Final Concepts for Chapter 11 Mendelian Genetics Allele Allele Dominant Dominant Recessive Recessive...

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Final Concepts for Final Concepts for Chapter 11 Chapter 11 Mendelian Genetics Mendelian Genetics Allele Allele Dominant Dominant Recessive Recessive P-generation P-generation F1 generation F1 generation F2 generation F2 generation Law of Law of independent independent assortment assortment Law of Law of segregation segregation Chromosomes Chromosomes Pure breed Pure breed Trait Trait • Codominance • Complete dominance • Dihybrid cross • Genotype • Genotypic ratio • Heterozygous • Homozygous • Incomplete dominance • Monohybrid cross • Phenotype • Phenotypic ratio • Probability • Punnett square • Testcross •Expected/ predicted results •Actual/observed results •Karyotype •Amniocentesis •Linked genes •Sex-linked disorders •Autosomal disorders

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Transcript of Final Concepts for Chapter 11 Mendelian Genetics Allele Allele Dominant Dominant Recessive Recessive...

Page 1: Final Concepts for Chapter 11 Mendelian Genetics Allele Allele Dominant Dominant Recessive Recessive P-generation P-generation F1 generation F1 generation.

Final Concepts for Chapter 11Final Concepts for Chapter 11

Mendelian GeneticsMendelian GeneticsAlleleAlleleDominantDominantRecessiveRecessiveP-generationP-generationF1 generationF1 generationF2 generationF2 generationLaw of Law of independent independent assortmentassortmentLaw of Law of segregationsegregationChromosomesChromosomesPure breedPure breedTraitTrait

•Codominance•Complete dominance•Dihybrid cross•Genotype•Genotypic ratio•Heterozygous•Homozygous•Incomplete dominance•Monohybrid cross•Phenotype•Phenotypic ratio•Probability•Punnett square•Testcross

•Expected/predicted results

•Actual/observed results

•Karyotype

•Amniocentesis

•Linked genes

•Sex-linked disorders

•Autosomal disorders

Page 2: Final Concepts for Chapter 11 Mendelian Genetics Allele Allele Dominant Dominant Recessive Recessive P-generation P-generation F1 generation F1 generation.

Independent Assortment vs. Independent Assortment vs. Linked GenesLinked Genes

Mendel did not know about Mendel did not know about chromosomes when he proposed the chromosomes when he proposed the Law of Independent Assortment.Law of Independent Assortment.

The pea traits he studied happened The pea traits he studied happened to be located on different to be located on different chromosomes – so they did assort chromosomes – so they did assort independently.independently.

Page 3: Final Concepts for Chapter 11 Mendelian Genetics Allele Allele Dominant Dominant Recessive Recessive P-generation P-generation F1 generation F1 generation.

Independent Assortment vs. Independent Assortment vs. Linked GenesLinked Genes

Question: How many traits do you Question: How many traits do you have?have?

Question: How many chromosomes Question: How many chromosomes (per cell) do you have?(per cell) do you have?

Question: Is it possible to have only Question: Is it possible to have only one trait per chromosome? one trait per chromosome? – No, lots of genes are carried or linked No, lots of genes are carried or linked

together on the same chromosome.together on the same chromosome.

Page 4: Final Concepts for Chapter 11 Mendelian Genetics Allele Allele Dominant Dominant Recessive Recessive P-generation P-generation F1 generation F1 generation.

Independent Assortment vs. Independent Assortment vs. Linked GenesLinked Genes

Do the punnett square for the Do the punnett square for the following cross – assume following cross – assume independent assortment.independent assortment.

Cross two heterozygous tall, Cross two heterozygous tall, heterozygous red flowered plantsheterozygous red flowered plants

T=tallT=tall R=red flowerR=red flower

t= shortt= short r = white flowerr = white flower

Page 5: Final Concepts for Chapter 11 Mendelian Genetics Allele Allele Dominant Dominant Recessive Recessive P-generation P-generation F1 generation F1 generation.

Independent Assortment vs. Independent Assortment vs. Linked GenesLinked Genes

TtRr x TtRrTtRr x TtRr

TTRRTTRR TTRrTTRr TtRRTtRR TtRrTtRr

TTRrTTRr TTrrTTrr TtRrTtRr TtrrTtrr

TtRRTtRR TtRrTtRr ttRRttRR ttRrttRr

TtRrTtRr TtrrTtrr ttRrttRr ttrrttrr

TR

TR

tr

tR

Tr

Tr tR tr

What is the phenotypic ratio?

