Final Fate of a Massive Star
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Final Fate of a Massive Star
Pankaj S. Joshi
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Science tries to Understandthe Nature & Structure
of the Universe
What are the Fundamental Laws
Governing the Cosmos?
The Quest begins with Observations
And Experiments
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The Universe
The visible Universe is made of Stars and Galaxies
Each Galaxy contains 400 to 500 Billion Stars
Universe has Billions of such Galaxies
Universe is Expanding
NOW, WE FIND THAT THE UNIVERSE ACCELERATES!
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Dark Energy and Exploding Stars
The Observations on Accelerating Universe are intimately related to the
Measurements on Exploding Stars, far away in Cosmos
This indicates to a great mystery inCosmology Today, which is the possible
Presence of a Dark Energy in the Universe
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One of the Most Important Key Issues in Modern Cosmology:
What Happens when a Massive Star dies?
Chandrasekhar's work—Star collapseand Stable Configuration Limit
Continual Collapse for Massive Stars
What is the Final End state of such a Continual Collapse?
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Chinese Observations
In 185 AD, Chinese astronomers observedAppearance of a bright star in our Milky Way
galaxy.
It took almost eight months to fade away from the sky.
It sparkled like a star in the sky.
Today we know it was a `Supernova'.
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Supernova
The core collapses in less than a second,Causing an explosion called Supernova.
In which a shock wave blows off the outer layers of the star.
The Supernova shines brighter than the entire galaxy for a short time.
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We are made of Stars!
After all the Hydrogen in the star was converted to Helium, for about a Million years other elements such as Carbon
And others are cooked within the Star.
The Supernova then throws them out in theFaraway Sky. Thus all the elements of which
our Human Bodies are made were Cooked in faraway stars once upon a time!
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Stellar Conception
• A star’s life begins in darkness, in an optically opaque molecular cloud
• Shielded by dust and gas from galactic starlight and cosmic rays, the cloud cools
• In the densest clumps of molecular gas, gravity overcomes internal pressure: clumps contract
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A zoom-in to a massive star forming region
Eagle Nebula(M16)
Picture credit: T.A. Rector & B.A. Wolpa
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Star and Planet Formation Summary
Molecular Cloud
Rotating Clump
Forming Star + disk
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Big Stars & Small StarsSmall stars like Sun live for
Billions of years.But stars which are 10 or 20
times the Sun live for only a fewcrores of years.
That is because they burn much faster and finish their internal fuel
very quickly.
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Recall the earlier Chandra comments in 1935!
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Spacetime Singularities
# General Relativity predicts that the gravitationally collapsing star must terminate into
a spacetime singularity.# The densities, curvatures and all physical quantities must go to infinity closer to the
singularity# Are such singularities of collapse visible to
external observers in the Universe?
THIS IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT ISSUES IN BLACK HOLE PHYSICS TODAY
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This Information on Existenceof Singularities is rather general
What we need is a more specific information
on What happens When a Massive Star
collapses. In particular, we need to
know on the Visibility or otherwise of the Super-Ultra-dense regions, or the Singularities forming in
Gravitational Collapse
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Oppenheimer-Snyder Gravitational Collapse Scenario
Use GR/Homogeneous Dust cloud/Dynamical Collapse/Formation of Event Horizon/Spacetime
Singularity and a Black Hole Region in the Spacetime/Collapse settles to a Final
Schwarzschild Geometry
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The Black Hole Conundrum
The Past Status of Black Holes
My Seminar at TIFR more than 20 years ago--
People asked: WHY BLACK HOLES?
NOW BLACK HOLES EVERYWHERE!
(Why your Talk has No Black Holes!!)There are very many unresolved issues
also, associated with Existence and PhysicsOf Black Holes
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1960s: Resurgence of Interest
A & A DEVELOPMENTS
Discovery of Quasars, Radio Galaxies, andOf several High Energy Phenomena in the
Universe
No known physics explains such High EnergyObservations!!
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Result
Very Many Developments in the Physics &Astrophysics of Black Holes
J Wheeler/R Penrose/S Hawking/K Thorne...
Investigations in Classical & Quantum AspectsOf Black Holes
Interesting Thermodynamic AnalogiesAstrophysical Applications
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COSMIC CENSORSHIP HYPOTHESIS
# Will a generic star go the Oppenheimer-Snyder-Datt way only, and make Black Hole only?
Because, real stars are Inhomogeneous, have Internal pressure forces...
# This is an Unanswered Question. Therefore the above Hypothesis, that Any Star Collapse will make a black hole only, hiding the Singularity
And the ultra-dense regions behind an Event Horizon
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Way Out: Back to Basics
STUDY GRAVITATIONAL COLLAPSE ASOPPENHEIMER AND SNYDER DID!
Over past decade and a half, Numerous Collapse studies carried out...
CONCLUSIONS: Black Holes and Naked Singularity Final States develop as
The Collapse Outcome
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Small & Big Stars
Some times the core survives the explosion.
If the surviving core is between 1.5 to 3 Solar masses, it contracts to become a tiny
Very dense neutron star.If the core is greater than 3 solar masses,
The core contracts to become a Black Hole or a Fire Ball
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Physically Realistic Collapse implies Naked Singularity always?
Examples: Dust Collapse, Radiation Collapse...
Why Do Naked Singularities Develop
in Gravitational Collapse?
How Trapped Surfaces are Naturally Delayed
due to Inhomogeneities
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Many Interesting Comments and Discussions
Numerous discussions can be seen on the Internet and various Websites
Many comments from Students, Experts, as well as lay persons... an exciting experience
The Podcast talk by the SciAm Editor in Chief Several Interesting Analogies--Nirvikalpa Samadhi
of Yoga compared to Going to a Singularity and Coming back—as opposed to getting lost in Black hole forever!!
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Angela Shelton & Black Hole
The Social
Analogies!! "Do you believe
in Black hole?" “Becoming a
Rebel Star--
Escaping a
Black Hole”
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A `Hypernova', or a Final Complete disintegration of the Massive Star in late collapse?
Advantages: (i) You need not then worry to Prove censorship hypothesis
(ii) Infinite density singularity avoided(iii) Observational tests possible, look at andExamine carefully the Burstlike Phenomena
In the Universe(iv) Black hole paradoxes avoided
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Role of Classical & Quantum Physics
* General Relativity: Evolve the Collapse to Very Late Stages--keeping the Causal Communication
with the Outside Universe open...
*Quantum Physics: Study the Quantum Gravity Effects in such Ultra-Strong-Gravity Regions
SOME BIG GURUS HAVE ENDORSED AND EVEN ADVOCATED THIS AS A GOOD
POSSIBILITY!!
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*******
GR implies Existence of Strong Gravity Regions, where Both Quantum Gravity and General
Relativity come into their Own. **************
As R Wald pointed out: `If censorship fails, then in a literal sense, we would come face-to-face with
the laws of Quantum Gravity whenever gravitational collapse to a naked singularity occurs in distant regions of our Universe..'
AN EXCITING POSSIBILITY!!
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WHAT IS THE FINAL FATE OF A MASSIVE STAR?
IT IS TURNING OUT TO BE ONE OF THE MOST INTERESTING AND EXCITING ISSUES IN
MODERN COSMOLOGY AND ASTROPHYSICS
TRYING TO UNDERSTAND THE SAME IS TEACHING US AND LEADING TO MANY
SECTRETS OF THE UNIVERSE!