Final Paper Chem Research- Sophomore

7/26/2019 Final Paper Chem Research- Sophomore

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Macomb Math Science Technology Center

The Effect of Temperature and Color on the Chemical Reactions within Glow

Sticks

Abby Girardot, iki !ureshi " Merna Sana


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Table of Contents

Introduction......................................................................................................................................

Review of Literature........................................................................................................................

Problem Statement.........................................................................................................................

Experimental Design......................................................................................................................

Data and Observations...................................................................................................................

Data Analsis and Interpretation....................................................................................................

!onclusion.....................................................................................................................................

Appendix A" #low Stic$ %ox........................................................................................................

Appendix %" Logger Pro................................................................................................................

Appendix !" Randomi&ation..........................................................................................................

Appendix D" Lig't Sensor.............................................................................................................

Appendix E" DOE (ormulas and Sample !alculations.................................................................

)or$s !ited...................................................................................................................................


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#ntroduction

*ec'nolog is and alwas will be a continuousl advancing factor integrating into

societ. *ec'nolog 'as become suc' a prominent focus in life+ so muc' so t'at t'e new

inventions created are soon to become an obligator addition to everone,s life. -ost

view t'is as a positive+ for it brings about man benefits in fields suc' as medication and

industr. nfortunatel+ along wit' t'e benefits of t'is advancement come a few negative

components. (or example+ crime is becoming increasingl more advanced and difficult to

control w'ic' is partiall in relation to t'e increasing speed of tec'nolog and complexit

of crime as a w'ole.

Alt'oug' crime 'as begun to evolve and become more difficult to prevent+

tec'nolog t'at 'elps identif criminals is progressing along wit' t'e evolvement of

crime+ t'us allowing t'e rate of crime to remain controlled. Specificall+ tec'nolog in

forensics is advancing/ ma$ing t'e identification of criminals more accessible. (re0uentl

used in t'e forensic field to identif criminals or suspects is luminol. A substance

commonl found in t'e form of a li0uid spra+ luminol uses c'emiluminescence to create

diminis'ed traces of blood visible to t'e 'uman ee. *'is tpe of blood test is uni0ue

from ot'er tests due to its reaction to t'e peroxidase in t'e 'emoglobin of blood+ w'ic'

t'en produces a luminescent glow merel seconds after t'e initial spraing.

Luminol uses a form of lig't emission called c'emiluminescence+ w'ic' is t'e

product of lig't emittance wit' t'e absence of 'eat+ t'roug' c'emical reactions. Alt'oug'

luminol is widel used in t'e forensic field for its accurate readings+ t'ere are factors t'at

can affect its results and reduce t'e accurac of its findings. One of t'ese factors is

temperature. Drasticall 'ig' or low temperatures can affect t'e rate of reaction of


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luminol+ w'ic' is observed and imperative to anal&ing w'et'er t'e luminol is reacting to

traces of blood+ or to some ot'er 'ouse'old substance.

It was t'roug' t'e discover of t'is t'at led to t'e wondering of w'at ot'er factors

could affect c'emiluminescence. 1ot onl is t'is form of luminescence used in t'e

forensic field+ but it is also used greatl in ot'er industries and fields as well+ suc' as t'e

p'armaceutical industr+ t'e alumina industr+ and in clinical science.

!'emiluminescence is a used b t'e general public for a variet of reasons too+ suc' as

c'ildren,s tos or decoration. It is additionall used b t'e public for times w'en natural

disasters arise and lig'ting is needed. *'is is because unli$e candles+ glow stic$s can emit

extremel brig't lig'ting and for long durations of time+ wit'out imposing t'e danger of

fire 'a&ards. *'e understanding and control of t'e factors t'at could potentiall affect and

alter t'e results of c'emiluminescence would undoubtedl prove to be beneficial to t'ese

fields and communit of people.

*wo common factors $nown to affect c'emiluminescence are temperature and

color. *o discover t'e extent and tec'nicalities of t'e effect of t'ese factors+ an

experiment was performed using glow stic$s. Similarl to luminol+ glow stic$s use t'e

process of c'emiluminescence to emit lig't. #low stic$s were c'osen because t'e are an

easil accessible tool to t'e public+ w'ic' also uses t'e same process of

c'emiluminescence t'at man industrial mec'anisms and medical devices use. *'e

experiment2s purpose was to discover w'ic' combination of color and temperature

provided t'e greatest emission of lig't+ 'oping to bring greater advantage to t'e public

and industries t'at use t'is form of lig't emittance. *'e glow stic$ colors t'at 'ad been

used were blue+ green+ and red+ w'ic' represent t'e t'ree different areas and ranges of


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wavelengt' on t'e visibilit spectrum. *'e blue 'ad t'e s'ortest range of wavelengt'

si&e+ t'e average of about 345 nm. *'e green 'ad a moderate wavelengt' si&e+ averaging

about 567 nm. *'e red 'ad t'e greatest wavelengt' si&e+ averaging about 857 nm. *'e

temperatures used were 67 9!+ :7 9!+ and ;7 9!. *'is simulates room temperature and

t'e temperatures a room can reac' depending on its environmental influences. *'is is

because t'e use of c'emiluminescence is tpicall in indoor settings+ suc' as for clinical

tests at a 'ospital. % collecting data on t'e effect of color and temperature on

c'emiluminescence+ t'e discover of t'e best possible conditions needed to ensure t'e

greatest lig't emission was found+ w'ic' allows t'e general public and industries to be

cost effective and ta$e full advantage of t'e c'emiluminescent tools t'at are purc'ased

and used in t'e multitude of industries and fields.


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Re$iew of %iterature

*'e experiment performed below inspected glow stic$s+ and t'e effect of

temperature and color on its luminescence. Luminescence is t'e emission of lig't b an

ob t'at convert lig't intensit into a measurement of voltage+ w'ic' are lux

?Ambient@. Lux measures illuminance in t'e form of one lumen per s0uare meter.

