final fdi 2
-
Upload
sumit-samtani -
Category
Documents
-
view
216 -
download
0
Transcript of final fdi 2
-
8/3/2019 final fdi 2
1/10
Introduction
Foreign investment refers to investments made by the residents of a country
in the financial assets and production processes of another country. The
effect of foreign investment, however, varies from country to country. It can
affect the factor productivity of the recipient country and can also affect the
balance of payments. Foreign investment provides a channel through which
countries can gain access to foreign capital. It can come in two forms:
foreign direct investment (FDI) and foreign institutional investment (FII).
Foreign direct investment involves in direct production activities and is also
of a medium- to long-term nature. But foreign institutional investment is a
short-term investment, mostly in the financial markets. FII, given its short-
term nature, can have bidirectional causation with the returns of other
domestic financial markets such as money markets, stock markets, andforeign exchange markets. Hence, understanding the determinants of FII is
very important for any emerging economy as FII exerts a larger impact on
the domestic financial markets in the short run and a real impact in the long
run. India, being a capital scarce country, has taken many measures to attract
foreign investment since the beginning of reforms in 1991.
India is the second largest country in the world, with a population of over 1
billion people. As a developing country, Indias economy is characterized by
wage rates that are significantly lower than those in most developed
countries. These two traits combine to make India a natural destination for
foreign direct investment (FDI) and foreign institutional investment (FII).
Until recently, however, India has attracted only a small share of global
foreign direct investment (FDI) and foreign institutional investment (FII),
primarily due to government restrictions on foreign involvement in the
economy. But beginning in 1991 and accelerating rapidly since 2000, India
has liberalized its investment regulations and actively encouraged new
foreign investment, a sharp reversal from decades of discouraging economic
integration with the global economy.
1
-
8/3/2019 final fdi 2
2/10
Objectives of Study
The Term Paper is conducted with the following objectives:
To Examine the growth of FDI inflows to India in pre and post liberalizationperiod.
To Examine the trends and patterns in the FDI across different sectors & from
different countries in India
Foreign Direct Investment In India
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is considered as an important agent in the process of
accelerated economic growth in the developing countries. FDI is more attractive incompare to other forms of external finance since it is non-debt creating, non-volatile and
the returns depend on the performances of the projects financed by the investors(Planning Commission, 2003). With the introduction of new economic policy in 1991 and
subsequent reform process, India has witnessed a change in the flow and direction of FDI
into the country. This is mainly due to the removal of restrictive and regulated practices.
In Indian context, the importance of FDI was realized way back in 1948 when emphasis
was given on creating domestic base. However, since access to finance was quite limited,the attitude towards FDI was receptive (Kumar, 2004). Since then there was a debate over
the necessity of FDI and Government of India in the 1980s cautiously went on
deregulation of industries. However, after the adoption of liberal investment policy undereconomic reforms in 1991 resulted in attraction of more FDI inflow to the country. Inrecent times, FDI inflow to India increased by 17.1 percent in 2005, which is 5.8 percent
of GDP of the country. It is evident that FDI stock in India has been increasing and
foreign direct investment policy is becoming liberal for attracting more foreign investors(Government of India, 2006). Keeping in view the liberal economic and FDI policy along
with a set of economic practice and infrastructure, the present paper attempts to examine
the trends of FDI inflow to India since 1991, analyze the distribution of FDI in terms ofsectoral and regional context and over viewing challenges and future prospects of FDI to
India.
2
-
8/3/2019 final fdi 2
3/10
Growth of FDI inflows in Pre and Post Liberalization
Period
Growth of FDI inflows in India in Pre-Liberalization Period
Table - 1
The investment coming to the country had to seek prior approval. The data of FDI availablefor this period is of the amount received. However, the amount increased manifold during
this period. The data on FDI inflows in India from the year 1981 to the year 1990. Duringthe decade of 1981-90 there has been an absolute in increase of more than 12 times from
rupees 105.71 million in 1981 to rupees 1283.21 million in 1990. The compound annual
growth rate for the period comes to 29.46.
