(Final) a close look at bilingual translation methods and issues

A Close Look at Bilingual

Translation: Methods and Issues

Sophy (Shu-Jiun) Chen, Diane Wu and Pei-Wen Peng

Program Office, Taiwan e-Learning and Digital Archives Program

September 23, 2009 @ Getty Research Institute

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The Task Forces of Chinese-language Art & Architecture Thesaurus

Cross-Division Coordination跨分項協調小組 (C)

Equivalence Mapping (M)

Methodology R&D

Translation & Contribution (T)

Localization & Creation of New ConceptsExpert Group (E)

Scope Note of New Concept (N)

System Development (S)

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Translation (T)Cross-Division Coordination 跨分項協調 (C)

翻譯 Translation (T)

Expert Group專家審訂 (E)

前置作業 (T1)Preparation for Translation

確認翻譯內容 (T1_I)Identify Translation Materials

資料整理 / 更新 (T1_F)File compilation and update

翻譯 (T2)Translation

募集兼任譯者 (T1_R)Translators recruitment

英翻中 (T2_EC)English to Chinese Translation

中翻英 (T2_CE)Chinese to English Translation

校訂 (T3)Proofread

統一詞彙翻譯與格式 (T3_U)Unified terms and format

內容準確性 (T3_A)Translation Accuracy 1

內容審訂 (E2)Content Verification

譯者品質管理 (T3_QC)Translation Quality Control

Equivalence Mapping 等同關係對照 (M)

Scope Note範圍註 (N)

System Development 系統開發 (S)

著錄翻譯內容、圖片、參考書目Input data into the system

• translate matched AAT terms• add required fields in AAT- Taiwan (additional note, sources, variant terms, transliterated Chinese term, etc )

• translate the terms into English, submit to AAT

募集校訂人員 (T3_R)Proofreaders recruitment

review

(a) approved

(b) revision

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Preparation for Translation (T1)

前置作業 (T1)Preparation for Translation

確認翻譯內容 (T1_I)Identify Translation Materials

資料整理 / 更新 (T1_F)File compilation and update

募集兼任譯者 (T1_R)Translators recruitment

Equivalence Mapping 等同關係對照 (M)

New Candidate Term範圍註 (N)

T1_I ： Select translation terms based on equivalence mapping results (M3)

T1_I ： Translate the scope note of new candidate term after the content expert approved of the record.

T1_F ： Provide translators with the following files, weekly Chinese-English terms update, translation reference list, word-count sheet, and copy of English master file.

T1_R ： recruit professional translators, maintain a minimum of 10 translators at all time.

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Translation (T2)

翻譯 (T2)Translation

英翻中 (T2_EC)English to Chinese Translation

中翻英 (T2_CE)Chinese to English Translation

• translate matched AAT terms• add required fields in AAT- Taiwan (additional note, sources, variant terms, transliterated Chinese term, etc )

• translate the terms into English, submit to AAT

T2_EC ： clerical script 隸書 is partially equivalence to scripts (writing)

Example: Metadata Specification version 1.2 (p23)

inscriptions > forms > calligraphy > clerical script 隸書

T2_CE ： contribute a new term, clerical script 隸書

Complete form

Complete form

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Proofread (T3)



內容準確性 (T3_A)Translation Accuracy 1

譯者品質管理 (T3_QC)Translation Quality Control

募集校訂人員 (T3_R)Translators recruitment

T3_U ： check for inconsistency in the translations of guide terms or common words, and update Chinese-English term list accordingly.

T3_QC ： Translate the scope note of new candidate term after the content expert approved of the record.

T3_A ： proofreaders must first confirm the accuracy of the translation based on the translation reference list filled out by the translators.

T3_R ： recruit professional proofreaders, maintain a minimum of 5 proofreaders at all time.

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Proofread (T3)



翻譯品質管理 (T3_QC)Translation Quality Control


T3_U1 ： Check for inconsistency in the translations of guide terms according to Chinese-English term list.English

guide termsfixed Chinese translation format

8

Proofread (T3)





T3_U2 ： Check for inconsistency in the translations of common words according to Chinese-English term list.

English words

fixed Chinese translation

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Proofread (T3)





T3_U3 ： Update Chinese-English term list when new guide terms are found.

