final draft report of seminor 3-11-16

1

S. No Content Page No

1 Abstract 2

2 Introduction 3

3 Importance 4

4 Deficiency symptoms 5

5 Sources of potassium 6

6 Potash removal by vegetables 7

7 Quality characteristics 8

8 Yield improvement 21

9 Conclusion 22

10 Reference 23

2

Abstract

Vegetable are the good sources of proteins, minerals, vitamins, dietary fibers, micronutrients,

phytochemicals and antioxidants in our daily diet. Apart from nutrition, they also contain potential

phyto-chemicals like anti-carcinogenic principles and anti-oxidants. India is the second largest

producer of vegetables with average productivity of 17.3 t/ha which is less than spain (37.2 t/ha)

and world average productivity (18.8 t/ha). These helps us to combat against malnutrition, under

nutrition with the per capita availability of vegetables with meager about 63 kg/person/year.

Developing countries like india in which 2/3rd are considered to be hidden hunger. Thus it has to

be encountered in the agricultural agenda to priorities and emphasis on nutritional security.

The Quality of vegetables are considered to be very important parameter to alleviate various

nutritional deficiencies. Quality and productivity are the two primary concern addressed to feed

young growing population with the overwhelmed agriculture under intensive cultivation with the

benefit of conservation of soil health under judicious management practices.

Potash is the one of the important nutrient among the three primary nutrients. It has the important

role in translocation of photosynthates from source to sink. Potash regulates the nutrient uptake,

stomatal conductance hence improves water use efficiency, nutrient use efficiency and activates

more than 64 enzymes.

3

INTRODUCTION

Potassium (K), is an essential macronutrient taken up by the plant in very large quantities plays a

fundamental role in plant physiology and biochemistry (Marschner, 2012; Mengel and Kirkby,

2001). It is an exceptional nutrient and is present within the plant, almost exclusively as a univalent

cation. It is highly mobile throughout the plant and associated with the transport of inorganic

anions and metabolites. It activates more than 60 enzymes, has a direct function in protein

synthesis, exerts an outstanding influence on plant water relations and is essential in the process

of growth and development of cells. Potassium also plays a major role in photosynthesis in both

the light and dark reactions culminating in the formation of sugar via the reduction of carbon

dioxide. Potassium is also essential for loading and transport of sugar produced to developing fruits

and roots, processes of extreme importance in production of fruits and vegetables. It also enhances

crop resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses including insects, pests and various diseases, as well

as drought and frost (Cakmak, 2005) and is beneficial in extending the keeping quality of crop

produce.

Soil fertility is very closely dependent on the presence of adequate supplies of mineral plant

nutrients. Many soils, however, are unable to meet nutrient demands, particularly those supporting

high yielding crops, so fertilizers have to be applied to the soil. Simple balance sheets relating the

known increasing rates of K to four vegetable crops (supplied together with the fixed

recommended rates of N and P) and removal of these nutrients in the harvested crops.

Among major plant nutrients (NPK), potassium (otherwise known as K or potash) requirements in

vegetable crops are fairly high compared to grain crops. Potassium deficiency can bring about a

drastic reduction in production and quality as well as shelflife (Geraldson, 1985; Usherwood,

1985). Potassium is an activator of various enzymes responsible for plant processes such as energy

metabolism, starch synthesis, nitrate reduction and carbohydrate source-sink relationships and

allocation. It is extremely mobile in plant and is involved in plant water status, regulating stomatal

conductance in the leaves, as well as water uptake in the roots. Potassium enhances formation and

development of fruit and tubers, and supports crop resistance against certain fungal and bacterial

diseases. Soils with poor available K content usually fail to support satisfactory crop yields (Engels

et al., 2012; Hawkesford et al., 2012).

4

Importance of potash in crop growth and development is well known

Functions and role of potassium:

I. Promotes photosynthesis, thus leading to formation of carbohydrates, oils, fats and

proteins (photosynthates).

II. Promotes the transportation of photosynthates to storage organs of plants (seeds,

roots, fruits, tubers).

III. Formation and translocation of sugars in plants(sugarcane, sugar beet, sweetpotato

and other tuber crops)

IV. Enhances the production of protein thus improves the efficiency of fertilizer

nitrogen.

