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(10th
May 2013)
Submitted by: Re-Gray H2O Group Members
NAME ID NUMBER
MOHD FAUZUL RIZAL BIN ABDUL HALIM MEC 121193
SITI NURUL NABILAH BINTI ZAINUL AXMAR PIC 121205
MUHAMMAD ISMIN HILMY BIN ISMAIL PIC 121200
SYAIDAH NAFISAH BINTI IBRAHIM PIC 121206
Re-Gray H2O
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and for most, we are so thankful to the Almighty God for giving good health and
intelligent brain which we could come out with brilliant idea to produce this product.
Then, we would like to express our deep appreciation and sincere gratitude to
Ms.Adibah Halilah Bt. Abd Mutalib, our English TTO, for her wisdom, invaluable guidance
and professionalism from the beginning to the end in doing our research. She also manages
a timeline guide of our project process of documentation and presentation to have a good
format and content.
Besides, infinite thanks and sincere gratitude to our senior, Ms. Raja Nur Athirah bt
Raja SharulZaman, who always committed guiding us and show us the right way to
completed our project. Ms. Raja Nur Athirah bt Raja SharulZaman also has been an
excellent mentor and has provided continuous support throughout our project proposaland
guiding us in choosing best material for our product.
It should be recognized that the success of this proposal was through the
commitment and support of the advisor and colleagues who participated in this proposal. We
would like to extend my heartiest thanks to them for their patience and kind involvement in
this proposal. Our gratitude also goes to the staff all others who have rendered assistance
and support in one way or another to make this proposal possible.
Special thanks to our beloved parents whose give endless support and
understanding. Without their love and support, we would not have been able to achieve so
much. Sincere gratitude hereby extended to the others, who their name is not mentioned,
that never ceased in helping until this proposal is finish.
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ABSTRACT
This report describes a project that have will be done by our group which is our group
is considering introducing the proposal of our project. This study is aimed at producing a
piping system which can reuse the grey water from house. Since we have gone through our
research very carefully, we find that population growth and climate change are altering the
planet at a faster rate than expected. In addition, water is the most important substance for
life, so it is imperative that we begin taking an action. This project is produced to lower the
water bill and to reduce the need for new dam construction. Besides, this project also helps
to protect remaining environmental flows in rivers and reduce infrastructure operating costs.
In order to achieve the objective, we have come out with an idea named Re-Gray
H2O. After we generate the idea of our project, we distribute the questionnaires and we go forsurvey. According to the survey, most of the respondents agree with our idea and they said
that our project should be promoted and advertised.
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CONTENT PAGE
1 Contents ................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
1 Introduction ...........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.1 Project Background ........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.2 Project Description .........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.3 Problem Statement .........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.4 Objective ........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.4.1 Project Objective........................................................................................13
2 Literature Review and Feasibility Studies .............Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.1 Theory and Principle of Operation ..................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.1.1 Diode .......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.1.2 Amplifier Circuit ........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.1.3 Battery .....................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.1.4 Capacitor..................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.1.5 Resistor ....................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.1.6 Microphone ..............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.1.7 Tuner .......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.2 Material Selection ...........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.2.1 Guitar Pick-up ..........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.2.2 Body .........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.2.3 Safety Shrinkable Tube ............................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.2.4 Wire .........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.2.5 9V Battery Connector ...............................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.3 Feasibility Study and Market Research ..........Error! Bookmark not defined.
3 Project Methodology .............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.1 Product Design ...............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.2 Description of Mechanism ..............................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.2.1 Microphone ..............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.2.2 Guitar Pick-up ..........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.2.3 Tuner .......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.2.4 Amplifier ...................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.3 Safety Features ..............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
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3.3.1 Shrinkable wire ........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.3.2 Wire Insulator ...........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.4 List of Circuit Diagram and Equipment Overview ..........Error! Bookmark not
defined.
3.5 List of Equipment and Materials Needed ........Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.5.1 Pliers and Cutter ......................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.5.2 Multimeter ................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.5.3 Soldering Iron ...........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.5.4 Spiral Holder ............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.5.5 Drill ...........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.5.6 Drill Bit .....................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.5.7 Hot-melt Adhesive (Glue gun) ..................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.5.8 Sucker ......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.5.9 Copper Lead ............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.5.10 Knife .........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.5.11 Wire Stripper ............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.6 List of Components......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.6.1 Resistor ....................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.6.2 Capacitor..................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.6.3 Diode .......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.6.4 9V Battery Connector ...............................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.6.5 Strip Board ...............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
4 Project Implementation .........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1 Instruction on How to Construct the Product ..Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1.1 Amplifier Circuit ........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1.2 Guitar .......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1.3 Overall Installation ...................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2 Safety Precaution ...........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.3 Instruction on How to Use the Product ...........Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.4 Project Costing ...............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.4.1 Purchase Part ..........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.4.2 Recycle Part .............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.4.3 Overall Costing ........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.5 Findings and Analysis ...........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
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5.1 Troubleshooting Procedures ..........................Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.1.1 Troubleshooting on Use the Product ........Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.1.2 Troubleshooting on Doing the Product .....Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.2 Problem Encountered and Countered Measure ............Error! Bookmark not
defined.
5.2.1 Technical Problem ...................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.2.2 Non-Technical Problem ...........................Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.3 Recommendations ..........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
6 Conclusion ............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
7 Reference .............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
8 Appendices ...........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
8.1 Appendice A Survey Question .....................Error! Bookmark not defined.
8.2 Appendices B Survey Question Analysis .....Error! Bookmark not defined.
8.3 Appendices C Gantt Chart ...........................Error! Bookmark not defined.
8.4 Appendices D Purchase
Receipt............................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
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LIST OF TABLES
Chapter Description Page
2 Table 2.1: The difference between pvc pipe and steel pipe
Table 2.2: The difference between sediment filter and carbon filter
3 Table 3.1 :The picture of the part and their function
Table 3.2: The description of the safety features
Table 3.3: The picture of material used for fabrication
Table 3.4: The picture of equipment used for fabrication
4 Table 4.1: List part of Re-gray H2O
Table 4.2: Product assembly procedure
Table4.3:Project Costing
5 Table 5.1: The problems and solutions to the problems faced.
Table 5.2: The table shows the problems that user may face and its
solution.
Table 5.3: Technical problem encountered and countermeasures
Table 5.4: Non-technical problem encountered and countermeasures.
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LIST OF FIGURES
Chapter Description Page
1. Figure 1.1: The job scope and description for each member.
2.Figure 2.1: The variation in gravity relative to the height of an object.
Figure 2.2: The diagram of simple filtration
Figure 2.3: The ph scale
Figure 2.4: The graph of ph against NaOH
Figure 2.5: The picture of non filtered water and its ph value is 8.
Figure 2.6: The picture of filtered water and its ph value is 7
3. Figure 3.1: Exploded view of product design.
Figure 3.2: Front view of product design.
Figure 3.3: Exploded 3D wide frame of product design.
Figure 3.4: 3D wideframe view of product design.
Figure 3.5: Assembly view of product design.
