Final Exam Schedule Period 1 – Thursday 5/29 Period 7,2,5 – Friday 5/30 Period 4,3,6 – Monday...

Final Exam ScheduleFinal Exam Schedule

• Period 1 – Thursday 5/29

• Period 7,2,5 – Friday 5/30

• Period 4,3,6 – Monday 6/2

• Period 8 – Tuesday 6/3

• Each exam period = 1:35

American Civil Rights MovementAmerican Civil Rights Movement1950s & 1960s1950s & 1960s

American Studies

The Civil Rights MovementThe Civil Rights MovementTrue or False?True or False?

True or False?True or False?

AnswersAnswers

1. True2. True3. True4. False – there were more than 30 sit ins in 7 states

within a month5. False – children as young as 6 were arrested6. False – over 250,000 people traveled to

Washington, D.C.7. False – over 30 homes were firebombed, 80

demonstrators beaten and 3 killed

Situation in the U. S. 1877 – 1950s Situation in the U. S. 1877 – 1950s

• 13th Amendment

• 14th Amendment

• 15th Amendment

• Abolished slavery and guaranteed rights—including voting—to African Americans

Situation in the U. S. 1877 – Situation in the U. S. 1877 – 1950s 1950s

• Jim Crow Laws

• Poll Tax

• Literacy Test

• Grandfather Clause

• Southern states restricted African-Americans despite Constitutional protections


• Plessy v. Ferguson • Supreme Court declared segregation was legal as long as facilities were “separate but equal”


• Lynching • Mob executions• Used by whites in the

South to terrorize African-Americans and enforce the Jim Crow system

Strange FruitStrange Fruit

• Southern trees bear strange fruitBlood on the leavesBlood at the rootBlack bodies swinging in the southern breezeStrange fruit hanging from the poplar treesPastoral scene of the gallant southThe bulging eyes and the twisted mouthThe scent of magnolia sweet and freshThen the sudden smell of burning fleshHere is a fruit for the crows to pluckfor the rain to gatherfor the wind to suckfor the sun to rotfor the tree to dropHere is a strange and bitter crop

• Composed by Abel Meeropol (aka Lewis Allan)Originally sung by: Billie Holiday

• http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/strangefruit/film.html

Origin of the Civil Rights MovementOrigin of the Civil Rights Movement

• World War II • 1. African-Americans left sharecropping jobs for industrial jobs in Northern cities

• 2. 700,000 African-Americans served in WW II – “We return from fighting. We return fighting.”

• 3. During WWII, African-Americans protested against Jim Crow Laws—were successful

Who was Linda Brown?Who was Linda Brown?

• Brown v. Board of Education (Topeka, Kansas) 1954– Facts

• Linda Brown = 8 year old African American student

• Nearest elementary school = 4 blocks from the Brown home (all white)

• Linda Brown’s school (all black) = 21 blocks from the Brown home

• NAACP sues Bd of Education challenging the separate but equal

Origin of the Civil Rights Origin of the Civil Rights MovementMovement

• Thurgood Marshall• NAACP Lawyer who

argues Linda Brown’s case

• Later became the first African-American Supreme Court Justice

Warriors Don’t CryWarriors Don’t Cry

1. Why did the teacher insist that the students leavequickly and walk home in groups?2. If you were Melba’s mother or father, what mightyou consider doing to protect your daughter? Whatmight you do to fight discrimination to give her moreopportunities in the future?3. How did this ruling, Brown v. Board of Education,promote or hinder the American ideal of opportunity?Of rights?

Most Significant VictoryMost Significant Victory

• Brown v. Board of Education

• “Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.”

• School Districts across the nation began to desegregate

Important Court VictoriesImportant Court Victories

• Desegregated interstate buses

• Desegregated law schools

• Desegregated graduate schools

Segregated City Bus – Segregated City Bus – 1950’s1950’s

Montgomery, AlabamaMontgomery, Alabama

• Rosa Parks • Refused to give up her seat to a white man.

• Was arrested.• Became a symbol of the Civil

Rights Movement

The ArrestThe Arrest

On December 1, 1955 Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a White man on a bus.

Parks was arrested and charged with the violation of a segregation law in The Montgomery City Code.

50 African American leaders in the community met to discuss what to do about Rosa’s arrest.

“People always say that I didn't give up my seat because I was tired, but that isn't true. I was not tired physically, or no more tired than I usually was at the end of a working day. I was not old, although some people have an image of me as being old then. I was forty-two. No, the only tired I was, was tired of giving in.” -Rosa Parks Autobiography

Montgomery Bus BoycottMontgomery Bus BoycottOn December 5, 1955, African Americans in Montgomery began to boycott the busses.