V. Increases the ability of plants to withstand stress conditions such as pest, disease

attack, drought and frost. Making the plants more resistant to lodging.

VI. Enhances the absorption of water by root stand leads to water economy of plants

in general.

VII. Development of healthy root system, resistant of plants to poor aeration and

drainage condition.

VIII. Improves quality of crops (tobacco, fruit and fibre crops)

IX. Improves size and colour of fruits

X. Favors production of oil in plants (oil palm, rape seed, groundnut, soybean )

XI. Efficient biological N fixation.

5

Deficiency symptoms:

a. Reduction in growth rate and vigor

b. Darkening of leaves

c. Appearance of white, yellow, orange chlorotic spots or strips on older leaves,

usually starting from the leaf tips and margins.

d. The chlorotic areas become necrotic, the tissue dies and leaves dry up.

e. The symptoms spread to younger leaves and finally the plants die.

f. Hidden hunger of plants

g. Decrease resistance

h. Roots poorly developed and affected by rot

i. Increase in disease and pest incidence

j. Reduction in quality of produce

Because K is highly mobile within plant, deficiency symptoms are first observed on older

leaves. The physiological sequence for developing K deficiency symptoms is almost same with all

plants, although particular species, cultivars, or clones may exhibit somewhat different

characteristic symptoms. The first sign of K deficiency is a reduction in growth rate. Plants become

stunted and usually leaf color becomes dark green. At a more advanced stage, specific deficiency

symptoms appear. These include:

a. Decreased drought resistance.

b. Appearance of white, yellow, or orange chlorotic spots or stripes on older leaves, usually

starting from leaf tips and margins. In some species, irregularly distributed chlorotic spots appear,

but in all cases

symptoms start from the leaf tip. The base of the leaf usually remains dark green.

c. Chlorotic areas become necrotic, the tissue dies, and leaves dry up.

d. The symptoms spread to younger leaves and finally, under severe conditions, entire plant may

die.

e. Roots of K-deficient plants are poorly developed and often affected by rot.

f. Disease incidence increases and crop quality is severely reduced, especially in the case of

vegetables, fruit, tobacco, and fiber crops. Apart from the above typical symptoms, other

symptoms may occur as a result of imbalance of K with other nutrients, particularly N and calcium

(Ca).

6

Sources of Potassium

Plant nutrient content of potash fertilizer materials.

Carrier Potash (%)

1 Ashes (wood) 4-7

2 Carbonate of potash 15-50

3 Kainite 14-20

4 Manure Salt 20-30

5 Muriate of Potash 50-62.5

6 Nitrate of Potash 44-46

7 Sulphate of Potash 48-52

8 Sulphate of Potash – Magnesia 25-27

9 Carbonate of Potash – Magnesia 24-27

10 Tobacco stems 4-9

11 Potassium chloride 60

12 Azolla (dry weight basis) 2-3.5

13 Potassium magnesium sulphate 22

14 Potassium and sodium nitrate 14

15 Manure salt 22-27

16 Potassium hydroxide 83

17 Potassium carbonate <68

18 Potassium orthophosphates 30-50

19 Potassium polyphosphates 22-48

20 Potassium metaphosphates 38

21 Potassium calcium pyrophosphate 25-26

22 Potassium thiosulphate 25

23 Potassium polysulphate 22

Sources: Hand book of fertilizers. (Their source, make up, effects and use) p.50-65

7

Table 3.Removal of Potassium from the soil by some vegetable crops

Sl. No. Crop Yield(t/ha) Removal of

K2O(kg/ha)

1 Potato 40 310

2 Tomato 50 190

3 Brinjal 50 300

4 Cabbage 70 480

5 Cauliflower 50 350

6 Knolkhol 20 170

7 Carrot 30 200

8 Radish 20 120

9 Beet 25 112

10 Onion 35 160

11 Leek 30 240

12 Cucumber 40 120

13 Pumpkin 50 160

14 Muskmelon 15 97

15 Pea 9 88

16 Beans 15 160

17 Okra 20 90

18 Celery 30 300

19 Lettuce 30 160

20 Spinach 25 200

21 Asparagus 5 150

22 Cassava 40 350

23 Sweet potato 40 340

24 Elephant-foot yam 50 245

25 Yam 14 86

8

Table 1 Time of potassium application on Acidity, TSS and Ascorbic acid of tomato