Figure 3.6:Labelled part of re-gray H2O
4. Figure 4.1: Product fabrication process
Figure 4.2: The full assembly of the product
5. Figure 5.1: The Food Waste Crusher
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Num. Description Page
1. Appendix A: Sample questionnaires
2. Appendix B: Questionnaires Analysis
3. Appendix C: Interview session
4. Appendix D: Experiment report
5. Appendix E: Gantt Chart
6. Appendix F: Purchase Receipt
7. Appendix G: Factual Information
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AGAPE : Agency of Aspiring Practical Engineers
TTO : Technical Trainer Officer
PVC : Polyvinyl Chloride
H2O : Hydrogen Oxide (Water)
GEYI : Green Exhibition Young Inventor
NaOH : Sodium Oxide
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND
The GMI Exhibition for Young Inventor (GEYI) has initiated this project. The purpose
for this program is to invent a project that can conserve and to green your home. The idea to
create Re-Gray H2O system originated by one of our group members, Siti Nurul Nabilah binti
Zainul Axmar as we brainstorm ideas to reduce the amount of water in our world.
Living things need fresh water to stay alive. Without water, humankind will be
probably dehydrated. Water is the most important substance for life, so it is imperative that
we begin taking an action to save water. This project is produced to lower the water bill and
to reduce the need for new dam construction. Besides, this project also helps to protect
remaining environmental flows in rivers and reduce infrastructure operating costs.
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1.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Re-Gray H2O is a system to recycle the gray water that come out from the sewerage
and undergoes a series of filtration to be stored in a storage tank. Then, the stored water will
be supplied to the sprinklers for gardening. We use a tank, PVC pipes, activated carbon filter
media and bottle-shaped trap to build this system.
The first advantage is it can reduce the usage of water as our Re-Gray H2O is a
unique recycling system that turns bath, shower and sink grey water back to a clear form that
is safe for use for garden plants and through the system it will save millions of litres used
each year on lawns and flower beds.
Furthermore, it can save money on our water rates and help to recycle water as it
collects and stores free water for multiple uses. We also can save our environment as
recycling grey water for use on the garden is an economic and environmentally responsible
way to conserve water and it is the ideal alternative to home collection of rainwater.
Other than that, this is a low-cost project which uses cheap equipment with a high
quality. Hence, the cost for this product is reasonable and affordable for all income levels of
people. Furthermore, we use PVC pipes which have considerably low the piping cost.
An additional benefit is this project requires nominal installation work which means
installation for this product will necessitate only a minimal amount of piping and labour since
access to the main pipe of the house is easily obtained. Thus it only takes about 20 minutes
to install it.
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1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Earth contains 366 quintillion gallons of water. But according to the statistic only
0.007% of water is potable. We share this resource with 7 billion people around the world.
Nowadays, the world temperature has increased substantially due by greenhouse effect,
deforestation is too hot due to the global warming that cause by greenhouse effect,
deforestation and other pollution. These cause bad effects to our earth whereby the amount
of water decrease and lead to water crisis where people are dying searching for fresh water
resource. Some of the countries are dry and do not have sufficient amount of water. Plant
wilt and die and cause lack of foods and increase the death of people. So, a precaution have
to be taken to avoid this situation occur in our beloved country Malaysia.
According to the research that we had done, we use a great amount of water at
home. Also, the percentage of waste water that produces from home is 30 percent. This
shows that people likes to waste water. From that, we need to take a step to star conserving
water. Based on statistic, the most amount of water that produces from the house is grey
water. Gray wateris waste water comes from domestic works such as baths, shower and
sinks. The water can be used again to water plants and wash cars amongst other things. In
almost all homes this expensively treated water goes straight down the drain and into the
sewerage system to be expensively treated again. Saving and recycling gray water is a
cheap and easy way to save energy and save money. In conjunction with rainwater
collection, and a simple system gardens, greenhouses, and poly tunnels can be watered
entirely from recycled water. So, we decided to create a system called Re-Gray H2O.
Compare to the price of the existing product that can recycle gray water, Re-Gray
H2O is cheaper and affordable. Also, the space that needed to install Re-Gray H2O is small
compare the existing product that needs very huge space to place. By installing Re-Gray
H2O at home, it is the simple way to recycle gray water.
http://www.reuk.co.uk/Greywater.htmhttp://www.reuk.co.uk/Collect-Rainwater.htmhttp://www.reuk.co.uk/Collect-Rainwater.htmhttp://www.reuk.co.uk/Collect-Rainwater.htmhttp://www.reuk.co.uk/Collect-Rainwater.htmhttp://www.reuk.co.uk/Greywater.htm -
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1.4 OBJECTIVES
1.4.1 PROJECT OBJECTIVES
Project objectives are the aim that we have to achieve when we had done the
project. Based on our project, the objectives are:-
i. To get approval from GMI Exhibition for Youth Inventor.
ii. To learn how to solve environmental problems.
iii. To gain experience on project making.
iv. To prepare and study the real situation in the final year project.
v. To gain teamwork spirit, technical skills and brainstorming.
1.4.2 PRODUCT OBJECTIVES
Product objectives are the aim that we have to achieve and the limit for our
product. Based on our project, the objectives are:-
i. To achieve a pH value of recycle water from 5.5-8 pH for recycled water.
ii. To make sure water can flow through the pipe.
iii. To filter water to produce recycled water.
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1.5 PERSONNEL BACKGROUND
Figure 1.1: The organization chart of group.
Project Manager
MOHD FAUZUL RIZAL
BIN ABDUL HALIM
Engineer
MUHAMMAD ISMIN
HILMY BIN ISMAIL
Assistant Engineer
SYAIDAH NAFISAH
BINTI IBRAHIM
Secretary
SITI NURUL NABILAH
BINTI ZAINUL AXMAR
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1.5.1 JOB DESCRIPTION
NAME POSITION JOB DESCRIPTION
Mohd Fauzul Rizal BinAbdul Halim
Project Manager Project manager is a leader in a project. Themain duty of project manager is planning
and managing the project. Apart from that,
he will give guidance and divide task to all
the colleagues. Last but not least, he helps
and gives support to the colleagues in
completing this project with success.
Siti Nurul Nabilah Binti
Zainul Axmar
Secretary In general, she does all the letters,
documents and all works that need to be
type to be submitted to any company.
Besides, she set up all the project procedure
and collect information about the project.
She makes report and distributes minutes of
meeting. Lastly, she will finish the proposal.
Muhammad Ismin Hilmy
Bin Ismail
Engineer The main job for engineer is to design the
project. Specifically he gives ideas and
information regarding the project. Then, he
will present it to the colleagues and discuss
about the project whether it can be accepted
or not. If the design is not accepted or
having any improvement on the invention,
then his task to do it as well as upgrading
the invention security.
Syaidah Nafisah Binti
Ibrahim
Assistant
Engineer
For assistant engineer, she will prepare the
tools and items regarding the project. He
also will assemble and test the project
together with the engineer. Other than that,
he has to do the maintenance and the most
important thing, her job to help the engineer.
Table 1.1: Tasks distribution of our group member based on the organizational chart of the
group project.
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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW AND FEASIBILITY STUDIES
2.1 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
The Re-Gray H2O has been specially designed to filter the gray water for watering plants. In
this reinvention, we have used several principles to design our product. The principles are as
described below.
