PRODUCTIVE BORDERS: CEUTA AND CRISISSYRACUSE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE | DEC. 15, 2010 | GABRIEL JEWELL-VITALE | PRIMARY : ANDA FRENCH | SECONDARY: MARK ROBBINS

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

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TRANSNATIONALISM CONTENTION ONBORDER LEXICON FORTRESSEUROPE EXCLAVES STRAITOFGIBRALTAR:FIELDOFTERRITORIES EUMIGRATION:SUB-SAHARANMIGRATIONANDTERRITORIALBORDERIMPLICATIONS CEUTAASSPACEDEFININGTRANSITIONBETWEENCHRISTIANITYANDISLAM CEUTAASPHYSICALMANIFESTATIONOFFORTRESSEUROPE CEUTA TANGERMED-PORT:EMERGINGWORLDMARKET FLOWSANDECONOMIES CEUTAASMOROCCAN? BORDERASFIELD SITE PRECEDENTS SPECULATION APPENDIX

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TRANSNATIONAL DISCOURSE INSISTS ON THE CONTINUING SIGNIFICANCE OF STATE BORDERS, STATE POLICIES AND NATIONAL IDENTITIES EVEN AS THESE ARE OFTEN TRANSGRESSED BY TRANSNATIONAL COMMUNICATION CIRCUITS AND SOCIAL PRACTICES.2

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Aboundaryisnotthatatwhichsomethingstops, but as the Greeks recognized, the boundary is thatfromwhichsomethingbeginsitspresencing.4

MartinHeidegger

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Theeffectsoftransnationalpoliticalsituations are radically changing the way we live. The realities of cross-border conflicts and political disputes of autonomy have created strife within cities leading to crises of identity, place, and hate within culture. I contend that transnational borders are places where conflict and identity crises have manifestedinthemostcogentandattainableform. By investigating transnational border crises, one can study its effects at a local and transnational condition, enabling geophysical forces to manifest in a productive border for the crises at hand. Atransnationalborderconditionattheedgeof theEuropeanUnion,intheSpanishexclaveofCeuta, is the site of the project. The exclave, which was seizedbyPortugalin1415,andSpainin1560,became anautonomouscityin1995,asapartofSpain.For over600years,ithasbeenastrongholdofEuropean presence in North Africa and the Mediterranean. In 1985, the same year Spain joined the EU (then the EEC), the Shenghen Agreement was signed, creating the abolishment of internal boundaries inside the EU, emphasizing the external boundary for movement within. Once inside, a traveler has unrestricted access to all countries under the Shenghen Agreement. In 1995, the EU funded a $320 million border fence in Ceuta under EUs motto, Fortress Europe.

Ceutas border has become a siphon for the emergent Sub-Saharan migratory phenomenon.5 Ceuta is one of three Sub-Saharan migratory destinations in order to cross into mainland Europe, the Canary Islands, Ceuta and Melilla, and Malta. As theStraitofGibraltaristheoneoftheclosestpoints between two continents in the world, it has become a deathtrap for migrants, as 1,200 people die each yeareithercrossingthestraitorattemptingtojump fences.6 Thus, Ceuta has become the physical manifestationofthemotto,FortressEurope. Additionally,theconditionthatexistspresents acrisisofidentity.Morocco,whichdoesnotrecognize Ceuta as an autonomous entity, is rooted in Muslim NorthAfricaculturalideologies. ThisforcesMorocco to play host to Spanish-Christian Ceuta creating conflicting spheres of identities within an existing sphereofconflictinggeopolitics.Thebinarydialectic emerges at the moment of differencethe border. Iproposethere-imaginingoftheCeutaborderas aspaceofproductivedifference.Border,constructed in this way, will act as a field condition bridging first worldwithdevelopingworldspheresofinfluence.The resultant hybrid amalgamation will be programmed, producing a space that is intimately tied to its surroundingcontextbutcognizantofthelargerforces atplay,re-conceptualizingwhatborderconstitutes inanageofincreasingtransnationalandglobalflows.

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EU

EU as legally constructed

EU as resultant border

EU Border?

