Final Combination

8/6/2019 Final Combination

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Introduction

Tun Dr. Mahathir was born on 20 December 1926 in Alor Setar, the capital of the

State of Kedah. Mahathir did his early education at Malay vernacular school in his home

town for two years and continuing his secondary education at the Government English

School in Alor Setar which is now known as Sultan Abdul Hamid College. During World

War II, he went into a small business, he was selling coffee, banana fritters and other

snacks. After the war in 1947, he succeeded in gaining scholarship where he could further

his study at King Edward VII College of medicine in Singapore. In college he met his

future wife, Siti Hasmah Mohamad Ali, a fellow medical student.

In the year of 1953, Dr Mahathir was awarded the first degree in medicine

(M.B.B.S) from University of Malaya. Upon graduation, he worked as a doctor in

government service before marrying Siti Hasmah in 1956 and returned to Alor Setar to

set up his own practice. In 1957, after he completed his contract with the government, he

with the help of his wife opened their own clinic named MAHA in Alor Setar. His clinic

was the first Malay clinic in Kedah.

Dr. Mahathir has been active in politics since 1945, the end of the war, but his

appearance was not that obvious during year around 1950 because he was still furthering

his study in University. However, he would also write essay regarding the social-political

issue in Malaysia in The Straits Time newspaper. He had joined protests against the

granting of citizenship to non-Malays under the short-lived Malayan Union for the first

time. He has been the member of UNITED MALAYS NATIONAL ORGANISATION

(UMNO) since 1946. In 1957, he left his job as a doctor and this had allowed him to be
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actively involved in politic. He was giving a chance to join the state election in1959, but

he rejected the offer. In 1964, he was elected as the federal parliamentarian for the Alor

Setar-based seat of Kota Setar Selatan. However, he lost his seat in the General Elections

in 1969, defeated by Yusof Rawa of the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS).

Dr. Mahathir was chosen as the Chairman of the first Higher Education Council in

1968 due to his interest in education field. He was also Member of the Higher Education

Advisory Council in 1972, Member of the University Court and University of Malaya

Council, and Chairman of the National University Council in 1974. After Tun Abdul

Razak became prime minister in 1970, Mahathir rejoined UMNO and was re-elected to

its Supreme Council in 1972. He was appointed as a senator in 1974. He relinquished

this post in order to contest the 1974 General Elections where he was returned

unopposed. He then left his post in order to take part in the general election in 1974.

Following the elections, Dr. Mahathir was appointed as Minister of Education. The first

step he did is to change the policy of education in Malaysia so that poverty among

Malaysia citizen could be solved and helped those people who need help. He had

introduced greater government control over Malaysia's universities, despite strong

opposition from the academic community. He also moved to limit politics on university

campuses, giving his ministry the power to discipline students and academics who were

politically active, and making scholarships for students conditional on the avoidance of

politics.

Mahathir participated in election for one of the three vice-presidencies of UMNO

in 1975. It had considered as a succession of the partys leadership. All of Razaks

preffered candidates were elected. Hussein as Razaks successor was forced to choose
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between Ghazali Shafie, Mahathir and Ghafar to be Deputy Prime Minister. Tunku Abdul

Rahman would be displeased if Hussien choose Mahathir to be Deputy Prime Minister

and furthermore they are not allies. Six weeks later, Mahathir was appointed as Hussein's

deputy. It means that Mahathir would be chosen as Deputy Prime Minister.

Dr. Mahathir was made Deputy Prime Minister in addition to his Education

portfolio in 1976 and follow by a cabinet reshuffle in January 1978. He relinquished the

Education portfolio for that of Trade and Industry. He was elected the partys Deputy

President in 1978 and in 1981. In June 1981, soon after Datuk Hussein had announced his

retirement, Mahathir was elected president of the UMNO, which ensured his succession

as the Fourth Prime Minister of Malaysia on 16 July 1981. He was the first commoner to

hold that office. He was returned unopposed as President in 1984, 1987, 1990 and 1993

party elections after he defeated his challenger to retain the Presidency. Under his

leadership, the ruling party Barisan Nasional (National Front) won landslide victories in

the 1982, 1986, 1990, 1995 and 1999 General Elections.