Page 6: Final Concepts for Chapter 11 Mendelian Genetics Allele Allele Dominant Dominant Recessive Recessive P-generation P-generation F1 generation F1 generation.

Independent Assortment vs. Independent Assortment vs. Linked GenesLinked Genes

9:3:3:1 ratio9:3:3:1 ratio

9 = tall and red9 = tall and red

3 = tall and white3 = tall and white

3 = short and red3 = short and red

1 = short and 1 = short and whitewhite

PROBABILITY:

From this cross, 48 offspring were produced.

1. How many offspring would you expect to be tall and red?

2. How many would expect to be tall and white?

3. How many would you expect to be short and white?

Page 7: Final Concepts for Chapter 11 Mendelian Genetics Allele Allele Dominant Dominant Recessive Recessive P-generation P-generation F1 generation F1 generation.

Independent Assortment vs. Independent Assortment vs. Linked GenesLinked Genes

Now, do the following cross BUT the Now, do the following cross BUT the genes for tallness and red flowers are genes for tallness and red flowers are linked.linked.

Cross two heterozygous tall, heterozygous red flowered plants

T=tall R=red flowert= short r = white flower

Page 8: Final Concepts for Chapter 11 Mendelian Genetics Allele Allele Dominant Dominant Recessive Recessive P-generation P-generation F1 generation F1 generation.

Independent Assortment vs. Independent Assortment vs. Linked GenesLinked Genes

HintHint

TT tt

RR rr

TtRr X TtRr

Is it possible to produce a Tr gamete?

Page 9: Final Concepts for Chapter 11 Mendelian Genetics Allele Allele Dominant Dominant Recessive Recessive P-generation P-generation F1 generation F1 generation.

Independent Assortment vs. Independent Assortment vs. Linked GenesLinked Genes

TTRRTTRR TtRrTtRr

TtRrTtRr ttrrttrr

TtRr X TtRr

TR

tr

TR

tr

What is the phenotypic ratio?

3:1

3 = Tall and Red

1 = Short and white

Page 10: Final Concepts for Chapter 11 Mendelian Genetics Allele Allele Dominant Dominant Recessive Recessive P-generation P-generation F1 generation F1 generation.

Independent Assortment vs. Independent Assortment vs. Linked GenesLinked Genes

So… out of the 48 offspring, if the So… out of the 48 offspring, if the genes are linked, how many would be genes are linked, how many would be – 1. tall and red?1. tall and red?– 2. tall and white?2. tall and white?– 3. short and red?3. short and red?– 4. short and white?4. short and white?Answer:Answer:tall and red = 36tall and red = 36 tall/white = 0tall/white = 0short and white = 12short and white = 12 short/red = 0short/red = 0

EXPECTED RESULTS!

Page 11: Final Concepts for Chapter 11 Mendelian Genetics Allele Allele Dominant Dominant Recessive Recessive P-generation P-generation F1 generation F1 generation.

Independent Assortment vs. Independent Assortment vs. Linked GenesLinked Genes

Is it possible for our Is it possible for our Actual ResultsActual Results to to show any flowers that are tall/white show any flowers that are tall/white or short/red?or short/red?

Yes – how?Yes – how?

Crossing overCrossing over

Page 12: Final Concepts for Chapter 11 Mendelian Genetics Allele Allele Dominant Dominant Recessive Recessive P-generation P-generation F1 generation F1 generation.

Crossing over occurs in Crossing over occurs in meiosismeiosis

Pieces of the chromosomes actual Pieces of the chromosomes actual switch places.switch places.

Page 13: Final Concepts for Chapter 11 Mendelian Genetics Allele Allele Dominant Dominant Recessive Recessive P-generation P-generation F1 generation F1 generation.

Complete vs Incomplete Complete vs Incomplete DominanceDominance

Page 14: Final Concepts for Chapter 11 Mendelian Genetics Allele Allele Dominant Dominant Recessive Recessive P-generation P-generation F1 generation F1 generation.