Chinese translation

new English guide terms

update date

the facet and hierarchy of

the new guide term

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Proofread (T3)





T3_QC1-1 ： Confirm the accuracy of the term translation based on the translation reference list filled out by the translators.

Check if the references are reliable; mostly the sources from educational and governmental institutions, or major dictionaries and encyclopedias are preferred, and if the box is left blank, the proofreader has to look up the term to make sure the translation is correct.

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Proofread (T3)





T3_QC1-2 ： The translators are also provided with a list of authoritative references compiled by us on the internet.

The sources include specialized dictionaries, common online dictionaries, glossaries from museums and governmental institutes, etc.

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Proofread (T3)





T3_QC2 ： Examine the fluency of the translations of scope notes.

Frequently encountered problems:

1. The Chinese sentences are redundant or awkward, making it hard to understand the meaning.

confusing and

unreadable

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Proofread (T3)





2. The translation is not detailed enough to carry specific information.

3. The meaning of the English text is misunderstood.

vague and

general

a misunderstanding of the meaning

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Proofread (T3)





4. The note translation does not match the meaning of the term.

5. Parts of the scope note are not translated.

Does not match the term “flammability”

translation of

this part is missing

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Proofread (T3)





T3_QC3 ： Decide whether or not the translators are proficient enough to meet our demand for high quality.

If more than 50% of a translator’s works are not satisfactory

Stop employing the translator

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Proofread (T3)





T3_QC4 ： make sure the translators have good time management ability to meet the deadlines.

If a translator does not submit his/herwork on time, without informing us

of the reasons in advance

Stop employing the translator

Happening for more than 3 times

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Proofread (T3)





T3_QC5 ： establish a set of formats for the reference list, translation sheet and word-count sheet for the translators to follow.

to be filled out by the translators

reference list

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Proofread (T3)





translation sheet

word-count sheet

to be filled out by the translator

type the translation in the column

to be filled out by the translator

fill in the Chinese translation for word count

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Proofread (T3)





T3_QC6 ： find solutions to the technical questions asked by the translators.

Question Types: •About the due date and late submission

•About the change of previously translated terms

•About the file format

•About when to use transliteration

The translation forum of AAT-Taiwan

Questions and discussions

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Proofread (T3)





T3_R1 ： recruit professional proofreaders, maintaining a minimum of 5 proofreaders at all time

Proofreader Academicbackground

Job

陳玉華(Eva Chen)

English language and literature

Translator for SDL (England)

張家綺(Jia-chi Chang)

Foreign languages and literature. translation studies

Translator for Xtreme

Information (England) 陳宛萱

(Agnes Chen) Journalism, philosophy

Freelance journalist, writer and translator for Radio Nederland Wereldomroep (the Netherlands) and La Vie Magazine (Taiwan)

洪慧芳(Huifang Hong)

Psychology Freelance Editor/Writer/Translator

張瀚云(Han-yun Chang)

English language and literature, history of art and architecture

Researcher at the Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens

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Proofreader Published Works

陳宛萱(Agnes Chen)

- The Travel of Global Exhibitions, Taipei, Taiwan: La Vie Magazine (My House Publishing), 2008 (Co-writer) - Designology 300, Taipei, Taiwan: La Vie Magazine (My House Publishing), 2008 (Co-writer) - Creative City: Berlin, Taipei, Taiwan: La Vie Magazine (My House publishing), 2008 (Co-writer) - Soong May-ling, Taipei, Taiwan: Vastplain Publishing House, 2003 (Co-writer) - Lei Chen Letters Collection, Taipei, Taiwan: Yuan-Liou Publishing Co., Ltd., 2003 (Co-writer)

- My Childhood: Lo Ta-yu, Taipei, Taiwan: Unitas Publishing Co., 2002 (Co-writer) 洪慧芳

(Huifang Hong)Editing and Writing - 2006, 2007 and 2008 Taiwan Film Festival Program, Blog - Go SuperTeens!, Pearson Education Taiwan [A Junior High School English textbook series] - Yue-Du-Man-Fen, Pearson Education Taiwan [A reading comprehension book.] - Phonics In Action 1, 2, 3, Hsuan-Shian Co., Ltd., Taiwan - Bubbles 5 Teacher’s Guide, McGraw Hill, Hong KongTranslation & Proofreading - The Little, Brown Essential Handbook for Writers by J. E. Aaron [Chinese Edition], Pearson Education Taiwan - Teaching by Principle: An Interactive Approach to Language Pedagogy by H. D. Brown [Chinese Edition], Pearson Education Taiwan - Library Connect pamphlets [Chinese Edition], Elsevier Taiwan - Numerous translation works (English to Traditional Chinese and Chinese to English) in different fields including academic papers, news articles, film subtitles, website localization, government announcements and clinical studies.