Mahathir had been doing his part very well as Minister for education and then

Minister for Trade and Industry. He had spent much of his time in promoting Malaysia.

Hussein did not accept all of Mahathir proposal as he was a cautious Prime Minister.

During 1981, Hussien had relinquished his post due to sickness and Mahathir succeeded

him as the fourth Prime Minister of Malaysia .Mahathir was then sworn in as Prime

Minister on 16 July 1981, at the age of 56. Tun Dr. Mahathir stepped down as Prime

Minister on October 31st 2003 after taking the post of Prime Minister of Malaysia for 22

years.
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Foreign policy

Foreign policy is the manner and objectives that are important for establishing and

maintaining relationships with other countries and people of other lands. It composed of

goals sought, values set, decisions made and actions taken by states and national

governments acting on their behalf in the context of the external relations of national

societies. It constitutes an attempt to design, manage and control the foreign relations

national societies. The manner may be cordial, friendly, secretive, hostile, cooperative or

any other style that you would want to treat them. The objectives relate to open and

honest exchange of ideas and markets, to destabilizing them, undermining them or

controlling them. You could think of it in similar ways that you would want to establish

and maintain a relationship with another person.

Buy British Last Policy

The fourth Prime Minister of Malaysia,Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad had

announced The Buy British Last Policy in October 1981. The establishment of this

policy was an act of open discrimination against the purchase of British goods and

services. Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad expressed a general feeling that Britain did not take

serious about the complaints from Malaysia in the commercial and educational fields. It

was so happened when London Metal Exchange changed the rules and caused Malaysia

to increase the price of tin in the world market in June 1981. Besides, he felt upset when

the British government requested its universities to charge higher fees for overseas

students and Malaysians constituted the largest number, as well as the resistance of

additional flights into London for his countrys national airline.


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As Tun Dr. Mahathir was a man who possed Malay and Malaysian nationalism,

he would like to reduce the British enterprise in Malaysia, as well as Malay-Chinese joint

venture company by implementing the New Economic Policy(NEP). Other than that, the

business deal between Guthrie and Dunlop by selling the shares to Multi-Purpose

Holdings, an investment firm of the Chinese based MCA party without the knowledge of

the government directly against the plan of Mahathir to increase Malay equity under the

NEP. Those were the factors which had urged Mahathir to initiate Buy British Last

Policy.

The conflict between the two countries was brought to group discussion which

began in December 1982 with a view to create bilateral societies which might build to a

more modern relationship. The Buy British Last Policy was last until April 1983 when

Tun Dr. Mahathir withdrew his command to government departments which required all

contracts with British firms to be deliberated by his office to find out whether there was

any other better alternative pathway.

Aided with the BMSs strong support, which is by the British government, the

conflict between British Airways and Malaysian Airline System were resolved and extra

money was provided for overseas students. The difficulties for British investors and

businessmen in Malaysia were overcome. In 1985, first group of 42 Malaysian students

were chosen by the MBS and the BMS and sent to British boarding schools for A Level

courses and on to Oxford and Cambridge and other universities.


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LOOK EAST POLICY

In January 1982, which was six months after Tun Dr. Mahathir had become the

prime minister of Malaysia, he had established the well-known Look East Policy in order

to learn from the experiences of Japan (and South Korea as well) in the nation-building of

Malaysia. The purposes of this policy are to develop eastern labour ethics, morale and

management capability in Malaysia's economic and social sectors. He felt the programme

enabled young Malaysians to learn in Japan would contribute to the economic and social

development of Malaysia. The programme consists of two parts: The first is to send

Malaysian students to Japanese universities and institutes of technology. The second is to

send trainees to Japanese industries and training institutes. According to studies, there

were almost 3000 students had further their studies in Japan, especially in engineering,

medicine and dentistry under the universitys Centre for Foundation Studies in Science.

A Malaysian government-supported agency, Permodal Nasional Berhad (National

Investment Board) managed to take over a British-owned plantation group, Guthrie in

1981 had become one of the reasons that encouraged the establishment of the policy.

Based on Mahathirs view, the tightens of London Stock Exchange rules by the London

authorities after the shifting of ownership was a form of revenge towards Malaysias

control over Guthrie in which believed that this action would only create barriers for

Malaysian to take over Guthrie in future.

