Final Exam Practice test b) Regulates metabolism d ...

Anatomy and Physiology 2 Pro,Dima Darwish,MD

Final Exam Practice test

1) Which of the following is NOT a function of a hormone?

a) Regulates chemical composition and volume of the internal environment

b) Regulates metabolism

c) Regulates glandular secretions

d) Produces electrolytes

e) Controls growth and development

2) Which of the following are a group of lipid-soluble hormones derived from cholesterol?

a) Steroids

b) Thyroid hormones

c) Nitric oxide

d) Amine hormones

e) Peptide hormones

3) What controls hormone release from the anterior pituitary gland?

a) Muscle contraction

b) The peripheral nervous system

c) Hormones released from the hypothalamus

d) Action potentials from the thalamus

e) Chemical changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

4) Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete

cortisol?

a) Leutinizing hormone

b) Prolactin

c) Insulin-like growth factors

d) Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

e) Adrenocorticotropic hormone

5) Which type of anterior pituitary cell secretes human growth hormone?

a) Thyrotrophs

b) Gonadotrophs

c) Somatotrophs

d) Lactotrophs

e) Corticotrophs

6) Which of the following pairs of hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?

a) Prolactin and growth hormone

b) Melatonin-stimulating hormone and oxytocin

c) Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

d) Follicle-stimulating hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone

e) Prolactin and ACTH

7) Which of the following hormones play key regulatory roles in the body’s long-term response

to stress?

a) Insulin, Glucagon, Thyroid hormone

b) hGH, Insulin, Aldosterone

c) Cortisol, hGH, Thyroid hormone

d) Parathyroid hormone, Cortisol, hGH

e) Calcitonin, Thyroid hormone, Insulin

8) The following is a possible progression of which of the following disorders: Inadequate

dietary iodine intake low level of thyroid hormone in blood increased TSH secretion

thyroid gland enlargement.

a) Acromegaly

b) Tetany

c) Goiter

d) Cushing’s syndrome

e) Addison’s disease

9) Which zone of the adrenal gland secretes aldosterone?

a)Zona reticulate

b)Zona granulosa

c)Zona fasciculate

d)all of the above.

10)Which of the following are characteristics of BOTH erythrocytes and thromobocytes?

a) no nucleus

b) large segmented nucleus

c) cytoplasmic granules

d) lifespan of 5 to 9 days

11) Which of the following formed elements found in the blood are derived from reticulocytes?

a) Platelets

b) Erythrocytes

c) T lymphocytes

d) Monocytes

e) Basophils

12) If type A blood is infused into a patient with type O blood, which of the following adverse

reactions would you expect to observe in the patient?

a) Agglutination (clumping) of the transfused blood cells.

b) Complement-induced hemolysis of the transfused blood cells

c) No adverse reactions would occur.

d) a + b

13) Serum is

a) the same as plasma.

b) plasma without the clotting factors.

c) the same as lymph.

d) formed during the first step in blood clotting.

e) pulmonary interstitial fluid.

14) Which of the following is a function of a hormone?

a) Regulates chemical composition and volume of the internal environment

b) Regulates metabolism

c) Regulates glandular secretions

d) Controls growth and development

e)all of the above

15) Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates ovulation in females?

a) Leutinizing hormone

b) Prolactin

c) Insulin-like growth factors

d) Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

16) Which of the following hormones opposes the action of parathyroid hormone?

a) Thyroid-stimulating hormone

b) Insulin

c) Calcitonin

d) Calcitriol

17) Which of the following hormones promotes increases in the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

a) Insulin

b) Adrenocorticotropic hormone

c) Glucagon

d) Thyroid hormone

18) Which blood glucose-highering hormone is produced by the pancreatic islet cells?

a) Insulin

b) Glucagon

c) Somatostatin

d) Thyroid hormones

19) Which zone of the adrenal gland secretes aldosteron?

a)Zona reticulate

b)Zona granulosa

c)Zona fasciculate

d)all of the above.

20) Which of the following statements correctly compares water-soluble hormones with lipid-

soluble hormones?

a) Both types of hormone are carried in the blood attached to a carrier protein.

b) Both types of hormone almost always stimulate increases in mRNA transcription.

c) Only water-soluble hormones use second messengers.

d) Only water-soluble hormones require a receptor.

e) Lipid-soluble hormones are not found in the bloodstream.