Codominance – the alleles are Codominance – the alleles are equally dominantequally dominant

Roan CowRoan Cow Human Blood TypeHuman Blood Type

Page 15: Final Concepts for Chapter 11 Mendelian Genetics Allele Allele Dominant Dominant Recessive Recessive P-generation P-generation F1 generation F1 generation.

Sex-linked TraitsSex-linked Traits Traits carried on the X chromosomeTraits carried on the X chromosome

Fill in the genotypes on the pedigree.

Page 16: Final Concepts for Chapter 11 Mendelian Genetics Allele Allele Dominant Dominant Recessive Recessive P-generation P-generation F1 generation F1 generation.

Autosomal disordersAutosomal disorders

Disorders carried on non-sex Disorders carried on non-sex chromosomes (first 22 pairs)chromosomes (first 22 pairs)

Some are autosomal dominantSome are autosomal dominant– Huntington’s diseaseHuntington’s disease

Most are autosomal recessiveMost are autosomal recessive– Sickle-cell anemiaSickle-cell anemia– Cystic fibrosisCystic fibrosis

Page 17: Final Concepts for Chapter 11 Mendelian Genetics Allele Allele Dominant Dominant Recessive Recessive P-generation P-generation F1 generation F1 generation.

Question: How do you know if the Question: How do you know if the pure bred dog you just paid big pure bred dog you just paid big bucks for is actually pure?bucks for is actually pure?

GG? Gg?

Page 18: Final Concepts for Chapter 11 Mendelian Genetics Allele Allele Dominant Dominant Recessive Recessive P-generation P-generation F1 generation F1 generation.

Test CrossTest Cross

Cross using a homozygous recessive Cross using a homozygous recessive individual with a dominant individual individual with a dominant individual to determine if the dominant to determine if the dominant individual is heterozygous or individual is heterozygous or homozygous dominant (pure)homozygous dominant (pure)

Why use a homozygous recessive Why use a homozygous recessive individual?individual?

Page 19: Final Concepts for Chapter 11 Mendelian Genetics Allele Allele Dominant Dominant Recessive Recessive P-generation P-generation F1 generation F1 generation.

Test CrossTest Cross

Do the punnett squares for each case:Do the punnett squares for each case:

GG x ggGG x gg Gg x ggGg x gg

Page 20: Final Concepts for Chapter 11 Mendelian Genetics Allele Allele Dominant Dominant Recessive Recessive P-generation P-generation F1 generation F1 generation.

Test CrossTest Cross

All offspring produced should show All offspring produced should show the dominant characteristics if the the dominant characteristics if the dominant parent is pure (GG) for the dominant parent is pure (GG) for the trait.trait.


Hardy-Weinberg AP Biology SSS Questions. The basics/reminders p = the frequency of the dominant allele q = the frequency of the recessive allele p + q.

Hardy-Weinberg AP Biology SSS Questions. The basics/reminders p = the frequency of the dominant allele q = the frequency of the recessive allele p + q.

Genetic Diseases Autosomal Recessive Diseases – PKU (phenylketonuria) caused by a recessive allele found on Chromosome 12 Causes accumulation of phenylalanine.

Genetic Diseases Autosomal Recessive Diseases – PKU (phenylketonuria) caused by a recessive allele found on Chromosome 12 Causes accumulation of phenylalanine.

GENETICS VOCABULARY QUIZ 2 · GENETICS VOCABULARY QUIZ 2 Allele Dominant Allele Recessive Allele Phenotype Genotype Heterozygous/Hybrid Homozygous/Purbred 1. 2 Allele Allele- one

GENETICS VOCABULARY QUIZ 2 · GENETICS VOCABULARY QUIZ 2 Allele Dominant Allele Recessive Allele Phenotype Genotype Heterozygous/Hybrid Homozygous/Purbred 1. 2 Allele Allele- one

Mendel explained how a dominant allele can mask the ... · Mendel explained how a dominant allele can mask the presence of a recessive allele. Section 2: Mendelian Genetics K What

Mendel explained how a dominant allele can mask the ... · Mendel explained how a dominant allele can mask the presence of a recessive allele. Section 2: Mendelian Genetics K What

More Punnett squares. Complete Dominance Involves dominant and recessive alleles dominant allele always overpowers the recessive allele in appearance.

More Punnett squares. Complete Dominance Involves dominant and recessive alleles dominant allele always overpowers the recessive allele in appearance.

