SCIENCE FACULTY

NORTH MAHARASHTRA UNIVERSITY, JALGAON

SYLLABUS STRUCTURE

FOR

M. Sc. PHYSICS

(With effect from June, 2010)

M. Sc. (Physics) Structure

Semester Course Number Title of the Course

I

PHY 101 Mathematical Methods for PhysicsPHY 102 Classical MechanicsPHY 103 Quantum MechanicsPHY 104 Solid State PhysicsPHY 105 Basic Physics Laboratory I

II

PHY 201 Statistical MechanicsPHY 202 Classical ElectrodynamicsPHY 203 Material SciencePHY 204 Any ONE of the followingPHY 204 (A) Physics of Semiconductor devicesPHY 204 (B) Electronics InstrumentationPHY 204 (C) BiophysicsPHY 205 Basic Physics Laboratory II

III

PHY 301 Atomic and Molecular PhysicsPHY 302 Any ONE of the followingPHY 302 (A) Materials Synthesis MethodsPHY 302 (B) Microprocessor and it’s ApplicationsPHY 302 (C) Communication ElectronicsPHY 303 Any ONE of the followingPHY 303 (A) Physics of NanomaterialsPHY 303 (B) Computational Methods and Programming Using ‘C’ LanguagePHY 303 (C) Acoustics and Entertainment ElectronicsPHY 303 (D) Biomedical InstrumentationPHY 301 Special Laboratory IPHY 302 Project Work- I (Literature Survey, Definition of Problem,

Experimental work, Oral etc.)

IV

PHY 401 Renewable Energy Sources PHY 402 Any ONE of the followingPHY 402 (A) Systematic Materials Analysis PHY 402 (B) LASER and it’s ApplicationsPHY 403 Any ONE of the followingPHY 403 (A) Nuclear and Particle PhysicsPHY 403 (B) Microwave Theory band ApplicationsPHY 403 (C) Environmental PhysicsPHY 403 (D) Astrophysics and AstronomyPHY 404 Special Laboratory IIPHY 405 Project Work- II (Characterization, Analysis of Result, Conclusions,

Project Report, Oral etc.)

NORTH MAHARASHTRA UNIVERSITY, JALGAON

SYLLABUS

FOR

M. Sc. PHYSICS FIRST YEAR

SEM I & II

(With effect from June, 2010)

PHY-101: Mathematical Methods for Physics

1. Vector Space:

Definition vector space, Subspace, linear combinations, Linear spans, Linear dependence, Basis & dimensions, linear transformation, Linear operator, Representation theory of operators, Hermitian operator.

Inner Product Space: Definition of Inner Product Space, Schwarz inequality, orthogonality, orthonormal sets, Gram Schmidt orthogonalization process. (H-8 M-15) 2. Matrices:

Definition, Types of matrices, Orthogonal and unitary matrices, Polynomials of matrices & Linear operators, Eigen values and Eigen vectors, Diagonalization, Caley-Hamilton theorem, Inverse of a matrix. (H-5 M-10)

3. Integral Transforms: Definition, Linearity property , First and second shifting theorems, Change of scale property, Laplace Transform of derivaties, Laplace Transform of integrals, The multiplication by powers of t, Division by t, Laplace Transform of Laplace Transform, Problems on above all theorems. Proof of initial and final value theorems using Laplace Transform.Inverse Laplace Transform:

Definition, Linearity property, First and Second shifting theorems, Change of scale property, Convolution theorem (statement only). Inverse Laplace Transform of partial fractions i.e. P(x)/Q(x) of the form A/(ax+b) r, Ax+B/(ax2+bx+c)r where r= 1,2,3…. Applications of Laplace Transform: (i) solution of differential equation [ like a(d2x/dt2)+dx/dt + f(t) ] (ii) Evaluation of integrals like– Y(t)= F(t) + ∫ k(u,t)Y(u)du. (H-12 M-20)

4. Fourier Services: Definition, Determination of fourier coefficients, Dirichlet’s condition, Fourier series of even and odd functions , Half range fourier sine and cosine series, Complex form of fourier series, Parseval’s identity, Fourier integral, complex form of fourier integral.