21) Which of the following is NOT a major function of the blood?

a) Transportation of nutrients

b) Regulation of blood pH

c) Protection against infectious disease

d) Transportation of heat

e) Production of oxygen

22) The hematocrit is a measure of the percentage of whole blood occupied by

a) WBCs.

b) platelets.

c) RBCs.

d) plasma.

23) Which of the following plasma proteins plays a role in blood clotting?

a) Albumin

b) Globulins

c) Fibrinogen

d) Prostaglandins

24) Which of the following hormones stimulates production of red blood cells ?

a) erythropoietin (EPO)

b) thrombopoietin (TPO)

c) human growth hormone (hGH)

d) calcitonin (CT)

25) Which of the following blood cells is involved in reducing blood loss from a damaged blood

vessel?

a) Erythrocyte

b) Platelet

c) Lymphocyte

d) Basophil

26) Which of following correctly lists the sequence of steps that occur during hemostasis in

response to a damaged blood vessel?

a) vascular spasm, clotting, polycythemia

b) hemolysis, vascular spasm, platelet plug formation

c) emigration, clotting, hemolysis

d) vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, clotting

e) anemia, hemogenesis, platelet plug formation

27) Which of the following situations could result in maternal antibodies attacking fetal blood

cells during a second pregnancy?

a) Mom is Rh negative and fetus is Rh negative

b) Mom is Rh negative and fetus is Rh positive

c) Mom is Rh positive and fetus is Rh negative

d) Mom is Rh positive and fetus is Rh positive.

28) A megakaryoblast will develop into

a) a red blood cell.

b) a white blood cell.

c) a platelet.

d) either a white blood cell or a platelet.

e) none of these choices.

29) The anatomical region found between the lungs that extends from the sternum to the

vertebral column and from the first rib to the diaphragm.

a) Epicardium

b) Abdominal cavity

c) Pericardium

d) Mediastinum

e) Thoracic cavity

30) The membrane that surrounds and protects the heart is called the

a) pericardium.

b) pleura.

c) myocardium.

d) mediastinum.

e) endocardium.

31) Which of the following correctly lists the sequence of layers of the heart from outer to inner

layer?

a)Endocardium,pericardium,myocardium

b)Myocardium,epicardium,endocardium

c)Epicardium,myocardium,endocardium

d)none of the above.

32) Which valve below prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle?

a) Tricuspid valve

b) Bicuspid valve

c) Pulmonary semilunar valve

d) Aortic semilunar valve

e) Mitral valve

33) Through which structure does blood pass from the leftt atrium to the left ventricle?

a) Bicuspid valve

b) Interventricular septum

c) Tricuspid valve

d) Mitral valve

34) What of the following chambers of the heart contain deoxygenated blood?

a) Left atrium and left ventricle

b) Left atrium only

c) Right atrium and right ventricle

d) Right ventricle only

e) Left atrium and right ventricle

35) Which of the following correctly lists the sequence of structures that a cardiac action

potential follows in order to excite normal contraction of the heart?

a) Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers, Atrioventricular (AV) node

b) Sinoatrial (SA) node, Purkinje fibers, AV node, Bundle of His

c) Purkinje fibers, AV node, SA node, Bundle of His

d) SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers

e) Bundle of His, SA node, AV node, Purkinje fibers

36) In a fetus, this structure allows blood to flow directly from the pulmonary trunk into the

aorta.

a) Fossa ovalis

b) Foramen ovale

c) Trabeculae carneae

d) Descending aorta

e) Ductus arteriosus

37) All of the following would lead to an increased heart rate except?

a) Increased norepinephrine release

b) Increased thyroid hormone release

c) Increased vagus nerve stimulation

d) Increased calcium levels in plasma

e) Increased sympathetic stimulation

38) Which of the following electrocardiogram (EKG) waves represents atrial depolarization?

a) R wave

b) T wave

c) S wave

d) P wave

e) Q wave

39) Which of the following blood vessels carries blood away from the heart to other organs?

a) arteries

b) capillaries

c) venules

d) arterioles

e) veins

40) Which layer of the arterial wall is responsible for vasoconstriction?

a) tunica interna

b) tunica media

c) tunica externa

d) tunica albuginea

e) tunica fascia

41) Which layer of the arterial wall is primarily composed of elastic and collagen fibers?

a) tunica interna

b) tunica media

c) tunica externa

d) tunica albuginea

e) tunica fascia

42) In resting individuals, these vessels serve as a large blood reservoir from which blood can be

quickly diverted to other vessels as needed.

a) Arteries and arterioles

b) Arterioles and capillaries

c) Venules and capillaries

d) Veins and venules

e) Aorta and veins

43) Which of the following structures are found in veins but NOT in arteries?

a) tunica externa

b) tunica media

c) tunica interna

d) valve

e) lumen

44) Which of the following is the most important method of capillary exchange?

a) diffusion

b) transcytosis

c) bulk flow

d) primary active transport

e) secondary active transport

45) The alternate route of blood flow to a body part through an anastomosis is called

a) a thoroughfare channel.

b) a blood reservoir.

c) a detour route.

d) collateral circulation.

e) microcirculation.