Harry Potter and the Recessive Allele

Harry Potter and the Recessive Allele

Chapter 12: Patterns of Heredity and Human Genetics · tance of recessive and domi-nant traits in humans. ... Human Traits Trait Dominant Allele Recessive Allele Number of fingers

Chapter 12: Patterns of Heredity and Human Genetics · tance of recessive and domi-nant traits in humans. ... Human Traits Trait Dominant Allele Recessive Allele Number of fingers

MORE ON GENETICS. MORE AFTER MENDEL Mendel only studied traits that had one dominant allele and one recessive allele. There is more to inheriting traits.

MORE ON GENETICS. MORE AFTER MENDEL Mendel only studied traits that had one dominant allele and one recessive allele. There is more to inheriting traits.

Chapter 4: Modification of Mendelian Ratios Allele *Wild-type allele *Mutant allele Conventional symbols for alleles: recessive allele- initial letter.

Chapter 4: Modification of Mendelian Ratios Allele *Wild-type allele *Mutant allele Conventional symbols for alleles: recessive allele- initial letter.

2. The inability of the dominant allele to make up for the presence of the recessive allele is associated with _____. A. codominance B. epistasis C. incomplete.

2. The inability of the dominant allele to make up for the presence of the recessive allele is associated with _____. A. codominance B. epistasis C. incomplete.

NOTES: 14.1 -14.2 HUMAN HEREDITY...Autosomal Recessive Traits & Pedigrees: • May skip a generation ... What about autosomal dominant human traits? • A single dominant allele inherited

NOTES: 14.1 -14.2 HUMAN HEREDITY...Autosomal Recessive Traits & Pedigrees: • May skip a generation ... What about autosomal dominant human traits? • A single dominant allele inherited

4.3 T HEORETICAL G ENETICS. A SSESSMENT S TATEMENTS Define genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, recessive allele, codominant allele, locus, homozygous,

4.3 T HEORETICAL G ENETICS. A SSESSMENT S TATEMENTS Define genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, recessive allele, codominant allele, locus, homozygous,

Vocabulary C12L03C12. dominant & recessive Allele - alternative form that a single gene may have for a particular trait (dominant & recessive) e.g. flower.

Vocabulary C12L03C12. dominant & recessive Allele - alternative form that a single gene may have for a particular trait (dominant & recessive) e.g. flower.

Incomplete Dominance Codominance In a nutshell!. Review: Dominant/Recessive One allele is dominant over the other (capable of masking the recessive allele)

Incomplete Dominance Codominance In a nutshell!. Review: Dominant/Recessive One allele is dominant over the other (capable of masking the recessive allele)

GENETIC INHERITANCE - s5ee8b77f7f9dee0d.jimcontent.com€¦ · Genetic Inheritance Heterozygous Dominant allele Recessive allele • An allele which express its phenotype even in

GENETIC INHERITANCE - s5ee8b77f7f9dee0d.jimcontent.com€¦ · Genetic Inheritance Heterozygous Dominant allele Recessive allele • An allele which express its phenotype even in

Final Concepts for Chapter 9 Mendelian Genetics Allele Dominant Recessive P-generation F1 generation F2 generation Law of independent assortment Law of.

Final Concepts for Chapter 9 Mendelian Genetics Allele Dominant Recessive P-generation F1 generation F2 generation Law of independent assortment Law of.

Harry Potter and the Recessive Allele How Are Wizards Made ?

Harry Potter and the Recessive Allele How Are Wizards Made ?

Genetics and Heredity Mr. Gagnon. Key Terms: Traits Heredity Genetics Purebred Genes Alleles Recessive Allele Dominant Allele Hybrids.

Genetics and Heredity Mr. Gagnon. Key Terms: Traits Heredity Genetics Purebred Genes Alleles Recessive Allele Dominant Allele Hybrids.

Biology Section A----- Biology 1. In humans, red hair is determined by the recessive allele (h) and non-red hair by the dominant allele(H).

Biology Section A----- Biology 1. In humans, red hair is determined by the recessive allele (h) and non-red hair by the dominant allele(H).

There is no dominant allele, There is no recessive allele. Both alleles “blend” to result in a third phenotype.

There is no dominant allele, There is no recessive allele. Both alleles “blend” to result in a third phenotype.