張瀚云(Han-yun Chang)

- Han-yun Chang, managing editor, Another World Lies Beyond: Creating Liu Fang Yuan, TheHuntington’s Chinese Garden, edited by T. June Li (UC Press & The Huntington LibraryPress, 2008). - Han-yun Chang, “He Tianjian (1891-1977) and Defense of Guohua” (Ph D diss., Universityof California, 2007). - Han-yun Chang, “Chinese Fan Painting” for Santa Barbara Museum of Art, California.(2004).

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Proofread (T3)





T3_R2 ： give the proofreaders a training and test their abilities before employing them

provide them with proofreading guidelines (T3_QC1~6)

Assign the proofreader a workload of about 30-40 terms a week, keep overseeing his/her

performance and give suggestions when needed

let them do proofreading for one or two weeks on trial to see if they are competent

No

StopYes

+

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Translation Progress UpdateFacets Hierarchies 翻譯詞彙數量

Associated Concepts Facet Associated Concepts 1017

Physical Attributes Facet Attributes and Properties 337

Conditions and Effects 0

Design Elements 288

Color 578

Styles and Periods Facet Styles and Periods 222

Agents Facet People 180

Organizations 0

Living Organisms 0

Activities Facet Disciplines 158

Functions 0

Events 158

Physical and Mental Activities 0

Processes and Techniques 408

Materials Facet Materials 1035

Objects Facet Object Groupings and Systems 120

Object Genres (Hierarchy Name) 1061

Components (Hierarchy Name) 210

Built Environment (Hierarchy Name) 794

Furnishings and Equipment 1320

Visual and Verbal Communication 1341

Total Translated Terms ： 9227Total Terms in AAT-Taiwan ： 5957

last updated: 2009/9/1

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A Summary of Translation Issues Completeness of Translation

– Interpretation difficulty due to Non-English terms

Single (Eng.) to Multiple (Chi.)– When English terms have broader

meanings Multiple (Eng.) to Single (Chi.)

– When Chinese terms have broader meanings

Insufficient Information– Term, scope note

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Translation Problems 1 ：None English Terms (1/1)

ID: 300264492 Record Type: conceptBeweging van Tachtig Note: Dutch literary movement of the 1880s, the members of which were young writers and poets determined to express real emotions in highly individualistic language, avoiding cliché and traditional rhetoric. Notable members included Willem Kloos, Jacques Perk, Frederik van Eeden, and Hélène Swarth.

Beweging van Tachtig範圍註 : 一八八零年代荷蘭的文學運動，其中成員為年輕的作家和詩人，他們致力於非常個人的語言傳達真實情緒，避免陳腔濫調或傳統修辭技巧。著名的成員包括 Willem Kloos 、 Jacques Perk 、 Frederik van Eeden 、 Hélène Swarth 。

It’s a Dutch term, no previous translation available, and difficult to transliterate without proper understanding of the language. And the Dutch names as well, the translators can only make a close guess on its pronunciation .

Q: Can the transliteration base on English pronunciation of the word?

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Translation Problems 2 ： When English terms have broader meanings (1/1)

EX1 : Guide term < xxx by location or context > 先導詞 < 依地點或背景區分之 xxx>

<gardens by location or context> < 依地點和脈絡區分之庭園 >

<organizations by location or context> < 依地點或背景區分之組織 >

EX2: Guide term < xxx by location or context > 先導詞 < 依位置或脈絡區分之 xxx> <structures by location or context> < 依地點位置或背景脈絡

區分之結構 > <coating by location or context> < 依地點位置或背景脈絡區分

之塗層 ><paintings by location or context> < 依地點位置或背景脈絡區

分之繪畫作品 >

Location can be translated into 地點 (di dian = geographical location) and 位置 (wei zhi = position).