45) The largest driving force for pulling fluid from the interstitial spaces back into the capillaries

Is:

a) interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure.

b) interstitial fluid osmotic pressure.

c) blood colloid osmotic pressure.

d) blood hydrostatic pressure.

e) glomerular hydrostatic pressure.

46) The pressure-driven movement of fluids and solutes from blood into interstitial fluid is called

a) reabsorption.

b) filtration.

c) bulk flow.

d) osmosis.

e) transcytosis.

47) Cardiac output is dependent on both

a) heart rate and stroke volume.

b) stroke volume and systemic vascular resistance.

c) heart rate and systemic vascular resistance.

d) blood type and stroke volume.

e) blood pressure and heart rate

48) Which of the following would NOT result in an increase in arterial blood pressure?

a) Increased blood volume

b) Increased sympathetic stimulation

c) Increased heart rate

d) Increased stroke volume

e) Increased arteriolar vasodilation

49) Which of the following would NOT result in an increase in systemic vascular resistance?

a) Decreased diameter of systemic arterioles

b) Increased blood viscosity

c) Decreased length of the systemic circulatory route

d) Increased vasoconstriction of systemic arterioles

e) Increased red blood cell count

50) The cardiovascular center is located

a) in the thoracic cavity.

b) in the cerebral cortex.

c) in the cerebellum.

d) in the medulla oblongata.

e) in the hypothalamus.

50) All of the following aid in venous return of blood to heart EXCEPT

a) the skeletal muscle pump.

b) the respiratory pump.

c) blood viscosity.

d) venoconstriction

e) venous valves.

51) Which of the following would be a normal response of the cardiovascular system to a

decreased frequency of action potentials arising from the baroreceptors?

a) Increased systemic vascular resistance

b) Increased parasympathetic stimulation

c) Decreased heart rate

d) Decreased stroke volume

e) Decreased cardiac output

52) Which of the following hormones would NOT stimulate changes that lead to an increase in

arterial blood pressure?

a) Atrial natriuretic peptide(ANP)

b) Antidiuretic hormone(ADH)

c) Aldosterone

d) Angiotensin

e) Epinephrine

53) When chemoreceptors in blood vessels detect high levels of carbon dioxide in the blood, they

stimulate all of the following changes EXCEPT

a) increased vasoconstriction of arterioles.

b) increased blood pressure.

c) decreased respiratory rate.

d) increased sympathetic stimulation of arterioles and veins.

e) increased vasoconstriction of veins.

54) This type of shock is due to decreased blood volume.

a) Hypovolemic

b) Cardiogenic

c) Vascular

d) Obstructive

e) Neurogenic

55) All the veins of the systemic circulation eventually drain into the

a) superior vena cava.

b) inferior vena cava.

c) coronary sinus.

d) superior and inferior vena cava.

e) superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus.

56) Which of the following vessels supplies blood to the intestines?

a) Radial artery

b) Subclavian artery

c) Mesenteric artery

d) Coronary artery

e) Popliteal artery

57) Which of the following vessels drains blood from the head and neck?

a) Median cubital vein

b) Inferior vena cava

c) Axillary vein

d) Femoral vein

e) Jugular vein

58) Which of the following effectors would NOT be activated as described below in response to

hypovolemic shock?

a) Adrenal cortex releases aldosterone.

b) Kidneys conserve salt and water.

c) Heart rate increases.

d) Systemic arterioles vasodilate.

e) Heart contractility increases.

59) The pulmonary circulatory route carries blood from the

a) right atrium to the right ventricle .

b) right ventricle to the left atrium.

c) left atrium to the left ventricle.

d) left ventricle to the right atrium.

e) left ventricle to the coronary sinus.

60) Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic and immune system?

a) Draining excess interstitial fluid

b) Maintaining water homeostasis in the body

c) Transporting dietary lipids

d) Carrying out immune responses

61) What causes lymph from the small intestines to appear white?

a) Proteins

b) WBC

c) RBC

d) Lipids

e) Carbohydrates

62) Which organ promotes maturation of T cells?

a) Spleen

b) Lymph node

c) Red bone marrow

d) Thymus

e) Pancreas

63) Which of these provides a non-specific cellular disease resistance mechanism?

a) Macrophages

b) T lymphocytes

c) B lymphocytes

d) Memory B cells

e) Stratified squamous epithelium

64) Which anti-microbial substances reduce viral replication?

a) Transferrins

b) Perforins

c) Complement proteins

d) Defensins

e) Interferons

65) Which of the following is NOT a sign of inflammation?

a) Redness

b) Pain

c) Heat

d) Mucus production

e) Swelling

66) Which induces the production of a specific antibody?

a) Phagocytosis

b) Antigen

c) Antibody

d) Defensin

e) Immunoglobulin

67) Which class of cells includes macrophages and dendritic cells?

a) Antigen presenting cells

b) Primary lymphocytes

c) T cells

d) RBC

e) Epitope cells

68) Which cells display CD4 proteins and interact with MHC Class II antigens?

a) Cytotoxic T cells

b) Helper T Cells

c) Memory T Cells

d) MHC antigens

e) B cells

69) Which class of antibodies is mainly found in sweat, tears, breast milk and GI secretions?

a) IgG

b) IgA

c) IgM

d) IgD

e) IgE

70)what is comprised of white and red pulp?

a) Thymus

b) RBM

c) lymph node

d) Spleen

e) None of these choices

71) Natural exposure to an infectious agent leads to:

a) Passive immunity

b) Active immunity

c) Both of these choices

d) None of these choices

72) Which class of antibodies indicates a recent invasion?

a) IgA

b) IgE

c) IgM

d) IgD

e) IgG

73) Which type of adaptive immunity will result from mother-to-baby IgA transfer via breast

feeding?

a) naturally acquired active immunity

b) naturally acquired passive immunity

c) artificially acquired active immunity

d) artificially acquired passive immunity


74) Which type of immunity defends by activating Tcytotoxic cells?

a) Nonspecific

b) Specific

c) Cell mediated

d) Antibody mediated immunity


75) Which leads to inflammation, enhancement of phagocytosis and lysis of microbes?

a) Classical complement system

b) Alternative complement system

c) Apoptosis

d) Complement systems

e) Hapten activation

76) Which class of antibodiescan pass the placenta to the fetus?

a) IgG

b) IgA

c) IgM

d) IgD

e) IgE

77) Genetic recombination generates diversity in what part (s) of the immune system?

a) Antigen receptors

b) MHC antigen

c) Hapten

d) MHC antigen and antigen receptors

e) Epitopes

78) Which blood glucose-lowering hormone is produced by the pancreatic islet cells?

a) Insulin

b) Glucagon

c) Somatostatin

d) Thyroid hormones

79) The membrane that surrounds and protects the heart is called the

a) pericardium.

b) pleura.

c) myocardium.

d) mediastinum.

e) endocardium.

80) Which of the following correctly lists the sequence of layers of the heart from outer to inner

layer?

a)Endocardium,pericardium,myocardium

b)Myocardium,epicardium,endocardium

c)Epicardium,myocardium,endocardium

d)none of the above.

81) Which valve below prevents blood from flowing back into the left atrium?

a) Tricuspid valve

b) Bicuspid valve

c) Pulmonary semilunar valve

d) Aortic semilunar valve

82) Through which structure does blood pass from the right atrium to the right ventricle?

a) Bicuspid valve

b) Interventricular septum

c) Tricuspid valve

d) Mitral valve

83) What of the following chambers of the heart contain oxygenated blood?

a) Left atrium and left ventricle

b) Left atrium only

c) Right atrium and right ventricle

d) Right ventricle only

e) Left atrium and right ventricle

84) All of the following would lead to an increased heart rate except?

a) Increased norepinephrine release

b) Increased thyroid hormone release

c) Increased vagus nerve stimulation

d) Increased calcium levels in plasma

e) Increased sympathetic stimulation

85) Which of the following electrocardiogram (EKG) waves represents ventricular

repolarization?

a) R wave

b) T wave

c) S wave

d) P wave

e) Q wave

86) Which layer of the arterial wall is responsible for vasoconstriction?