40,000 Black commuters walked to work, some as far as twenty miles.

The boycott lasted 382 days.

The boycott ended after the Supreme Court ruled the law unconstitutional.

Martin Luther King Jr.Martin Luther King Jr.

• In 1953, at the age of 26, King became pastor at the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery Alabama.

• His start as a Civil Rights leader came during the Montgomery Bus Boycott.


• King organized a boycott of buses in Montgomery

• Lasted 382 days

• King’s home was bombed

• Supreme Court finally outlawed segregation on buses


• Martin Luther King Jr. • Studied tactics of Thoreau, Gandhi, and others

• Preached about soul force—non-violent resistance

• “We will not hate you, but we cannot . . . obey your unjust laws”

Non-Violent TacticsNon-Violent Tactics

• Boycott

• Sit-in

• March

• Refusing to buy a good or service

• Sitting in segregated areas and refusing to move

• Marching with a large group to draw attention to a cause

King Becomes a National FigureKing Becomes a National Figure

• Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

• Civil Rights group organized by King

• Included over 100 African-American ministers

Little Rock, Arkansas—1957Little Rock, Arkansas—1957

• Nine African-American students were to integrate Central High School

• Governor ordered Arkansas National Guard to turn the students away

• Federal judge ordered the governor to allow the students entry

• Governor refused—African-American students were turned away

Little Rock, Arkansas—1957Little Rock, Arkansas—1957

• Eisenhower responds • Put 1,000 paratroopers in Little Rock

• Stationed in the High School—escorted students to class, maintained order

Little Rock High School Little Rock High School 19571957

The Movement GrowsThe Movement Grows

• Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

• Group of African-American college students in North Carolina

In the summers and over school-holidays volunteers came south to join the fight for freedom and justice. Most — but certainly not all — were college students or recent grads. Most — but certainly not all — were from the North. Most — but certainly not all — were white. Most returned to their campuses and jobs, but some stayed on as full time freedom fighters.

Greensboro, North CarolinaGreensboro, North Carolina

• SNCC used sit-ins to protest segregated lunch counters

• Media coverage showed racism to the entire country

Separate EverythingSeparate Everything

Colored Fountain

Lunch Counter Sit-in 1960Lunch Counter Sit-in 1960

Notice thearm band?

• By 1960, 48 cities had desegregated lunch counters

Freedom RidersFreedom Riders

• Wanted to test enforcement of Supreme Courts decision to desegregate interstate buses.

• Blacks and Whites rode through the South

Getting Ready to Meet the Bus!!

Name the gender?

Freedom RidersFreedom Riders• Peck (a civil rights activist) rode on Bus One.

At the Alabama state line, a half dozen white racists got on the bus, carrying chains, brass knuckles, and pistols. They yanked the young African-American riders from their seats and shoved them into the aisle. Peck and a 60-year-old white freedom rider tried to intervene. The thugs knocked Peck unconscious and kicked the old man repeatedly in the head until his brain hemorrhaged.

Freedom RidersFreedom Riders• When Bus One got to Birmingham,

Alabama, a mob was waiting at the bus terminal, many holding iron bars and pipes. As they entered the white waiting room, they were dragged into the alley and beaten with the pipes. Peck was again knocked unconscious, this time he needed 53 stitches in his head and face.

Freedom RidersFreedom Riders

• In Anniston, Alabama, 200 whites attacked Bus Two and slashed its tires. Six miles out of town, the bus was crippled. The mob barricaded the door, smashed a window, and tossed a fire bomb into the bus. The freedom riders were barely able to force the door open and escape before the bus exploded.

Freedom RidersFreedom Riders• Another group of freedom riders rode from

Tennessee into Alabama. When they reached Birmingham, the Police Chief had them pulled off the bus, beaten and driven back to Tennessee. The freedom riders returned to Birmingham. When they proceeded to Montgomery, a white mob had formed and no police were present. The freedom riders were again beaten. John F. Kennedy finally sent 400 U. S. Marshals to protect the riders as they continued to Mississippi

Ole MissOle Miss

• James Meredith won a court case that would make him the first African-American student at the University of Mississippi.

Ole MissOle Miss• Federal Marshals escorted Meredith to

register

• Riots ensued – 2 dead, 200 arrested, 5000 soldiers needed to stop the rioters

• 1966 Meredith was shot during a freedom march in Mississippi – he survived

Ole MissOle Miss

• Mascot – Rebels• Symbol – Confederate

Flag

No Segregation!!No Segregation!!