2.1.1 GRAVITY FORCE
Gravitation, or gravity, is the natural phenomenon by which physical bodies appear to
attract each other with a force proportional to theirmasses. It is most commonly experienced
as the agent that gives weight to objects with mass and causes them to fall to the groundwhen dropped. The phenomenon of gravitation itself, however, is a by product of a more
fundamental phenomenon described by general relativity, which suggests that space time is
curved according to the energy and momentum of whatevermatterand radiation are present.
Gravitation is one of the fourfundamental interactions of nature, along
with electromagnetism, and the nuclearstrong force and weak force. In modern physics, the
phenomenon of gravitation is most accurately described by the general theory of
relativity by Einstein, in which the phenomenon itself is a consequence of the curvature
ofspace time governing the motion of inertial objects. The simplerNewton's law of universal
gravitation provides an accurate approximation for most physical situations including
calculations as critical as spacecraft trajectory.
2.1.2 EARTH'S GRAVITY
Every planetary body (including the Earth) is surrounded by its own gravitational field,
which exerts an attractive force on all objects. Assuming a spherically symmetrical planet,
the strength of this field at any given point is proportional to the planetary body's mass and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the centre of the body.
The strength of the gravitational field is numerically equal to the acceleration of
objects under its influence, and its value at the Earth's surface, denoted g, is approximately
expressed below as the standard.
g = 9.81 m/s2 = 32.2 ft/s2
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_phenomenonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_bodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportionality_(mathematics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_relativityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_theory_of_relativityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_theory_of_relativityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacetimehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacetimehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_theory_of_relativityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_theory_of_relativityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_relativityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportionality_(mathematics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_bodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_phenomenon -
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This means that, ignoring air resistance, an object falling freely near the Earth's
surface increases its velocity by 9.81 m/s (32.2 ft/s or 22 mph) for each second of its
descent. Thus, an object starting from rest will attain a velocity of 9.81 m/s (32.2 ft/s) after
one second, 19.62 m/s (64.4 ft/s) after two seconds, and so on, adding 9.81 m/s (32.2 ft/s) to
each resulting velocity. Also, again ignoring air resistance, any and all objects, when dropped
from the same height, will hit the ground at the same time.
There is a direct relationship between gravitational acceleration and the
downwards weight force experienced by objects on Earth, given by the equation
F = ma (force = mass acceleration).
However, other factors such as the rotation of the Earth also contribute to the net
acceleration.
According to Newton's 3rd Law, the Earth itself experiences a force equal in
magnitude and opposite in direction to that which it exerts on a falling object. This means that
the Earth also accelerates towards the object until they collide. Because the mass of the
Earth is huge, however, the acceleration imparted to the Earth by this opposite force is
negligible in comparison to the objects. If the object doesn't bounce after it has collided with
the Earth, each of them then exerts a repulsive contact force on the other which effectively
balances the attractive force of gravity and prevents further acceleration.
Figure 2.1: The graph shows the variation in gravity relative to the height of an object.
Under an assumption of constant gravity, Newton's law of universal
gravitation simplifies to F = mg, where m is the mass of the body and g is a constant vector
with an average magnitude of 9.81 m/s2. The acceleration due to gravity is equal to this g. An
initially stationary object which is allowed to fall freely under gravity drops a distance which is
proportional to the square of the elapsed time. The image on the right, spanning half a
second, was captured with a stroboscopic flash at 20 flashes per second. During the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_accelerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_3rd_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_3rd_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_acceleration -
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first 120 of a second the ball drops one unit of distance (here, a unit is about 12 mm); by220 it
has dropped at total of 4 units; by 320, 9 units and so on.
Under the same constant gravity assumptions, the potential energy, Ep, of a body at
height h is given by Ep = mgh(or Ep = Wh, with W meaning weight). This expression is
valid only over small distances h from the surface of the Earth. Similarly, the
expression for the maximum height reached by a vertically projected body with
initial velocity v is useful for small heights and small initial velocities only.
A set of dynamical equations describe the resultant trajectories when objects move
owing to a constant gravitational force under normal Earth-bound conditions. For
example, Newton's law of universal gravitation simplifies to F = mg, where m is the mass of
the body. This assumption is reasonable for objects falling to earth over the relatively shortvertical distances of our everyday experience, but is very much untrue over larger distances,
such as spacecraft trajectories. Please note that in this article any resistance from air(drag)
is neglected.
2.1.3 FILTRATION
Filtration is commonly the mechanical or physical operation which is used for the
separation of solids from fluids (liquids or gases) by interposing a medium through which only
the fluid can pass. Oversize solids in the fluid are retained, but the separation is notcomplete; solids will be contaminated with some fluid and filtrate will contain fine particles
(depending on the pore size and filter thickness). Filtration is also used to describe
some biological processes, especially in water treatment and sewage treatment in which
undesirable constituents are removed by absorption into a biological film grown on or in the
filter medium as in slow sand filtration.
Filtration is used to separate particles and fluid in a suspension, where the fluid can
be a liquid, a gas or a supercritical fluid. Depending on the application, either one or both of
the components may be isolated. Filtration, as a physical operation is very important in
chemistry for the separation of materials of different chemical composition. A solvent is
chosen which dissolves one component, while not dissolving the other. By dissolving the
mixture in the chosen solvent, one component will go into the solution and pass through the
filter, while the other will be retained. This is one of the most important techniques used by
chemists to purify compounds.
Filtration is also important and widely used as one of the unit operations ofchemical
engineering. It may be simultaneously combined with other unit operations to process the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajectoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_sand_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercritical_fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solventhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solventhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercritical_fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_sand_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajectoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_energy -
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feed stream, as in the bio filter, which is a combined filter and biological digestion device.
Filtration differs from sieving, where separation occurs at a single perforated layer (a sieve).
In sieving, particles that are too big to pass through the holes of the sieve are retained. In
filtration, a multilayer lattice retains those particles that are unable to follow the tortuous
channels of the filter. Oversize particles may form a cake layer on top of the filter and may
also block the filter lattice, preventing the fluid phase from crossing the filter. Commercially,
the term filter is applied to membranes where the separation lattice is so thin that the surface
becomes the main zone of particle separation, even though these products might be
described as sieves.
Filtration differs from adsorption, where it is not the physical size of particles that
causes separation but the effects ofsurface charge. Some adsorption devices
containing charcoal and ion exchange resin are commercially called filters, although filtration
is not their principal function. Filtration differs from removal ofmagnetic contaminants from
fluids with magnets (typically lubrication oil, coolants and fuel oils), because there is no filter
medium. Commercial devices called "magnetic filters" are sold, but the name reflects their
use, not their mode of operation.
2.1.4 METHODS
There are many different methods of filtration; all aim to attain the separation of
substances. Separation is achieved by some form of interaction between the substance or
objects to be removed and the filter. The substance that is to pass through the filter must be
a fluid, i.e. a liquid orgas. Methods of filtration vary depending on the location of the targeted
material, i.e. whether it is dissolved in the fluid phase or suspended as a solid.