3
-
8/3/2019 final fdi 2
4/10
Growth of FDI inflows in Post -Liberalisation Period
Table-2
The Table 2 above exhibits the FDI inflows coming to India during the period 1991 to2010. The two decades of 1991 to 2000 and 2001 to 2010 experienced a phenomenal rise
4
-
8/3/2019 final fdi 2
5/10
in FDI inflows. In absolute sense the FDI inflows jumped nearly 34 times from rupees
3534.8 million the year 1991 to Rs.123537.5 million in the year 2000. Since the quantum
of FDI had already risen high till the year 2000, the growth of FDI inflows during theperiod 2001-2010 does not appear high, as it is nearly 8 times from Rupees 167777.5
million in the year 2001 to Rupees 1309798.53 million in the year 2010. A close
appraisal of the table indicates that the magnitude of FDI inflows has escalated manifoldover the two decades. The overall compound annual growth rate (CAGR) for the period
1991 to 2010 is calculated to be 29.58 percent.
Analysis of share of top ten investing countries FDI
equity in flows From April 2010 to January 2011
S.No. Country Amount of FDI
Inflows (million
Rs.)
% As To
Total FDI
Inflow
1 Mauritius 19,18,633.61 44.01
2 Singapore 380151.89 8.723 U.S.A. 3,32,935.60 7.644 U.K. 2,40,974.98 5.535 Netherlands 1,78,047.76 4.086 Japan 1,50,129.05 3.447 Cyprus 1,32,448.04 3.048 Germany 1,12,242.06 2.579 France 61,686.39 1.4210 U.A.E. 50,915.59 1.17
5
-
8/3/2019 final fdi 2
6/10
Mauritius
Mauritius invested Rs.19,18,633 million in India Up to the January 2011, equal to44.01 percent of total FDI inflows. Many companies based outside of India utilize
Mauritian holding companies to take advantage of the India - Mauritius DoubleTaxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA). The DTAA allows foreign firms to bypassIndian capital gains taxes, and may allow some India-based firms to avoid paying
certain taxes through a process known as round tripping.
The extent of round tripping by Indian companies through Mauritius is unknown.However, the Indian government is concerned enough about this problem to have
asked the government of Mauritius to set up a joint monitoring mechanism to study
these investment flows. The potential loss of tax revenue is of particular concern to theIndian government. These are the sectors which attracting more FDI from Mauritius
Electrical equipment Gypsum and cement products Telecommunications Services
sector that includes both non- financial and financial Fuels.
Singapore
6
-
8/3/2019 final fdi 2
7/10
Singapore continues to be the single largest investor in India amongst the Singapore with
FDI inflows into Rs. 3,80,142 million up to January 2011. Sector-wise distribution of
FDI inflows received from Singapore the highest inflows have been in the servicessector (financial and non financial), which accounts for about 30% of FDI inflows
from Singapore. Petroleum and natural gas occupies the second place followed by
computer software and hardware, mining and construction.
U.S.A.
The United States is the third largest source of FDI in India (7.64 % of the total),
valued at Rs.3,32,935.60 million in cumulative inflows up to January 2011. According
to the Indian government, the top sectors attracting FDI from the United States to India are
fuel, telecommunications, electrical equipment, food processing, and services.According to the available M&A data, the two top sectors attracting FDI inflows from the
United States are computer systems design and programming and manufacturing
U.K.
The United Kingdom is the fourth largest source of FDI in India (5.53 % of the total),valued at 2,40,974 crores in cumulative inflows up to January 2011 Over 17 UK
companies under the aegis of the Nuclear Industry Association of UK have tied up
with Ficci to identify joint venture and FDI possibilities in the civil nuclear energy sector.UK companies and policy makers the focus sectors for joint ventures, partnerships, and
trade are non -conventional energy, IT, precision engineering, medical equipment,
infrastructure equipment, and creative industries.