Hotel owner pouring muratic acid in his pool

Police ‘escorting’ swimmers froma white only beach

Birmingham, Alabama – 1963Birmingham, Alabama – 1963

• Demonstrations to protest segregation

• King was arrested – released

• Children’s March- 959 were arrested

• 2nd Children’s March – police used fire hoses, attack dogs against the marchers

• Finally, negative media attention, boycotts, and protests led to desegregation

Protesters in a Birmingham Protesters in a Birmingham Jail 1963 Jail 1963

Jackson, Mississippi – 1963Jackson, Mississippi – 1963

• Civil Rights activist Medgar Evers was killed in his driveway

• The killer, Byron de la Beckwith was released after two trials (hung jury)

Washington, D. C. – 1963Washington, D. C. – 1963

• March organized to persuade Congress to pass Civil Rights Bill

• 250,000 met to hear speeches, music

• “I Have a Dream” speech – Martin Luther King, Jr.

• After Kennedy was shot, Civil Rights Act of 1964 passed

March on Washington March on Washington 19631963

Mississippi – 1964Mississippi – 1964

• Freedom Summer – 1000 college students went to Mississippi to register African-Americans voters

• Met violent resistance—4 dead many wounded, churches and businesses burned

Mississippi BurningMississippi Burning

Selma, Alabama – 1965Selma, Alabama – 1965• Voter registration drive – 2,000 African-Americans arrested,

police beatings

• Police killed a demonstrator

• King announced a protest March from Selma to Montgomery

• State police beat marchers, used tear gas

• Federal government stepped in protected marchers

• 25,000 marchers reached Selma

• The March crosses Lowndes County, a stronghold of the Ku Klux Klan. – Population: 81% Black, 19% white.

Voter registration: Blacks 0, whites 2240 (118%)

Selma, Alabama – 1965Selma, Alabama – 1965

• Voting Rights Act of 1965 passed—eliminated the literacy test

• Allowed federal government to enroll voters who were denied suffrage

• Twenty-Fourth Amendment—eliminated the poll tax

Waiting to Vote 1966Waiting to Vote 1966

Black PowerBlack Power

• Slogan coined by Stokely Carmichael (SNCC)

• African-Americans should separate from whites, define their own goals, and lead their own organizations

• Signaled a shift away from non-violent resistance

Black PowerBlack Power

Mexico City, 1968Mexico City, 1968

Black PanthersBlack Panthers

• Black Power

• Black Militancy—suggested armed revolt

• “Power flows out of the barrel of a gun”

• Communist

• Got into shootouts with police


• Sold copies of Mao Zedong’s Little Red Book to raise money so they could purchase shotguns


• Started free daycare and free breakfast program in urban ghettos

• Made them popular in Northern cities


• J. Edgar Hoover (head of the F. B. I.) declares that the Black Panthers were the "greatest threat to the internal security of the country."


• Begin to unravel

• Leaders are sent to jail, flee the country, killed by police

Martin Luther King, Jr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

• Assassinated in April, 1968

Last Testament?Last Testament?

• "Well, I don't know what will happen now. We've got some difficult days ahead. But it doesn't matter with me now. Because I've been to the mountaintop. And I don't mind. Like anybody, I would like to live a long life. Longevity has its place. But I'm not concerned about that now. I just want to do God's will. And He's allowed me to go up to the mountain. And I've looked over. And I've seen the promised land. I may not get there with you. But I want you to know tonight, that we, as a people, will get to the promised land. And I'm happy, tonight. I'm not worried about anything. I'm not fearing any man. Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord."

• — The final words from Martin Luther King's last speech, given in Memphis Tennessee the night before he was assasinated on April 4, 1968

Violence EruptsViolence Erupts

• 125 cities experience rioting

Watts, 1965Watts, 1965

Detroit, 1967Detroit, 1967

Washington, D. C., 1968Washington, D. C., 1968

Kerner CommissionKerner Commission

• Appointed by President Johnson

• Decides that the main cause of urban violence is white racism

Civil Rights Act of 1968Civil Rights Act of 1968

• Banned segregation in housing

De Facto SegregationDe Facto Segregation

• Difficult to overcome

• Involves changing attitudes, not laws

Affirmative ActionAffirmative Action

• Making special efforts to hire or enroll groups that have suffered from discrimination in the past.

• Very controversial—is it reverse discrimination?

Final Exam Schedule Period 1 – Thursday 5/29 Period 7,2,5 – Friday 5/30 Period 4,3,6 – Monday...

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