2.1.5 FILTER MEDIA
Two main types of filter media are employed in the chemical laboratory surface
filter, a solid sieve which traps the solid particles, with or without the aid offilter
paper(e.g. Bchner funnel, Belt filter, Rotary vacuum-drum filter, Cross-flow filters, Screen
filter), and a depth filter, a bed of granular material which retains the solid particles as it
passes (e.g. sand filter). The first type allows the solid particles, i.e. the residue, to be
collected intact; the second type does not permit this. However, the second type is less
prone to clogging due to the greater surface area where the particles can be trapped. Also,
when the solid particles are very fine, it is often cheaper and easier to discard the
contaminated granules than to clean the solid sieve.
Filter media can be cleaned by rinsing with solvents or detergents. Alternatively, inengineering applications, such as swimming pool water treatment plants, they may be
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofilterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_chargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_exchange_resinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet#Common_uses_of_magnetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubricationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oilshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_mixtureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCchner_funnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_vacuum-drum_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-flow_filtrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_poolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_poolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-flow_filtrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_vacuum-drum_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCchner_funnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_mixtureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oilshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubricationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet#Common_uses_of_magnetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_exchange_resinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_chargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofilter -
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cleaned by backwashing. Self-cleaning screen filters utilize point-of-suction backwashing to
clean the screen without interrupting system flow.
2.1.6 ACHIEVING FLOW THROUGH THE FILTER
Fluids flow through a filter due to a difference in pressure fluid flows from the high
pressure side to the low pressure side of the filter, leaving some material behind. The
simplest method to achieve this is by gravity and can be seen in the coffeemakerexample. In
the laboratory, pressure in the form of compressed air on the feed side (or vacuum on the
filtrate side) may be applied to make the filtration process faster, though this may lead to
clogging or the passage of fine particles. Alternatively, the liquid may flow through the filter
by the force exerted by a pump, a method commonly used in industry when a reduced
filtration time is important. In this case, the filter need not be mounted vertically.
Figure 2.2: A diagram of simple filtration.
Oversize particles in the feed cannot pass through the lattice structure of the
filter, while fluid and small particles pass through, becoming filtrate. A water filter removes
impurities from waterby means of a fine physical barrier, a chemical process or a biological
process. Filters cleanse water to different extents for purposes like irrigation, drinking
water, aquariums, and swimming pools. Filters use sieving, adsorption, ion exchanges andother processes. Unlike a sieve orscreen, a filter can remove particles much smaller than
the holes through which the water passes.
2.1.7 PH ADJUSTMENT
A brief review of the definition of pH, the pH scale, and some of the chemistry
involved in pH Adjustment systems is provided below. For some this may be trivial, yet for
many others this may be useful. The information provided below is typical of the background
information we provide in our training classes and seminars.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backwashing_(water_treatment)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquariumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_poolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_exchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_exchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_poolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquariumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backwashing_(water_treatment) -
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By definition pH is the measure of free hydrogen activity in water and can be expressed as:
pH= -log[H+]
In more practical terms, pH is the measure of free acidity or free alkalinity of water.
Measured on a scale of 0-14, solutions with a pH of less than 7.0 are acids while solutions
with a pH of greater than 7.0 are bases. In very simple terms bases are used to
neutralize acids, while acids are used to neutralize alkalis (the term caustic, alkaline, alkalis,
or base, although not truly synonymous, are often used interchangeably). The buy products
are normally salts which may or may not be soluble and water.
Figure 2.3: A diagram of the pH scale.
2.1.8 NEUTRALIZATION REACTIONS
The task of any pH adjustment system is to adjust the pH of the process stream into
the defined acceptable discharge range. In the case of an acid neutralization, caustic (NaOH)
is added to the effluent stream to pH Neutralize the solution. This neutralization or titration
can be expressed as follows:
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H 2O
In the example shown above hydrochloric acid (HCl) is neutralized with caustic (NaOH) and
yields ordinary table salt (NaCl) and neutral water. NaCl, being very soluble in water, remains
dissolved in solution, and very little or no solids are generated. It is the task of the pH
adjustment system to add just the right amount of caustic to achieve the end point of the
neutralization that is desired. This is not quite as simple as it may seem because of the
logarithmic nature of the pH titration curve (remember the definition of pH above). The
titration curve shown below depicts graphically the neutralization process of HCl with NaOHas the neutralizing agent.
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Figure 2.4: The actual titration results of the pH Adjustment of an acid (HCl).
The curve above is the actual titration results of the pH Adjustment of an acid (HCl)
with a beginning pH of 2.0 and an ending pH of 11.0. Dilute Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) was
used as the neutralizing agent. A brief glance at the curve indicates that the process of pH
neutralization or pH adjustment is not particularly easy. In the above example 10 ml or NaOH
was added to increase the pH from 2.0 to 3.0. An additional 1 ml was added to further raise
the pH to 4.0, and another 0.1 ml added to raise the pH to 5.0. An increase of 1 pH unit
requires 1/10th the amount of caustic required to achieve the previous increase.
Descending from 7.0 to 0.0, each unit on the pH scale represents a tenfold increasein acidity. In simple terms, very large volumes of a neutralizing agent are required to achieve
very small results at high or low pH values. Yet at or near neutral incredibly small volumes
must be added to achieve neutralization. This means that the pH adjustment system must be
capable of delivering large volumes of reagent at extremely high levels of precision. Standard
industrial methods for chemical addition and blending do not suffice.
The steep portion of the curve, which is the area near neutral (pH 7.0) is the range
that most industrial effluents must be held to. In some cases, such as de-ionized (DI) water,this curve is nearly vertical. In the case of DI water, atmospheric CO2 mixed in with only mild
surface agitation is sufficient to notably lower the pH. The point here is that the pH
adjustment process is not a linear process and does not lend itself to conventional linear
control mechanisms (i.e. PID). The control system and the injection mechanism must be
carefully thought through and well designed.
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2.2 MATERIAL SELECTION
There are many types of materials in the market which can be used to produce our
product. To select a suitable material for our product, we have made a comparison between
our product material and the other commercial product material. In table 2.1 shows about the
properties of the product material.
2.2.1 PIPE
Table 2.1: The properties of PVC pipe.
As you can see our piping are made from PVC (polyvinyl chloride) which is
basically plastic rather than steel pipe. Our piping are made from plastic material since it is
light-weight, recyclable which can be regrind and reproduce for any product. As we know,
steel pipe is not malleable. It is very difficult for us to make groove to assembly with the filter.
PVC has high toughness which can resist high impact which can prevent the product from
damage easily.
2.2.2 FILTER
ACTIVATED CARBON FILTER MEDIA
We choose the activated carbon filters media because it removes foreign matter
down to 5 microns in size. Activated carbon impregnated paper cartridge also effectively
removes taste of chlorine and other foul tastes or odours. Besides, the "activated" carbon
filter media is produced by super-heating dried coconut husks in a low oxygen environment,
using a process called pyrolysis. The resulting "bio char" husk, is a purified form of carbon,
containing large amounts of cellular sized surface area, negatively charged to attract
positively charged toxins. Toxins in the water become attached to the husk's carbon
Properties Made from PVC.
Density 1.45 (g/cm3)
Cost Low cost.
RM 2/m
Advantage
The pipe not easily broken. The pipe cannot be rust and
do not have corrosion.
Long-lasting.
Disadvantage Limited thermal capability.
