Final Civil Engineering Manual
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Transcript of Final Civil Engineering Manual
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DATE:
PRACTICAL: 1
INTRODUCTION TO CHAINING, RANGING AND
OFFSET TAKING
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DATE:
OBJECT: To measure horizontal distance between two points by chaining and to
take perpendicular offsets
INSTRUMENTS:Metric Chain, Tape, Ranging rods, Arrows, Cross Staff, Line ranger,
Optical Square.
PROCEDURE:
Two chain men are required in this process. The chain men are called as Leader
and follower. The chain man at the forward end of the chain is called leader and chain
man at the zero or rear end of the chain is called as follower.
Fix station A and B at some distance by fixing wooden peg to determine
horizontal distance between them.
Position of station A, and B is fixed by measuring their position from at least three
permanent objects and location sketch of station A and b are drawn.
The follower holds one handle of the chain in contact with peg at station A.
The leader takes the other handle of the chain, arrows and ranging rod &
walks in the forward direction dragging chain with him.
After the chain is stretched completely along the line the follower steps on one
side of the line with the ranging rod touching the handle.
The follower directs the leader to stand exactly in the line. The leader puts a
scratch at the position & inserts an arrow. He then moves forward with the chain handle
with the remaining arrows and ranging rod till the follower reaches the next arrow
point.
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DATE:
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DATE:
CHAINAGE DIAGRAM
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DATE:
STATION A
LOCATION SKETCH
STATION B
LOCATION SKETCH
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DATE:
During this procedure details which are along the side of the chain line are
located by lateral measurement with the help of offset and tape. The points
located are known as perpendicular offsets.
All the perpendicular offsets are measured till station B is reached.
All the measurements recorded in the field book.
CONCLUSION:
ASSIGNMENT:
Q1). Explain various sources and nature of errors in chain surveying.
GRADE:
SIGNATURE:
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DATE:
PRACTICAL: 2
COMPASS SURVEY
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DATE:
OBJECT: Study of Prismatic Compass & to determine
fore and back bearing of survey line AB, BC, CA
Included Angles.
INSTRUMENTS:Tripod, Prismatic Compass, Ranging rods, Measuring Tapes,
Wooden Pegs, Hammer.
THEORY:
Fore Bearing: The bearing of a line measured in the direction of progress of
survey is called fore bearing.
Back Bearing: The bearing of a line measured in the opposite direction of
progress of survey is called fore bearing.
PROCEDURE:
TEMPORARY ADJUSTMENTS OF A PRISMATIC COMPASS
The Prismatic Compass is set up at a point say station A.
The following temporary adjustments are needed to be carried out at each set
Up of Instrument
Centering: Centering is the process of keeping the instrument exactly over
the station. It is carried out by dropping a piece of stone so that it falls on the
top of the pegs fixed at station point.
Leveling: Prismatic compass is leveled by means of ball and socket
arrangement so that the graduated ring may swing freely.
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DATE:
Focusing the prism: The reflecting prism is adjusted to the eye sight of the
observer by rising or lowering then stud until the graduations are seen sharp
and clear.
CALCULATION OF FORE AND BACK BEARING
Suppose the bearing of line AB, BC, CA of a triangle is to be observed. Set
up the instrument at station A and carry out all the temporary adjustments.
Fix the ranging rod at B.
Turn the prismatic compass until the ranging rod at station B is bisected by
the horse hair when seen through the vertical slit above the prism.
When the needle comes to rest bisect ranging rod at B exactly and note the
reading. The reading observed is the Fore bearing of line AB i.e. Angle
measured with respect to north.
Now shift the prismatic compass at station B perform all temporary
adjustments and from station B bisect station A towards backward, the
reading observed in prismatic compass is the Back Bearing of line AB.
Now from the same setup of the instrument Bisect station C and note down
the reading of prismatic compass as fore bearing of line BC. Transfer the
instrument to station C to obtain back bearing of line BC. Similarly observe
Fore Bearing and back bearing of line CA.