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ON BORDERGeographically, we are in a space of transition: between Africa and Europe, the Mediterranean and the Atlantic; a space that separates and connects, and has always been permeable to the continuous flows of life. Today this place fulfills a strategic function by acting as a barrier, both physical and mental, separating the legal from illegal, like a folding line that splits our world in two. But borders are habitable territories that cant be reduced to lines on a map. They are environments that encourage interchange and hybridity, highly dynamic territories that generate a gradation of shared spaces, where the character of crossing prevails over that of barrier. To cross their thresholds means to physically move from one place to another, but, even more, it implies the start of a transformation, to becoming-others. Spaces for movement and mobile spaces; capitalist modernity accelerates this quality even as it expands, bounding over mobile borders. Like the Far West, destruction and colonization, but also a horizon for creative exodus. There is a single substance, that of capitalism and of those who escape from its chaings to create (and create themselves as) free territory; even if people who want to stake it out and privatize it follow close behind. Our modernity has its own mobile borders, which, as always , are in search of the other: the external other that we call nature, and the internal other-subjectivity, ourselves, in plural. Against sterile, immutable linear abstraction stand ideas that spreak like contagious viruses; from here springs Madiaq territory. Here, at the dense crux where seas, lands and multitudes convege, over the moat they have made deadly, we are building a multiple territory, both geographic and infographic, social and technological, that extens infinitely in four directions: toward the South and toward the North; towards the depths of carnal bodies and toward the immaterial noosphere that grows in the ferile land of words without owners. Maps report existing territories, but they also construct them; thus territory lives in the mind and is constructed as knowledge.7

Territory is always shifting in the mind of the person who crosses it.

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Thus, the project will produce an architecture that does not attempt to solve the the conflicting conditions that exist at the Ceuta border: religious conflicts, identity crises, and a high number of migratory deaths. Rather, the archItecture will be a vehicle to spatialize these forces, bridging the gap between what is a jarring reality, and an architectural reality that suspends judgement in order to juxtapose and highlight conflict, producing a reconceptualization of the current EU border as a space of productive difference.

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GLOSSARYBorder: A spatial difference between outside and inside simultaneously creating difference (a new outside of both meaning and space). A filter for the gathering of differences. Territory: a field or sphere of action, thought, etc.; domain or province of a controlling body. Sovereignty: Supreme and independent power or authority in government as possessed or claimed by a state or community. 8 Transnational space: Space that is simultaneously anchored in nation state, while transcending one or more nation state, through the people that inhabit it. Exclave: Territory legally or politically attached to another territory with which it is not physically contiguous. 9 Enclave: Territory whose geographical boundaries lie entirely within the boundaries of another territory. 10 Transit Spaces: Space that exists at the point of tension between new technologies, which open up access and migration control simultaneously attempting to close it. 11 Peripherality: Denotes margins that are not problematic to sovereignty and are subordinate to the authority and governance of the state.12 Marginality: Denotes margins as problematic and necessary to be eradicated by the sovereign states control. 13 Hybridity: Denotes the ambiguity of margin as not threatening, but embraced as a resource. 14 Immigration interface: Sum of the paths that lead in the direction of long-term legal residence in Europe. 14 Remote Control: The control over territorial boundaries by extra-territorial locations, such as embassies and overseas airports. 15 S.I.V.E: Integrated System of External Vigilance. First developed on the northern coast of the Strait of Gibraltar in 2002. It is a technologically advanced structure to detect and intercept pateras and other small vessels. It measures the approximate distance and number of people in boats, relating this information to a central agency where further deployment of helicopters or boats can be utilized. Clandestine Migrants: Migrants who deliberately avoid all forms of border control. They must be avoid being present in the same space-time as border control agents if they are to evade detection. 16 Undocumented Migrants: Migrants who are not able to be traced. Human migration: Physical movement by humans from one area to another, sometimes over long distances or in large groups. 17 FRONTEX: European Border Controls Agency established in 2005.18 Territorially Based Control: Establishes proxy control of entire territories outside of the border itself, attempting to prevent migrants from even reaching the border. 19 Pateras: wooden boats used for small-scale smuggling

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EU: FORTRESS EUROPE

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The problem of immigration is not actually on each state independently, but rather of the EU in general, as the adoption of the Schenghen Agreement in 1985 (with the progressive dissolution of interior borders from 1993) allowed for free movement between its signatory member states... 20

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TREATY OF ROMEThe Treaty of Rome established a coopertative trade agreement to allow the free flow of goods, services, and peoples, within the member states borders.21 The countries under this treaty created an economic border that can be read as seperate from the traditional notion of nation state territorial boundaries. This border was an economically devised transnational border, creating new flows through politically connected territories. The first treaty within Treaty of Rome established the EEC |European Economic Community|, which would later become the EU. The border that was created connected two continents, as Algeria was still under Frances sovereignty in 1957.

19576

6G e r m a n y F r a n c e ItalyUnited K i n g d o m Luxembourg Netherlands

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ACT OF ACCESSION |SPAIN| SHENGHEN AGREEMENTSpain and Portugal joined the EEC in 1985, and with the merger of these countries, the EECs boundary established a greater presence in the Mediterranean and in Africa. The Single European Act signed in 1986, gradually turned the EEC as a Customs Union into a Common Market over a seven year period with the formation of the EU in 1993.22 The Schenghen Agreement created a territory where the free movement of persons is guaranteed. The internal border of countries were abolished in favor of on external border. This agreement manifests in the EU moto, Fortress Europe, and simultaneously created a strong desire for

198513 13WestGermanyF ranceItalyUnite WestGermanyF dKingdomSpai ranceItalyUnite nNetherlandsL dKingdomSpai uxdmbourgBel nNetherlandsL giumGreece uxdmbourgBel PortugalAustri gi e n m e r c I a Du m G r a e k e PortugalAustri r e l a n d aDenmarkI r e l a n d

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FORTRESS EUROPE CURRENT STATE OF EU

200727GermanyFranc eItalyUnited KingdomSpain PolandRomani aNetherlandsB elgiumCzech RepublicGreec eHungaryPort ugalSwedenAu striaBulgaria FinlandDenmar kSlovakiaIrelan dLithuaniaLatv iaSloveniaCypr usEstoniaLuxe mbourgMalta

The EU IS now a unified body of 27 countries. The Shenghen Agreement, critical for the EU to position itself advantageously in the free world market has put tremendous strain on the fringes of the EU as it has become a desirable place for immigration. Immigration has led to militarization and increased surveillance at the border of the EU, in an attempt to maintain its internal freedom. Thus, the moto Fortress Europe, has manifested most visibly at the border as these spaces are oftentimes radically different geoeconomic or geopolitical situations.

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EXCLAVESEXCLAVE: Territory legally or politically attached to another territory with which it is not physically contiguous. A true exclave needs to be both an enclave and an exclave, where the territory needs to be completely surrounded within another alien territory. There can be many variations on exclaves and many do not fully match the definition of a true exclave such as pene, quasi, virtual, or temporary exclaves. Pene-exclaves are territories that can still be accessed to politically attached subordinate such as by transportation route, or are exclaves but one side of the territory shares a boundary with water. Quasi exclaves hold certain exceptions such as a country that is physically not contiguous but may hold allegiance to another political body simultaneously. Virtual exclaves can be defined as embassies, or spaces that are not quite territories. Temporary exclaves are territories that may have been in a territory that has since, dissolved their boundaries, such as West Berlin. Territorial discontinuity: Middle Ages and the original notion of exclaves. The first concentration of exclaves occurred during the Middle Ages where a series of territories were decentralized due to feudal rule. These spaces were self-sufficient but still held allegiance to their feudal lord. The disparate nature of territories in the Middle Ages created a field of territories, that made a patch-like environment. The negotiation between these differentiated spaces was before the Treaty of Westphalia in 1668, which can be considered the modern founding of territorial states and boundaries. 24 STRETCH BOUNDARY HISTORYNation intact Exclave stretches territorial boundary

EXCLAVE CLASSIFICATION

1 2 3 4

True exclave Pene- exclave Pene- exclave Quasi-exclave

1

2

3

4

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DISPUTED EXCLAVESPOLITICAL DISPUTE

ALASKA | USA | IRELAND | UK | KALININGRAD OBLAST | RUSSIA |

LLIVIA | SP |CUETA | SPAIN MELILLA | SPAIN PENON DE VLEZ DE LA GOMEZ | SPAIN PENON DE ALHUCMAS | SPAIN CHAFARINAS ISLANDS| SPAIN GIBRALTAR | UK |

CYPRUS | TURKEY | MUSANDAM | OMAN |

FRENCH GUIANA | FRANCE |

TEMBURONG DISTRICT | BRUNEI |

CABINDA |ANGOLA| OECUSSI-AMBENO | EAST TIMOR |

TIERRA DEL FUEGO ISLAND | ARGENTINA |

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STRAIT OF GIBRALTAR: FIELD OF TERRITORIES

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The Strait of Gibraltar is a unique moment in the boundary between the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Not only is it a geopolitcal sphere of complex boundaries with 5 areas of disputed territory, but the straits geographric properties form another kind of spatial boundary. While the strait is a meeting point between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, it is also a meeting point of a top layer of warm fresh water flowing eastward into the Mediterranean and a bottom layer of colder and salty layer flow westward into the Atlantic. Through this process, solitons are formed, which are underwater waves maintaining shape while traveling at a constant speed. A density boundary separates the layers at a 330 foot depth. The Camarine Sill, at the very westward end of the Strait, is the shallowest seafloor pass between the Iberian Peninsula and Africa, at -918 feet, causing the waters from the Atlantic to rise to the Sill, then force its way into the Strait. The Straits current, depending on the winds flows between 2 - 4 knots (2.3 - 4.6 mi/hr), making the strait dangerous to cross.25

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ALGECIRAS

FIELD OF INVISIBLE BOUNDARIESALGECIRASALGECIRAS GIBRALTARSea floor topography |in Meters| Territorial waters boundary

36 15

14KMTARIFA-200

-600 -200

UK

-200 -400 -20036 00

TARIFA-200 -400 -200 CAMARINAL SILL -400 -569 -200

-600 14KM 14KM-600 -800 UK -200 -600 -200 29KM TARIFA -600 -600 -600

GIBRALTAR GIBRALTAR UK

-400-200 -600

-200 -400

-200 -600 -600 -600 -600 -200 -200

29KM-200-600 -200

-800 -600

-800

24KMCEUTACEUTA

-400 -200 -400-400

-600

-600 -200

-200 -200 -600

SPAIN

-400 -600-200

-200

-200

CEUTA

SPAIN

TANGIERTANGIER

SPAIN

-200

TANGIER35 45

10 km10 km

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ALGECIRAS

ALGECIRAS

GIBRALTAR-600

14KMTARIFA-200 -400 -200-400 -200 -200

-200

UK

-200

TARIFA-400-200

-600 -600

14KM

GIBRALTAR-600 -800 -200

UK

-600

-800 -600 -600

29KM 24KMCEUTA

CAMARINAL SILL-400 -200 -400

-600

-200

29KM-600

-600 -200

CEUTA

-600-400

-569 -200 -200

-200

SPAIN

-200-600 -200

TANGIER

SPAIN

TANGIER

10 km

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DISPUTED TERRITORIES IN STRAIT

Gibraltar

Ceuta

Melilla Penon de Alhucemas

Penon de Velez de la Gomera

Chafarinas Islands

0

km

40

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RELATIVE SIZES OF DISPUTED TERRITORIES

VS.

77, 289

POPULATION

29, 431

71, 448

>50

190

60

3 km

Penon De Velez de la Gomera

Both Spain and Morocco claim over sovereignty over five territories in the Strait of Gibraltar: Ceuta, Melilla, Penon de Alhucmas, Penon Velez de la Gomera, and the Chafarinas Islands in North Africa. The most important of these is Ceuta. Spain claims these territories based mainly on historical terms: right of conquest, terra nullis principles and longevity of occupation. 26 Spain also argues that the territories are important for military security. All but two territories, Ceuta and Melilla, are under 1 sq miles in area and are only military garrisons. As a composite of Spanish hegemony near the Strait of Gibraltar, these exclaves stretch the boundary of Spain, creating a field of hegemony over the Strait of Gibraltar, pulling Moroccan land into the Strait, and consequently into the EU. Moroccos argument maintains that Spain claims the right to Gibraltar from the UK, therefore nullifying their own actions against the disputes over the 5 exclaves with Morocco.

Penon de Alhucmas

Chafarinas Islands

Gibraltar

Melilla

Ceuta

Ceded by the Sultan

Occupied in reference to Treaty of Tordesillas

Peacefully occupied

Ceded by Portugal

Ceded by force

Ceded by Spain

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STRAIT OF GIBRALTAR AND RESULTANT SPATIAL FIELDS

Spain | Morocco | Strait of Gibraltar

Strait territory

Spains exclaves stretch boundary

Spains sovereignty creates field over Strait of Gibraltar

Madrid

OVERLAP

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Because of its geostrategic importance, Ceuta remains at the epicentre of the dispute [between Morocco and Spain]; the future of the other four plazas is directly contingent of that of Ceuta.27

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EU MIGRATION: SUB-SAHARAN MIGRATION AND TERRITORIAL BORDER IMPLICATIONS

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Since 1993, There have been 13,621 documented refugee deaths in Fortress Europe. These deaths constantly re-structure the relationship between inside and outside of the EU, increasingly evolving the nature of the EUs transnational border-sphere.

26

3300

EU MIGRANT DEATHS850 550 300 100 20Drowning |shipwreck, river or lake| Suicide Lack of care |racist act| Other|hypothermia, exhaustion, mineeld Policing

0

200

400

600

800

1000km

27

MIGRANT DEATHS AS FIELD INTENSITIES

28

INTERNAL|SUICIDE| VS. EXTERNAL |WATER CROSSING |DEATHS

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INTERCONNECTED FIELD INTENSITIES | DEATHS AS EU BORDER RE-CONSTRUCTION

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CEUTA AS SPACE DEFINING TRANSITION BETWEEN ISLAM AND CHRISTIANITY

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RELIGION IN AFRICA

0

2

5

10 40 60 75 85 90 95 100

90-100

Areas of Christianity% 02 5 10 40 60 75 85 90 95 100

Areas of Islam% 90-10090-100

85 90 95 100

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SUB-SAHARAN MIGRANT ROUTES IN RELATION TO RELIGIOUS SPHERES OF INFLUENCE

2 1

3

Sub-Saharan migrant routes

1. The coast of Western Africa where pateras can access the Canary Islands. 2. Travel through Libya to reach the coast of Malta and Italy. 3. Travel through Saharan dessert, Morocco, and into Ceuta or Melilla.

Concentration of routes in relation to Christian-SpainThe extreme dialectic between Christianity and Muslim territories is physically manifested at the borders of Ceuta and Melilla, where literally the Muslim territory of Morocco plays host to the Christian exclaves.

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RELATIVE DISTANCES BETWEEN DEPARTURE CITIES

Ceuta

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Mogadishu Kampala

Michael Collyer describes the fragmented journey that migrants undergo as a result of the mismatch between policy response to transit migration and the social organization engaged in these fragmented journeys.28

2,570 kmThis mismatch is a result of the spatial morphology in response to territorially based border control implementation as well as the geographic difficulties of the North African region. The paradoxical nature of this type of border control methodology fragments the journeys of migrants more increasingly. Surprisingly, this has not mitigated migration arrivals. Thus, border control may start as far away from the actual border itself. The border in Ceuta, for instance, has become as symbolic as it is physical even though it still a siphon for the emergent Sub-Saharan migration.

The distances migrants travel, as indicated by the furtherst points Kampala and Mogadishu are nearly 2,570 km from the Strait of Gibraltar.

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CEUTA AS PHYSICAL EMBODIMENT OF FORTRESS EUROPE

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Cueta Migrant Scenario_(Boundary implications) BORDER CROSSING SCNEARIO

Ceuta

Ceuta

Ceuta

Ceuta

Migrants reach Ceuta

Migrants wait outside border for 1-2 yrs.

Migrants breach boundary, lters through

Boundary accepts difference

Ceuta

Ceuta

Ceuta

Ceuta

Migrants held in Ceuta for avg. 2-4 yrs.

New border established at Strait of Gibraltar

Migrant passes away in Strait | or reaches EU |

Boundary extends, cycle repeats

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REASONS FOR IMMIGRANTS TO GO THROUGH CEUTA

41.7 %

22.7 %

13.4 %

3.6% 0 0.6% 0 0% 0% 0% .8% %Ret

5.5%

6.2%

5.4%

T J R C Q P S F iremeligio empoClimat Educatolitica ost of ob reaOther Lack o earch uality amily ion l re r o Life ssig reas f a jo for ent us re rary e or t aso bett f life eason b nme ons aso stay rain ns s er e ns nt in c ing mpl oun oye try men of t t ran sit

2007 data

Fuente: INE. Encuesta Nacional de Inmigrantes, 2007, elab. prop.

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PARADOXICAL MORPHOLOGY OF MIGRANTS

CHANCE OF RETURN

TIME OF MIGRATION TERRITORIALLY BASED MIGRATION CONTROL SOCIAL NETWORKS MIGRATION ARRIVALS

FRAGMENTED JOURNEY

= + Time = - Time

25 32 28% 21 -5% Mlaga Source : 101 89 -12% 28 -59% Almera Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales. Gabinete de Comunicacin http://extranjeros.mtas.es/es/general/NoticiasActualidad7aeb0b3823d6ac9f28d12e30dd2d19b4.html http:// extranjeros.mtas.es/es/general/PATERAS_2003_Y_2004.pdf 4% 99 103 40 -46% Granada 5 143 2760% 42 180% Ceuta 1 2 100% 16 1500% Melilla 1 1 Murcia 32 36 13% 44 132% Gran Canaria 145 17 -88% 9 -18% Lanzarote 390 239 -39% 38 -74% Fuerteventura

109 60 -45% 24 -31% Irregular immigration through small boats 2003 distributedincrease/ to place of arrivalsameof boats) 2004 according 2005 % (Nr. Data 2003 2004 until 31/8/2005 942 740 -21% 279 -32% Boats 130 75 -42% 36 -28% Cdiz People ar25 32 28% 21 -5% Mlaga 19176 -18% 6361 -37% rested 101 15675 89 -12% 28 -59% Almera 13 14 8% 0 -100% Shipwrecks 99 103 4% 40 -46% Granada 1015 81 -20% 9 -83% Deceased 143 2760% 42 180% Ceuta People Res1 2 100% 16 1500% Melilla cued 406 339 -17% 278 -63% 1 1 Murcia Missing peo13% 44 132% Gran Canaria 10932 6036 -45% 24 -31% ple 145 17 -88% 9 -18% Lanzarote 239 -39% 38 -74% Fuerteventura Data390 distributed according to place of arrival (Nr. of boats) -85% 5 150% Tenerife 200313 2004 2 until 31/8/2005 100% -100% Ibiza 130 0 75 1 -42% 36 0 -28% Cdiz ple

There is a paradox inherent within the pattern of spatial morphology associated with migration in North Africa. While greater systems of territoriality based control have increased due to ineffectual linear border control measures, they have succeeded in increasing the travel time of migrants. Due to this, a greater impetus to finish ones journey because of social and monetary pressure is the norm. In territorially based migration control, the more Irregular immigration through small boats the journey becomes 2003 2005 fragmented 2004 increase/various % same within social 740 279 -32% Boats networks.942 Most -21% paradoxically, People ar-37% rested perhaps, 19176the 14 -18% is13 15675 fact 8% 6361 that while more 0 -100% Shipwrecks 9 -83% Deceased control is 101 81 -20% the migrant established, People Rescued 406 339 -17% 278 -63% arrivals have are not hindered.29 Missing peo-

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?

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TIMELINE OF BORDER CONTROL METHODS IN CEUTA