Lumens+ or luminous flux+ measure lig't output ?Difference@. )'en lig't enters a lig't

sensor+ it breac'es t'e top of t'e p'otodiode. -ost p'otons+ w'ic' are a 0uantum of

electromagnetic radiation+ ?P'oton@ pass a t'in top laer+ and move into t'e next area

w'ere electron pairs are formed. *'is t'en ultimatel contributes to t'e p'otocurrent. *'e

p'otocurrent is proportional to t'e absorbed lig't intensit ?Pasc'otta@.

*'e anatom of glow stic$s contributes to its luminescence+ or its =glow>. A

visual of t'e anatom is provided in (igure 6 below. As (igure 6 below s'ows+ t'ere is a

li0uid c'emical inside glow stic$s+ called dibutl p't'alate ?!68::O3@. It is a clear+ oil+

colorless li0uid t'at is low in toxicit but can irritate t'e ees+ s$in+ and mucous

membranes ?Exciting@. Some glow stic$s don,t use dibutl p't'alate+ and t'ese 'ave a

small glass vial inside t'e plastic. *'e vial contains a mixture of 'drogen peroxide


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?:O:@ dissolved in p't'alic ester ??!83?!OO@:@. Around t'e glass vial is anot'er

c'emical called p'enl oxalate ester ?!6367O3@. *'e dibutl p't'alate is t'e most

dangerous out of evert'ing above+ but is not deadl ?!irelli@.

(igure 6. ow Lig't Stic$s )or$

In (igure 6 above+ a glow stic$ is s'own+ along wit' t'e displa of it being

fractured+ resulting in t'e release of c'emicals t'at react to create lig't.

#low stic$s undergo a tpe of reaction associated wit' c'emiluminescence.

!'emiluminescence is defined as t'e product of lig't emittance+ wit' t'e absence of 'eat+

t'roug' c'emical reactions. )'en t'e glow stic$ is bro$en and t'e inside glass vial 'as

been ruptured+ t'e c'emical reaction produces c'emical energ w'ic' is t'en absorbed.

)'ile t'is c'emical reaction occurs+ t'e electrons inside of t'e glow stic$ enter a 'ig'er

energ state+ as s'own in (igure : below. *'en+ t'e electrons begin to slow down into a

lower energ state+ and lig't energ is emitted. *'is is a result of t'e electrons reac'ing


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its ground state+ w'ic' is w'en c'emicals are nonreactive+ or in t'e least reactive state

possible. All of t'is t'en results in t'e transmittance of lig't. In t'e process of t'is+

drogen Peroxide+ :O:+oxidi&es t'e different c'emicals in t'e stic$. Oxidation occurs

w'en t'e 'drogen peroxide mixes wit' t'e p't'alic ester and decomposes+ leading to t'e

emittance of lig't. Baring colored glow stic$s contain different configurations. *'ese

diverse c'emical structures result in t'e emittance of different amounts of energ

?Anatom@.

(igure :. Electron States

*'e diagram above s'ows t'e ccle t'at an electron goes t'roug' in a

c'emiluminescence reaction ?Exciting@.

)'en examining t'e visible lig't spectrum+ t'e fact t'at energ correlates wit'

color can clearl be reali&ed. ?s'own in (igure ; below@. *'e visible lig't spectrum is t'e

referencing scale of w'ic' colors are more visible and emit t'e most lig't. Eac' color

transmits different si&ed wavelengt's. *'e wavelengt' si&es are affected b w'at state t'e

electrons are in. As mentioned in t'e previous paragrap's+ w'en an electron is in an

excited state+ or state of greater movement+ it 'as greater energ w'ic' t'erefore 'elps

increase t'e wavelengt' si&e. *'e lengt' of t'e wavelengt's directl affects lig't

emittance+ w'ic' is w' colors t'at 'ave a large span of difference in t'e visible lig't

spectrum were c'osen for t'is experiment. )avelengt's t'at are spread out+ or t'oug't to

fit wit'in t'e left region of t'e visible lig't spectrum+ are $nown as t'e colors t'at s'ine


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t'e brig'test. *'us being said+ violetCblue is t'e brig'test+ w'ile green colors are mid

range and red colors are to be categori&ed as =barel perceptible>.

(igure ;. Bisible Lig't Spectrum

In t'e diagram above+ t'e relations'ip between wavelengt' and t'e colorCvisible

lig't spectrum is s'own ?Exciting@. As t'e colors deviate from t'e middle of t'e spectrum

to t'e left+ t'e wavelengt's increase.

In t'e experiment t'at was conducted+ t'ere was a selection of t'ree varing

colored glow stic$s" blue+ green+ and red. As previousl stated+ t'ese t'ree colors were

specificall c'osen for t'eir ranges on t'e visible lig't spectrum. In (igure 3 below+ t'e

c'emical configurations of all t'ree of t'ese particular colored glow stic$s are s'own

?!ompound@. Eac' individual colored glow stic$ obtains different structures. *'is+ in

turn+ means t'at eac' different colored glow stic$ 'as a different vibranc ?#arcia@. *'e

different vibrancies occur due to t'e different si&ed wavelengt's as discussed in t'e above

paragrap's. *'e red+ R'odamine % ?!:;6!l1:O;@+ colored glow stic$ formation is ver

complex compared to t'at of t'e blue one+ Dip'enlant'racene ?!:86@. *'us putting t'e

green+ %is?p'enlet'nl@ant'racene ?!;76@+ colored glow stic$ directl in between t'e
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two+ based on t'e simplicit and complexit of t'e structure of eac'. *'e simplicit and

complexit is referring to t'e difficult or level of energ spent to create t'e structure.

(igure 3. *'e !'emistr of #low Stic$ !olors

*'e diagram above s'ows t'e different structures for eac' color in glow stic$s.

*'ese different molecular constructions contribute to producing t'e different colors.

!olor is not t'e onl attribute t'at affects t'e lig't intensit of glow stic$s.