K- Applied

kgha-1

Time of K application Acidity

%

TSS

%

Ascorbic acid

mg 100g-1

0 Control 0.61 c 6.60 c 21.79 b

60 at transplanting 0.70 bc 6.88 abc 26.06 ab

60 ½ at transplanting + ½ at

40 days after transplanting

0.81 a 7.03 a 30.33 a

90 at transplanting 0.71 b 6.98 a 25.64 ab



0.71 b 7.00 a 22.65 b

120 at transplanting 0.67 bc 6.96 a 21.83 b



0.73 ab 6.95 ab 25.63 ab

LSD 0.10 0.31 6.57

(Nisar Ahmad et al., 2015)

Inference:

The highest TSS content (7.03%) was observed in treatment where K was applied @ 60

kg ha-1

in two splits while the lowest TSS (6.60 %) was found in control.

Acidity ranged from 0.61 to 0.81 %, minimum in control and maximum in treatment

where potassium was applied in two splits @ 60 kg ha-1

. At higher levels of potassium

(90 and 120 kg ha-1

), acidity did not increase further.

Ascorbic acid content in tomato varied from 21.79 to 30.33 mg 100g-1

. It is indicated that

potassium application @ 60 kg ha-1

in two splits yielded the highest ascorbic acid content

30.33 mg100g-1

) while minimum ascorbic acid (21.79 mg 100g-1

) was recorded in control

9

Inference:

The maximum TSS of 3.9 % was, however, recorded with 0.25 mM MJ+6 mM K

application.

The TSS of cucumber fruit was significantly affected by application of K and MJ either

alone or in combination.

In plants, the potassium is related to the synthesis of proteins and carbohydrates, sugars

and starch storage and this stimulated the growth and improved utilization of water and

the resistance to pests and diseases.

By increasing K from 200 to 350 ppm, acidity increased from 4.02 to 4.63% and juice pH

increased from 3.87 to 4.14.

The mean fruit weight was not affected by application of K and MJ alone, but

combination K and MJ application resulted in a significant increase in the mean fruit

weight. The mean fruit weight (105.63 g) was recorded with 0.25 mM MJ+ 6 mM K

application (Table 1). The combination of MJ and K significantly increased fruit length

and fruit diameter from 15.34 and 2.3 in the control to 25.18 and 3.5 with 0.25 mM MJ+

6 mM K (Table 1). The yield per plant of cucumber increased significantly with

foliar application of K and MJ either alone or in combination. The yield increased to its

maximum (6 kg/plant) with combination of K and MJ (0.25 mM MJ+ 6 mM K)

application.

10

Table 3: Effect of various levels of potassium on quality attributes of bhendi

Treatment Seed

Yield

Per

Plant

(g)

Seed

yield

per

plot

(kg)

Length

of

fruit

(cm)

Weight

of seed

per

fruit

(g)

Number

of

Seed per

fruit (g)

Test

weight

(g)

Germination

percentage

(%)

Potassium (K)

K0 (0 kg K/ha) 26.19 0.52 14.77 2.10 36.33 58.1 2 66.44

K1 (25 kg K/ha) 29.6 4 0.58 14.95 2.21 38.00 58.6 8 70.56

K2 (50 kg K/ha) 32.3 3 0.63 15.21 2.26 38.73 58.6 7 71.85

K3(75 kg K/ha) 34.7 8 0.68 15.38 2.33 39.54 59.0 8 72.76

F test * * * * * * *

SE(m) ± 0.08 0.00 2 0.018 0.00 3 0.045 0.07 0.083

CD at 5% 0.25 0.00 6 0.052 0.00 8 0.13 0.20 0.24

(Bhende S.K et al., 2015)

Data presented in Table 3. regarding various levels of potassium, effect of potassium on

test weight of seed (1000) was found significant. Maximum 1000 seed weight (59.08g) was

found with the application of 75 kg K2O/ha (K3) as compared to all other treatments and

least under K0 (58.12g). Test weight of okra seed was increased with increase level of

potassium.

It was observed that germination percentage was highest (72.76%) in treatment K3 with

application of 75 kg K2O /ha.

Maximum number of seed per fruit (39.54) was noted with application of 75 kg K2O/ ha.