Fourier transforms, Fourier sine & cosine transforms, Fourier transform of dirac- δ function, Convolution theorem for fourier transforms. (H-8 M-10)

5. Special functions:

Revision of Legendre and Hermite polynomials and their orthogonality properties, Generating function, recurrence relations, Rodrigne’s formula for Pn(x), Hn(x). Bessel’s function of first kind, Integral representation, of Jn(x). Laguerre function: Generating function, recurrence relations,Integral representation of Ln(x) (H-7 M-10)

6. Tensor Analysis :

Definition, Rank of tensor, Contravarient & co-variant vectors, contravarient, covariant & mixed tensors, Kronecker- δ , tensors of a rank greater than two, Symmetric & Skew-symmetric tensor, Conjugate or reciprocal tensors, Associated tensors, Riemann-Chrisfoffel tensor, transformation laws of Chrisfoffel symbols, Geodesics, Covariant derivaties, The intrinsic or absolute derivative, Relative and absolute tensor. (H-8 M-15)

Reference Books:

1. Schaum’s outline of theory & problems of linear Algebra – by Semour Lipschutz Lipsuitz, Schaum’s Series, Mc Graw Hill.2. Vector analysis & an introduction to Tensor Anlysis – by Murrug R.Spiegel ( Schyum’s Outline series.)3. Mathematical methods for Physicist G. Arifken, Academic Press,1985.4. Mathematical Physics: A.K.Ghatak, I.C.Goyal, S.J.Chua,MacMillan India Ltd.,1995. 5. Introduction to Mathematical Physics: Charlie Harper, Prientice Hall of India,1993.6. Matrices & Tensors in Physics - A. W. Joshi7. Theory & Problems of Laplace Transform – Murray R. Spiegel8. Mathematical Physics – B. S. Rajput.9. Mathematical Physics - B. D. Gupta.10. Mathematical Physics : P.K.Chattopadhyay, Wiley Eastern Ltd.,1990.

PHY-102: Classical Mechanics

1. Mechanics of System of particles:

Conservation of linear and angular momentum of system of particles, Relation between about any point and about centre of mass, Discuss similar relations for kinetic energy also.

Scattering of Particles: Elastic and inelastic collision, Lab. and C.M. system of coordinates, Differential and total cross section, Impact parameter, Rutherford’s scattering, Relation of cross-section between C.M. and Lab. frame. (H-10 M-18)

2. Hamilton’s equation of motion:

Introduction, Legendre’s dual transformation, Hamilton’s friction and Hamilton’s equations of motion, Properties of the Hamiltonian and Hamilton’s equations of motion, Routhian , Configuration space, Phase space and State space, Lagrangian and Hamiltonian of relativistic particles and light rays. ) (H-9 M-14)

3. Principle of Least Action and Hamilton’s principle:

Introduction, Principle of least action, Hamilton’s principle, Comparison between Fermat’s principle of least action in optics & Maupertuis’ principle of least action in mechanics, Derivation of Euler – Lagrange equations of motion from Hamilton’s principle, Derivation of Hamilton’s equations of motion from Hamilton’s principle, Derivation of Hamilton’s equation of motion for holonomic systems from Hamilton’s principle, Invariance of Hamilton’s principle under generalized coordinate transformation, Hamilton’s principle and characteristic function. (H-12 M-20)

4. Canonical transformation and Hamilton – Jacobi theory:

Gauss transformation, Canonical transformation, Condition for transformation to canonical, Poisson brackets, Canonical equations in terms of Poisson bracket notation, Infinitesimal transformation, Relation between infinitesimal transformation and Poisson bracket, The Hamilton – Jacobi equation, Separation of variables. (H-10 M-18)

5. Theory of Small Oscillations:

General case of coupled oscillations, Eigen vectors and Eigen frequencies, Orthogonality of eigen vectors, Normal coordinates, Small oscillations of particle on string. (H-7 M-10)

Reference Books:

1. Introduction to Classical Mechanics: R. G. Takwale and P. S. Puranik. 2. Classical Mechanics: N. C. Rana and P. S. Joag. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd.3. Classical Mechanics: Panat P. V., Narosa Publishing House.20084. Classical Mechanics: Gupta, Kumar and Sharma, Pragati Publication 5. Classical Mechanics: Herbrt Goldstein, Narosa Publishing House.