*emperature ma$es a significant impact on t'is as well. An experiment was conducted

previousl+ pertaining to t'e effect of temperature on glow stic$s. In t'is experiment+

several glow stic$s were submerged in different temperatures of water+ for an unspecified

amount of time. *'e water temperatures were 679! for cold+ ;79! for 'ot and :79! for

room temperature. *'e same met'od was used for t'e experiment performed and

discussed below+ but t'e amount of time t'e glow stic$s were submerged in t'e water was

: minutes. (urt'ermore+ t'e executors of t'e prior experiment fractured t'e glow stic$s

in a dar$ened area+ and merel too$ pictures as a comparison for t'e luminescence of

t'ese ob


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stic$s were placed in a dar$ened container+ and t'e comparison for t'e emittance of t'ese

items were anal&ed from t'e measurements of lig't+ ta$en from a lig't sensor ?Lig't@.

......................*'e correlation between temperature and t'e lig't intensit of glow stic$s is easil

compre'ensible.

*'e luminosit of glow stic$s is a result of various c'emical reactions+ w'ic' were

previousl explained. *'ese c'emical reactions+ t'at t'e glow stic$s endure+ are a result

of a multitude of molecules s'ifting and colliding. As stated in t'e Finetic -olecular

*'eor+ particles are in a state of constant+ random motion t'at is continuall colliding

wit' eac' ot'er and t'e walls of t'eir container. An increased temperature induces an

increased suppl of energ for t'ese molecules/ t'us+ resulting in faster and greater

collisions. *'is t'en ultimatel leads to a greater lig't intensit ?%atema@. *'e opposite

effect occurs for w'en a temperature is lowered. In w'ic'ever case+ temperature directl

affects t'e rate of reaction of t'e molecules t'at produce t'e luminescence ?:.6@. *'ese

scientific findings and aspects from t'e experiments previousl mentioned were applied

for t'e researc' experiment conducted below. Due to t'is+ t'e data collected in t'is

experiment was able expand on previousl collected data and provide greater insig't to

c'emiluminescence.


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&roblem Statement

Problem"

*'e purpose of t'is experiment is to identif t'e effect of different colors and varied

temperatures on t'e lig't output+ or t'e luminescence+ of glow stic$s.

pot'esis"

If provided wit' various glow stic$s t'at are t'e colors of red+ blue+ and green+ aw'ic'

are submerged in different temperatures of water+ t'e water wit' t'e 'ig'est temperature

of ;79 !+ along wit' t'e color t'at is t'e most rig'tward on t'e visibilit spectrum+

w'ic' is blue ?357 to 3G5 nm@+ will result in t'e greatest amount of luminescence from

t'e glow stic$s+ ranging around 637 lux.

Data

*'e independent variables of t'is experiment were t'e color of t'e glow stic$s+ and t'e

temperature of t'e water t'e stic$s were submerged in. *'e colors were red ?ranging from

8:7 to 457 nanometers@+ green ?3G5 to 457 nm@ + and blue ?357 to 3G5 nm@. *'is variable+

'aving been measured before t'e experiment was conducted+ was based off t'e

wavelengt's of eac' color on t'e visibilit spectrum. *'e temperatures were measured in

degrees !elsius+ and were measured to be 67 9!+ :7 9!+ and ;7 9!. *'e dependent


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variable was luminescence+ w'ic' was measured in lux. A two factor DOE was used for

t'e statistical analsis of t'is data.

E'perimental (esign

-aterials"

Lig't Sensor ?7.6@

67 Omniglow blue glow stic$s67 1ite Lite red glow stic$s

6: 1ite Lite green glow stic$s

*imer79 ! (ree&er

*'ermometer ?7.6@

677 ml #raduated !linder;7 Solo cups ?5;: mL@

#lowstic$ %ox

Logger Pro;7 9! Incubator

Setp"

6. Randomi&e t'e trials for eac' run.

:. Pour 377 mL of water into a solo cup and place it in t'e ;7 9! incubator+ leave in for :3 '

;. Pour anot'er 377 mL of water into a solo cup and place t'e cup in t'e free&er+ leave in for

roug'l 67 minutes before experiment.

3. Place glow stic$ box wit'in a dar$ or diml lit room ?refer to appendix@.

5. ave Lig't Sensor positioned properl b pus'ing t'e wand t'roug' t'e 'ole ontop of t'e box and t'e Logger Pro connected ?refer to appendix@.

Procedure"

6. *a$e t'e solo cup from eit'er t'e incubator or fridge depending on t'e desiredtemperature of water.

:. -easure t'e temperature of t'e water wit' a t'ermometer. If t'e temperature 'as

reac'ed t'e temperature needed+ proceed. Ot'erwise+ give t'e water time to cool

down or warm up.


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;. )it'out activating t'e selected glow stic$+ immerse t'e glow stic$ into t'e water

all t'e wa for : minutes.

3. Remove t'e glow stic$ from t'e cup+ and wipe it t'oroug'l to remove an water

droplets.

5. olding t'e glow stic$+ bend it until it crac$s and t'en s'a$e it for 65 seconds.

8. In a swift motion+ place t'e glow stic$ wit'in t'e glow stic$ box directl undert'e lig't sensor and remove our 'ands to ensure complete dar$ness.

4. %egin to collect data using t'e Logger Pro+ measuring t'e amount of

luminescence ?lux@+ for ;7 seconds.

. Record t'e data in t'e organi&ed data table.

G. Repeat steps 6 for t'e next set of trials.

Diagram"

Logger Pro

Glow Stick Box

TimerThermometer

Solo cu !lle"

with 400 mL o#

w$ter

Light Se%&or

Glow &tick&


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(igure 6. Experimental SetupC-aterials

(igure 6 above displas t'e materials needed and t'e basic set up of t'e

experiment conducted.

*able 6

Experimental (actors of Incubation *emperature and !olor

*able 6 s'ows t'e factors t'at are going to be tested t'roug'out t'e experiment.


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(ata and )bser$ations

*able 6. Experimental (actors of Incubation *emperature and !olor

*'e table s'ows t'e factors t'at were tested t'roug'out t'e experiment.

*able :. Run 6 *rial Observations between !olor and *emperature

*'e table above s'ows t'e observations t'at were made during t'e first run. In

t'is run+ different researc'ers crac$ed t'e glow stic$ eac' time. (urt'ermore+ it 'ad been

conducted t'roug'out t'e span of : das. Also+ t'e timing of s'a$ing t'e glow stic$s

were ta$en b counting to 65.