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surfaces. Over time, the attractive charge of carbon surfaces is neutralized, making it time to
change the filter. There are many types of carbon water filters that can be easy to install and
are low in cost than the pure polypropylene fibres filter. The use of carbon filter media is wide
spread, both in public and private water systems. Besides, it is effective to eliminate this
bacterial problem; silver is sometimes added or "impregnated" to provide an antibacterial
effect. Another approach is to eliminating water-borne bacteria is the combination KDF and
carbon media within the same filter housing. Some sediment filter media can remove virus
sized particles down to .01 micron or larger.
MATERIAL FUNCTION
Filter cartridge To place the filter and hold the filter
Activated carbon filters media To filter the water that have small particle
Bottle shaped trap To filter the water that have big particle
Pipe connector To connect the pipe
Table 2.2: The material use for the Re-Gray H2O product.
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2.3 FEASIBILITY STUDIES
We choose 70% female and 30% male respondent. We select female to be more than male
because female usually gardening.
50% from our respondent age range is 41 and above, 40% is 26 to 40 and 10% range 17 to
25. Our respondent mainly age is 41 and above because tendency to gardening is high at
that age.
30%
70%
Gender
Male Female
10%
40%
50%
Age
17-25 26-40 41 and above
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40% of our respondent occupation is housewife, 50% is workers, and 10% is student. The
number of student is less than workers and housewife because tendency to gardening is low.
65% of our respondent practice gardening because many of them have free time to
gardening and gardening is their hobby.
10%
50%
40%
Occupation
Student Workers Housewife
65%
35%
Do you practise gardening at
your place
Yes No
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75% from our respondent have a large water bill per month (More than RM20) and 25% of
them (below than RM20). This is because many of our respondent using high usage of
water.
50% of our respondents prefer washing consumes most of the water, 25% choose
gardening, 20% choose showering and 5% choose cooking. Gardening is higher than
showering and cooking because many of our respondents practice gardening.
25%
75%
The average amount of water
bills per monthly
Below than RM20 More than RM20
25%
50%
20%
5%
The activity that consumes most of
the water
Gardening Washing Showering Cooking
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65% of our respondents prefer very good for gardening using waste water, 25% choose
good, 10% choose average and none choose poor and very poor. Many of them prefer very
good because using waste water for gardening conserves high amount of water.
65% of our respondent prefer reuse the water for ways to reduce usage of water,25% prefer
minimum used of water and 10% of them prefer others. Many of them prefer reuse the water
because easy for them to practice it.
0% 0% 10%
25%
65%
Gardening using waste water
Very poor Poor Average Good Very good
65%
25%
10%
Ways to reduce usage of water
Reuse Minimum used of water Others
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CHAPTER 3: PROJECT METHODOLOGY
3.1 PRODUCT DESIGN
In figure 3.1 to figure 3.5 below show the overall view of the product Re-Gray H 20.
The product was designed to filter the water and overcome the excessive of water usage.
Figure 3.1: Exploded view of product design.
Figure 3.2: Front view of product design.
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Figure 3.3: Exploded 3D wide frame of product design.
Figure 3.4: 3D wideframe view of product design.
Figure 3.5:Assembly view of product design.
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3.2 DESCRIPTION OF MECHANISM
Figure 3.6 show the labelling of each part of our product and the function of each part
shown in table 3.1.
Figure 3.6: show the labelled part of the re-gray H2O.
Table 3.1: The picture of the part and their function.
No Part Name Function1 Filter Cartridge Used to place the
filter and hold thefilter.
2 Economy multi-media filtration To filter the waterthat have smallparticle.
3 Bottle shaped Trap To filter the waterthat have big
particle.
4 Pipe connector To connect thepipe so the watercan flow.
1
2
3
4
4
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3.3 SAFETY FEATURES
Table 3.2 show the labelling safety features of our product and the description.
Table 3.2: The description of the safety features.
No Features Description
1
The cartridge is made from thevery hard plastic
The cartridge can withstand 125 psi waterpressure.
Resistive to rust and corrosion becauserust can chemically react with water.
2
The Pipe is made from PVC
The pipe not easily broken because PVC isa very strong plastic.
Can withstand high pressure until 300 psi.
3
Cylinder-shaped button
The cylinder shaped button is to block thewater flow.
Use especially when exchanging the filter.
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3.4 LIST OF MATERIAL AND EQUIPMENT
To build our product, we used others material and equipment to assemble our
product. All the material and equipment used to assemble the product can be seen from the
table below.
No Material Purpose
1
Silicon
Used for manufacturing theMulti-media filter
2
Fine Gravel
Used for manufacturing theMulti-media filter
3
Garnet sand
Used for manufacturing theMulti-media filter
4
PVC
Used for manufacturing thePVC pipe.
Table 3.3: The picture of material used for fabrication.
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No Equipment/Name Quantity Purpose
1
PVC solvent cement
1 To tighten the connectionof pipe
2
Hand saw
1 To cut the Pipe
3
Measuring tape
1 To measure the length ofpipe
4
Thread seal tape
1 To tighten the connectionbetween pipe
Table 3.4: The picture of equipment used for fabrication.
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CHAPTER 4: PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
4.1 PROCEDURES TO CONSTRUCT THE PRODUCT
The figure below show the fabrication process of our product Re-Gray H2O.
Figure 4.1: Product fabrication process.
STEP 1
STEP 2
STEP 3
Prepare the part of the material to assemble.
Cut the pipe into the given dimension.
Wear safety goggle and wear hand sock while
sawing
Assemble the bottle shaped trap to the sink
and connect the pipe to the bottle shaped trap
and filter cartridge.
Carefully wrap the pipe that will connect to the
bottle shaped trap with the thread seal tape
and stick with the PVC gum to ensure there is
no water leakage
STEP 4Test the product and check if there is any
leakage or problem.
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Below is the list of part which needed for assembly a complete set of Re-gray H2O.
No Part Dimension (cm) Quantity
1
Cup bottle shaped trap
7.5 x 8 1
2
Body bottle shaped trap
11 x 11.5 x 8.5 1
3
Pipe
0.2 x 18 1
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4
Cartridge head
12.8 x 4 1
5
Cartridge body
12.8 x 26 1
6
Connector
3.2 x 5.5 x 4 1
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7
L shaped pipe
3 x 6 x 6 1
8
Filter
7 x 26 1
Table 4.1: List part of Re-gray H2O.
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The diagram below show the assembly procedure of the Re-Gray H2O.
BEFORE ASSEMBLE AFTER ASSEMBLE
1. Assemble the pipe with thebottle shaped trap withcorrect direction.
2. Join the cup with the body ofthe bottle shaped trap (turnthe cup in direction with the
clockwise).
3. Attach the connector with thehead of the filter cartridge.
4. Wind the connector with
thread seal tape.
1
2
3
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Table 4.2: Product assembly procedure.
BEFORE ASSEMBLE AFTER ASSEMBLE
5. Put the filter inside thecartridge carefully.
6. Rotate the head of thecartridge and the body of thecartridge clockwise so thereis no water leakage.
7. Join the connector with the Lshape pipe using PVC glue.
8. Attach the L shape pipe withthe pipe using some PVCglue.
5
6
7 8
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4.2 PROCEDURES TO USE PRODUCT
The diagram below shows the guideline of using the product of the Re-Gray H2O.
Figure 4.2: The full assembly of the product.