a) tunica interna

b) tunica media

c) tunica externa

d) tunica albuginea

e) tunica fascia

87) Which of the following is the most important method of capillary exchange?

a) diffusion

b) transcytosis

c) bulk flow

d) primary active transport

88) The force that keep fluid into the capillaries is

a) interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure.

b) interstitial fluid osmotic pressure.

c) blood colloid osmotic pressure.

d) a+b

e) a+c

89) Cardiac output is dependent on both

a) heart rate and stroke volume.

b) stroke volume and systemic vascular resistance.

c) heart rate and systemic vascular resistance.

d) blood type and stroke volume.

e) blood pressure and heart rate

90) Which of the following would NOT result in an increase in arterial blood pressure?

a) Increased blood volume

b) Increased sympathetic stimulation

c) Increased heart rate

d) Increased stroke volume

e) Increased arteriolar vasodilation

91) All of the following aid in venous return of blood to heart EXCEPT

a) the skeletal muscle pump.

b) the respiratory pump.

c) venodilation

d) venoconstriction

e) venous valves.

92) When chemoreceptors in blood vessels detect high levels of carbon dioxide in the blood, they

stimulate all of the following changes EXCEPT

a) increased vasoconstriction of arterioles.

b) decrease blood pressure.

c) increase respiratory rate.

d) increased sympathetic stimulation of arterioles and veins.

e) increased vasoconstriction of veins.

93) Which of the following effectors would NOT be activated as described below in response to

hypovolemic shock?

a) Adrenal cortex releases aldosterone.

b) Kidneys conserve salt and water.

c) Heart rate increases.

d) Systemic arterioles vasoconstrict

e) Heart contractility decrease

94) Which organ promotes maturation of T cells?

a) Spleen

b) Lymph node

c) Red bone marrow

d) Thymus

e) Pancreas

95) Which cells display CD8 proteins and interact with MHC Class I antigens?

a) Cytotoxic T cells

b) Helper T Cells

c) Memory T Cells

d) MHC antigens

e) B cells

96) Which leads to inflammation, enhancement of phagocytosis and lysis of microbes?

a) Classical complement system

b) Alternative complement system

c) Apoptosis

d) Complement systems

e) Hapten activation

97) Chemical reactions that break down complex organic molecules into simpler ones are called:

a) Metabolism

b) Anabolism

c) Catabolism

d) Metatheses

e) Oxidation reactions

98) Chemical reactions that combine simple molecules and monomers to form complex

structures are known as

a) Metabolism

b) Anabolism

c) Catabolism

d) Metatheses


99) Reduction is the

a) The removal of protons

b) The removal of electrons

c) The addition of protons

100) Oxidation is




d) The addition of electrons


101) This process is the synthesis of triglycerides.

a) Gluconeogensis

b) Lipogenesis

c) Phosphorylation

d) Glycolysis

e) Lipolysis

101) Glucose catabolism involves:

a) Glycolysis

b) formation of acetyl CoA

c) Krebs cycle

d) Formation of Glycogen

e) electron transport chain

102) What hormone stimulates glycogenesis?

a) Insulin

b) Glucase

c) Estrogen

d) Lactic acid

e) Protease

103) Glycogenolysis is ________ and stimulated by ___________

a) Anabolic, Insulin

b) Catabolic, Epinephrine

c) Catabolic, Insulin

d) Anabolic, Epinephrine

e) Metathesis, Insulin

104) Where does the Krebs cycle take place?

a) Cytosol

b) Plasma membrane

c) Nucleus

d) Mitochondria

e) Golgi Apparatus

105) Which of the following is not a major nutrient the body needs?

a) Carbohydrates

b) Glycogen

c) Proteins

d) Minerals

e) Vitamins

106) Which of the following is a fat-soluble vitamin?

a) Vitamin B

b) Vitamin E,A,D,K

c) Vitamin C

d) Vitamin O


107) Which of the following is a postabsorptive state reaction?

a) insulin secretion increases

b) Lipogenesis

c) glucose stored as glycogen

d) glucagon secretion increases

108) In the absorptive state, the hormone that is increased to maintain blood glucose levels is:

a) Glucagon

b) Estrogen

c) Amino acids

d) Insulin

e) Glucose

109) Where does glycolysis take place?

a) Cytosol

b) Plasma membrane

c) Nucleus

d) Mitochondria

110) a system for extracting the energy stored in the reduced coenzymes formed in the previous

steps of the glucose metabolism:

a) Proton pump

b) Electron transport chain

c) Krebs cycle

d) ATP synthesis

e) Glycolysis

111) This reaction oxidizes acetyl CoA to produce carbon dioxide, ATP, NADH+H+ and

FADH2.

a) Glycolysis

b) Formation of acetyl co-A

c) Krebs cycle

d) Electron transport chain

e) Phosphorylation

112) Deficiency of Vitamin Niacin(B3) results in:

a)Pellagra

b)memory loss and personality change

c)Scurvy

d)Rickets

e)Beriberi

113) The urinary system has:

a)two kidneys

b)two ureters

c)one urinary bladder

d)two urethras

114)The kidney, all except:

a) consist of cortex, medulla, pyramids, papillae, columns, calyces, and renal pelvis

b) The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney

c) Left kidney is lower than the right because the spleen pushes it down.

d) Urethra in males longer than in females

115) Which is not a major function of the kidney?

a) reabsorbing glucose and amino acids

b) regulation of blood cell size

c) regulation of blood volume

d) regulation of blood pressure

e) releasing hormones such as renin and EPO

116) This hormone is released when the blood volume increases.

a) Parathyroid Hormone

b) Renin

c) ADH

d) Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

e) Aldosterone

117) juxtaglomerular apparatus:

a)composed of macula densa

b)composed of juxtaglomerular cells

c)releases renin

d)allof the above’

118)These are systemic mechanisms of the regulation of GFR, except:

a)renal autoregulation by myogenic contraction and tubuloglomerular feedback

b)neural regulation by norepinephrine

c)hormonal regulation by ANP

d)aldosterone represents the hormonal regulation of GFR

119)the tests that evaluate thekidneys function are:

a) BUN levels

b) serum creatinine

c) urinalysis

d) dialysis

e )all of the above

120)Glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures, they are:

a) glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure (BGHP)

b) capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP)

c) blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)

d) the net rate promotes glomerular secretion

121)Functions of the respiratory system:

a)gas exchange

b)regulates blood ph.

c)filters inspired air

d)all the above

122)The conducting zone includes all the following except :

a)nasal cavity

b)trachea

c)alveolar scas

d)all the above

123)Which of the following is not a laryngeal cartilage:

a)thyroid cartilage

b)cricoid cartilage

c)semicircular cartilage

d)epiglottis

124)Trachea,all except:

a)is located anterior to the esophagus.

b)lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

c)amount of cartilage increase and the amount of smooth muscle decrease toward the distal

bronchioles.

d)wall of the trachea contain hyaline cartilage/trachealis muscule.

125)Alveolar cells, all is right except:

a)there are three types of cells: tye 1 alveolar cells, type2 alveolar cells and alveolar

macrophages.

b)type 1 cells are the main site of gas exchange.

c)type 2 alveolar cells secret surfactant.

d)surfactant helps the alveoli to collapse.

126)Boyel’s law says:

a)decrease in volume will lead to increase in pressure.

b)the composition of gases reduce or increase pressure

c)pressure of each gas is directly proportional to the % of that gas in total mixture.

d)all the above.

127)The three basic steps of Respiration:

a)pulmonary ventilation (breathing)

b)External (pulmonary) respiration.

c)Internal (tissue) respiration.

d)deglutition

128)what is the tidal volume:

a) is the volume of air inspired (or expired) during each normal quiet breathing.

b) is the volume inspired during a very deep inhalation.

c) is the volume expired during a forced exhalation .

d) is the air still present in the lungs after a force exhalation

129) This portion of the peritoneum attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and

diaphragm.

a) Greater omentum

b) Falciform ligament

c) Lesser omentum

d) Mesentery

130.)This cell secretes the hormone that promotes production of hydrochloric acid.

a) Neck cell

b) Chief cell

c) G cell

d) Chyme cell

131. Which of the following is the primary function of the small intestine?

a) Mechanical digestion

b) Chemical digestion

c) Absorption

d) Feces formation

132.The Liver structure, all the following is right except:

a).hepatic lobule is the functional unit of the liver

b)composed of the portal triad, central vein, hepatocytes and hepatic sinusoids.

c)the portal triad contains: bile duct, branch of hepatic vein and branch of hepatic artery.

d)portal vein branches in the liver.

133. Chemical reactions that break down complex organic molecules into simpler ones are

called:

a) Metabolism

b) Anabolism

c) Catabolism

d) Metatheses

e) Oxidation reactions

134.Reduction is the




d) The addition of electrons


135. Glucose catabolism involves:

a) Glycolysis

b) formation of acetyl CoA

c) Krebs cycle

d) Formation of Glycogen

e) electron transport chain

136. What hormone stimulates glycogenesis?

a) Insulin

b) Glucase

c) Estrogen

d) Lactic acid

e) Protease

137. Glycogenolysis is ________ and stimulated by ___________

a) Anabolic, Insulin

b) Catabolic, Epinephrine

c) Catabolic, Insulin

d) Anabolic, Epinephrine

e) Metathesis, Insulim

138. In the absorptive state, the hormone that is increased to maintain blood glucose levels is:

a) Glucagon

b) Estrogen

c) Amino acids

d) Insulin

e) Glucose

139.a system for extracting the energy stored in the reduced coenzymes formed in the previous

steps of the glucose metabolism:

a) Proton pump

b) Electron transport chain

c) Krebs cycle

d) ATP synthesis

e) Glycolysis

140. This reaction oxidizes acetyl CoA to produce carbon dioxide, ATP, NADH+H+ and

FADH2.

a) Glycolysis

b) Formation of acetyl co-A

c) Krebs cycle

d) Electron transport chain

e) Phosphorylation

141. Deficiency of Vitamin D results in:

a)Pellagra

b)memory loss and personality change

c)Scurvy

d)Rickets

e)Beriberi

142.Which is not a major function of the kidney?

a) reabsorbing glucose and amino acids

b) regulation of blood cell size

c) regulation of blood volume

d) regulation of blood pressure

e) releasing hormones such as renin and EPO

143.Which is the correct order of filtrate flow?

a) loop of Henle, glomerular capsule, PCT, DCT, collecting duct

b) ascending limb of loop, PCT, DCT, collecting duct

c) collecting duct, DCT, PCT, collecting duct, glomerular capsule

d) glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), loop of Henle, distal convoluted

tubule (DCT), collecting duct

e) PCT, glomerular capsule, DCT, collecting duct, loop of Henle

135. Which structure of the nephron reabsorbs the most substances?

a) glomerular capsule

b) loop of Henle

c) ascending limb

d) collecting duct

e) proximal convoluted tubule

136.This is the structure of the nephron that filters blood.

a) glomerular capsule

b) loop of Henle

c) ascending limb

d) collecting duct

e) renal corpuscle

137. Increased secretion of hydrogen ions would result in a ______________ of blood

____________?

a) increase, pressure

b) decrease, volume

c) increase, sodium levels

d) decrease, pH

e) increase, urea

138.Increased secretion of aldosterone would result in a ______________ of blood

____________?

a) increase, potassium

b) decrease, volume

c) increase, calcium levels

d) decrease, pH

e) increase, sodium

139. juxtaglomerular apparatus,except:

a)composed of macula densa

b)composed of juxtaglomerular cells

c)releases aldosterone

d) juxtaglomerular cells modified smooth muscle fibers in the wall of the afferent arteriole

140.Glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures, they are:

e) glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure (BGHP)

f) capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP)

g) Capsular colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)

h) the net rate promotes glomerular filtration

141) This structure is the site of sperm production.

a) Vas deferens

b) Seminiferous tubules

c) Albuginea

d) Epididymis

e) Raphe

142) This hormone stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone.

a) GnRH

b) LH

c) Inhibin

d) DHT


143) This lies posterior to the bladder and anterior to the rectum and secretes an alkaline,

fructose filled fluid.

a) Prostate

b) Cowper’s glands

c) Seminal vesicles

d) Spongy urethra

e) Prostatic urethra

144) What is produced by the ovaries?

a) Primary oocytes, insulin and estrogen

b) Secondary oocytes, progesterone and cortisol

c) Tertiary oocytes, insulin and estrogen

d) Secondary oocytes, estrogen and progesterone

e) Primary oocytes, estrogen and testosterone

145) This attaches the ovaries and the uterus to the pelvic wall.

a) Broad ligament

b) Mesovarium

c) Ovarian ligament

d) Suspensory ligament

e) Hilum

146) This is the site of fertilization.

a) Ureters

b) Urethra

c) Uterine tubes

d) Ovaries

e) Vagina

147) This is the portion of the uterus that opens into the vagina.

a) Urethra

b) Cervix

c) Uterine tubes

d) Inguinal canal

e) Ovaries

148) This hormone promotes the final step of spermatogenesis.

a) Relaxin

b) Testosterone

c) Inhibin

d) Estrogen

e) Aldosterone

149) This hormone triggers ovulation.

a) GnRH

b) LH

c) FSH

d) Estrogen

e) Progesterone

150) This is secreted by the corpus luteum after ovulation.

a) Progesterone

b) Relaxin

c) LH

d) FSH

e) HGH

151) Zygote is

a) the same as an ovum

b) another name for secondary oocyte

c) a diploid fertilized ovum

d) the same as polar body

e) the Graffian follicle

152)the functions of testosterone,all except:

a) promotes the development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics

b) promotes protein anabolism

c) promotes development of sexual function

d) promotes Oogenesis

153) This is a series of functional changes that sperm go through when they are in the female

reproductive tract.

a) Acrosomal reaction

b) Maturation

c) Fertilization

d) Capacitation

e) Polyspermy

154) This is the part of the blastocyst that promotes implantation and produces hCG.

a) Blastocyte

b) Blastosphere

c) Trophoblast

d) Blastocyst cavity

e) Uterine cavity

155) This is the portion of the endometrium that lies between the embryo and the stratum basalis.

a) Decidua basalis

b) Decidua capsularis

c) Decidua parietalis

d) Lamina propria

e) Adventitia

156) Labor cannot take place until all of this hormone’s effects are diminished.

a) Estrogen

b) Progesterone

c) Testosterone

d) Relaxin

e) Inhibin

157) This is a principle hormone that releases milk into the mammary ducts.

a) Prolactin

b) PIH

c) PRH

d) Oxytocin

e) GnRH

158) This is a principle hormone that produces milk into the mammary ducts.

a) Prolactin

b) PIH

c) PRH

d) Oxytocin

e) GnRH

159) Which condition listed is an autosomal aneuploidy characterized by trisomy ( 3 copies) of

chromosome 21?

a) Emesis gravidarum

b) Metafemale syndrome

c) Turner’s syndrome

d) Down’s syndrome

e) Klinefelter’s syndrome

160)An allele that masks the presence of another allele and is fully expressed is called:

a)recessive allele

b)dominant allele

c)neutral allel

d)homozygous chromosome

-Answer true with A and False with B:

161.the right lung has two lobes due to the space occupied by the heart.

162.the principle muscle of respiration is the diaphragm

163.in the internal respiration, deoxygenated blood coming from the right ventricle is converted

to oxygenated blood.

164.Villi are found in large intestine and small intestine.

165.the type of muscle in muscularis of the esophagus is smooth muscle in the inferior third.

166.Glucose and albumin make an imported component of the secreted urine.

167. Only a portion of the blood plasma delivered to the kidney via the efferent arteriol is

filtered.

168.Capillary hydrostatic pressure is the main force that “pushes” water and solutes through the

filtration membrane (promotes filtration).

169.Hormonal regulation occurs when the CNS regulates renal blood flow and GFR.

170.Deficiency of folic acid causes neurological symptoms.

171. Coronary artery is used to distribute oxygenated blood to the myocardium.

172. T wave represents repolarization of the ventricles.

173.bradycardia means heart rate less than 50beats per minute

174. Contraction of the ventricles of the heart leads to blood moving directly into atria.

175. The normal average temperature of blood is around 98.6°F

176. A reticulocytet will develop into a red blood cell.

177.Neutrophils level increases in bacterial infections.

178. Insulin is released in response to decreases in blood glucose concentration

179. Steroids are a group of lipid-soluble hormones derived from cholesterol

180. hGH stimulates lipolysis and glycogenolysis.

181.Stroke volume is the volume of blood ejected from the L or R ventricle to the arteries.

182.Heart sounds represents the closing of the cardiac valves.

183. The phenotype refers to genetic makeup of an individual

184.CRH is secreted from the placenta to help fetal lung maturation.

185.The extraembryonic membrane, Allantois, forms the umbilical cord.

186.Metabolic acidosis occurs whenever CO2 accumulates because of hypoventilation

187Respiratory alkalosis muchoccurs whenever too CO2 is lost because of hyperventilation

two dorsolateral masses are the corpora cavernosa , and a smaller 188Penis is composed of

midventral mass is the corpus spongiosum.

189.Corpora cavernosa keeps urethra open during ejaculation

190. Corpus luteum secretes estrogens and progesterones till the end of pregnancy.

Final Exam Practice test b) Regulates metabolism d ...

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