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*able ;. Run : *rial Observations between !olor and *emperature

*'e table displaed above s'ows t'e observations t'at were made t'roug'out t'e

second run. In t'is run+ t'e same person crac$ed and s'oo$ t'e glow stic$ eac' time. *'is

run 'ad been completed in one da. In addition+ a stopwatc' was used to time t'e 65

seconds for t'e s'a$ing+ resulting in better consistenc.


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*able 3. Run ; *rial Observations between !olor and *emperature

*'e table for run ; s'ows t'e observations t'at were made t'roug'out t'e t'ird

run. In t'is run+ t'e same person crac$ed and s'oo$ t'e glow stic$s eac' time. *'is run

also 'ad been conducted t'roug'out : das+ because t'e incubators 'ad stopped wor$ing

on t'e initial da. *'e s'a$ing was timed for 65 seconds on a timer for t'is run as well.


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*able 5. Lux -easurement for #low Stic$s

*'e table above s'ows t'e recorded amount of lux ta$en from t'e red+ green+ and

blue glow stic$s+ all of w'ic' 'ad varing temperatures.

(ata Analysis and #nterpretation

*'e data t'at was collected for t'is experiment was t'e measure of lux emitted

from glow stic$s under t'e influence of t'e two factors. *'ese factors were color and

temperature. Different colored glow stic$s were immersed in different temperatures of

water+ and t'en t'e lig't was measured wit' a lig't sensor. *o understand t'e difference

in eac' result t'roug'out t'e experiment+ controls were set up and practiced. *'ese

controls were untreated glow stic$s of eac' color+ all t'ree of w'ic' were measured for

its lig't output. After t'e measurements were ta$en+ t'e t'ree controls were used to

compare to eac' trial. *'is allowed for t'e degree of difference in lux for eac' treatment

to be made clear. Also included wit'in t'is experiment were t'e standards. Standards are

a crucial section of an experiment+ and t'at is because t'e are meant to c'ec$ for an

lur$ing variables or environmentall altered results. Inconsistent standards indicate t'e


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presence of lur$ing variables t'roug'out t'e experiment+ and could mean 0uestionable

data was collected.

*'roug'out t'e experiment+ multiple steps were ta$en to assure t'at valid data

was collected. *'e first step ta$en to ensure validit was repetition. *'ree runs wit'

seven trials eac' were conducted. Eac' trial in a run 'ad different treatments. *'is was

vital in determining if t'e results of t'e experiment were in fact due to t'e factors+ and not

lur$ing variables t'at ma 'ave appeared in one run. Anot'er met'od used to ensure

validit was randomi&ation. *'e order of t'e trials were determined b using t'e random

integer function on t'e calculator+ refer to Appendix !. *'is reduced an bias w'ic'

conse0uentl resulted in a 'ig'er validit in t'e collected data. Replication was also a

met'od used to create valid data. All of t'e trials were conducted wit' t'e same

procedure and setting+ w'ic' would ensure no environmental effects upon t'e data except

for an consistent variables.

%ased on t'e design of t'e experiment and t'e data t'at was collected+ t'e most

appropriate analtical test was t'e two factor DOE+ or t'e design of experiment+ because

it compares t'e effect of two different factors on t'e measure of a sub


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proving a relative similarit in results. *'is is ver important because replicated results

dampen uncontrollable variation+ also $nown as lur$ing variables or noise. Anot'er

condition is to randomi&e t'e order of t'e trials. Randomi&ing eac' run+ or series of trials+

also 'elps to determine an effect noise 'as on t'e results.

*able 6Experimental (actors of Incubation *emperature and !olor

*'e table above s'ows t'e factors t'at were tested t'roug'out t'e experiment.

As seen for bot' factors of t'e table+ t'ere are two smbols+ a ?@ and a ?H@. *'e first of

t'e two represents t'e low value of eac' factor+ and t'e second smbol represents t'e

'ig' value of eac' factor. *'e incubation temperature is measured in degrees !elsius. (or

incubation temperature+ t'e low was 679!+ t'e standard or middle value was :79!+ and

t'e 'ig' value was ;79!. *'e colors used were red+ green+ and blue+ because all of t'ese

colors 'ad different si&ed wavelengt's on t'e visibilit spectrum. (ollowing t'e same

example of t'e incubation temperatures+ t'e colors were represented wit' low+ standard+

and 'ig' values based on t'e varing si&es of wavelengt's.

*able :Average Amount of Lux Emitted

*'e table above s'ows t'e results of t'e emittance of lux for eac' combination of

factors. *'e combinations were a ;7 9! temperature blue glow stic$?H+ H@+ a 67 9! red


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glow stic$?+@+ a 679! blue glow stic$ ?H+@+ and a ;7 9! red glow stic$ ?+ H@. It also

displas t'e averages of t'ese combinations t'roug'out t'e t'ree runs. *'e grand average

is included as well+ w'ic' is t'e overall average. ?Refer to Appendix E for its

calculation.@ In t'is case+ t'e grand average was 84.8G lux.

*able ; above s'ows t'e 'ig' and low averages of lux for t'e effect of

temperature+ and (igure 6 s'ows t'e grap' of t'ese averages+ w'ic' is reveals t'e effect

of temperature on t'e glow stic$s.

(igure 6 and *able ; s'ow t'at as t'e temperature of t'e glow stic$s increase+ t'e

amount of lux emitted increases. It s'ows t'at w'en t'e incubation temperatures c'anges

from 67 9! to ;7 9! + t'e amount of lux emitted from t'e glow stic$ increases on

average b 6G.65 lux. *o $now 'ow t'is value was determined+ refer to Appendix E. *'is

means t'at t'e 'ig'er t'e temperature of t'e glow stic$+ t'e brig'ter t'e glow stic$ will

be.


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*able 3 above displas t'e 'ig' and low averages of lux for t'e effect of color.

(igure : s'ows t'e grap' of t'ese averages+ w'ic' represents t'e effect of color on t'e

glow stic$s.