Context can be translated into 背景 (bei jing = background) and 脈絡 (mo luo = situation or condition).

To avoid confusion, the translation team has decided to use both Chinese terms in translating “location and “context”, so < xxx by location or context > becomes < 依地點位置或背景脈絡區分之 xxx>

Q: Is this approach acceptable? If so, for prints, can it be translated into 印刷與版畫 (yin shua and ban hua) ?

27

Translation Problems 3 ：When Chinese terms have broader meanings (1/3)

ID: 300041273Record Type: conceptprints (visual works) Note: Pictorial works produced by transferring images by means of a matrix such as a plate, block, or screen, using any of various printing processes. When emphasizing the individual printed image, use "impressions." Avoid the controversial expression "original prints," except in reference to discussions of the expression's use. If prints are neither "reproductive prints" nor "popular prints," use just "prints." With regard to photographs, see "photographic prints"; for types of reproductions of technical drawings and documents, see terms found under "reprographic copies.

印刷 ( 視覺作品 ) | 版畫（視覺作品）範圍註：以印版、圖塊及字塊，或網版等印製模轉印而成，並運用各種不同的印刷程序製作的圖畫作品。當強調個別的印刷圖像時，請使用「壓印」一詞。避免使用具爭議性的詞語「版畫原作」，除非是做討論之用。如果印刷品既非「複製圖」，也不是「普及印刷」，那麼就使用「印刷」一詞即可。關於相片類的作品，請參閱「攝影相片」；技術圖或文件的種類則請參閱「機印副本」項下之詞彙。

Prints can be translated into 印刷 (yin shua) and 版畫 (ban hua) according to Longman Dictionary of English Language & Culture (p.1385) and the Oxford Illustrated English-Chinese Dictionary(p.1465).Longman Dictionary of English Language & Culture (p.1385) - 版畫 (ban hua) ： a picture printed from a small sheet of metal or block of wood.

http://catalog.digitalarchives.tw/?URN=3318106


http://www.urmoco.com/gspa/pop_artistry.php?type=gry&tid=3&ptid=1364

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版畫 (ban hua) as printmaking ：[References]National Taiwan Craft Research Institute (國立台灣工藝研究所) National Taiwan University of A rts (國立台灣藝術大學)

[Hierarchical Position in AAT ]Activities Facet .... Processes and Techniques ........ <processes and techniques> ............ <processes and techniques by specific type> ................ <image-making processes and techniques> .................... printmaking

版畫 (ban hua) as graphic arts ：[References]Harper Collins Dictionary of Art Term and Techniques (p. 202)

[Hierarchical Position in AAT ] Activities Facet

.... Processes and Techniques ........ <processes and techniques> ............ <processes and techniques by specific type> ................ <image-making processes and techniques> .................... graphic arts

But from 版畫 (ban hua) to English, there are quite a few different English translations based on various sources:

http://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.ntcri.gov.tw/eng/0726vocabulary.xls&source=dictionary&type=we&usg=AFQjCNFMZrR7zrjS6ovW166uiHQbl8YEpA



http://www.ntua.edu.tw/~prce/01_About/abot01.htm



http://www.getty.edu/vow/AATFullDisplay?find=printmaking&logic=AND&note=&page=1&subjectid=300264090






http://www.getty.edu/vow/AATFullDisplay?find=graphic+arts&logic=AND&note=&page=1&subjectid=300264090

http://www.getty.edu/vow/AATHierarchy?find=graphic+arts&logic=AND&note=&page=1&subjectid=300053001










http://www2.thu.edu.tw/~fineart/center/previous/print/artist.htm

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版畫 (ban hua) as woodblock print ：[References]Taiwan Folklore Museum

[Hierarchical Position in AAT ] Objects Facet .... Visual and Verbal Communication ........ Visual Works (Hierarchy Name) ............ <visual works (Guide Term)> ................ <visual works by medium or technique> .................... prints (visual works) ........................ <prints by process or technique> ............................ <prints by process: transfer method> ................................ relief prints .................................... woodcuts (prints)

http://www.folkpark.org.tw/Home.aspx

http://www.getty.edu/vow/AATFullDisplay?find=woodblocks&logic=AND&note=&page=1&subjectid=300264092

http://www.getty.edu/vow/AATHierarchy?find=woodblocks&logic=AND&note=&page=1&subjectid=300264552





















30


Ban hua as non-preferred term

This Chinese term 版畫 (ban hua) has broader meanings

31

Translation Problems 3 ：When Chinese terms have broader meanings(2/3)

Objects Facet .... Visual and Verbal Communication ........ Visual Works (Hierarchy Name) ............ <visual works (Guide Term)> ................ <visual works by medium or technique> .................... prints (visual works) ........................ <prints by process or technique> ............................