Maximum seed yield per plot (0.68 kg) was obtained with the application of 75 kg K2O/ha.

Maximum fruit length (15.38 cm) was noted under 75 kg K2O/ha (K3).

11

Table 4: Effect of Potash Yield and Quality of Tomato

K2O applied (kg ha-1) Acidity Sugar (%) Vit C ( mg 100 -1 g)

Control 1.50 4.21 a 23.13 ab

100 MOP 1.30 3.18 ab 25.99 a

100 SOP 1.33 3.15 ab 18.81 b

200 MOP 1.35 3.47 ab 25.24 a

200 SOP 1.29 2.45 b 18.77 b

LSD NS 1.40* 6.13*

(EHSAN AKHTAR et al., 2010)

Inference:

Acidity of tomato fruit tended to decrease with K application and it remained unaffected amongst

the applied K sources and levels (Table 4). Similar trend was also observed for sugar content in

tomato fruits. When K as MOP was applied at 100 kg ha-1, the sugar contents decreased and at

higher K levels a slight increase was observed. While in case of SOP, a linear decrease in sugar

content was observed with increasing levels of applied K. The maximum value of sugar content

(4.2%) was observed in the control and the minimum in treatment where K was applied at 200 kg

ha-1 as SOP. Vitamin c content increses with the higher k dose at 200 kg ha-1 as MOP.

12

Table 5: Effect of sources and levels of potassium on quality parameters of red chilli fruits

BIDARI et al., 2010

Treatments Ascorbic

acid

Colour

value

Oleoresin

(mg/ 100

g) in green

fruits

(ASTA**

units)

( % )

T1 – 100% RDK* as MOP by basal application 131.54 184.92 13.21

T2 – 100% RDK as SOP by basal application 136.93 186.04 13.56

T3 - 100% RDK as MOP by ½ basal + ½ 45 DAT 144.62 187.74 13.92

T4 – 100% RDK as SOP by ½ basal + ½ 45 DAT 150.70 194.90 14.28





T9 – 100% RDK as MOP by basal + 2 per cent foliar spray

of KCl at 75 DAT

130.64 182.44 12.28

T10 – 100% RDK as SOP by basal + 2 per cent foliar spray

of K2SO4 at 75 DAT

132.30 206.96 13.11

S.Em± 6.510 7.602 0.614

CD (0.05) 19.333 22.576 1.824

* RDK – Recommended dose of potassium (50 kg K2O ha-1)

** ASTA – American Spice Trade Association

13

Table 6: Yield and quality of fruits of two tomato cultivars.

Treatments First season

Yield TSS Vitamin C TA Juice

Varieties (Kg/pl) (%) (mg/100 g-1) (%) pH

Floridat 1.21 6.86 531.56 4.29 4.06

S. Strain B 0.71 5.05 502.07 4.29 4.03

L.S.D at 0.05 0.08 0.49 7.52 N.S N.S

Second season

Floridat 1.15 6.60 493.60 4.25 3.98

S. Strain B 0.74 4.90 484.58 4.18 3.92

L.S.D at 0.05 0.09 0.11 1.13 0.03 N.S

(El-Nemr et al., 2012)

Inference

Flordat recorded the highest value of vegetative growth parameters, also leaves K concentration

was influenced by genotypes where Floradat recorded higher fruit K concentration.

14

Table 7: Effect of different k levels on yield and quality of tomato fruits.

Treatments First season

Yield TSS Vitamin C TA Juice

K Conc. (Kg/pl) (%) (mg/100 g-1) (%) pH

200 ppm 0.86 5.61 510.03 4.02 3.98

300 ppm 0.99 5.99 514.48 4.23 4.04

350 ppm 1.02 6.25 525.93 4.63 4.14

L.S.D at 0.05 0.04 0.27 5.46 0.07 0.07

Second season

200 ppm 0.85 5.47 475.75 3.98 3.87

300 ppm 0.94 5.81 488.37 4.19 3.96

350 ppm 1.05 5.98 503.15 4.49 4.02

L.S.D at 0.05 0.05 0.11 2.29 0.08 0.09


Inference

The results in Table (7) indicated an increase in plant height, leaves number, leaf chlorophyll

content, dry weight and total N and K content in leaves at the higher potassium level (350 ppm) in

comparison with the rest of potassium levels ( 200 and 300 ppm). The effect of high potassium

level was statistically significant in both seasons.