(igure : and *able 3 reveal t'at as t'e wavelengt' of t'e color increases+ t'e

amount of lux emitted increases. It s'ows t'at w'en t'e color c'anges from t'at of a low

wavelengt' ?red@+ to a color wit' a 'ig' wavelengt' ?blue@+ t'e amount of lux emitted

from t'e glow stic$ increases on average b 33.4 lux. *'e calculation to find t'is value

can be found in Appendix E. )'at t'is means is t'at blue glow stic$s+ or glow stic$s t'at

are a color t'at 'ave a similar si&e in wavelengt' to blue+ will s'ine brig'ter t'an glow

stic$s t'at are red+ or an ot'er color t'at 'ave a similar wavelengt' si&e to red.

*able 5 s'ows t'e interaction effect of color and incubation temperature+ and

figure ; s'ows t'e grap' of t'e interaction effect between t'e two factors.

*able 5 and (igure ; reveal t'at t'ere is a probable li$eli'ood of t'ere being an

interaction between t'e two factors. *'is can be seen in (igure ; w'ic' s'ows t'at bot'

t'e dotted and solid segment are not parallel and t'erefore could intersect. *'e slope of

t'e solid segment is ;7.:. *'e slope of t'e dotted segment is 63.55. Fnowing t'ese

values+ t'e interaction effect can be found ?see Appendix E@. *'e interaction effect of t'e


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22

two factors is 65.8657. It s'ould be noted t'at w'en temperature is 'eld 'ig' ?*able :@+

on average it is 44.:4 lux. Loo$ at t'e solid segment above w'ic' also represents

temperature 'eld 'ig' wit' t'e interaction of color. 1otice t'at w'en color is low+ t'e

'ig' amount of lux emitted is 34.74 on average+ w'ic' is lower t'an expected.

(urt'ermore+ w'en temperature is 'eld low ?*able :@+ on average 5.6: lux emitted. Loo$

at t'e dotted segment above w'ic' also represents temperature 'eld low wit' t'e

interaction of color. 1otice t'at w'en color is 'eld low+ t'e low amount of temperature

ields 3;.5; lux on average+ w'ic' is ver close and wit'in range to w'at was expected.

*'ese findings impl t'at t'e two factors do 'ave an effect w'en on eac' ot'er.

*able 8Data of Standards

*'is table s'ows t'e nine standards of t'e experiment. All of t'ese trials used t'e

green glow stic$+ wit' :7 9! water. *'e range of t'ese nine standards+ or t'e difference

between t'e 'ig'est and lowest standard+ is 6;6.47 lux. *'is is a 'ig' value+ t'erefore

revealing t'at t'e researc' conducted 'ad errors and possible lur$ing variables.


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23

(igure 3. Standards Plot

*'is figure s'ows t'e plotted standards found t'roug'out t'e experiment. *'e

range for t'e standards is between G:.:7 and ::;.G7. !ontrar to w'at was expected+ t'e

standards were not wit'in a close range of eac' ot'er+ and were not a consistent value.

*'e first four standards seem to be wit'in a fairl close range. owever+ t'e fift'

standard is a muc' 'ig'er value t'an t'e previous four. *'e following standard falls bac$

down to be near t'e range of t'e first four. After t'is+ t'e next t'ree standard values start

increasing. Even t'oug' t'ere is not a specific trend t'at t'e standards are following+ it is

clear t'at t'ese values are not consistent+ revealing t'at t'ere ma 'ave been a few 'uman

errors or lur$ing variables t'at affected t'e data.

(igure 5 s'ows t'e t'ree effect values as well as t'e boundaries for double t'e

range of standards. In t'is experiment t'e range of standards was 6;6.47+ and double t'at

is :8;.37+ w'ic' is represented b t'e boundariest'e solid gra lines on bot' sides of t'e

dot plotin t'e figure above. *'ese boundaries were used to determine w'ic' factors were

significant. Since none of t'e effects fall outside of t'e boundaries+ t'e effect of

temperature ?*@+ color ?!@+ and t'e interaction effect of temperature and color ?*!@+ are

all statisticall not significant.

J 84.8G64 H noise

(igure 8. Parsimonious Prediction E0uation


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24

*'e figure above s'ows t'e parsimonious prediction e0uation+ w'ic' is an

e0uation t'at can be used to discover t'e outcome of t'e experiment if t'e factors were

c'anged.

*'e parsimonious prediction e0uation includes t'e grand average+ significant

factors+ and noise. Onl t'e grand average is included in t'is instance+ because none of

t'e factors were proven to be statisticall significant. 1oise is also included+ w'ic' is an

un0ualifiable factor t'at accounts for an inaccuracies.

Conclusion

*'e purpose of t'e experiment conducted was to determine t'e effect of

incubation temperature and different colors on t'e luminescence+ or lig't output+ of a

glow stic$. *'e 'pot'esis stated t'at w'en provided wit' various glow stic$s t'at are t'e

colors of red+ blue+ and green+ all of w'ic' are submerged in different temperatures of

water+ t'e water wit' t'e 'ig'est temperature of ;79 !+ along wit' t'e color t'at 'as t'e

'ig'est amount of energ on t'e visibilit spectrum+ w'ic' is blue ?357 to 3G5 nm@+ will

result in t'e greatest amount of luminescence from t'e glow stic$s+ ranging around 637

lux. *'e 'pot'esis formed prior to t'is experiment was re


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25

was 33.4 lux+ again impling t'at on average+ t'e luminescence increased b t'is

amount as t'e wavelengt' of t'e color increased t'roug' t'e visibilit lig't spectrum. *'e

interaction effect of t'ese two factors was 65.8:. *'is implies t'at t'ere is a li$eli'ood of

t'ese two factors 'aving an effect on eac' ot'er+ meaning t'e different colors and

different amounts of temperature effect t'e outcome performance of a glow stic$. pon

furt'er anal&ation+ it was discovered t'at none of t'e factors were statisticall

significant/ defing w'at was expected from t'e 'pot'esis.