<prints by process: transfer method> ................................ relief prints .................................... woodcuts (prints)

木刻版畫

Activities Facet .... Processes and Techniques ........ <processes and techniques> ............ <processes and techniques by specific type> ................ <image-making processes and techniques>

.................... graphic arts 平面藝術

Activities Facet .... Processes and Techniques ........ <processes and techniques> ............ <processes and techniques by specific type> ................ <image-making processes and techniques>

.................... printmaking 版畫複製

Q: Should we address the multiple meanings of 版畫 (ban hua) by making it the non-preferred term of printmaking, graphic arts, and woodcuts (prints) ?



















http://aat.teldap.tw/caat/caat_rptcaatc.php?_op=?SUBJECT_ID:300041405&_session=z8X56dE3KLvb9*0






















32


ID: 300056172Record Type: concepttint (<color-related effects>, color (perceived attribute), ... Color) Note: Color produced by mixing a basic hue with white in order to lighten it.色調（ < 色彩相關作用 > ，色彩（知覺特質），… 色彩）範圍註：指混合基本色相與白色以提高明度所產生的色彩。

ID: 300056173Record Type: concepttone (color effect) (<color-related effects>, color (perceived attribute), ... Color) Note: The variation of color produced by changes in intensity or value.色調（色彩作用）（ < 色彩相關作用 > ，色彩（知覺特質），… 色彩）註釋：改變色彩的強度或明度所產生的色彩變化。

Both terms translate into 色調 (se diao)

Reference:

[tint] Mayer, Ralph. Harper Collins Dictionary of Art Term and Techniques. P.456Longman Dictionary of English Language & Culture, Longman English-Chinese Science & Technology Dictionary, p.1686

[tone] :Longman Dictionary of English Language & Culture, p. 1854The New Oxford Illustrated English-Chinese Dictionary, p.1923

tinttone (color effect)

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Changing the tint percentage :

more whiteLess white

Changing the tone percentage :

34

Translation Problems 4 ：When Chinese terms have broader meanings (3/3) ID: 300056172

Record Type: concepttint (<color-related effects>, color (perceived attribute), ... Color) Note: Color produced by mixing a basic hue with white in order to lighten it.色調（ < 色彩相關作用 > ，色彩（知覺特質），… 色彩）範圍註：指混合基本色相與白色以提高明度所產生的色彩。

ID: 300056173Record Type: concepttone (color effect) (<color-related effects>, color (perceived attribute), ... Color) Note: The variation of color produced by changes in intensity or value.色調（色彩作用）（ < 色彩相關作用 > ，色彩（知覺特質），… 色彩）註釋：改變色彩的強度或明度所產生的色彩變化。

Both terms are commonly known as 色調 (se diao), as suggested by most dictionaries. In order to distinguish the two, tint is translated into 淡色調 (dan se diao) based on less authoritative reference (http://www.pokok.edu.hk/engvocabulary/HE.htm).

淡色調

Q: Under such circumstance, is this approach acceptable?

http://www.pokok.edu.hk/engvocabulary/HE.htm

http://www.pokok.edu.hk/engvocabulary/HE.htm

35

Translation Problems 5 ：insufficient information – term & scope note (1/1)

ID: 300265024Deianeira lekythoi (lekythoi, jugs (vessels), ... Furnishings and Equipment)

Note: An early black-figure form of lekythoi featuring an ovoid body.德雅涅拉萊基托斯陶瓶（萊基托斯陶瓶，罐（貯存容器），……裝飾與設備）範圍釋：一種早期的黑彩萊基托斯陶瓶，瓶身為卵圓形。

ID: 300264935

deianira lekythoi (squat lekythoi, lekythoi, ... Furnishings and Equipment)