15

Table 8: Effect of interaction between two tomato cultivars and different k levels on yield

and quality of tomato fruits.

First season

Treatments Yield TSS Vitamin C TA Juice

(Kg/pl) (%) (mg/100 g-1) (%) pH

Floridat

200 ppm 1.08 6.76 530.83 3.95 3.99

300 ppm 1.23 6.87 531.92 4.25 4.03

350 ppm 1.31 6.94 531.92 4.67 4.17

S. Strain B

200 ppm 0.64 4.47 489.23 4.09 3.96

300 ppm 0.76 5.12 497.04 4.20 4.04

350 ppm 0.73 5.56 519.93 4.58 4.10

L.S.D at 0.05 0.06 0.38 7.71 0.10 N.S

Second season

Floridat

200 ppm 1.05 6.41 480.8 4.00 3.90

300 ppm 1.14 6.66 494.6 4.23 4.00

350 ppm 1.27 6.73 505.41 4.53 4.04

S. Strain B

200 ppm 0.66 4.52 470.70 3.95 3.84

300 ppm 0.74 4.97 482.13 4.14 3.92

350 ppm 0.82 5.22 500.90 4.44 4.00

L.S.D at 0.05 N.S 0.16 3.24 N.S N.S


Inference

The effect of interaction between two tomato cultivar and different potassium levels on

morphological characters and chemical contents in leaves is shown in Table (8). High potassium

level ((350 ppm) and cv. Floridat had highest morphological characters and chemical contents in

leaves of tomato plants in both seasons. Morphological characters and chemical contents of

tomato plant significantly increased in comparison with other treatments in both seasons.

16

Fig. 1. Effect of foliar application of potassium nutrition on fruit Lycopene contents of two

tomato cultivars grown under field conditions

Irfan Afzal, 2015

Inference

Maximum lycopene contents with exogenous application of 0.6% potassium in Nagina and 0.7%

in Roma were recorded. In both tomato cultivars almost same lycopene contents were recorded.

17

Fig 2: Effect of foliar application of potassium nutrition on fruit Ascorbic Acid contents of

two tomato cultivars grown under field conditions.

Irfan Afzal, 2015

Inference

Potassium nutrition significantly improved ascorbic acid contents of both tomato cultivars.

Among foliar treatments, 0.5, 0.6 and 0.7% maximally improved ascorbic acid contents of both

tomato cultivars whereas 0.4 and 0.8% did not improve ascorbic acid contents.

18

Table 12: Effect of potassium salts and addition of urea on content of chlorophyll ”a+b”

and carotenoids in spinach leaves.

Potassium salts

Solution Solution

Without

urea

With urea Mean Without

urea

With urea Mean

chlorophyll (mg ‰ g-1f.m.) carotenoids (mg ‰ g-1f.m.)

Control (H2O) 2.03 2.28 2.15 0.28 0.33 0 , 30

KCl 2.37 2.59 2.48 0.32 0.35 0 , 33

KNO3 2.82 3.00 2.91 0.37 0.41 0 , 39

K2SO4 2.47 2.77 2.62 0.34 0.37 0 , 35

C6H5K3O7 . H2O 2.52 2.80 2.66 0.37 0.40 0 , 38

Mean 2.44 2.69 0.34 0.37

LSD0.05 for salt 0.34 0.05

LSD0.05 for urea 0.15 0.02

LSD0.05 for salt × urea n.s. n.s.

(Edward Borowski, 2009)

Inference

Foliar application of potassium salts (except for KCl) also increased significantly the

content of chlorophyll and carotenoids in leaves. The leaves accumulated the largest

amount of photosynthetic pigments when KNO3 was applied.

The application of potassium salt solutions resulted in more intensive gas exchange in

leaves (stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, transpiration) and increased leaf yield.

Potassium nitrate and citrate influenced most effectively the abovementioned processes.

19

Table 13: Effect of potassium salts and addition of urea on content of vitamin C and iron in

spinach leaves.

Potassium

Solution Solution

Without

urea

With urea Mean Without

urea

With urea Mean

vitamin C (mg x 100g-1f.m.) carotenoids (mg x g-1f.m.)