*'e result of t'e experiment t'at was conducted does not agree wit' current

researc' being performed. Researc' s'ows t'at color and temperature do in fact 'ave an

effect on t'e luminescence of glow stic$s+ w'ile t'e statistical analsis of t'is experiment

s'owed t'at t'ese two factors were not statisticall significant+ or 'ad no effect. owever+

disregarding t'e aspect of significance+ t'e results of t'is experiment did 'ave

corresponding results to ot'er researc'. In an experiment conducted+ t'e results s'owed

t'at t'e glow stic$ immersed in t'e 'ig'est ?889!@ temperature of water glowed brig'ter

t'an t'e one in t'e coldest ?59!@ water ?*emperature@. Similarl+ in t'is experiment+ t'e

glow stic$ wit' a 'ig'er temperature 'ad a greater amount of lux. *'e blue glow stic$

wit' t'e ;79! incubation temperature 'ad an average of 674.34 lux. *'e blue wit' t'e

679! water 'ad an average of 4:.47 lux emitted. *'is revealed t'at t'e glow stic$s t'at

pertained a 'ig'er temperature glowed brig'ter+ w'ic' is supported b scientific

evidence. *'e Finetic -olecular *'eor of eat states t'at particles in a fluid increase in

speed as temperature increases. *'ese particles continuousl collide wit' eac' ot'er and

t'e glow stic$+ transferring energ. A 'ig'er temperature provides t'e particles wit'

greater energ+ resulting in faster moving particles+ and an increase in t'e rate of t'e


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26

collisions. *'is leads to a faster c'emical reaction and conducts a greater emittance of

lig't ?*emperature@.

*'e experiment conducted 'ad furt'er results t'at correspond wit' ot'er researc'

being performed. *'e experiment s'owed t'at as t'e wavelengt' of t'e color increased+

t'e amount of lux emitted increased. *'is can be clearl seen w'en observing t'e range

of lux of t'e blue glow stic$s+ in comparison to t'e red glow stic$s. *'e amount of lux

emitted for t'e blue glow stic$ ranged between 5.8 lux and 655.8 lux. *'e lig't

emittance for t'e red glow stic$ ranged between ;4.6 lux and 8;.; lux. !omparing t'is

data to t'e visibilit spectrum+ it was determined t'at a color wit' a greater wavelengt'

would result in greater luminescence. As aforementioned+ t'e visibilit spectrum proves

t'at eac' color transmits different amounts of lux due to t'e different si&es in

wavelengt's. *'e different si&ed wavelengt's not onl affect t'e color t'at is given off+

but also affect t'e amount of energ being used. *'e tig'ter or s'orter t'e wavelengt' is+

t'e 'ig'er t'e fre0uencCenerg. In ot'er words+ wavelengt' and fre0uenc 'ave an

inverse relations'ip. %ased on t'is finding+ t'e color red s'ould 'ave t'e least energ+ t'e

green s'ould 'ave greater energ+ w'ile t'e blue s'ould 'ave t'e greatest energ.

Regarding t'e colors of red and blue+ t'is information remains true and was proven wit'

t'e collected data.

Even t'oug' t'ese results were true+ t'e 'pot'esis could not be accepted due to

t'e fact t'at t'e standard trials wit' t'e green glow stic$s 'ad extremel 'ig'er results of

lux t'an t'e blue. As previousl mentioned+ t'e green s'ould 'ave 'ad t'e second greatest

amount of energ+ not t'e overall greatest. *'e results did prove t'at t'e blue+ w'ic' was

t'e 'ig'+ emitted more lux t'an t'e red+ t'e low of t'e experiment. owever+ t'e standard


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27

wit' green glow stic$s s'ined brig'ter t'an t'e blue+ w'ic' researc' proves cannot be

true. Even wit' t'e lig'ts on in t'e room+ it was visibl noticeable t'at t'e green glow

stic$ was s'ining brig'ter t'an an of t'e ot'er glow stic$s. *'is became even more

apparent w'en t'e standard trial results were observed. *'e green glow stic$ 'ad a range

of :.: to ::;.G lux+ w'ic' is distinctl 'ig'er t'an t'e range of lux for blue glow stic$.

As previousl explained+ t'is s'ould not be possible because t'e color blue 'as t'e

s'ortest wavelengt'+ giving it t'e 'ig'est energ due to t'e inverse relations'ip of

wavelengt' and energ.

Due to t'e analtical result t'at t'e effects of color and temperature were not

significant+ it is apparent t'at errors were made during t'e performance of t'is

experiment. One of t'e errors during t'e procession of t'e experiment was t'e time

differences. Some trials were interrupted+ causing time delas+ w'ic' could 'ave allowed

for t'e water temperatures to slig'tl c'ange. *'ese interruptions consisted of ot'er

researc' groups entering t'e room w'ere t'e experiment was conducted wit'out

$noc$ing. *'ese multiple interruptions also resulted in t'e exposure of additional+

external lig't to t'e lig't sensor. Anot'er error t'at was made was inconsistenc. In t'e

first set of trials+ different researc'ers s'oo$ t'e glow stic$ eac' time+ and t'e timing of

t'e s'a$ing was ta$en t'roug' counting+ instead of using a timer. All of t'ese errors could

'ave 'ad a large impact upon t'e results found from t'is experiment. *'e greatest error

t'at could 'ave 'ad an impact on t'e results was t'e differences in t'e colored glow

stic$s. All of t'e glow stic$s were obtained from t'e same website and on t'e same da to

ensure consistenc. nfortunatel+ a ma


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28

t'an t'e red and green glow stic$s. It is most li$el due to t'is t'at t'e green glow stic$s

appeared to glow immensel brig'ter t'an t'e blue. *'is is w' it is believed t'at t'e

compan wit' t'e red and green glow stic$s created more c'emicall en'anced glow

stic$s t'an t'e compan of t'e blue+ meaning t'e green glow stic$s could possibl 'ave

'ad c'emical alterations to improve its lig't output. It 'as been determined t'at t'is is t'e

cause of t'e insignificance of t'e factors. *'e extremel 'ig' amount of lux for t'e

standards caused t'e remaining factors to be deemed insignificant during t'e statistical

analsis of t'is experiment.