Note: Early black-figure form of the squat lekythoi with an ovoid body.德雅涅拉萊基托斯陶瓶（矮胖型萊基托斯陶瓶，萊基托斯陶瓶，……裝飾與設備）範圍註：一種早期的黑彩矮胖型萊基托斯陶瓶，瓶身為卵圓形。

http://www2.ocn.ne.jp/~greekart/vase/s_oil.html

http://www.christies.com/LotFinder/lot_details.aspx?intObjectID=4688737

> Because of the similarity between the spellings of Deianeira lekythoi and deianira lekythoi, the transliteration is the same. Han Yu Pin In of the two terms is “de ya nie la lai ji tuo si tao ping”

Q: Since the scope notes and the spellings of the terms are nearly identical. are these terms describing the same thing? Is it necessary to contribute Han Yu Pin In of these terms to AAT?

36

Translation Problems 6 ： insufficient information – scope note (1/1)

nautilus shell (seashell, shell (animal material), ... Materials) Note: The shell of the pearly nautilus, Nautilus macromphalus, native to the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans, used to make decorative objects such as cups, salts, and jewelry, and as carving material.

鸚鵡螺貝 ( 海貝，貝殼 ( 動物材料 ) ， ... 材料 )註釋：圓珠般的深臍鸚鵡螺的貝殼，原生於太平洋與印度洋熱帶地區，常用來製作裝飾物品，如杯、鹽、珠寶首飾，也用來作為雕刻材料。

The English scope note mentioned this shell can be used “to make decorative objects such as cups, salts, and jewelry.” But the translators are unsure about the connection between nautilus shell and salts.

Q: Is there an error in the English scope note? If not, how can we prevent this type of translation setback from happening in the future?

37

Translation Problems 7 ： insufficient information - scope note (1/1)

ID: 300311062 Record Type: concept copen blue (<variable blue colors>, <blue colors>, ... Color) Note: Range of light, strong shades of blue.哥本哈根藍色（ < 各種藍色 > ， < 藍色 > ，…色彩）範圍註：指色澤深淺不同的各種藍色。

The Chinese translation of the scope note does not identify any specific characteristic of this color, and the internet search results vary as follows:

Q: Is the content of the scope note complete?

http://www.colourlovers.com/color/5173B0/copen_blue

http://www.michaels.com/art/online/displayProductPage?productNum=cp0055

http://mor-micronpaints.co.za/colour_chart.html

38

Translation Problems 8 ： insufficient information - term (1/1)

ID: 300183644 Record Type: concept Carborundum (TM) (abrasive, <materials by function>, ... Materials) Note: Sharp, hard, artificial abrasive in solid or powdered form composed of silicon carbide. Available in several degrees of coarseness, it is often used for polishing by abrasion. The finest particles are useful for grinding glass.金剛砂 ( 商標 TM) 範圍註：固體或粉狀碳化矽中又尖又硬的人工研磨料。有多種不同粗細度，常用作研磨拋光。最細微的顆粒對研磨玻璃很有用。

ID: 300190283Record Type: conceptPlastic Wood (TM) (filler (material), <materials by function>, ... Materials) Note: A paste of wood flour or wood cellulose compounded with a synthetic resin used for filling cavities or seams in wood products. 塑性填料 ( 商標 TM) 範圍註：一種漿糊，由木粉或木材纖維素及人造樹脂混合而成，用來填補木製品內的蛀孔或縫隙。

Q: TM currently is translated into 商標 (trademark) , is this translation correct?

http://www.getty.edu/vow/AATHierarchy?find=300183644&logic=AND&note=&page=1&subjectid=300183644

39

Translation Problems 9 ： No scope note available (1/1)

We have translated several terms without scope notes. Sometimes it’s difficult to determine the accuracy of the translation, when the terms are western-oriented, for example:................................ plays (document genre) 戲劇 ( 文件類型 )

.................................... morality plays 道德劇 .................................... mystery plays 神秘劇 .................................... passion plays 受難劇 And also corporate collections 共同收藏 , pairs雙 , elem邊 , knots結 ,

berber knots柏柏爾結 , jufti knots菊孚體結 , Tibetan knots 西藏結… etc.

http://www.duke.edu/web/rpc/pasttimes/theatre/theatre/theatre.html

http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/SLT/stage/mysteries.html

http://campus.udayton.edu/mary/resources/drama.html

Q: Is it possible to receive notices when AAT update the scope notes? When we contribute new terms to AAT, does it always have to include the scope notes or can it be added later?