The development of co-operative projects was focused the most to ease the

transference of technology that would benefit both sides. The national car company


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Perusahaan Otomobil Nasional Sendirian Berhad (PROTON) was formed in 1983, the

Proton Saga project was the most famous project initiated upon during the Look East

Policy years. Raw materials like rubber, electronics and metalwork were provided by the

nations own market since the car industry is depended on those industries as well.

Besides that, Malaysia did build a partnership with Heavy Industries Corporation of

Malaysia (HICOM) and Japans Mitsubishi. By 1988, the percentage of Japanese staff

involved in the project was reduced to two-thirds due to workers were sent to Japan for

intensive training programs. The first Proton Saga car was introduced to Malaysian in

1985 and it was created the best selling hit in the country since it was the most popular

car in Malaysia after the first two years it is launched. The car dealer, Edaran Otomobil

Nation (EON) exported the cars and the Proton Saga actually won two British awards.

The phrase sogo shosa means a general merchant or trader. Japanese

corporations were labelled as the venture in international trade. As a result, Malaysias

ownsogo shosa, Sime Darby Pernas Trading Corporation was formed in 1983. Tun Dr.

Mahathir account that manufacturing industry in Malaysia can be extended and be

actively involved in the international market via this large corporation besides providing

a large enough domestic market. Thus the need for these type of corporations arose.

The active interest of simulation of the Japanese model were decreased not long

after the introduction of Look East Policy. It was due to the Japanese economy faced

stagnation for many years and suffered during the Asian financial crisis during the early

1990s. Apart from that, the great competition from Japanese, Taiwanese and South

Korean sogo shosa had caused the Malaysian sogo shosas did not perform well in the


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international market. Moreover, the Malaysian sogo shosa was constructed during

economy crisis took place and resulted in the Proton Saga project was criticized of

costing too much, which was around RM1.5 billion.

To some Malaysians, there were positive and negative comments for this policy.

On the positive side, the policy succeed to drive the rapid growth of economic during the

years before the Asian financial crisis. In contrast, other Malaysians thought that the

economic experienced bog down during the Asian financial crisis after the introduction

Look East policy.

ASEAN

ASEAN was formed after World War 2, the purpose of the formation was to

encourage and develop the peace and stability in the regions. During that time, Southeast

Asia was divided by ideological conflict and war. There was a possibility that the

differences could collapse into a full armed conflict. Another motivation for the

formation was to prevent the spread of communism to Southeast Asian countries.

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations or ASEAN was established on 8

August 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand. Firstly, ASEAN involved five countries; there were

Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. After that, the membership

had expanded to ten countries. Brunei joined ASEAN on 7 January 1984, Vietnam joined

on 28 July 1995, Laos and Myanmar joined on 23 July 1997 and lastly Cambodia joined

on 30 April 1999. A total of 10 countries were involved in the formation of ASEAN. The

purposes of forming ASEAN are to develop economic growth, social progress, cultural


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development, the most significant is the protection of peace and stability of the regions

and increases the relationship between countries and countries as well.

During Tun Dr. Mahathir era, he enjoyed uncomfortable position within ASEAN,

he created pressure within the organization with the "East Asian Economic Caucus"

which was put forward publicly without discussion. He attended a dinner with Chinas

Prime Minister, Li Peng in December 1990. Tun Mahathir argued that whether it was

necessary for Asian Pacific countries to form an union to protect their trade in Europe

and North American. An aggressive reaction was received by regional partners within

ASEAN as well as Japan. After the proposal had done by Tun Dr. Mahathir, some

response prompted him to recast his proposal in unpleasant conditions as a consultative

grouping dedicated to free trade. In addition, Malaysia required ASEANs approvement

for Tun Dr Mahathirs proposal and in the meeting of its economic ministers in October

1991 in the form of an East Asian Economic Caucus was endorsed in principle. During

that time, the leader of ASEAN had failed to do more, then he agreed to have the

proposal studied further in the meeting that held in Singapore in January 1992. After 1

year, the proposal was agreed when a face-saving formula of a kind was founded by

Malaysia, and they also thought that the East Asian Economic Caucus should become a

union within APEC (Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation) but without any indication.

He also made an action to strengthen ASEAN economically so it could produce a

strong bargaining unit to counter the west.The Prime Minister realized that the progress

had been achieved in the field of trade cooperation, industrial cooperation, energy, food,

agriculture, transport and communication as well as ASEAN. When Tun Dr. Mahathir

took over the fourth prime minister in 1981, Malaysia's foreign policy position began to


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take a much greater in economic orientation than ever before. Moreover, Tun Dr.

Mahathir represented Malaysia to hold a close relationship with ASEAN countries and he

gave support to Vietnam and Cambodia, such as he aided Vietnam and Cambodia to

overcome theirs crisis problem in their countries.

Consequently, Tun Dr. Mahathir did very well and he was responsible in ASEAN

during the foreign policy period. He also helped Malaysia to develop the economic

growth, social progression and cultural development. In addition, he set a further plans

known as WAWASAN 2020, he always emphasize that the plan must be achieved

before 2020 years for Malaysia to become a well development country.

ASEAN +3

ASEAN + 3 is an associated forum of cooperation among ASEAN countries with

another 3 countries from north East Asia, namely China, Japan and Korea. Dr. Mahathir

was the person who suggested the ASEAN + 3 ideas and it was successfully formed in

Malaysia in December 1997. The main objective of ASEAN + 3 is to enhancecooperation among East Asia countries especially in economic, finance, social

development and human resources, scientific and technical development, culture and

information, and infrastructure.

The Scope of ASEAN + 3 suggested by Dr Mahathir includes:

1) Formulating ways and initiative for ASEAN integration.


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This means to provide a framework for regional cooperation through which the more

developed ASEAN members could help those member countries that most need it. It

focuses on education, skills development and worker training.

2) Setting up training institutes.

These institutes set up in Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos and Myanmar will provide vocational

training and consultant/researchers in such areas as trade development/export promotion;

HRD; agriculture and food business; technical training and tourism for their nationals.

3) Provide IT Train-the-Trainerscourse

These courses will contribute towards improving the IT skills of the ASEAN countries to

better prepare them to meet the challenges of the New Economy worldwide.

4) Training attachment

ASEAN nationals who are teachers or lecturers at their national vocational institutes,

polytechnics and universities will be offered training attachments to Singapore

institutions to work with their Singapore counterparts in developing teaching curriculum

and methods in order to upgrade their standard.

5) Singapore Scholarships

The number of existing Singapore Scholarships given to ASEAN nationals will be

significantly increased. These full-time undergraduate scholarships are tenable at the

National University of Singapore (NUS) or at the Nanyang Technological University

(NTU).


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6) Youth Exchange Programmes

As part of the educational development programme for ASEAN integration efforts,

student and youth exchange programmes at both secondary school and youth levels will

be introduced from time to time. This will help to enhance better understanding among

nationals.

7) e-ASEAN framework Agreement

The E-ASEAN Framework Agreement is aimed at moving ASEAN into the New

Economy. The Agreement constitutes a broad framework to develop a free trade area for

goods, services and investments for the info-communications and telecommunications

industries within ASEAN

8) On-going ASEAN projects

The Leaders also stressed the importance of pushing ahead with existing initiatives such

as the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) and the ASEAN Investment Area (AIA). They

also endorsed the proposal of an ASEAN Trade Fair by Thai Prime Minister Chuan

Leekpai. They endorsed the broad thrust of the feasibility study of the Singapore-

Kunming Railway Link project and directed that the project should be moved forward.

They also agreed to convene a Special Session on HIV/AIDS at the next ASEAN Summit

in Brunei Darussalam in 2001.

9) Political Unity

The Leaders re-affirmed the fundamental importance of political unity within ASEAN

and acknowledged the importance of having all 10 ASEAN countries participating


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together in APEC and ASEM. They agreed that Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar should be

involved in APEC Working Groups, with a view to eventual membership.

i) China, Japanand

South Korea supported the ASEAN + 3 concept. They agreed

to work towards an Asian IT Belt to link up cities of IT excellence in Asia.

This will create an environment of opportunities that would engage our best

talents to develop Asia.

ii) China announced it will raise its contribution to the ASEAN-China Cooperation

Fund while Japan pledged to give priority to ASEAN countries in the

disbursement of its US$15billion Comprehensive Cooperation Package on

IT for Asia.South Korea, wishing to participate in the e-ASEAN Framework

Agreement, has offered training programmes in human resource development

and IT. This will help to narrow regional economic disparities and the digital

divide.

Non-aligned Movement (NAM)

Non-aligned Movement (NAM) was established on September of 1961 during the

Cold War. NAMs members consist of developing countries in Asia, Africa and South

America. As of 2011, the movement had 118 members and 28 observer countries.

The objective of this organization is to maintain world peace without support to

Western or communist blocs during the cold war. Malaysia had joined Non-aligned

Movement in 1970 after the exchange of Malaysia Foreign Policy from Pro-western

policy and anti-communist to Dasar berbaik-baik dengan semua Negara.


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The principle of NAM is:-

Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity andsovereignty

Mutual non-aggression

Mutual non-interference in domestic affairs

Equality and mutual benefit

Peaceful co-existence

Role of Malaysia in NAM

On the seventh summits which held in New Delhi at year 1987, Malaysia had

made several proposals to speak up for developing countries included Palestinian issue,

economic cooperation and the issue of the Antarctic Continent.

On the eighth summits which held in Harare (Zimbabwe), Malaysia suggested to

abolish Apartheid in South Africa. In the year 1989, Malaysia had been honored when

selected as the Vice President in summit that held in Belgrade, Yugoslavia.

In 2003, Dr. Mahathir had taken advantage of the Non-aligned Movement to

formulate a resolution rejecting the US-led attack on Iraq without sanction of the United

Nations

Organisation of Islamic Conference(OIC)
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Organisation of Islamic Conference was established on 25 September 1969 (12

Rajab 1389H). The Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC) has memberships of 57

countries spread over 4 continents and 3 countries as observers.

The objectives of the organization are : -

1. Fostering unity among member states;

2. Coordinate cooperation among member countries in the economic, social,

cultural, scientific and other fields that are important and organize consultations

among themselves in international organizations;

3. Trying to eliminate racial oppression and colonialism in any form;

4. Take the necessary steps to support efforts towards the direction of producing

peace and security based on justice;

5. Enhancing the Muslim struggle for preserving the dignity, independence and their

rights and

6. To create an environment that encourages the birth of cooperation and mutual

understanding among member states and other countries.

Malaysia plays an important role in OIC when Tunku Abdul Rahman was honored as

the first Secretary General of OIC. Malaysia had become the mediator to solve the war

between Iran and Iraq. Besides that, Malaysia gave support to Palestine for taking back

their homeland from Israel.

In year 1964 and 2003, Malaysia was the host for the Conference of OIC. Besides

that, Malaysia suggested to fight against terrorists among Islamic countries in 2002.


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Scholarships are offered to outstanding students from members of OIC to further their

studies in International Islamic University Malaysia.

As a member of OIC, Malaysia received benefits in the form of loan from the Islamic

Development Bank to carry out project for people. OIC also supported Malaysia to

establish International Islamic University Malaysia. Besides that, Malaysia had earned

respect from other countries because Malaysia was very serious in defending the rights

and welfare for the Islamic country.

During the period of Tun Dr. Mahathir, Malaysia was elected the 10 th chairman of

OIC and most of its activities took place in Malaysia capital, Putrajaya. Contribution of

Malaysia in OIC is in term of trade, economic assistance, and politics. OIC had became

the second priority in Malaysias foreign policy.

COMMONWEALTH

Commonwealth is made up of countries which had been colonized by British

before and they work together in Commonwealth to promote democracy, liberty, equality

and peace.

During the Commonwealth Heads of Government meeting (CHOGM) held in

Kuala Lumpur from 18th of October to 24th of October, the Malaysia Prime Minister, Tun

Dr. Mahathir Mohamed, was given a unique task in promoting democracy to all the

Commonwealth countries. This was because as the host of KL CHOGM, Malaysia was

appointed to head a high-level group to conduct an appraisal of the Commonwealths

present role and identify new aims and directions for it in the 1990s and beyond.


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With the wide-ranging brief given by the CHOGM, Dr. Mahathir had been virtually

made the Chairman of a Commonwealth body which was akin to a Commonwealth

Election Watch, to bring and assure democracy to the Commonwealth countries.

The two initiatives that Tun Dr.Mahathir had carried out:

I. To invite Commonwealth missions observer to Malaysia to observe the

conduction of a free, fair, clean and honest general elections.

