: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 28/66
and heat gain with exterior sun shades which preserve openness and views,
but also control brightness, ultraviolet and heat gain.
Nowadays, roller blinds become more modern, with the spring loaded lift
system, blackout and light filtering materials, motorized, there are also
different lifting and valance choices for the decoration. They have been
improved by adding side channels and the cassette valance become the
modern type of the old roller blinds.
Figure 16 Side channel system I
The side channel system comes with integrated aluminum side channel,
bottom channel and hood channel. The side channel locks in the heavy
bottom channel, imparting excellent air resistance. The shade can be
operated by interior or exterior crank, interior strap pull, or it can be
28
![Page 29: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 29/66
motorized and automated. The channels are powder coated aluminum and
with this system each side channel is made up of two parts, one of which
slides inside the other which then provides some lateral adjustment which is
particularly useful if the window reveal is not quite square.
Figure 17 Side channel system II
Unlike normal roller blinds, the roller blind with side channel is fully
enclosed within the channel frame, so when the blind is fully down, no light
can enter the room around the edges of the blind. The roller tube within a top
box is of same size to the top of the window, the sides of the fabric areenclosed into U shaped side channels which are fitted down either side of the
window and the bottom of the fabric can either have a brush seal fitted to the
bottom edge or again a U shaped channel can be fitted across the bottom
width of the window so that when the blind is lowered, the fabric is enclosed
29
![Page 30: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 30/66
within the bottom channel and so preventing any light from entering the
room. The insulation effect when the roller blind is pulled down since there
will be a stagnant air pocket between the window and roller blind.
Concerning the difference in energy consumption of a roller blind that is
mounted with side channels compared to a roller blind without side channels.
we can easily see that the blinds with side channel system are more proof to
the unwanted glare and heat comparing with the blind without side channel,
but because of the lack of measure equipments and time, I can not give theexact data of the energy consumption, but the ideas from the
Almedahl-Kinna AB is very meaningful, deeper consideration in would be
useful for the energy saving project.
Figure 18 (Roller Blind with Channel System)
30
![Page 31: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 31/66
3.4 Alternatives to Improve Heating Energy Conservation
3.4.1 Clever and easy control system
A clever and easy control system can not only improve the heat energy
conservation performance of energy saving curtains very much but also can
provide a more convenient and comfortable environment for the habitants.
3.4.2 Higher efficiency of the light source utilization
An improvement of energy saving curtain in light capture ability is very
necessary in the industry. However, there is a contradiction between the
effectiveness of light transmission in front and back side which is something
about the optimization.
3.4.3 Fit installation
A lot of aspects, need to be paid special attention during the installation. The
directions of energy saving curtains need to be coordinated with the lightsources both from the outdoor and indoor sides. The fixation way of energy
saving curtains and the way for curtain up and down also play important
roles in their performances.
3.4.4 Suitable and prompt maintenance
Energy saving curtain have distinctive characters in dusting, washing,
folding, and so on. Unsuitable and untimely maintenance will probably
decrease the performance of the curtain and even result in a damage.
3.4.5 Perfect matching
31
![Page 32: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 32/66
According to the different performances of different energy saving curtains,
the matching problem is always been ignored. A lot of factors should be
taken into consideration when a curtain installed in a specific room, not only
the curtain itself but also the layout, direction, area, material, function etc. so
that a higher heating energy conservation performance.
32
![Page 33: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 33/66
4 Evaluations of energy saving
ParaSol is a design tool for architects, building services consultants and
other building technicians. The program has been developed as part of a
project entitled Solar Protection in Buildings carried out at the Department
of Construction and Architecture, Lund Institute of Technology.
Simulations done with the program are based on models which have been
validated against measurements made in experimental building and solar
laboratories. The user communicates with the program partly through a setof forms containing different types of controls and partly through pull-down
menus. In some form the user gives necessary input data, and results are
presented in other forms.
It is difficult to justify the use of solar protection products unless a reliable
assessment can be given of the effect which solar protection will have. The
difficulty is that there is no comparable data available regarding the amount
of solar radiation that is transmitted through different types of sunshades and
their function when combined with different types of windows. It is very
common that many manufacturers and retailers of sunshades show only very
roughly estimated figures how much solar radiation will be screened. In this
case, to dimension air conditioning installations in buildings correctly, it is
very necessary to know the effect of the sunshades. The lack of suitable
design tools for this type of problems implies that solar protection devices
are not considered in the course of the design. In turn, this will end in the
design and installation of unnecessarily large air conditioning plants. Air
33
![Page 34: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 34/66
conditioning installations should be regarded as a complement to building
design. Reduction of excess temperatures must be based on effective solar
protection, and cooling must be only a complement, not the opposite. [5]
Figure 19 Main menu of ParaSol
4.1 One case in Stockholm
Take the building Städet 2 as an analysis example, it is located on the road
Norra Malmvägen (141B-143) in Sollentuna, Stockholm. It is a modern office
34
![Page 35: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 35/66
use building which is owned by ABB and TDC and has been put into use
since 2002.
Figure 20 Picture of Städet 2
It has 8 floors and with the total height of 44 meters and width 25 meters,
length 160 meters, total area of the building is 20000 square meters. 3000 m2
35
![Page 36: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 36/66
curved double skin facade facing west and north divided into four vertical
shafts, there are 400 big double glazing non-open windows in the whole
building, there is 800 mm cavity the height of the building with automatically
controlled non-perforated Venetian Blinds and with grating gangway on each
floor. Air enters at the bottom through the grating and leaves at the top
through motorized controlled dampers. Inner curtains have been added for
daylight control.
The actual energy demand for one year is about 2,000,000 kWh (according to
the report of Lunds University, 2003). Average weekly operating hours for
the HVAC operation are 60 hours, but some offices are for special used, so
the air conditioning system for some rooms is working 24 hours everyday.
According to the report from Lunds University, the heating demand is
143kWh/m2 per year and cooling demand is 32kWh/m2 per year; the total
electricity consumption for the gross storey area is 89kWh/m2.
Following are the simulation parts for the energy consumption of Städet 2.
There will be a simulation which compares the window with only
glasses and the window with sun-shade protections.
4.1.1Geometry
In the present version of the program, the building-room has only the
geometry like – a rectangular shape with one external wall in which one
window is located. Other enclosing surfaces-partitions have no heat
exchange with the surrounding. According to building Städet 2, total 400
36
![Page 37: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 37/66
windows in the building are concerned and the windows area values are as
following:
Figure 21 Geometry
4.1.2 Window embrasure and frame
Window embrasure and frame width are needed to describe how the window
is mounted in the external wall. The frame is assumed to be of wood. The
input data for the window embrasure influences the way shadows are cast on
the window. Use the default values of the program.
37
![Page 38: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 38/66
G=20cm
H=10cm
Figure 22 Window embrasure, frame
4.1.3 Site and Orientation
Orientation of the external wall in relation to south (180°) is evident from
the picture. Orientation of the external wall is of great importance for the
calculation of the transmission properties. The latitude and longitude for the
38
![Page 39: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 39/66
selected site are displayed.
Typical climatic data is coupled to the selected site. The library of sites can
be completed as needed. Programs to produce climatic data for any sites are
available on the market. Present climatic data in the library has been
produced with the program METEONORM from Meteotest, Fabrikstrasse
14, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
Figure 23 Site and Orientation
4.1.4 Window type
Different types of glass combinations – window types are managed. Glass
combinations -window types are constructed from libraries of glasses and
39
![Page 40: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 40/66
gases (see below). The glass types in the window are located in the order
from outside to inside.
For this case, take the general double-pane as the example. The U value, G
value and T-sol value are all tested in advance and displayed as following:
Figure 24 Window type
4.1.5 External window Sunshade
Select type of fabrics. Different types of fabrics are stored in a library. New
fabrics can be added and old ones removed. The figure shows the geometry
of the sunshade and its location relatively the window. Other externalsunshades in the program are – Italian awning, - Venetian blind, - horizontal
slatted baffle and screen.
As a general description, following are the illustrations of those external
40
![Page 41: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 41/66
sunshade types. But in this case, in order to simplify the example and give
the general conclusion of the internal energy saving curtains, we don’t use
any external sunshade devices.
Figure 25 (Awning)
41
![Page 42: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 42/66
Figure 26 (Italian awning)
Figure 27 Venetian blind
42
![Page 43: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 43/66
Figure 28 Horizontal slatted baffle
Figure 29 (Screen)
43
![Page 44: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 44/66
4.1.6 Internal window sunshade
This is the most important part, there are 3 common used inter sunshades in
the program: venetian blind, screen- roller blind and pleated curtain.
As a general description, following are the illustrations of the internal
sunshade types. But in this case, in order to simplify the example and give
the general conclusion, we choose the Screen-roller blind type as the
example.
Figure 30 (Venetian blind)
44
![Page 45: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 45/66
Figure 31 (Pleated curtain)
Figure 32 Screen/Roller-blind
45
![Page 46: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 46/66
4.2 Simulation for the Energy saving curtain (68| Svensson Optic-31558000alu white)
Figure 33 Screen/Roller-blind
Choose the fabric: 68| Svensson Optic-31558000 alu white
Parameters of the fabric:
Front side Back side
Dif. Transmittance rate 0% 0%
Dir. Transmittance rate 3% 3%
Spec. reflectance rate 12% 1%
Dif. Reflectance rate 62% 57%
46
![Page 47: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 47/66
Absorption rate 23% 39%
Table 4 Parameters of 68| Svensson Optic-31558000 I Transmittance rate Reflectance rate Emittance rate
Long wave radiation 0% 50% 50%
Short wave radiation 0% 22% 78%
Table 5 Parameter of 68| Svensson Optic-31558000 II
Energy Balance
Information concerning the input data to be given before a calculation is
presented here.
Figure 34 Energy balance I
47
![Page 48: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 48/66
Control:
This function enables the control of sunshades or smart windows. Two
strategies exits, no control or control on a given value. Smart windows are
always controlled and a value for the breakpoint can be set. Sunshades smart
windows are activated on when the direct solar insolation on the window
exceeds the given value. This value is shown in the box (Lux). 1 W is
assumed to be 100 Lux. According to the Parasol, the following parameters
are defined as:
Room temperature max:
Control temperature for cooling. Gives the upper limit of the room
temperature can be omitted. (ºC)
Room temperature min:
Control temperature for heating. Gives the lower limit of the room
temperature can be omitted. (ºC)
Internal heat daytime:
A sum of heat sources like persons, computers and artificial lighting which
contribute heat to the room. A person is assumed to have a load of 120 W
and a computer 220 W. It is valid for daytime (08.00-17.00 Mon. - Fri.)
(W/m2)
Internal heat night/weekend:
48
![Page 49: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 49/66
A sum of heat sources like persons, computers and artificial lighting which
contribute heat to the room. A person is assumed to have a load of 120 W
and a computer 220 W. It is valid during night and weekend (00.00-08.00
and 17.00-24.00 Mon. - Fri.; 00.00-24.00 Sat. - Sun.). (W/m2)
Inlet air daytime temperature out doors or Conditioned:
Temperature during the weekday (08.00-17.00 Monday - Friday) the inlet air
temperature is set to a given value or to the outdoor temperature. (ºC)
Inlet air daytime flow:Inlet-airflow during the weekdays (08.00 – 17.00 Monday – Friday) an
appropriate value is calculated based on the number of persons and number
of computers in the room and the floor space of the room. Intended for office
premises applies for the whole simulation period. (L/s)
Inlet air night weekend temperature outdoors or Conditioned:
Temperature during night and weekend (00.00-08.00 and 17.00-24.00 Mon.
- Fri.; 00.00-24.00 Sat. - Sun.). The inlet air temperature is set to a given
value or to the outdoor temperature. (ºC)
Inlet air night /weekend flow:
Inlet air flow during night and weekend (00.00-08.00 and 17.00-24.00
Monday – Friday; 00.00-24.00 Saturday – Sunday) an appropriate value is
calculated based on the number of persons and number of computers in the
room and the floor space of the room. Intended for office premises applies
for the whole simulation period. (L/s)
49
![Page 50: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 50/66
Figure 35 Solar radiations with and without sunshade of one year
The chart describes the daily sum of solar radiation into the room when
sunshades are used (red) and when the sunshade are not used (blue),
obviously, there is a very big difference.
50
![Page 51: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 51/66
Figure 36 Cooling Energy Demand with and without sunshade for one year
Figure 37 Heating Energy demand with and without sunshade for one year
From the energy demand duration chart, we can easily see that the heating
51
![Page 52: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 52/66
time becomes a little longer when use the sunshade, but the total areas for
the heating energy demand do not change much, the reason will be discussed
in the following part. While, when refer to the cooling, the total areas for the
cooling energy demand decreased obviously, 40% approximately.
Simulation for the window with textile solution:
Figure 38 Energy balance II
Only glasses Textile 68| Svensson
Optic-31558000 alu white
reduction
Cooling 2968 kWh 1767 kWh 40%
Table 6 The difference of energy demand: with only glasses, with internal energy saving curtain
52
![Page 53: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 53/66
For the heating demand, from the figure we can see that we use more energy
when we use the curtain in winter, but it is not true in reality, the reason for
the higher heating demand from Parasol when use a curtain in winter is that
the curtains reflect solar irradiation back out through the window. Without
curtains, most of the solar irradiation is absorbed by the inner surfaces of the
room. In ParaSol, the inner surface absorptance =70 %. An option could be to
make the simulation for the winter by using a highly transparent curtain (dir.
T =99%, A =1%). It may have the same thermal properties as the reflecting
one, but it will transmit the solar irradiation, as if the room were without
curtains. One difference is of course that we can get an extra heat resistance
from the curtains also during the day. And then we will get a small gain from
using the curtains. If use the curtains in the nighttime during winter, because
of the convections and other functions, we should get a small heating energy
saving (10%--15%). Unfortunately, this case is at the moment not possible to
simulate in ParaSol. But the mean reduction rate for Optic-31558000 from
Ludvig Svensson for one year time can be calculated as 32%.
For the whole building with 400 windows, comparing the windows with only
glasses and windows with internal curtains, the reduction of the total energy
consumption is (1199+1437*15%)*400=566 MWh for all windows. For the
heating and cooling demand for a modern Villa in Sweden (137 kWh/m2,
200m2)[18] (http://www.energikalkylen.konsumentverket.se/), energy
consumption including household electricity, it means the consumption of 21villas has been saved by installing the textile to the windows.
The following steps are used to calculate cost saving to install Textile 68|
Svensson Optic-31558000 alu (white) to the windows with only clear classes.
53
![Page 54: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 54/66
According to these steps, we can get the total cost reduction. Energy cost
savings will simply be the annual kilowatt-hour saving times the average cost
per kilowatt-hour 0.76SEK/kWh in Sweden in 2006
[19]( http://www.compricer.se/ 0.76 SEK/kWh from Fortum AB)
1414KWh * 400* 0.76SEK/kWh=430,000 SEK
This result means that by installing the textile solutions for the windows, the
totally cost saving will be reduced 430,000 SEK in total by increasing the
heating and cooling energy efficiency.
4.3 Simulation for the Roller-blind (Haglunds Texienne H 925-90 white)
Use the same method to simulate the energy consumptions for the roller-blind
by ParaSol, Choose the roller-blind: Haglunds Texienne H 925-90 white.
The Haglunds H925-90 is produced by Almedahl-Kinna AB and corresponds
to their article 912634-8
54
![Page 55: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 55/66
Figure 39 Almedahl-Kinna AB article 912634-8
Front side Back side
Dif. Transmittance rate 0% 0%
Dir. Transmittance rate 5% 5%
Spec. reflectance rate 0% 0%
Dif. Reflectance rate 83% 83%Absorption rate 12% 12%
Table 7 Parameters forAlmedahl-Kinna AB article 912634-8 I
Transmittance rate Reflectance rate Emittance rate
55
![Page 56: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 56/66
Long wave radiation 0% 6% 94%
Short wave radiation 0% 6% 94%
Table 8 Parameters forAlmedahl-Kinna AB article 912634-8 II
Energy Balance
Information concerning the input data to be given before a calculation is
presented here.
Figure 40 Energy Balance figure forAlmedahl-Kinna AB article 912634-8
56
![Page 57: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 57/66
Figure 41 Cooling Energy Demand for Almedahl-Kinna AB article no 912634-8
Figure 42 Heating Energy Demand for Almedahl-Kinna AB article 912634-8
57
![Page 58: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 58/66
From the energy demand duration chart, we can easily see that the heating
time becomes a little longer when use the sunshade, but the total areas for
the heating energy demand do not change much, the reason has been
discussed in the above part. While, when refer to the cooling, the total areas
for the cooling energy demand decreased obviously, more than 40%
approximately. From Parasol Simulation, the cooling energy demand is as
following:
Only glasses Almedahl-Kinna AB article no 912634-8 reduction
Cooling 2976kWh 1662 kWh 44% Table 9 Energy Demand for Almedahl-Kinna AB article 912634-8
For the whole building with 400 windows, comparing the windows with only
glasses and windows with roller-blind, consider the winter case reduction
10%--15%(same reasons as the Ludvig Svensson products), the reduction of
the total energy consumption is (1314+1072*15%)*400=590MWh for all
windows. For the heating and cooling demand for a modern Villa in Sweden(137 KWh/m2, 200m2) [18]
(http://www.energikalkylen.konsumentverket.se/), energy consumption
including household electricity, it means the consumption of 22 villas has
been saved by installing the roller-blind to the windows.
The following steps are used to calculate cost saving to install
Almedahl-Kinna AB article 912634-8 to the windows with only clear classes.
According to these steps, we can get the total cost reduction. Energy cost
savings will simply be the annual kilowatt-hour saving times the average cost
per kilowatt-hour 0.76SEK/kWh in Sweden in 2006
58
![Page 59: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 59/66
[19]( http://www.compricer.se/ 0.76 SEK/kWh from Fortum AB)
1475kWh * 400* 0.76SEK/kWh=448,340 SEK
This result means that by installing the roller-blind for the windows, the
totally cost saving will be reduced 448,340 SEK in total by increasing the
heating and cooling energy efficiency. White colour has outstanding reflection
values which we can see in parasol, this screen will therefore be a little more
efficient when it comes to lowering cooling compared to Optic products from
Ludvig Svensson.
59
![Page 60: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 60/66
5 Future tendency of energy consumption for the office-use
buildings
According to the new energy consumption policy in European countries, the
total energy use in the office-use and residential use buildings will decrease in
a very fast rate and in a large amount, which means there will be a lot of
energy saving potentials for the indoor energy consumption, as much as 80%
energy would be reduced according to the current plan[20], all the equipments
like the computers, lights, copy-print machines, air conditioning systems and
other office related devices will need much less energy to support, whenall equipment is turning low energy.
Refer to the energy saving curtain, we will have a lot to reduce during winter
time but the need for cooling will be lower due to low energy equipments. So
the energy saving curtain will be more effective in winter time if fully used.
60
![Page 61: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 61/66
6 Analysis of world window coverings market
The world window coverings market has four major sectors: curtains, blinds,
lightweight curtains and curtain suspension systems. The window coverings
market is a relative mature market and has steady growth for last decades.
According to the 8th Edition of the “Domestic Window Coverings Market
2006”, the window coverings market was estimated to be worth more than
£1.2 billion at retail prices in 2005, there was a little growth on the previous
year. With a slight recovery in general market conditions, the market reacheda value of just under £1.3 billion by the end of 2006. The window coverings
market has been stagnated when market conditions were poor or uncertain as
in the late 1990s and 2004/05. Except those years, it has experienced a
relatively steady rate of growth over the period. Market performance since
1997 suggests that the market can grow by around 5% in good conditions,
but falters in times of uncertainty when consumers defer non-essential
purchases. Current indications suggest growth of around 2% per year to
reach a value of just under £1.4 billion in 2009.
For the last two years, curtains have succumbed to the increased pressure
from the blinds market over, the market share reducing to an estimated 52%
value share of the market in 2005 down from 56% in 2003. However,
curtains are still the largest sector. There appears to have been a polarisation
of this sector with the ready-made curtains at the value end of the scale
keeping volume sales up, while the higher end made-to-measure curtains
maintains sector value.