Check the Difference of Fore bearing and back bearing of each line it should
be equal to 1800
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DATE:
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STATION LINE LENGTH F.B
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DATE:
B
N
FB
BB
A
C
OBSERVATIONTABLE
B.B DIFFERENCE ANGLE CORRECTION CORRECTED
ANGLE
CALCULATION:
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DATE:
TO FIND INCLUDED ANGLES
Included Angles of a triangle are calculated from observed FB and BB of
line AB,BC,CA
Included angle is determined by following formula
= Back Bearing of Previous Line- Fore Bearing of next
line i.e. for triangle ABC
A= BB of CA FB of AB
B=BB of AB FB of BC
C=BB of BC FB of CA
Check: Sum of all included angles Should be Equal to (2n-4) x 900
CONCLUSION:
ASSIGNMENT:
Q1).What is local attraction? How it is detected?
GRADE:
SIGNATURE:
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DATE:
PRACTICAL: 3
LEVELLING
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DATE:
OBJECT: To find reduced level of various points by using Dumpy level.
INSTRUMENT: Dumpy level, Tripod, leveling staff, pegs,
HammerPROCEDURE:
Simple leveling: - It is the simplest method of leveling used, when it is required
to find the difference in elevation between 2 points.
TEMPORARY ADJUSTMENT OF DUMPY LEVEL:
The Dumpy Level is fixed on the tripod at station say O.
Setting up the level
The tripod legs are adjusted at a convenient height. Any two legs of
the tripod are fixed on the ground by pressing the tripod into the
ground. The movement of the third leg is made in such a way that the
bubble remains in the center.
Leveling
The actual leveling is then done by moving foot screw on the leveling
head. Instrument s telescope is kept Parallel to two foot screws and
both the foot screws are either moved inward or outward till the
longitudinal bubbles is in the centre of its run.
The telescope is then turned through 900
so that the telescope is now
parallel to third foot screw. Now move third screw inward or outward
till bubble is in center. Then the telescope is brought in its original
position.
The procedure is carried out till the bubble remains in the center in
both the position.
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DATE:
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STATION B.S I.S
B.S. - F.S= LAST R.L. FIRST R.L=
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DATE:
OBSERVATION TABLE
F.S H.I R.L. REMARK
CHECK: - B.S. - F.S. = RISE- FALL= LAST R.L. FIRST R.L.
CALCULATION:
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DATE:
Removal of parallax
Focusing the eye piece
To focus so that the cross hairs for distinct vision hold a sheet of
white paper in front of objective glass, and move the eye piece till the
image of cross hair are seen distinct and sharp.
Focusing of objective glass
The telescope is then directed towards the staff held vertically at
bench mark (B.M.) say station A and by turning the focusing screw.
Parallax is removed by moving focusing screw till the image of staff
is seen distinct and clear.
HEIGHT OF INSTRUMENT METHOD
In this method the height of instrument is calculated for each setting
by adding Back sight to the elevation of bench mark i.e. = Reduced
Level (R.L.) of B.M. + B.S.
The R.L. of Intermediate points is calculated by subtracting the HI- IS(Intermediate sight).
The process is continued till the R.L. of last point is obtained by
subtracting the staff reading from height of last setting of instrument.
i.e. HI FS
Apply the arithmetic check to verify the calculation by height of
Instrument
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DATE:
RISE & FALL METHOD
In rise & fall method, the height of Instrument is not at all calculated but the
difference of level between consecutive points is found by comparing the staff
readings on the two points for the same setting of the instrument. Rise and fall
is calculated using following formula.
BS-IS or BS-FS if +ve then Rise and if BS-IS or BS-FS is ve then fall i.e.
If the reading is positive then it is rise and if the reading is negative then the
reading is called fall. The figure for rise & fall worked out thus for all the points
give the vertical distance of each point above or below the preceding one, and if
the level of any one point is known then the level of the next will be obtained
by adding its rise or subtracting its fall, as the case may be.
CONCLUSION:
ASSIGNMENT:
Q1) .What are the different types of leveling?
GRADE:
SIGNATURE:
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DATE:
PRACTICAL: 4
STUDY OF PLANIMETER
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DATE:
PLANIMETER
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DATE:
OBJECT: To Study Planimeter and to find constants of the Planimeter.
THEORY: A Planimeter is used by engineers for measuring area of any figure which
has been plotted to scale particularly when the boundaries are irregular or
curved. Planimeter is largely used for finding the area of contours in
determining the capacity of storage reservoirs.