II. Full government recognition and support to the six-man Election Watch to

monitor the conduct of the next general elections and to ensure that there

is a meaningful general elections, unlike what had happenned in

Myanmar.

ANTARCTICA ISSUE

In 1983, the Antarctica issue was first brought up by Tun Dr. Mahathir at the

United Nations. The concern was that Antarctica was being illegally monopolized by a

group of countries for its natural resources. Specifically, he questioned the Antarctica

Treaty as an agreement of a handful of nations which did not show the feelings and

opinions of other members in the United Nation.

On the other hand, the unofficial ownership of several countries over the area of

Antarctica might lead to threats of war. Tun Dr. Mahathirs message to the United Nation

was that Antarctica should be classified as the Common Heritage of Mankind and should

be preserved cum protected for the benefits of all. He suggested that a new international


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agreement should be signed in order to solve this conflict. His speech on this Antarctica

Issue had received great support from the smaller developing nations.

South- South Cooperation

South-South Cooperation is made up of South-South countries which are also

known as the third-world countries. These countries have many similarities as they are

still developing and depending on other developed countries.

The objectives of the South-South Cooperation are to create co-operation among

the countries of the South by sharing technical or economic knowledge and skills to

facilitate development without depending on the developed countries and to control the

export price of raw materials.

Tun Dr. Mahathir played an important role in the South-South Cooperation as it

was his idea to form the South Commission. He voiced out his suggestion at the NAM

Summit at Zimbabwe in 1987.

The Commission worked as an independent body and it consisted of distinguished

individuals who had different backgrounds and political persuasion from the South. The

term of functioning for the Commission was set for 3 years and it was financially


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supported by the developing countries. With the aid of the Government of Switzerland,

the South Commissions Secretariat was established in Geneva.

During the three years of operation, the Commission pressed on 2 issues which

were External Debt and the Uruguay Round Of Trade Negotiations by issuing out

separate statements.

CONCLUSION

Dr. Mahathir was the fourth prime minister in Malaysia and he had established

some foreign policies in order to develop the politics, economics, and socials sectors of

Malaysia to achieve VISION 2020. The policies that were introduced by him were: Buy

British Last Policy and Look East Policy. Meanwhile, he was involved in NAM, OIC,

Antarctica Issue, South-South Cooperation, ASEAN+3, Commonwealth, and ASEAN.

The establishment of The Buy British Last Policy was an act of open

discrimination against the purchase of British goods and services. It was very important

for the independence of Malaysia so that the government of Malaysia could be controlled

by Malaysian. In addition, Look East Policy was introduced in order to learn from the

experiences of Japan (and South Korea as well) in the nation-building of Malaysia. The

purposes of this policy are to develop eastern labour ethics, morale and management

capability in Malaysia's economic and social sectors.


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Dr. Mahathir was the president of NAM in 2003. During the period of Tun Dr.

Mahathir, Malaysia was elected as the 10 th chairman of OIC and most of its activities

took place in Malaysia capital, Putrajaya. Contribution of Malaysia in OIC is in term of

trade, economic assistance, and politics. OIC had become the second priority in

Malaysias foreign policy. The Antarctica issue was first brought up by Tun Mahathir at

the United Nations. He messaged to the United Nation was that Antarctica should be

classified as the Common Heritage of Mankind and should be preserved cum protected

for the benefits of all. He suggested that a new international agreement should be signed

in order to solve this conflict.

In ASEAN, Dr. Mahathir did very well and he had helped Malaysia to develop the

economic growth, social progression and cultural development. Besides that, he had set a

further plan known as WAWASAN 2020, the objective is to make Malaysia into an

industrialised country and become a well development country.

. Dr. Mahathir was the person who suggested the Asean + 3 idea and it was

successfully formed. The objective of ASEAN + 3 is to enhance cooperation among

South East Asia countries especially in economic, finance, social development and

human resources, scientific and technical development, culture and information as well as

infrastructure.

With the wide-ranging brief given by the CHOGM, Dr. Mahathir has been

virtually made the Chairman of a Commonwealth body which was akin to a

Commonwealth Election Watch, to bring and assure democracy to the people in the 49

Commonwealth countries.


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Final Combination

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