)'ile t'ere were plent of places t'at t'e experiment could 'ave been improved

upon+ t'ere were


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29

probabilit of a better controlled environment and more control over lur$ing variables+

suc' as exterior lig't. *'e experiment could 'ave been conducted in an area wit' fewer

interruptions+ w'ic' caused exterior lig't to enter t'e room and alter t'e results.

*'e application of c'emiluminescence could prove to be beneficial to a multitude

of industries and fields. (or example+ glow stic$s can be used b t'e public for power

outages+ and even wor$ places w'ere electricit is rare or 'ard to come b. It,s extremel

brig't lig'ting for a long duration of time ma$es it ideal for t'ese tpes of situations.

#low stic$s can also be used in t'e militar. *'e use of glow stic$s is not a new concept

in t'e militar and 'as been apparent t'roug'out 'istor. (or decades+ glow stic$s 'ave

been used to assist in t'e lig'ting of nig't operations wit' assured safet. Law

enforcement+ searc' and rescue teams+ and man ot'er groups 'ave also been using glow

stic$s to 'elp perform 'ard tas$s as well as an tactical drills or missions. In addition+

c'emiluminescence is used in a variet of industries and fields suc' as t'e

p'armaceutical industr+ t'e alumina industr+ and in clinical science. It is greatl used in

t'e forensic field as well+ t'roug' t'e use of luminol+ a c'emiluminescent spra t'at

detects traces of blood. )it' t'e variet of applications t'at c'emiluminescence can be

applied to+ it is evident t'at t'e researc' conducted on t'e effect of t'e different factors

influencing c'emiluminescence+ suc' as color and temperature+ will prove to be

beneficial to societ and an abundant amount of industries and fields+ for it will allow

cost effectiveness and full advantage to be ta$en over t'e c'emiluminescent tools t'at are

purc'ased and applied.


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Appendix A" #low Stic$ %ox

-aterials"

!ardboard %ox ?67.5in x 8in x G.5in@ Elmer2s !ement #lue%lac$ Permanent -ar$er %lac$ Poster Paper

%lac$ Duct *ape %lac$ (elt

Procedures"

6. ave cardboard box standing verticall wit' t'e s'ortest side resting face down

on t'e table.

:. sing measurements of diameter of t'e lig't sensor ?see Appendix D@+ create a

'ole on t'e top of t'e box for t'e lig't sensor to sit t'roug' during experiment.

Refer to (igure 6.

;. )it' t'e blac$ poster paper+ cut out a piece to fit over t'e surface area of t'e box

on t'e inside. *'is will assist in avoiding lig't reflection on t'e cardboard from lit

glow stic$s.

3. Set aside cut out pieces and prepare to use t'e Elmer,s !ement #lue. Spread t'e

glue on t'e paper as well as t'e section of t'e box t'e paper is being applied to.

Once completed+ press t'e pieces of paper against t'e box to ensure a lasting

stic$.


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31

5. %efore proceeding+ confirm t'at t'e entiret of t'e inside of t'e box is covered

wit' paper+ allowing no lig't to enter. (igure : s'ows t'e exact demonstration.

8. Proceed to cut or use t'e pieces of blac$ felt and wit' t'e blac$ duct tape+ secure

t'e felt to cover t'e open side of t'e box. Allow t'is felt to be flexible so as not to

get in t'e wa of t'e experiment.

4. (ollowing t'e same process+ tape a piece of blac$ felt to cover t'e 'ole used for

t'e lig't sensor. Allow t'is felt to be flexible so as not to get in t'e wa of t'e

experiment. *'e flexibilit of t'e clot' can be seen in bot' (igure 6 and (igure :.

(igure 6. *op Biew of #low Stic$ %ox

*'e above p'oto displas t'e view of t'e 'ole cut into t'e box for t'e use of t'e

lig't sensor. It also provides a visual example of w'at was done to create t'e box for use

in t'e experiment.


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32

(igure :. (rontal Biew of #low Stic$ %ox

As referenced in t'e procedure for 'ow to ma$e t'is box+ t'e picture above

gives a clear view as to 'ow eac' step stated 'ad been followed. *'is also s'ows t'at ris$

of lig't affecting t'e results was not to be an issue due to t'e immense covering of t'e

inside as well as t'e outside of t'e box.


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Appendix %" Logger Pro

*'e Bernier Lab Kuest Logger Pro is t'e appropriate device used in t'e

experiment to collect data. *'e Logger Pro was used in cooperation wit' t'e lig't sensor

?Appendix D@. *'e setting on t'e device was placed at ;7 samples collected in ;7

seconds. *'e figure below s'ows t'e Logger Pro wit' t'e correct settings intact and in

addition to w'at t'e screen appeared to be w'en collecting data.


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34

(igure 6. Logger Pro

*'is figure s'ows an image of t'e Logger Pro screen w'ile collecting data in t'is

experiment.

Appendix !" Randomi&ation

-aterials"

*i1spire ! calculator

Procedure"

6. *urn on t'e calculator and open a calculator page.

6. Press t'e menu button.

:. Scroll down to =5" Probabilit> and press enter.


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;. Scroll down to =3" Random> and clic$ enter.

3. Select =:" Integer> and press enter.

5. *'e displa of =randInt?@> s'ould now be on our screen. Enter t'e first number

wanted for t'e range of numbers t'at t'e randomi&ation includes. (or example+ if

t'e numbers 6 t'roug' 4 are to be randomi&ed+ enter 6.

8. Enter a comma and t'en t'e last number desired for t'e range of numbers t'at t'e

randomi&ation includes. (or example+ in t'e randomi&ation of 6 t'roug' 4+ 4

would now be entered.

4. Press enter. A number will appear+ representing t'e trial t'at will go first.

. !ontinue pressing enter until all trials are accounted for. If a number repeats+

ignore it.