61
![Page 62: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 62/66
Sweden is a country which has big curtain consumption potential, although
no big populations. There are always great interests related to modern
designed and multifunction textile material curtains. As Mentioned before,
the window coverings market is highly subject to trends in fashion and style
design. Although the market has not grown significantly during the last two
years, there have been changes in market share between the sectors
reflecting consumer preferences, like different textile materials concerning
energy consumption. Manufacturers have responded to demand with an
increased emphasis on those new style and more modernized types of
material available, in many cases extending their ranges to capture as many
market opportunities as possible.
62
![Page 63: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 63/66
7 Conclusions
This Master Thesis is a general extensive scientific project. The challenge in
this work was to combine technology, Economic analysis and bring thosefields together, not only by working with the different materials but also by
communicating between the different approaches.
There are several building energy-saving measures that can reduce the
energy consumption. The purpose is always to make a more comfortable
indoor climate for the people in the building, meanwhile save the energy as
much as possible. For those reasons, this paper focuses on the energy saving
curtain areas. The proposal of the energy saving curtain project has been
successfully fulfilled. In terms of energy consumption savings and cost
saving, both were analyzed respectively.
Although the result of the measurements can only be used as a reference for
people, it is beneficial economically with larger renovations to update the
building with the energy saving ideas. With the Parasol software,
simulations of the different buildings can be built; people can optimize the
results according to their need. Especially for the new developed areas of
Stockholm (Järla sjöstad, hammarby sjöstad and other new building areas).
The results indicated that for the current climatic conditions and otherrelated factors, the total reduction rate of the annual energy consumption of
office used buildings in Stockholm is estimated generally 20% -30% lower
comparing to those buildings without energy saving curtain system.
63
![Page 64: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 64/66
8 Reference
[1] The Swedish Textile and Clothing Industries' Association (TEKO)
http://www.teko.se/international.html
[2] AB Ludvig Svensson
http://www.ludvigsvensson.com/WelcomeToLudvig.asp
[3] Almedahl-Kinna AB
http://www.almedahl-kinna.se/index_en.html
[4] Curtain and Bath Outlets, USA
http://www.curtainandbath.com
[5] Home page of ParaSol
http://www.parasol.se
[6] RE:FORM : Research overview .
http://www.tii.se/reform/research.htm
[7] Energyimydigheten
http://www.energimyndigheten.se/
[8] Statistics Sweden
http://www.scb.se
[9] SFV Sweden
64
![Page 65: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 65/66
http://www.sfv.se/cms/index.html
[10]
http://www.wadsworthcontrols.com/pdf%20docs/Calculating%20ROI%20fo
r%20Energy%20Curtain%20Systems.pdf
[11]
http://www.somfy.com/nordic/index.cfm?page=/nordic/home/products/solar
_protection/external_venetian_blinds&language=EN-IS
[12]
http://www.somfy.com/nordic/index.cfm?page=/nordic/home/products/interi
or_blinds/automation
[13]
http://www.kanenergi.se/
[14]
http://lexin2.nada.kth.se/swe-eng.html
[15]
http://www.stockholm.se/Extern/Templates/InfoPage.aspx?id=35413
[16]
http://www.marketresearch.com
[17]
65
![Page 66: FInal Project Thermodynamic 1](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022021303/577cdecf1a28ab9e78afe106/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
7/28/2019 FInal Project Thermodynamic 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/final-project-thermodynamic-1 66/66
http://www.geothermie.de/groundhit/ghw/WS%2006%2012bHellstroem.pdf [18]http://www.energikalkylen.konsumentverket.se/ [19]http://www.compricer.se [20]http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52007DC0001:EN:NOT [21]http://www.ewea.org/index.php?id=194
[22]http://house.focus.cn/msgview/3636/85916032.html [23]http://www.topsunshade.com.cn/Articles/2007-10-11/3928.html [24]http://www.ehomecn.com/Index.html
[25]http://www.treehugger.com/files/2005/11/solar_energy_cu.php [26]http://www.tii.se [27]Redström, J ohan: IT +Textiles forthcoming
[28]WynneAndrea: Textiles. Macmillan EducationLtd, 1998