PHY-103: Quantum Mechanics

1. Linear vector spaces and operators:

Linear vector space and its properties, examples, Linear independence of vectors & dimensions, bases and expansion theorem, Inner product & unitary spaces, Orthonormal sets, completeness, Hilbert spaces,

Operators: Linear operators, Identity operator, Null operator, Inverse operator, Eigen values & eigen functions, Hermitian operators and their properties, Expansion of eigen functions, Continuous spectrum, Parity operator & its properties, Projection operator, Equation of motion. (H-10 M-15)

2. Matrix représentation in Quantum Mechanics:

Dirac’s Bra and Ket notations for vectors and their properties, Ket vector as a column matrix and bra vector as a row matrix, Operators as matrices, Matrix form of wave function, Unitary transformation, Eigen value problem, Schrodinger, Heisenberg and Interaction matrix representations, Defining equations for the operators a and a+, Computation of values of a a+ , a+ a, [a, a+ ],

[a, H], [a+ ,H], Eigen values & Eigen functions of 1-D harmonic oscillator using ladder operators a and a+, Matrices for the operators: a, a+, x, p, H, Derivation of Schrodinger’s equation from a and a+. (H-12 M-20)

4. Angular Momentum:

Orbital angular momentum L operator as generator of rotation, Total angular momentum operator J. Ladder Operators J+ and J- , Commutation relations of J2 and Jz with J+ and J-, Commutation relation of J+ and J-, Eigen values and Eigen functions of J2 and Jz, Angular momentum Matrices, Electronic states in a central field, Addition of angular momenta, Computation of Clebesch-Gordan coefficients for ( j1 = ½ & j2 = ½ ) and for ( j1 = 1 & j2 = ½ ) . (H-12 M-20)

5. Approximation Methods:

a) Time independent Perturbation Theory: Non degenerate and generate cases up to second order energy and Eigen function, Application to: perturbed oscillator, Stark effect of the plane rotator, perturbed energy in Hydrogen (Zeeman Effect).

b) Variation Method: Basic principles, Applications to: one dimensional harmonic oscillator, Ground state energy of hydrogen atom.

c) The WKB approximation: The principle of the method, the WKB wave function, Application to: transmission through a barrier, Theory of α - decay. (H-14 M-25 )

Reference Books:

1. Advanced Quantum Mechanics Satya Prakash, Kedarnath Ramnath, Meerut.

2. Quantum Mechanics: G. R. Chatwal & S. K. Anand, Himalaya Publishing House.

3. A text book of Quantum Mechanics : P.M.Mathews & K.Venkatesan, Tata Mc-Graw Hill P.co.Ltd..

4. Quantum Mechanics : John L Powell & Bernd rasemann.,Narosa Publishing House.

5. Quantum Mechanics : A.K.Ghatak & S.Loknathan, The Macmillan company of India Ltd..

6. Quantum Mechanics L. I. Schiff. McGraw Hill.

PHY-104: Solid State Physics

1. Band Theory of Solids:

Density of states, K-space, Bloch wave, Bloch theorem, The Kromig-Penny model, origin of energy gap, Brillouin zones, Number of wave functions per energy band, Motion of electrons in 1-D according to band theory, Effective mass of an electron, Distinction between metals, insulators and intrinsic semiconductors. (H-8 M-12)

(Ref: 1 & 2)

2. Theory of Dielectrics, Piezoelectricity and Ferroelectrics:

Explanation of Polarization, Dielectric constant, Local electric field, Dielectric polarizability, Clausius-Mossoti Relation, Types of polarizability,Dipolar polarizability, Frequency dependence of dipolar polarizability, Calculation of Ionic & Electronic polarizability, Total polarizability, Measurement of dielectric constants.

Piezoelectricity, Ferroelectricity, Theories of ferroelectricity, Dielectric behavior above Tc, Spontaneous polarization below Tc, Ferroelectric Hysteresis, Applications of ferroelectrics, Ferroelectricity versus piezoelectricity.(H-8 M-15)

(Ref: 1 & 3)

3. Magnetism: Introduction, Classification of magnetic materials. Diamagnetism: Lagevin’s classical theory of diamagnetism. Paramagnetism- Origin of permanent magnetic moments in paramagnetism, Lagevin’s classical theory of paramagnetism. Weiss theory of paramagnetism, comparison of theory with experimental results. Paramagnetism at low temperature.Ferromagnetism, Antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism: Weiss theory of ferromagnetism, ferromagnetic domains, Bloch wall, Two sub-lattice model of Anti ferromagnetism, Neel’s model of ferrimagnetism. (H-12 M-20)(Ref: 1 & 4)

4. Photoconductivity & Luminescence Photoconductivity: Photoconducting materials, Electronic transitions, Photoconductors, Absorption and Excitation, Trapping and capture, Recombination, Life time, Photosensitivity, Capture cross section, Simple model of photoconductor, Excitation, Absorption. Excitation across the gap, Trapping and its effects. Luminescence:Types of luminescence, Excitation and emission, Decay mechanism, Thallium activated alkali halides, sulphide phosphors. (H-12 M-18)(Ref: 1 & 3)

5. Superconductivity: Basic concept, Occurrence, Meissner effect, Critical field, type-I, type-II superconductors, Critical currents, Thermodynamics of super conducting transitions, London equations, Coherence length, London penetration Depth, BCS theory of superconductivity, High Tc super conducting materials. (H-8 M-15)(Ref: 1, 3 & 9)

Reference Books:1. Fundamentals of Solid State Physics : B.S.Saxena ,R.C.Gupta & P.N.Saxena,Pragati Prakashan, Meerut 11th Ed.2. Solid State Physics : R. L. Katiyar, Campus Books International, New Delhi . 20093. Solid State Physics : R. L. Singhal, Kedarnath Ramnath Prakashan, Meerut.4. Solid State Physics : S.L. Gupta & V. Kumar, K. Nath & Co. Meerut.5. Photoconductivity of Solids: Richard H. Bube, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.6. An Introduction of Luminescence of Solids: Leverenz H.W., John Wiley and Sons, New York 7. Solid State Physics: A.J. Dekkar, McMillan students Ed.8. Introduction to Solid State Physics: C. Kittle, Wiley Eastern Ltd; 9. Solid State Physics: C. M. Kachhava, Tata Mc Graw Hill Eds.

PHY-105: Basic Physics Laboratory-I

Group A : Any Five of the following:

1. Febry –Perot Interferometer. Determination of wavelength of monochromatic source.

2. Determination of thickness of thin transparent sheet like mica using Michelson interferometer.

3. To determine ultrasonic velocity and to obtain compressibility for a given liquid. 

4. Magnetic susceptibility of FeCl3 solution.

5. “e” by Millikan oil drop method.

6. Diffraction at single, double and multiple slits using laser source.

7. Surface tension by ripples method.

8. G.M.Counter: End point energy and absorption coefficient of the absorber.

9. Determination of elastic constants by Cornu’s method.

10. Determination of Rydberg constant using Hydrogen discharge tube.

Group B : Any Five of the following:

1. Design and build ERPS using IC 741 and study its line and load regulation.

2. Design, build and test the phase shift oscillator using IC-741.

3. Design, build and test Schmidt trigger circuit using transistors.

4. To study the characteristics of LDR, Photodiode and Phototransistor.

5. Design, build and test first order low pass/ high pass filter using IC 741.

6. Design, build and test precision rectifier using IC 741.

7. Design, build and test Astable /Bistable multivibrator using IC 741.

8. Design, build and test voltage to frequency converter.

9. Design, build and test the temperature to frequency converter.

10. Design, build and test transformerless class-B push pull amplifier.

.

PHY-201: Statistical Mechanics

1. Classical Statistical Mechanics:Liouville’s theorem in classical statistical mechanics, Grand canonical ensemble, Physical interpretation of α, Chemical potential in the equilibrium state, Fluctuations in number of particles ofa system in grand canonical ensemble, Classical ideal gas, Gibbs paradox. (H -8, 12 -M) (Ref. 1&3)

2. Quantum Statistical Mechanics:Symmetry of wave functions, The quantum distribution functions, M.B. statistics, B. E. statistics, Photon statistics, F. D. statistics, The Boltzmann limit of Boson and Fermions gases, Evaluation of partition function for monatomic gas, Partition function for diatomic molecules, Equation of state for an ideal gas. (H -8, 14 -M) (Ref. 1&3)

3. Ideal Bose Systems:Photon gas: Black body radiation, properties such as radiation pressure, radiation density,emissivity and equilibrium number of photons in the radiation cavity. Einstein’s derivation of Planck’s law, Bose Einstein condensation, Specific heat from lattice vibrations, Debye’s model of solids: Phonon gas. (H -8, 14 -M)(Ref. 1)

4. Ideal Fermi Systems:Fermi energy, Mean energy of fermions at absolute zero temperature, Fermi energy as a function of temperature, Electronic specific heat, White Dwarfs, Compressibility of Fermi gas, Pauli paramagnetism, Relativistic degenerate gas. (H- 8, 14 -M) (Ref. 1)

5. Phase transition and Critical Phenomena: Phase transitions, Conditions for phase equilibrium, Ist order phase transition, IInd order phase transition, Critical indices, van der Waals theory of liquid gas transition, Mayer theory of,condensation, Curie Weiss theory of magnetic transition, Ising model, Order parameter. (H- 8, 12- M) (Ref. 2) 6. General theory of transport phenomena:Distribution function, Boltzmann transport equation, Relaxation approximation, Electrical conductivity from relaxationapproximation, Boltzmann non linear integro differential equation, Boltzmann’s H-theorem, Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution from Boltzmann equation. (H -8, 14-M) (Ref. 1)

Reference Books:

1. Fundamentals of Statistical Mechanics: B.B. Laud, New Age International Publishers (2003)2. Introduction to Statistical Mechanics: S. K. Sinha, Narosa Publication House, New Delhi (2007)3. Fundamentals of Staistical & Thrmal Physics:F. Reif, Mcgraw Hill Book Company, (1965)4. Statistical Mechanics: R. K. Pathria, Butterworth-Heinemann (Elsevier) (2/e Reprint 2004)5. Statistical Physics: Harvey Gould and Jan Tobochnik.

PHY-202: Classical Electrodynamics

1. Propogation of Plane Electromagnetic Waves:Plane electromagnetic waves in matter,Plane electromagnetic waves in isotropic dielectric, Plane electromagnetic wave propagation in anisotropic dielectric. (H- 6 ,10-M) (Ref. 1)

2. Interaction of Electromagnetic Waves with Matter:Boundary conditions for the electromagnetic field vectors, Reflection and refraction at the boundary of two non – conducting media, General treatment of reflection and refraction, Fresnel’s equations (Dynamic properties), The coefficient of reflection and transmission at the interface between two dielectrics, Brewster angle and Degree of polarization,Total internal reflection, Reflection and refraction at the boundary of non-conducting and conducting media (i,e, Metallic reflection), Propagation of electromagnetic waves between parallel conducting planes,]Basic concept of wave guide, Rectangular Wave guide. ( H -14,20-M ) (Ref. 1) 3. Electromagnetic Fields and Radiating Systems:Introduction, Lienard – Wiechart potentials, Alternative method to derive L.W. potentials from retarded potentials ,Electric and magnetic fields of a charge in uniform rectilinear motion, Electric and magnetic fields produced by arbitrarily moving charge Radiation due to non-relativistic charges, Electronic orbits in an atom ,Radiation due to relativistic charges ,Radiation due to an oscillating electric dipole. (H -11,20-M)(Ref. 1) 4. Relativistic (Covariant) Electrodynamics: Introduction, Lorentz variance and invariance of 2, ,and , three and four dimensional elements Four vectors, Four vectors of charge and potential (Covariance of continuity equation and Lorentz Condition), Invariance of Maxwell’s field equations under relativistic transformation,Covariant form of electric and magnetic field equations( electromagnetic field tensor), Covariance of Lorentz force law. (H -11,20-M) (Ref. 1)

5. Magneto hydrodynamics and Plasma Physics: Definition of Plasma, Magneto hydrodynamics and plasma physics, Electrical neutrality in a plasma (Debye screening distance), Confinement of plasma (The pinch effect and instabilities), Plasma oscillations and hydro magnetic waves (idea only),Ionospheric plasma (propagation of electromagnetic waves). (H- 6,10-M)(Ref. 1)

Reference Books

1. Electrodynamics byGupta,Kumar and Singh ,17th edition 2005,Pragati Prakashan,Meerut.2. Classical electrodynamics by J.D.Jackson , John Wiely. 3. Classical electricity and magnetisen by Panofsky & Phillips, Indian Book Co. 4. Electromagnetics by B.B.Laud., Wiely Eastern.

PHY-203: Material Science

1. Theory of Alloys.Solid solution, types of solid solutions, atomic size in solid solution, Hume-Rothary rules for formation of solids, Intermediate phases, Vigard’s law, and Laue phases. Phase diagram, Phase rule, Lever rule, Electron phases. Non crystalline solids - Glasses, Glass transition temperature, Optical properties of glass. (H -12, M-20) 2. Phase transformation:Mechanism of phase transformation or nucleation, homogeneous nucleation, heterogeneous nucleation and growth .Iron carbon system - micro constituents of Iron-carbon system, pearite transformation, TTT diagram, Hardening of steel, carbon and alloy steels, tool steels, cast iron. (H -12 M-20) 3. Electric, magnetic and Solar Energy Materials:Electric and magnetic materials: ferrites - preparation and characterization microstructure, substitution elements, BaTiO3 and its solid solution. Ferro-electric and Piezo –electric materials. Solar energy materials - solar energy spectrum, Photo voltaic conversion materials. (H -12 M-20)

4. Engineering materials:Ferrous alloys- Medium and high alloy steels, cast iron, Cu alloys - Brasses, Bronzes, Pb-alloys, super-alloys.Ceramic materials- Refractories, Pure oxide ceramics, Mechanical behavior of ceramics, Processing of ceramic materials, Non oxide ceramics. Composite materials – metal matrix, Ceramic matrix, composites, Theories of hardening of composites. Nanomaterials. (H -12 M-20)

Reference Books:

1. Material Science: G.K.Narula, K.S.Narula and V.K.Gupta.2. Material Science and Engineering: G.S.Upadhyaya, Anish Upadhyaya.3. Structure and properties of Enginering materials, R.M.Brick,R.W.Pense,International Students edition 1977.4. Physical Metallergy Principles, R.E.Reed,Hiss East –West Press Pvt.Ltd.1973.5. Metallargy theory and Practice, D.K.Allies,American technical society sec.1969.6. Modern Composite Materials ,Broutman and Kroch,Addition Wesley Pub.Co.1967.7. Oxide-Magnetic Materials,K.J. Standly (lare press (1962))8. Ferro electric Materials, Jona & Shingane Pergaman Press(1973).9. Superalloys,Sines and Hagel,John Wiley and Sons (1972)10. Introduction to Ceramics, W.D.Kingeri,John Wiley and Sons (1960)11. Material Science in Energy Technology,Ed.G.D.Libowitz, M.S.Whiiingham (1979)12. Elements of Material Science and Enginnering, L.H.Van Vlack Addition Western Pub.Co,13. Fist course in Material science and Engineering, V.Raghvan,Prentice Hall of India Pvt

Ltd.New Delhi.

PHY-204(A) : Physics of Semiconductor Devices

1. Charge Carriers and Fermi Level in Semiconductors in Equilibrium:Equilibrium distribution of electrons and holes, Intrinsic carrier concentration and Fermi level position, Doping of semiconductors with impurities, Extrinsic semiconductors: Equilibrium distribution of electrons and holes, Degenerate and non-degenerate semiconductors, Impurity carrier concentration, Charge neutrality equation, Equilibrium electron and hole concentration and its temperature dependence, Position of Fermi level and its variation with temperature and concentration. (H-6 M-12)

2. Current Transport Phenomena and Continuity Equation: Drift of carriers: Drift current, mobility and its temperature dependence. Diffusion current, Diffusion constant, Total current density, Non-uniform impurity distribution and induced internal field. Einstein’s relation, Non-equilibrium excess carriers and Continuity equation. Excess carrier generation, recombination and injection and its mathematical analysis using continuity equation, Life-time and diffusion length of carriers, Concept of quasi fermi levels. (H-6 M-12)

3. Characterisation of semiconductor solids: Hall effect : Measurement of resistivity, mobility, carrier concentration, diffusivity, Hall coefficient and carrier types for majority carriers, Hall effect in intrinsic semiconductors. Haynes-Shockley experiment, Mobility, diffusivity and life time of minority carriers. (H-5 M-8)

4. P-N Junctions-Characteristics and Devices:Junction in equilibrium, Continuity of Fermi level across the junction, Junction under forward and reverse bias, Zero bias, Built-in-potential, Electric field in depletion region, Space Charge width, Biased junction, Space charge width under electric field, Junction Capacitance, Diffusion capacitance, One sided junction, Non-uniformly doped junctions, Linearly graded, Hyper abrupt etc., Break down in P-N junction, Avalanche and Zener Breakdown.a) PN Junction diode: Carrier distribution profile, Ideal P-N junction current, Small signal equivalent, Current voltage

characteristics of junction diode.b) Zener diode: Reverse bias breakdown, principle of operation, device design for particular breakdown voltage.c) Varactor diode: Junction capacitance, principle of operation, circuit operation, application as an oscillator.d) Tunnel diode: Degenerate semiconductors, principle of operation, circuit operation, applications.e) Photovoltaic Cell: Principle of operation, forward and reverse bias characteristics, equivalent circuit, applications. (H-10 M-20)

5. Metal-semiconductor Junction Diode:Structure, metal semiconductor contacts, energy band diagram for different cases, barrier formation, Schottky barrier diode, Non-ideal effects on barrier heights, Current voltage characteristics, Comparison of barrier diode and PN-junction diode, Metal Semiconductor Ohmic Contact, Ideal non-rectifying barriers, Heterojunction, Two dimensional electron gas. (H-8 M-10)

6. Bipolar Junction Transistor:Structure, The basic principle of operation, Modes of operation, Carrier concentration profile in various regions in forward active mode, current gain and current gain factors, Equivalent circuit models: Ebers-Moil model, the dependence of Ebers-Moll parameters on the structure and operating point, Maximum transition current, Voltage and power rating, Transistor as a switch.(H-8 M-10)

7. Negative Conductance Microwave Devices:IMPATT devices: Read diode, principle of operation, applications, other structures. Gunn devices : Two valley semiconductors, transferred electron mechanism, formation and drift of space charge domain, application to resonant circuit. (H-5 M-8)

Reference Books:1. Semiconductor and electronic Devices, Adir Bar-lev (1987), Prentice Hall of India.2. Advanced Theory of Semiconductor Devices, Hess, K.(1988)Englewood Cliffs, N. J. , PH India3. Physics of Semiconductor Devices, Roy.D.K. (1992), University Press, India.4. Physics of Semiconductor Devices, Shur,M.(1990) Englewood Cliffs, N. J. Prentice Hall of India.5. Solid State Electronic Devices, Streetman, B.G. (1990),3rd ed; Englewood Cliffs, N. J. PH India.6. Semiconductor Devices; Physics and Technology, Sze, S.M. (1981) Wiley Eastern Ltd.

7. Physics of Semiconductor Devices, Sze, S. M. (1985) Wiley Eastern Ltd.8. Fundamentals of Semiconductor Theory and Device Physics, Wang, S. (1989) Englewood Cliffs. N.J., PHIndia9. Semiconductor Devices - Basic Principles, Jasprit Singh, John Wiley & Sons,Inc.(2002).10. Semiconductor Devices, Zambuto, M .(1989), McGraw Hill

PHY-204(B): Electronic Instrumentation

1. Signal representation & generation Periodic signals, periodic signals, modulated signals (A.M.F.M.P.M.), sampled data pulse Modulation (PWM, PAM, PPM) definition and their graphical representation. Generation of sine, Square, triangular, linear ramp & saw tooth waveform. (H-6, M-12)

2. Measurement of electrical signals:Meters: comparison of analog & digital meters, moving coil, moving iron, electrodynamics, Induction meter, clamp on meter. CRO: Block diagram of general purpose CRO, Detail study of CRT, Dual beam oscilloscope, How CRO displays waveform, Various methods of measurement of voltage, current, resistance, frequency, phase, capacitance & inductance. (H-11 M-20)

3. Signal Processing Circuit:Electronic amplifiers: Difference or balance amplifier, Operational amplifier, Instrumentation amplifier, Charge amplifier, Power amplifier. passive & active filters. Butter worth filter (low pass, High pass, band pass), Notch filter. (H-8 M-14)

4. Data Acquisition conversion, processing & transmission system: General DAS, signal conditioning of inputs, single channel DAS multichannel DAS,R-2R ladder Network, successive approximation type ADC, Analog & digital multiplexer, Sample and hold Circuit. Data transmission system. Telemetry system Block diagram, Characteristics, Land line Telemetry, Radio telemetry, Processing system. (H-9M-14) 5. Applications of electronic system: Frequency selective wave analyzer, Spectrum analyzer, Lock-in amplifier, Fiber optic sensors. Measurement of Humidity, Hygrometers, Measurement of pH, Measurement of thermal Conductivity (gas analyzer), Nuclear instrumentation-types of radiation, Geiger-muller tube, ionization chamber. Flow meters: Classification, working principle, electromagnetic flow meter, Ultrasonic flow meter. Q Meter- principle, working & applications. DFM-Block diagram, principle & working. DMM-Block diagram, principle & working. (H-14,M-20)

Reference Books:1. Transducers& Instrumentation: D.V.S.Murthy.2. Instrumentation-Devices &system: C.S.Rangan,G.R.Sharma,V.S.V.Mani.3. Principles of measurement and Instrumentation : Alan S.Morris.4. Electronic Instrumentation: Kalsi5. Electrical & electronic measurement Instrumentation: A.K.Sawhney.6. Modern electronic instrumentation & measurement Technique: Helfrick Cooper.