Follow the instruction below when you want to use the product.
1. Make sure the product install correctly.
2. The gray water from the sink and bathroom flow down to the sewer pipe which
connect with the Re-Gray H2O.
3. The bottle-shaped trap down the pipe traps the big and heavy impurities in the gray
water.
4. Gray water then flow to the straight pipe.
5. The activated carbon filter media filters the gray water.
6. The filtered water store in a tank.
7. Filtered water can safely use for gardening.
Remarks:
Caution
Ensure the connection between the pipes one another are tight.
Ensure the bottle-shaped trap rightly connected to avoid leaking.
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4.3 PROJECT COSTING
Project costing is the summarization of expenses to make Re-Gray H2O.
4.3.1 PROTOTYPE COSTING
Prototype costing is the summation of expenses to make the prototype of Re-
Gray H2O. These are the list of prices of material of our product.
NO MATERIAL QUANTITY UNIT PRICE(RM)
AMOUNT(RM)
1 Water Filter 1 35.00 35.00
2 White tape 2 0.50 1.00
3 Carbon Filter 1 10.00 10.004 PVC glue 1 4.00 4.00
5 Bottle shape Filter 1 17.90 17.90
Sum of price 67.90
less - 4.90
TOTAL 63.00
Table 4.3: The cost for Re-Gray H2O prototype.
4.3.2 ACTUAL PRODUCT COSTING
Actual Product costing is the summation of expenses to make a unit of Re-Gray H2O.
These are the price list of each component/ items that we use to make a unit of the product.
NO ITEMS/COMPONENT UNITPRICE(RM)
QUANTITY AMOUNT(RM)
1 Water Filter 35.00 1 unit 35.00
2 Carbon Filter 10.00 4 unit 40.00
3 PVC Pipe 2.00 1 unit(6 meter)
12.00
4 PVC glue 4.00 1 unit 4.00
5 Bottle-shaped Filter 17.90 1 unit 17.90
6 White Tape 0.50 2 unit 1.00
TOTAL RM109.90
Table 4.4: The material price of Re-Gray H2O.
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CHAPTER 5: FINDING AND ANALYSIS
5.1 TROUBLESHOOTING PROCEDURES
5.1.1 TROUBLESHOOTING WHILE CONSTRUCTING
Troubleshooting while constructing is the problems that you may face at the implementation
stage. The problems and the solutions are tabulated in Table 5.1 below:
PROBLEMS SOLUTIONS
We had problem to choose the filter
that can filter foreign matter down to
5 or 1 microns in size.
We consulted by a senior in choosing
the right type of filter.
We find that the PVC pipe A cannot
attach to the PVC pipe B.
Check to see the correct size of PVC
pipe is used.
Use pipe connector if needed.
Table 5.1: The problems and solutions to the problems faced.
5.1.2 TROUBLESHOOTING WHILE OPERATING
Troubleshooting while operating is the problems and solution user may face after operating
it. The problems and solutions are tabulated in Table 5.2 below:
PROBLEMS SOLUTIONS
The process of filtration becomes too
slow.
Change the filter by twist it and pull
downwards.
No water flow to the water tank.
Check the filter is installed properly.
If not, twist out the filter and install
back by twist it again.
Table 5.2: The table shows the problems that user may face and its solution.
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5.2 PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED AND COUNTERMEASURE
Every production of product will face some problems. Same goes to our product. We
face many problems before the product is successfully completed. It is normal where every
new product that is invented must have a problem. When we are facing problems in doing
our product, our team will have a meeting a do some discussions and our leader willdetermine the best solution with the agreement all of the team members. Table 5.2.1 and
Table 5.2.2 show all the problems we are facing and the solution of each problem
5.2.1 TECHNICALLY PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED AND COUNTER MEASURED
Technical problem encountered is the problem that we faced which involve the
equipment and the component used in doing the product. Most of these problem are solved
by using our technical skill and knowledge.
PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED COUNTER MEASURED
Installation of the bottle shaped trap Refer to the manual that had given with thebottle shaped trap
Water leaking from the pipe when the waterthrough the bottle shaped trap
Wound the pipe with the thread tape to avoidfrom water leaking
The water cannot flow through the bottleshaped trap
Check inside the bottle shaped trap whetherthere has any large rubbish that block theflow of the water
Table 5.3: The table show the Technically Problem Encountered and Counter Measured.
5.2.2 NON-TECHNICALLY PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED AND COUNTER MEASURED
Non-technically problem encountered is a problem which not using any technical skill
and knowledge. All of this problem can be solved in discussion or asking opinion from our
technician. Most of these problems are problems which involve the source to get our raw
material in our product.
PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED COUNTER MEASURED
Searching the right filter which can removeforeign matter down to 1 micron in size
Check the characteristic and the ability of thefilter one by one and refer to the ourtechnician which is Encik Abdul Samah Bin
Rosli
Choose the correct connector that want toassemble with the pipe
Try one by one which connector is suitablefor the piping
Time to finished our proposal Make a Gantt chart and distribute each taskamong group members
Table 5.4: The table shows the Non-Technically Problem Encountered and Counter
Measure
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5.3 RECOMMENDATION
We realized that our filter, the activated carbon filter media does not filtered 100 %
waste product that have in the water. So we recommend using a better type of filter such asSilicon water filtration.It is a filter that can filter less than 1 micron in size. This type of filter
will filtered most of the waste product because Silicon water filtration have a smaller pores
and more efficient to filter water. But, this type of filter is more expensive than activated
carbon filter media.
Second, we also realize that we must use more than one filter to get cleaner water.
Because we found out that dual filtration will give much more good quality of recycled water.
Lastly, we recommend adding on a Food Waste Crusher under the sink hole. The
Crusher can crush almost all type of food waste including bones of the non-vegetable food. It
can be used for boiled vegetables, breads, row food, salad, chicken, meat, fish, egg shells,bones, peels, etc. This blender will dispose the large particle of the waste product to a
smaller particle that came through the sink.
Figure 5.1: The Food Waste Crusher.
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CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION
Based on our journey, we had through many thick and thin moments while completing
this proposal. Our TTO assigned us to build a product that focus on Green Technology, so
we as a group decided to focus on how to reduce usage of water that can be used for
planting. We also focus to fulfil GEYI's aim. Our product is proven that it can reduce the
waste product that have in the water and can be used for planting.
Through this journey, we had learnt about chemistry as a group is the most important
for us to finish the proposal. We assigned the task based on the capability of the person and
from that we know about the personalities of each group member. As an example we always
set the dateline to finish the task that had given to each person, so the person will becomediscipline and more responsible towards the group.
On the whole, this product is an innovation and produce new technology which is not
created by any other company. Besides, it can reduce the uses of water, as we have
mentioned before, it will save our environment as recycling gray water for watering plants in
the garden is an economic and environmentally responsible way to conserve water.
This product also has many benefits. For instance, it can reduce the water bills ,
reasonable cost, nominal installation work, and the most important thing is decrease the
usage of water as it play the concept of recycle and save life as water is the most important
thing to the life on earth. Hence, automatically it will save our planet.
To convince the audience to buy our product, we make a promotion through internet,
newspaper, brochure and magazine.