http://www.getty.edu/vow/AATFullDisplay?find=mystery+plays&logic=AND&note=&english=N&prev_page=1&subjectid=300055914

http://www.getty.edu/vow/AATFullDisplay?find=300055914&logic=AND&note=&subjectid=300055915

http://www.getty.edu/vow/AATFullDisplay?find=300025979&logic=AND&note=&english=N&prev_page=1&subjectid=300025979









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Translation Problems 10 ： Ritual vs. Ceremonial Both “ritual” and “ceremonial” are translated into 儀式 (yi

shi) in Chinese

• ritual objects is the non-preferred term of ceremonial objects

• But ritual vessels and <ceremonial vessels> become two separate terms

(1/1)

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• So if we translate ritual vessels into yi shi vessels ， it will overlap with the translation of <ceremonial vessels> , which is also <yi shi vessels>

Translation Problems 10 ：

Ritual vs. Ceremonial

1. Currently all the terms in ritual vessels are Chinese ritual objects, therefore it is translated directly into 禮器 (li qi = Chinese ritual objects)

2. However since li qi also includes musical instruments, funerary objects, and weapons, it is not an appropriate translation.

直接將 ritual vessels 翻譯成「禮器」。但 vessels 是為貯藏器，禮器還包括「樂器」和「兵器」，這樣的翻譯並不恰當。

Q: Why is ceremonial vessels not the preferred or non-preferred term of ritual vessels?

(2/2)

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Translation Problems 11 ：Ceremonial Objects vs. Li Qi

• The most common English translations of 禮器 (li qi) are as follows ：(1) ritual implements (2) ritual Objects.However, In AAT ritual objects is the non-preferred term of ceremonial objects(儀式物件 ) 。

Reference source ：• http://search3.npm.gov.tw/zh-tw/index.jsp?p=皇朝禮器圖式• http://www.ceps.com.tw/ec/ecjnlarticleView.aspx?atliid=1071721&issueiid=63195&jnliid=3243

Q: Since ritual objects is the non-preferred term of ceremonial objects, then can li qi be translated into ceremonial objects also?

(1/1)

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• In AAT, ceremonial objects include the following terms(1) Bi and cong are Chinese ritual objects

(li qi) made of jade, but here is missing gui and zhang.璧與琮為禮器中的玉器，另外還有圭與璋，但此處並未完整列出

(2) Ceremonial weapons include mostly western objects, no Chinese ritual weapons (li qi) are found in AAT儀式武器下的詞彙，多為西方物件，並沒有禮器中的兵器。

(3) Chinese ritual objects (li qi) also includes funerary objects增設禮器喪葬活動使用的器物

(4) There are also musical instrument in Chiense ritual objects (li qi), such as pien-chung樂器方面，儀式物件下並沒有禮器的編鍾，唯一的中國樂器為「瑟」

Translation Problems 12 ：Chinese Ritual Objects (li qi) in AAT (1/3)

http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%AD&action=edit&redlink=1

http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%92%8B&action=edit&redlink=1

http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%AA%E8%91%AC&variant=zh-tw

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• If we want to add the Chinese ritual objects, perhaps it is best to add a new guide term under ceremonial objects. Currently some important Chinese ritual object concepts are placed under ritual vessels.若只限中國古代器物，那 AAT 目前「儀式物件」的分類方式需要再做調整。現在是東西方物件混合併列，關於中國禮器的內容並不完整。像是禮器（ ritual vessels) ，就未列在「儀式物件」項下


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• Recommendation ：

1. In order to distinguish from western ceremonial objects, li qi (禮器 ) should be translated into Chienese ritual objects.

2. Under Ceremonial objects ， add a new guide term <Chinese ritual objects> （ <禮器 >) or a new concept Chinese ritual objects (禮器 ) .

1. Chinese ritual objects can include qualifier to emphasize its characteristics, such as ：a) ritual vessels (Chinese ritual objects) 儀式貯藏器（禮器）b) ritual weapons (Chinese ritual objects) 儀式武器或兵器（禮器）c) ritual musical instrument (Chinese ritual objects) 儀式樂器（禮器）


(Final) a close look at bilingual translation methods and issues

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