G. Repeat steps 6G for eac' run.

Appendix D" Lig't Sensor

A lig't sensor was used to capture t'e data of lux emittance from t'e glow stic$s

t'roug'out t'e experiment. *'e lig't sensor was connected to t'e top of a logger pro

?refer to Appendix %@. *'e setting for t'e lig't sensor was placed at t'e middle range of

7877 lux.


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36

(igure 6. Lig't Sensor*'e figure above displas a lig't sensor ?rig't@ connected to a logger pro ?left@

wit' t'e appropriate setting.

Appendix E" DOE and Sample !alculations

A DOE anal&es t'e effect of factors. *o anal&e t'e effect of a single factor+ its low

average must be subtracted from its 'ig' average.

Effect J ?H@Avg ?@Avg

S'own in figure 6 below is a sample calculation using t'is formula.


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37

Effect J ?H@Avg ?@Avg

J 47.:G ;7.7

J ;G.3G

(igure 6. Single (actor Effect E0uation

(igure 6 s'ows t'e sample calculation of finding t'e effect of a factor.

*'e analsis of t'e interaction effect of two factors is also needed in a DOE. *'is

calculation re0uires t'e slopes of t'e dotted and solid segments. ?Refer to (igure ; on t'e

Data Analsis@. *'e slopes are found b subtracting t'e low value ?6@ from t'e 'ig'

value ?:@+ and dividing b :.

m J:6:

S'own in figure : below is a sample calculation for t'e formula above.

m J:6:

J 8:.55 lux 34.G lux:

J63.54 lux:

J 4.:G lux

(igure :. Slope E0uation

(igure : above s'ows an example of a calculated slope e0uation.

*'e interaction effect is t'en calculated b subtracting t'e slope of t'e dotted segment

?S:@ from t'e slope of t'e solid segment ?S6@.

Interaction Effect J S6 S:

S'own in figure ; below is sample wor$ of t'e interaction effect.

Interaction Effect J S6 S:


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38

J 4.:G lux :.7G lux

J 5.:7 lux

(igure ;. Interaction Effect

*'e figure displas t'e interaction effect e0uation wit' sample numbers.

A prediction e0uation is used in a DOE to interpolate results. (or t'is e0uation+ t'e grand

average must first be ta$en+ t'en added to t'at would be t'e effect of t'e temperature

divided b two followed b t'e addition of t'e effect of color divided b two and all

finis'ed wit' t'e addition of t'e interaction effect of bot' t'e temperature and color+

divided b two. 1oise is added as well+ w'ic' accounts for an errors or lur$ing

variables. (or t'e parsimonious prediction e0uation+ t'e same formula is followed+ but

wit' onl significant factors.

A sample of t'e formula is s'own below.

(igure 3. Prediction E0uation

*'e figure above displas t'e prediction e0uation along wit' sample wor$.


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39

)or$s !ited


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40

:.6. MRate !onstants of Elementar Reactions.MElementary Reactions:.6 ?n.d.@" 5;8;. !al

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-ar. :765.N'ttp"CCwww.wi$id.euCindex.p'pCAmbientLig'tSensor

MAnatom of a #lowstic$.MMITOpenCourseWare. -assac'usetts Institute of *ec'nolog+ n.d.

)eb. 6 -ar. :765. N'ttp"CCocw.mit.eduC'ig'

sc'oolCc'emistrCdemonstrationsCvideosCanatomofaglowstic$C.

%atema+ !ara. MExamples of a Strong Effect *'at *emperature as on !'emical Reactions.M

Education. Demand -edia+ n.d. )eb. :: -ar. :765.

N'ttp"CCeducation.seattlepi.comCexamplesstrongeffecttemperaturec'emicalreactions

34;6.'tml.

%rewer+ !aroline. THE T!D" O# THE $MO!%T O# &I'HT $ '&OW TIC( EMIT?n.d.@"

n. pag. !ar Academ+ :76:. )eb. 68 -ar. :765.

N'ttps"CCcascience8isp.wi$ispaces.comCfileCviewC%rewerH!H:76:.pdf

!irelli+ !'erl. M*oxic Dangers of #low %racelets.M&o)eTo(no*. 1.p.+ n.d. )eb. 64 -ar.

:765. N'ttp"CCsafet.loveto$now.comC#low%racelet*oxicLi0uidDanger.

!ompound !'em. M*'e !'emistr of #low Stic$s.M Compound Interest. 1.p.+ 63 Oct. :763.

)eb. 6 -ar. :765.


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41

N'ttp"CCwww.compoundc'em.comC:763C67C63Cglowstic$sC*

MDifference %etween Lux and Lumens.M Chris. #emini Lig'ts+ n.d. )eb. 6G -ar. :765.

N'ttp"CCgeminilig'ts.comCexploreCluxandlumens.

MExciting Electrons.MMaking the Chemical Connection at the !ni)ersity o+ Edinurgh. 1.p.+

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N'ttp"CCwww.c'emicalconnection.org.u$Cc'emistrCtopicsCview.p'pQ

topicJ;'eadingnoJ5.

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dot'ewor$C

#low Stic$s.M The .oison Center. !arolina2s Poison !enter+ n.d. )eb. :7 -ar. :765.

N'ttp"CCwww.ncpoisoncenter.orgCbod.cfmQidJ664.

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:765. N'ttp"CCscience.'owstuffwor$s.comCluminol;.'tm.

elmenstine+ P'.D. Anne -arie. Mow Do Lig'tstic$s )or$Q #lowstic$ !'emistr.M$out

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N'ttp"CCc'emistr.about.comCodC'owt'ingswor$fa0sCaC'owlig'tstic$s.'tm.


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N'ttp"CCmissionscience.nasa.govCemsC7Gvisiblelig't.'tml.

Pasc'otta+ Rudiger. MP'otodiodes.MEncyclopedia o+ &aser .hysics and Technology. RP

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M*emperature and t'e Rate of !'emical Reactions.M !oolcosmos. )eb. 6: -a :765.

N'ttp"CCcoolcosmos.ipac.caltec'.eduCsstemCmediafilesCbinariesC8CoriginalC*emperature

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Introduction. niversit of %ristol. )eb. 6G -a :765.

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Final Paper Chem Research- Sophomore

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