CONSTRUCTION OF PLANIMETER:
The Planimeter consists of two arms, the tracing arm and anchor arm. The
tracing arm is of adjustable length and has a tracing point which is moved
round the periphery of the area to be measured.
The amount by which tracing arm is moved is known on the wheel or roller
which has its axis parallel to the tracing arm. The wheel has a roller divided
into 100 equal parts and 1/100th
of drum division is read from the vernier
having graduations from 0 to 9. The complete revolution of the wheel is
recorded from 0 to 9. While taking the reading on the planimeter, the reading
will be in 4 digits. Let the reading be 4.375 The 1
stdigit (4) is read on the disc.
The second digit (3) is read on the rolling wheel (main scale).
The third digit (7) is read on the rolling wheel (main scale).
And the last digit (5) is read on the vernier scale besides the main scale of
rolling wheel.
Setting of tracing arm: The setting arm has calibrations on it and whichfacilitates the setting of tracing arm to given scale of the plan or map.
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DATE:
The adjustment which is to be made on the tracing arm as per scale of figure
is given by the manufacturer. The multiplying and additive constants are
also provided by manufacturer.
While rotating the tracing arm round the periphery of the plan, the anchor
point may be kept inside or outside the plan depending on the size of the
figure. For large area the anchor arm is kept inside the figure for small area
the anchor arm is placed outside the area.
PROCEDURE:
Make the adjustments of the tracing arm as per scale of the plan.
The anchor is placed inside or outside of figure such that the tracing point
can be conveniently moved on the periphery of the plan.
Any point on the periphery of the plan can be taken as the starting point and
from where the tracing point moves along the periphery and closes back.
Before the start of tracing work the initial reading (I.R) is recorded and the
final reading (F.R) at the end of tracing is noted down.
While moving the tracing point around the periphery it is necessary to note
down the number of times the zero of the counting disc has passed the fixed
index mark in clock wise (+ve) and anticlockwise (-ve) directions
Compute the area by using the formula:
A=M (F.R I.R 10 N +C)
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DATE:
Where,
A= Area of the plan to be computed.
M=Multiplying constant.
F.R= Final reading on the disc.
I.R=Initial reading on the disc.
N= No of times the zero mark of the dial or disc crosses the
fixed index mark .Positive sign should be used if in
clockwise and negative sign if it crosses in anticlockwise
direction.
C= Constant to be added if the anchor point is inside the plan of
figure.
C=0, if the anchor point is outside the figure.
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DATE:
OBSERVATION TABLE
WHEN ANCHOR POINT IS
OUTSIDE THE FIGURE
WHEN ANCHOR POINT IS INSIDE
THE FIGURE
SNO. I.R F.R N M SNO. I.R F.R N M
CALCULATION:
RESULT:
M =
C =
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DATE:
CONCLUSION:
ASSIGNMENT:
Q1) what is meant by zero circle? Describe various methods of determining it area.
GRADE:
SIGNATURE:
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DATE:
PRACTICAL: 5
DESIGNING A SIMPLE RESIDENTIAL
BUILDING.
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DATE:
OBJECT: To Design a 2BHK residential building based on the various aspects of
planning.
Bed room Kitchen
Drawing
room
Bath
WC
Bed room
Verandah
INSTRUCTIONS:
All external walls are 30 cm thick
All internal walls are 20 cm thick
Walls of bath and W.C are 10 cm thick
Locate doors and windows as per the requirement
Draw plan, section, elevation, and schedule of doors and windows
for the given line plan.
Assume suitable dimensions (Draw in a separate sheet)
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CONCLUSION:
ASSIGNMENT:
Q1). Explain various Principles of planning?
GRADE:
SIGNATURE:
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PRACTICAL: 6
LAYOUT OF INDUSTRAIL BUILDING
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OBJECT:
LOCATION:
DESCRIPTION
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CONCLUSION:
ASSIGNMENT:
Q-1 What is basic requirements of Industrial Building? Explain it.
GRADE:
SIGNATURE:
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PRACTICAL: 8
SITE VISIT
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OBJECT:
LOCATION:
DESCRIPTION
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CONCLUSION:
ASSIGNMENT:
GRADE:
SIGNATURE: