Final Japanese Garden Presentation

8/8/2019 Final Japanese Garden Presentation

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JAPANESE GARDEN

SUBMITTED BY:

Mayank jagwani

Pallavi chitnis


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THE LAND

On eastern edge of tectonic plates that forms the

Asian subcontinent.

75% of land mass is mountainous and rest isnarrow mountain valley.

Rich soil.

Climate found is humid.


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Periods of Japanese history that is important to

the gardens are as follows:

784-1185 : Heian period

1185-1392 :Kamakura period

1392-1568 :Muromachi period

1568-1615 :Momoyama period

1618-1867 :Edo period

HISTORY


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Type of gardens Zen gardens

Tea gardens

Tsubo gardens

Edo stroll gardens


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GARDENS OF HEIANPERIOD


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No professional class of gardeners.

Do not represents the traditional Japanese gardens.

Based on the yin-yang theory .

based on the five basic elements-wood, fire, earth, gold, and

water+Ying yang theory

Theory was used in the gardens to create harmonic state within the

gardens.

Inco operated Buddhism symbolism in their gardens.

No extant example of the gardens of Heian period.


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SHINDEN RESIDENCEcity in grid system.

Location of the house according to the status ofthe society.

Garden covered one third of the whole property.

Area of garden was 1.2 acres in size.

Basic characteristics

No use of the symmetry.

Variety of flowering shrubs,flowers,grasses and

animal life.

Tufts of grasses and flowers.Water used extensively.

Large irregular pond surrounding half of the garden.

Bridges.

Boats carved with of the images of the dragon.

Deciduous and perennial plants.

gardens were called as pond touring gardens.


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Plan of the heian period city

Also put north


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ZEN GARDENS


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Zen gardens were born in the kamakura period but

came to fruition in the muromachi period.

Main religion of the warrior class.

Warrior class travelled to china AND were highly

inspired by the Zen Buddhist .

Used by Zen Buddhist monks within their temples.

Zen inspired the gardens in two ways:

through Zen paintings

Zen priest gardeners.


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BASIC CHARACTERSTICS of Zen gardens:

Gardens were tightly enclosed.

The titami mats were used to cover the floor from

wall to wall.

Sliding paper door were used with allowed flexibility.

Dry landscape was used.

Walking was the primary way of touring of the garden.

Kare-San-Sui developedMore of philosophical approach.

Blend of spiritual and secular activities.

Miniature landscape created inspired by the paintings.

Rocks, moss used to represent island, ponds, mountains.

Raked sand and gravel stimulates the feeling of the

water

Natural elements used by scaling down.


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Sliding door

Garden

Outer wallEntry court

Main gate Carriage approachService gate

Tatami Main hall Cusped gable

Relatively small size of outdoor space

Formal courtyard

Division of space for public and private space


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Prominent use stone

and sand as

dry landscape.

(Daisen-in,Daitoku-ji,kyoto)


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Tofuju-ji temple, Kyoto


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Daitokuji temple, Kyoto, kansai


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Sub temple korin-in


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The sculptural, contemplation

Gardens built in the

courtyard

Striking combination obtained

By using lights, leaves and

pebbles


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TEAGARDENS


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Tea culture started at the beginning of Muromachi

Period till Momoyana period.

Brought by Zen monks.

Basic reason that gave rise to the tea gardens:

1.the increasing desire on the part of warrior class

to emulate the aesthetic life.

2.A greater intermingling between the classesespecially the warrior, priest and wealthy

merchants.

Designing tea garden was considered as art of

compression.

Tea garden were designed to fit into a remaining open

corner of the property.

Main purpose was to prompt the mental and spiritual

repose requisite to the tea gardening.


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Toilet

Outer gate

Waiting bench

Middle gate

Dust pit

Laver

Well

Thatch roofed tea house


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Characteristics:

Designed to be as naturalistic as possible.Atmosphere there should be as quite as that of the

deep mountains.

Mix of evergreen trees and shrubs with only a few

deciduous plants.

Shunned perennial or annual flowers.

Rare use of flowering trees or shrubs.

Ground generally carpeted with moss.

Extensive use of stepping stone and stone lanterns.

Lanterns used were made of old and weathered stone.

Also used old, discarded objects.

Tokonama, chigai-dana were used for the purpose of art of displacing.

Decorative wall and coffered ceiling.

Square post and beam made of simple tree trunk.

Ceiling made of plain slates of the wood.


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Photoes


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Photoes


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TSUBO GARDENS


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Started in early Edo period.

Tiny gardens that are enclosed within the town houses of the urban

merchant.

Design evolved because:1.series of cultural changes in the society.

2.Dramatic rise of social status of the merchants

and the craftsmen.

3.Popular culture and their tastes, and a new

physical setting of their urban Residence.

They were used as private spaces.


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Store house,kura

Rear garden,senzai

Guest room,zashiki

Display alcove

Display shelves

Sitting room,

Bath,furo

Toilets,benjo

Service kitchen

Passage way kitchen

Private entry

Formal room, genkan

Formal private room

Entrance hall, mise niwa

Garden

Shop

Main entry


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Characteristics:

Small courtyards were enclosed within the various

wings.

Proper zoning of the spaces according to the use

was done.

Only enjoyed by sitting in the nearby room.

Tiny spaces left for light and ventilation.

Highly influenced by tea gardens.

Had lanterns, water lavers, stepping stone smallbridges.

Lush green plants and shrubs used.

Camellias used as flowering plants.


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Private residence, Kyoto

Tawaraya in ,Kyoto


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Kawamichiya inn

Private residence,kyoto


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Toriiwaro inn,Kyoto

Shigemori residence


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Courtyard garden(tsubo nawa)


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Stroll garden


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Started at the time of Edo period.

Min 50,000 square meters.

Reasons of designing stroll gardens:

1.Leisured life of nobles.

2.Intrest in travel

3.General stability of the era.

Characteristics:

Meant for walking around.

Mountains play integral part.

Based on some theme found in the nature.

Contains all major elements of Japanese garden.

Have mountains, valley, field and ocean scenes.


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Koishikawa, Tokyo

Senot gosho, Tokyo


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Koishiawa ,Tokyo

Hangzhou, china


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Kastura detached

palace, Kyoto

Hammond museum


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Elements ofJapanese garden


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The Japanese have always attached great importance to theuse of rocks in their gardens.

The unchanging nature of rock suggests a presence beyond

the ephemeral quality of the world.

Its presence in the garden provokes a powerful associationwith the wild and massive aspects of nature.

The most favored rocks are old and weathered, ideally with

growths of lichen or moss.

The Japanese preferred subdued colors.

The choice of rocks will also depend on the theme of the

garden.

ROCKS


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Different types of rocks used in Japanese

gardens


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Water:Water portrayed through sand gravel and small rocks.

Often used allegorically.

Represent coolness, smell,sound,birth,growth and death.


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Water fall

Water fall is important element of a pond,

As the source of water needs to be visible

in a composition and provides vital force.

They bring life by their ever changing

Display

Different patterns used in gardens are -


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BRIDGES

Had functional purpose of crossing water.

Had a philosophical meaning.Typically curved in shape.


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Imperial palace

Shosei-en


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Lantern:

Used as sculptured ornaments.

Used in tea gardens for lighting path.

Used as focal point.

Stone used for the lantern should be well weathered .

Not monolithic, made of two stone.


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Water basin:

Used in shrines for the purpose of washing the hands.

Philosophical meaning is the cleaning of mind and body.Use in tea garden.

Is deep cut into the top to contain water.


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PATHSThey are intended to direct movement around the garden, but

another purpose is to direct the users senses and mind.

Curved paths will take the eye only as far as it can be seen before it

bends; as the path curves a new vista is revealed.

Different types of path used by Japanese are-


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FISH

Fish can be colorful addition to a pond, and they are useful where a lotof movement and interest are desired.

Koi carp are an obvious choice for Japanese gardens.

The type of fish will have bearing on your choice of plants.


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Wall and fences

Used as an enclosure and dividers within the garden.

Controlled by the height placement and the degree of

transparency.

Inner one are low, up to the eye level.

Control of height gives the generous veiw of what of what

lies beyond the wall.

Provides privacy.

Can be made in variety of material.


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Plants

Used for various purpose.

Plants of horticulture species are used mainly.

Most common plants are Pine, maple, Azalea,Bamboo,Plum andcherry and camellia.

Shrubbery also used extensively.


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STUPASAND BUDDHAS

A stupa is stone tower.

By surrounding it by with other scaled down objects it helps to create

an illusion of

distance.

They were used to bring a

spiritual atmosphere to the

gardens.

These sit well by streams or

ponds where the reflection in

water adds further dimensions.


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SHISHI ODOSHI

Was originally used by farmers to scare off deer and boar.

Now it is used as a design element.

It consists of striker balanced between wooden supports on a

pivot. water is fed from a bamboo from the top.

Their movement provides an element of change.


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DESIGNPRINCIPLES


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ENCLOSUREMountainous topography of Japan meant that , of necessity,

dwellings were close together.

It makes the garden into a private space with the potential for an

atmosphere of quiet and clam.

It creates am immediate division between the world of the city

and the world the garden.

Enclosing element itself can act as a canvas or background tothe composition and the other elements in the garden.

A neutral background is preferred so that enclosing element

does not try to compete

with the composition.

When viewing from inside the house or pavilion, elements

integral to the building also enclose.

Tall shrubs and hedges are often used for enclosure.


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Borrowed scenery:

Technique for enlarging the visual scale of garden.

Distant landmark considered with garden.

Mountains, cascades are some examples.

Shoden-ji,kyoto`

Murin-in


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VIEWPOINT

Japanese thought that the direction of view to the garden is very

important.

They tend to look at their garden from a limited no. of viewpoints.

The view from the guest room is traditionally important .

The appreciation of scenery beyond the garden will be heightened from

a particular viewpoint.


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2.VOIDANDACCENT

Created expressive spatial voids.

Created in a variety of ways.

As a physical space expirence when moving through

garden.

As visual space in a contemplation garden that is only entered in

the mind for example kare-san-sui in the zen gardens.


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COMPOSITONAND BALANCE

Gardens attempts to re-create the harmony and balance in nature.

The waterfall relates to the hills, rocks grouped to guide the water

over the fall and the way fall is broken at the bottom, are the ways

they created balance in the compositions.

Single rock could become mountain, a small mound a hillside and

an area of raked gravel a sea.

Elements were always grouped in odd numbers. Grouping gives

continuity and an overall cohesiveness to a composition.

The form of triangle was used for group of rocks or trees.


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CONTRASTANDCHANGE

Japanese gardens are full of contrast and this is one reasonthey have

An impact.

There is contrast between the elements-

Between plants and fences, water and rocks, plant and gravel,water and rock.

Change comes in two forms, first that which the viewer

experiencesas he moves through the garden, and second the change in

seasons

so celebrated by the Japanese.


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PERSPECTIVE

With the desire to make the garden a microcosm of nature, theJapanese often wanted to create an illusion of distance and they

achieved this by the positioning and manipulation of design.

They achieved this by-

Broadening the front and narrowing the end.

The verandah platform also has an important effect on the

evaluation of distance. as one looks out from an elevated position,

the ground immediately in front and below the platform is cut offfrom view.

The garden composition tends to float in space.


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MINIATURIZATION

Elements take a new meaning when a garden is considered as amicrocosm.

A rock becomes a mountain, a mound becomes a hillside.

a pond becomes an ocean, a shrub becomes a tree.


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Final Japanese Garden Presentation

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