NetherlandsFDI from Netherlands to India has increased at a very fast pace over the last few
years. Netherlands ranks fifth among all the countries that make investments in
India. The total flow of FDI from Netherlands to India came to Rs. 1, 78,047 crores between 1991 and 2002. The total percentage of FDI f rom Netherlands to India
stood at 4.08% out of the total foreign direct investment in the country up to August 2010.
7
-
8/3/2019 final fdi 2
8/10
Analysis of sectors attracting highest FDI equity inflows
From April 2000 to March 2010 (Amount in Millions)
Sr. No Sectors Amount of
FDI
% As to Inflows
Total FDIInflow
1 Service Sector (Financial
& Non Financial)
9,65,210.77 22.14
2 Computer Software &
Hardware
4,13,419.03 9.48
3 Telecommunication 3,68,899.62 8.46
4 Housing &Real Estate 3,25,021.36 7.465 Construction Activities 2,65,492.96 6.09
6 Automobile Industry 1,90,172.22 4.36
7 Power 1,79,849.92 4.13
8 Metallurgical Industries 1,25,785.57 2.89
9 Petroleum & Natural Gas 1,11,957.00 2.57
10 Chemical 1,01,680.18 2.33
The sectors receiving the largest shares of total FDI inflows up to march 2010 were theservice sector and computer software and hardware sector, each accounting for 22.14
and 9.48 percent respectively. These were followed by the telecommunications, real
estate, construction and automobile sectors. The top sectors attracting FDI into Indiavia M&A activity were manufacturing; information; and professional, scientific, and
technical services.
These sectors correspond closely with the sectors identified by the Indiangovernment as attracting the largest shares of FDI inflows overall.
The ASSOCHAM has revealed that FDI in Chemicals sector (other than fertilizers)registered maximum growth of 227 per cent during April 2008 March 2009 ascompared to 11.71 per cent during the last fiscal. The sector attracted USD 749 million
FDI in FY 09 as compared to USD 229 million in FY During the year 2009 government
had raised the FDI limit in telecom sector from 49 per cent to 74 per, which hascontributed to the robust growth of FDI. The telecom sector registered a growth of
103 per cent during fiscal 2008-09 as compared to previous fiscal. The sector
attracted USD 2558 million FDI in FY 09 as compared to the USD 1261 million in FY
8
-
8/3/2019 final fdi 2
9/10
08, acquired 9.37 per cent share in total FDI inflow. India automobile sector has b een
able to record 70 per cent growth in foreign investment. The FDI inflow in
automobile sector has increased from USD 675 million to 1,152 million in FY 09 overFY 08. The other sectors which registered growth in highest FDI inflow during April
March 2009 were housing & real estate (28.55 per cent), computer software & hardware
(18.94 per cent), construction activities including road & highways (16.35 per cent) andpower (1.86 per cent).
Analysis & Interpretation
It might be of interest to note that more than 50% of the total FDI inflows
received by India , came from Mauritius, Singapore and the USA.
The main reason for higher levels of investment from Mauritius was that the fact
that India entered into a double taxation avoidance agreement (DTAA) with
Mauritius were protected from taxation in India.
Among the different sectors, the service sector had received the larger
proportion followed by computer software and hardware sector and
telecommunication sector.
A large number of changes that were introduced in the country Is
regulatory economic policies heralded the liberalization era of the FDI policyregime in India and brought about a structural breakthrough in the volume of
the FDI inflows into the economy maintained a fluctuating and unsteady
trend during the study period.
Sector Specific Foreign Direct Investment in India
S.No. Sectors % FDI Allow
1 Hotel & Tourism 100%2 Private Sector Banking 49%
3 Insurance Sector 26%
4 Telecommunication 49%
5 Power Sector 100%
6 Drugs & Pharmaceuticals 100%
7 Roads, Highways, Ports and Harbors 100%
8 Pollution Control and Management 100%
9
-
8/3/2019 final fdi 2
10/10