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REFERENCES
Source from the Internet:
Definition and explanation about the gray water
Architerra Enterprises, 1998 2013, Gray Water Recycling, from
https://www.thenaturalhome.com/greywater.html
Technical and maintenance of the rainwater system
Commonwealth of Australia, 2010, Rainwater, from
http://www.yourhome.gov.au/technical/fs73.html
BASIX Certificate Centre, Revised: 16-Feb-2013, Rainwater Tank, from
http://www.basixcertificatecentre.com.au/Rainwater-tank.htm
Rain Harvesting System
RainHarvest Systems LLC, 201, Harvest Water for Life, from
http://www.rainharvest.com/rain-harvesting-pty-first-flush-diverter-for-in-ground-
systems.asp
Unknown, Jan 18, 2007,First Flush System Rainwater Harvesting, from
http://www.reuk.co.uk/First-Flush-System-Rainwater-Harvesting.htm
http://www.reuk.co.uk/Greywater-Diverter-Valve.htm
Garden Watering Equipment
Fred Walden, 2012, Garden Watering Equipment, from
http://www.fredshed.co.uk/watering.htm
Renewable energy UK website; sand filters
Unknown, May 26, 2007,Sand Filter for Greywater, from
http://www.reuk.co.uk/Sand-
Filters-for-Greywater.htm
https://www.thenaturalhome.com/greywater.htmlhttps://www.thenaturalhome.com/greywater.htmlhttp://www.yourhome.gov.au/technical/fs73.htmlhttp://www.yourhome.gov.au/technical/fs73.htmlhttp://www.basixcertificatecentre.com.au/Rainwater-tank.htmhttp://www.basixcertificatecentre.com.au/Rainwater-tank.htmhttp://www.rainharvest.com/rain-harvesting-pty-first-flush-diverter-for-in-ground-systems.asphttp://www.rainharvest.com/rain-harvesting-pty-first-flush-diverter-for-in-ground-systems.asphttp://www.rainharvest.com/rain-harvesting-pty-first-flush-diverter-for-in-ground-systems.asphttp://www.reuk.co.uk/First-Flush-System-Rainwater-Harvesting.htmhttp://www.reuk.co.uk/First-Flush-System-Rainwater-Harvesting.htmhttp://www.reuk.co.uk/Greywater-Diverter-Valve.htmhttp://www.reuk.co.uk/Greywater-Diverter-Valve.htmhttp://www.fredshed.co.uk/watering.htmhttp://www.fredshed.co.uk/watering.htmhttp://www.reuk.co.uk/Sand-Filters-for-Greywater.htmhttp://www.reuk.co.uk/Sand-Filters-for-Greywater.htmhttp://www.reuk.co.uk/Sand-Filters-for-Greywater.htmhttp://www.reuk.co.uk/Sand-Filters-for-Greywater.htmhttp://www.reuk.co.uk/Sand-Filters-for-Greywater.htmhttp://www.reuk.co.uk/Sand-Filters-for-Greywater.htmhttp://www.fredshed.co.uk/watering.htmhttp://www.reuk.co.uk/Greywater-Diverter-Valve.htmhttp://www.reuk.co.uk/First-Flush-System-Rainwater-Harvesting.htmhttp://www.rainharvest.com/rain-harvesting-pty-first-flush-diverter-for-in-ground-systems.asphttp://www.rainharvest.com/rain-harvesting-pty-first-flush-diverter-for-in-ground-systems.asphttp://www.basixcertificatecentre.com.au/Rainwater-tank.htmhttp://www.yourhome.gov.au/technical/fs73.htmlhttps://www.thenaturalhome.com/greywater.html -
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Source from books and magazines
Format of the proposal
few previous year project proposal
ESP Handbook GMI
ARCHAEOLOGY magazine water crisis
Brian Fagan, Volume 64 Number 2, March/April 2011, Water Crisis
National Geographic magazine water shortage in China
Houppert Anne Marie, April 2010, pages 22-23, Water Shortage in China.
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APPENDIX A
SURVEY FORM
RE-GRAY H2O
We are MRSM Group Semester 2 students who have been given a task to completing our
Problem Based Learning (PBL) for English for Specific Purpose 2. We hope that you will give
full cooperation on completing the survey about the way to conserve water. We do
appreciate you cooperation and thank you in advance.
Please ( ) your answer in the space provided.
Please tick one only
A. Demography
1. Gender :
Female Male
2. Age
17-25
26-40
41 and above
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3. Occupation
B. Knowledge
4. Did you practise gardening at your place?
Yes No
5. What is your average amount of water bills per monthly?
Below than RM20 More than RM20
6. What is the activity that consumes most of the water?
Gardening
Washing
Showering
Cooking
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7. What do you think using waste water for gardening?
Very poor Poor Average Good Very good
|_________|_________|__________|__________|
8. Suggest one way we can do to reduce usage of water?
___________________________________________________________
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APPENDIX B
We choose 70% female and 30% male respondent. We select female to be more than male
because female usually gardening.
50% from our respondent age range is 41 and above, 40% is 26 to 40 and 10% range 17 to
25. Our respondent mainly age is 41 and above because tendency to gardening is high at
that age.
30%
70%
Gender
Male Female
10%
40%
50%
Age
17-25 26-40 41 and above
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40% of our respondent occupation is housewife, 50% is workers, and 10% is student. The
number of student is less than workers and housewife because tendency to gardening is low.
65% of our respondent practice gardening because many of them have free time to
gardening and gardening is their hobby.
10%
50%
40%
Occupation
Student Workers Housewife
65%
35%
Do you practise gardening at
your place
Yes No
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75% from our respondent have a large water bill per month (More than RM20) and 25% of
them (below than RM20). This is because many of our respondent using high usage of
water.
50% of our respondents prefer washing consumes most of the water, 25% choose
gardening, 20% choose showering and 5% choose cooking. Gardening is higher than
showering and cooking because many of our respondents practice gardening.
25%
75%
The average amount of water
bills per monthly
Below than RM20 More than RM20
25%
50%
20%
5%
The activity that consumes most of
the water
Gardening Washing Showering Cooking
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65% of our respondent prefer very good for gardening using waste water, 25% choose
good,10% choose average and none choose poor and very poor. Many of them prefer very
good because using waste water for gardening conserves high amount of water.
65% of our respondent prefer reuse the water for ways to reduce usage of water,25% prefer
minimum used of water and 10% of them prefer others. Many of them prefer reuse the water
because easy for them to practice it.
0% 0% 10%
25%
65%
Gardening using waste water
Very poor Poor Average Good Very good
65%
25%
10%
Ways to reduce usage of water
Reuse Minimum used of water Others
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APPENDIX C
INTERVIEW
RESPONDENT: PN JALIAH BT AINIDATE: 25TH NOVEMBER 2012
PLACE: CONDOMINIUM TAMAN INDAH, KAJANG
After explaining the background of our product, we asked a few questions to a senior of
diploma GMI student regarding his opinion on the product and a few things related.
QUESTION 1 : Do you use many water per day?
PN JALIAH : Of course, furthermore I am as a housewife needs water for home
duties such as dishing, washing and etc.
QUESTION 2 : Do you practice gardening at your house and how do you use water
for gardening?
PN JALIAH : Yes I am practicing gardening at my house. I use water from the pipe
outside the house and not use the recycle water.