Control (H2O) 90.3 103.3 96.8 90 100 95 , 0

KCl 89.9 89.1 89.5 105 90 97 , 5

KNO3 87.8 94.5 91.2 115 110 112,5

K2SO4 79.1 93.3 86.2 90 100 95 , 0

C6H5K3O7 . H2O 89.0 88.9 88.9 115 120 117,5

Mean 87.2 93.8 103 104

LSD0.05 for salt 3.4 13.1

LSD0.05 for urea 1.5 n.s.

LSD0.05 for salt × urea 5.6 21.9

(Edward Borowski, 2009)

Inference

Foliar feeding of potassium salts in spinach is an efficient method of supplementing the

level of K in plants during vegetation. Plants fed with KNO3 had the highest content of

potassium in leaves, and those fertilized with K2SO4, C6H5K3O7 H 2O and KCl had an

only slightly lower potassium content.

Foliar feeding of potassium salts in spinach resulted in an increased content of protein,

chlorophyll, carotenoids, nitrates and iron as well as a decreased content of vitamin C and

calcium in leaves.

20

Table 14: Dry matter and vitamin C content of fruits of solanaceous crops as affected by

various rates of K fertlizers, Zhejiang, China.

Treatment Dry matter content % Vitamin C, mg/100g fresh weight

Eggplant Tomato Sweet

pepper

Chilli Tomato Sweet

pepper

Chilli

Ck 7.02 b c** - - - - - -

K0 6.50 c 5.82 b 6.02 b 10.6 c 22.8 b 126 b 195 c

K1 7.25 a b 6.67 a 6.89 a 12.8 b 26.1 a 158 a 222 b

K2 7.79 a 7.15 a 7.47 a 14.1 a b 28.3 a 173 a 239 a b

K3 7.86 a 6.94 a 7.22 a 14.5 a 27.8 a 164 a 251 a

K3* 7.33 a b - - - - - -

(Ni Wuzhong, 2002)

Inference

Application of 225 kg K2O/ha on ascorbic acid content in tomato, sweet pepper increased up to

28.3 and 173 mg/100g of fresh weight respectively and application of 270 kg K2O/ha in chilli

resulted 251 mg/100 g ascorbic acid.

21

Table 15. Effect of K dose and regime on mean annual yields of nine vegetable crops grown

in Ranchi district, Jharkhand state, India.

Crop French

bean

Cucumber Bitter

gourd

Ridge

gourd

Chili Brinjal Potato Bottle

gourd

Sweet

pepper

Treatment Mg ha-1

FFP (K0) 7.3 9.4 7.5 8.0 7.1 50.6 9.2 9.2 21.8

Rec. (K100%) 9.6 12.4 9.2 9.2 8.5 67.1 13.3 13.9 29.1

Rec. split

(K(50+50)%)

10.0 13.8 9.3 9.9 8.1 73.2 16.2 15.5 33.7

Enhanced

(K150%)

10.5 15.4 10.6 10.8 10.1 76.8§ 17.8 17.1 42.1

Enhanced

split

(K(75+75)%)

10.8 16.0 11.2 11.5 10.0 81.8 23.3 18.8 37.7

LSD

(P=0.05)

1.88 2.19 1.74 2.22 2.06 14.9 4.81 1.58 11.1

(Kumar, R et al., 2015)

Inference:

All the nine vegetables have responded well in application of higher levels of potash. Split

application of potash have positive response in french bean, cucumber, bitter gourd, ridge gourd,

brinjal, and potato, bottle gourd. Although improved yield observed in increased levels of potash

there have been slight decline in split application on Chilli and sweet pepper.

22

Conclusion

Various trials and experiments are evident to the importance of potash in harnessing growth and

quality of vegetable crops. literally it is proven that many of the vegetable are potash responsive.

Potassium application is essential if seeking to exploit the potential of vegetable crops.

Above literatures are the bench marks denotes there is the deviation in crop requirement and

current recommended dose; the recommended K dose should be revisited, as well as whole

fertilization practice, to maintain a balanced nutrition status.

Hence it is considerable to increase the recommended dose of potash as economically viable along

with its beneficial effects in crop development.

The positive response to split K dose may indicate that it is beneficial to distribute K application

along the cropping season.

23

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final draft report of seminor 3-11-16

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Transcript of final draft report of seminor 3-11-16