PHY-204(C): Bio-Physics

1. Cellular Basis of Life :

Cell components-structure and function, plant and animal cells, Biomolecules- General idea about structure and functions-H 2O, Proteins, carbohydrates, fats and nucleic acids, Introduction to Biological energy, Energy consumption, Respiration, Energy production, photosynthesis, ATP synthesis. (H-10 M-12)

2. Protein structure:

4 levels, Ramachandran plot, Interpretations, classifications( by structure and function), Nucleic acids, Types of DNA , properties, RNA, Base pairing, Transcription and Translation. (H-6 M-12)

3. Confirmation Analysis:

Asymmetric carbon, Fisher conventions, L-D type systems, Torsion angle, Newmann projection, Cis-trans peptide. (H-5 M-8)

4. Membrane Biophysics & Transport :

A) Structure and function of membrane, membrane proteins.

B) Transport across membrane, processes, chemical potential, flux equation, Nernst equation, Using –Teorell unidirectional flux ratio, Osmotic pressure, Osmotic phenomenon in leaky membrane, The Donnan equilibrium – Goldmann equation. (H-10 M-14)

5. Bioenergetics:Entropy in biological systems, Information processing, Photosynthesis pathways, Redox potentials, Glow curves, Orders of kinetics, Thermodynamics in photosynthesis, Thermo luminescence, Mitochondrial bioenergetics. (H-8 M-14)

6. Enzyme Kinetics : Classification of enzymes, Activation energy barrier, substrate concentration, Vmax, Km competitive inhibition, Allosteric enzymes. (H-4 M-10)

7. Neurobiophysics: Structure and function of neuron, types of synapses, testing potential, local depolarization, action potential: Generation and propagation, equivalent circuit of cell, voltage clamp, Na-K pump, equivalent circuit. (H-5 M-10)

Reference Books:

1. Biophysics: A introduction by Rodney M.S., Colteril. John Willey and Sons Ltd.2. Biophysics : Vasantha Pattabhi, M.Gantham, Narosa Publishing House.3. Biophysical Plant Physiology and ecology, P.S. Nobel ( University of California, Los Angeles and W.H. Freeman & Co.,

Sanfranscisco, 1983)4. Biophysics & Physiology of excuitable membranes, Adleman, (Van-Nostrand Reehihod Co.1971 ).5. Problems of Biological Physics. L.A.Blue monfeld (Springer-Verlag-Berlin 1979)6. The structure and function of proteins. L Dickerson & J.Geis (Harpes & Reod 1975)7. Biology, a human approach, I.W.Sherman and V.G.Sherman (Oxford University Press 1979 ).8. Essentials of Biophysics, P.Narayanan, New Age Publications, 20009. Principles of Biochemistry: Lahninger10. Neuron to brain, S.W. Kuffler and J.G. Nichols (Sinacuer Asso. Inc. 1995)11. Principles of neural science, E.R. Kendel and J.H. Schwaz, (Elsevier, North Holland,(1982)

PHY-205: Basic Physics Laboratory II Group A : Any Five of the following

1. Study of normal Zeeman effect using LG plate.2. Construction & study of Pb-Sn binary phase diagram from direct cooling curve of a particular composition and the given

transition temperature data. 3. Determination of ionic conductivity& activation energy of NaCl/KCl.4. Magnetic susceptibility by Guoy method.5. Hall effect: Determination of Hall coefficient, mobility and type of charge carriers. 6. To investigate the characteristics of radiation emitted by bodies at elevated temperatures (Black body radiation ) and

determine various constants.7. Study of magneto resistance in semiconductors.8. Determination of Brewster’s angle & estimation of refractive index of a given transparent material.9. Determination of dielectric constant at high frequency by Lecher wire.10. Verification of Beer’s & Lamberts Law.11. Absorption spectra of blood/ chlorophyll12. Audiometry of human using an audiometer.

Group B : Any Five of the following

1. Design & build square, triangular and sine wave generator using IC –741.2. Build & study dual power supply using three pin regulators: 78XX and 79XX series.3. Instrumentation amplifier with thermocouple transducer AD-590.4. Capacitance measurement using IC 5555. Design, Build and test Inductance simulation circuit using IC 741.6. Design, build and test the DC- to DC converter circuit.7. Design and study Notch filter using IC-7418. Study of voltage control oscillator using IC 566.9. Study of optocoupler MCT 2E and their applications.10. Active filters for bio-signals: design & testing.