QUESTION 3 : What do you think about our product? Is it marketable?
PN JALIAH : I think your product is marketable because nowadays have many
water crisis in Malaysia like Selangor. Your product is very useful for
planting and of course will reduce the water bill.
QUESTION 4 : Do you ever wonder about production of this product in Malaysia?
PN JALIAH : No, because many houses in Malaysia cannot afford this type of
system and many of them does not even bother about recycling the
water.
QUESTION 5 : How many money do you willing to spend on this product and cost for
the instalment?
PN JALIAH : I wish I could spend less than RM 150 but if the product can use
other than gardening I willing to spent more on it.
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APPENDIX D
EXPERIMENT
Aim:
To observe the difference between filtered water and non filtered waterthrough universal indicator.
Materials & Apparatus:
Gray water, universal indicator, bottled shaped trap, sink, filter cartridge,
Economy multi-media filtration, connector, pipe, Tupperware, bucket.
Procedures:
First we took the gray water from the sink. Before we pour the water into the
bottle shaped trap, we took the ph value using the universal indicator (see
table).
Pour the water to the bottle shaped trap (makes sure the water have enough
volume so the water can get through the filter cartridge). Take the water that
has been filtered that flow though the last pipe. Take the Ph value of the water
(see result).
Non filtered water Ph Value of the non filtered water
(PH value is 8)
Figure 2.5: The picture of non filtered water and its ph value is 8.
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Result:
Filtered water Ph value of the filtered water
(PH value is 7)
Figure 2.6: The picture of filtered water and its ph value is 7.
Discussion:
From the above result, we have see the difference between filtered water and
the non filtered water. We can see a clear difference in the colour of the water.
Non filtered water have a cloudy colour and the filtered water have a
transparent colour. Secondly, we can look at the ph value of the water. Non
filtered water have a bigger Ph value which is 8 that means the water is an
alkaline water. Filtered water have a Ph value of 7 which means that the water
is neutral.
Conclusion:
From this experiment, it can be concluded that non filtered water is more
alkaline and not suitable for gardening. Filtered water has a neutral Ph value
because our filter filtered almost 1 micron in size of impurities. Filtered water is
more suitable for gardening because plant need a neutral soil to growth
because the pH value that suitable for plant is 5.5 to 7.
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APPENDIX E
GANTT CHART
DRAFTING CHAPTER 1
DRAFTING CHAPTER 3
DRAFTING CHAPTER 5&6
DRAFTING END MATTER
BUY MATERIALS
EDITING PROPOSAL
PRESENTATION DAY
GANT CHART
START DATE
DURATION DAY
END DATE
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APPENDIX F
PURCHASE RECEIPT
No Material Quantity Unit Price Amount
1 Water Filter 1 RM 35.00 RM 35.00
2 White tape 2 RM 0.50 RM1.00
3 Carbon Filter 1 RM 10.00 RM10.00
4 PVC glue 1 RM 4.00 RM4.00
5 Bottle shape Filter 1 RM 17.90 RM 17.90
TOTAL RM67.90
less -RM4.90TOTAL after less RM 63.00
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APPENDIX G
Water pollution and environmental degradation
Up to 90 % of wastewater in developing countries flowsuntreated into rivers, lakes and highly productive
coastal zones, threatening health, food security and
access to safe drinking and bathing water.
Source: WWDR, 2012
many industries some of them known to be heavily
polluting (such as leather and chemicals) are moving
from high-income countries to emerging marketeconomies. Despite improvements in some regions, water pollution is on the rise
globally.
Source: WWAP
every day, 2 million tons of human waste are disposed
of in water courses.
Source: World Water Assessment Programme
(WWAP)
in developing countries, 70 percent of industrial waste is
dumped untreated into waters where they pollute the
usable water supply.
Source: WWAP
half of the world's wetlands have been lost since 1900.
Source: WWAP
Contribution of the food sector to the production of organic water pollutants:
- High-income countries: 40 percent
- Low-income countries: 54 percent
Projected increases in fertilizer use for food production and in wastewater effluents over the
next three decades suggest there will be a 10-20 percent global increase in river nitrogen
flows to coastal ecosystems.
Source: Global Environment Outlook: environment for development (GEO-4)
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Water Use
Water use has been growing at more than twice the rate
of population increase in the last century.
Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations (FAO) and UN-Water
How the world uses freshwater:
about 70 percent for irrigation
about 20 percent for industry
about 10 percent for domestic use
Source: World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP)
70% of the blue water withdrawals at global level go to irrigation. Irrigated agriculture
represents 20% of the total cultivated land but contributes 40% of the total food produced
worldwide.
Source: FAO, 2012
The worlds population is growing by about 80 million
people a year, implying increased freshwater demand
of about 64 billion cubic metres a year. Competition for
water exists at all levels and is forecast to increase with
demands for water in almost all countries.
Source: WWDR, 2012
Part of the current pressure on water resources comes from
increasing demands for animal feed. Meat production requires
8-10 times more water than cereal production.Source: WWDR, 2012
Water withdrawals are predicted to increase by 50 percent by
2025 in developing countries, and 18 per cent in developed
countries.
Source: Global Environment Outlook: environment for
development (GEO-4)
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Over 1.4 billion people currently live in river basins where the use of water exceeds minimum
recharge levels, leading to the desiccation of rivers and depletion of groundwater.
Source: Human Development Report 2006
In 60 percent of European cities with more than 100,000 people, groundwater is being used
at a faster rate than it can be replenished.
Source: World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD)
Global Climate and Change
There is evidence that the global climate is changing. A
global temperature increase of 3-4C could cause changed
run-off patterns and glacial melt will force an additional 1.8
billion people to live in a water scarce environment by2080.
Source: UNDP: Human Development Report,
2007/2008
Climate change is predicted to have a whole range of
impacts on water resources. Variation in temperature and rainfall may affect water availability,
increase the frequency and severity of floods and droughts, and disrupt ecosystems that maintain
water quality.
Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
By 2050, rising populations in flood-prone lands, climate change,
deforestation, loss of wetlands and rising sea levels are expected to
increase the number of people vulnerable to flood disaster to 2 billion.
Source: WWDR, 2012
The cost of adapting to the impacts of a 2C rise in global average
temperature could range from US$70 to $100 billion per year between
2020 and 2050, according to the World Bank.
Source: WWDR, 2012
Water is a primary medium through which changes in human activity and the climate impact with the
earths surface, its ecosystems, and its people. It is through water and its quality that people will feel
the impact of change most strongly.
Source: WWDR, 2012
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Collecting water is expected to become increasingly burdensome
with global warming. More regions will experience water
shortages, as rainfall becomes erratic, glaciers melt and seas
rise. People living within 60 miles of a shoreline a full third of
the world's population will be hit especially hard, as they are
most susceptible to increased salinity of coastal potable water
sources. As it takes more time to gather water and fuel, the
available time for education or other economic and political
activities decreases. Already, the majority of children worldwide
who do not attend school are girls.
Source: UN Women
Climate variability, water resource management and economic development are intricately linked.
Vulnerability to natural disasters affecting the water supply hampers economic performance and
undermines poverty reduction goals and achievement of the MDGs.
Source: WWAP