FIN 331 in a Nutshell

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331NS-1 FIN 331 in a Nutshell Financial Management I Review for FIN 431

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FIN 331 in a Nutshell

Transcript of FIN 331 in a Nutshell

  • FIN 331 in a NutshellFinancial Management I Reviewfor FIN 431

  • Time Value of MoneyTimelinesFuture ValuePresent ValuePresent Value of Uneven Cash Flows

  • Time Lines: Timing of Cash FlowsTick marks occur at the end of periods Time 0 = todayTime 1 = the end of the first period or the beginning of the second periodCF0CF1CF3CF20123I%+CF = Cash INFLOW -CF = Cash OUTFLOW PMT = Constant CF

  • Basic DefinitionsPresent Value (PV)The current value of future cash flows discounted at the appropriate discount rateValue at t=0 on a time lineFuture Value (FV)The amount an investment is worth after one or more periods.Later money on a time line

  • Future Value: General FormulaFV = future valuePV = present valueI = period interest rate, expressed as a decimalN = number of periodsFuture value interest factor = (1 + I)NNote: yx key on your calculatorFV = PV(1 + I)N

  • Texas Instruments BA-II PlusFV = future valuePV = present valuePMT = periodic paymentI/Y = period interest rate N = number of periodsOne of these MUST be negativeN I/Y PV PMT FV

  • Excel Spreadsheet Functions=FV(rate,nper,pmt,pv)=PV(rate,nper,pmt,fv)=RATE(nper,pmt,pv,fv)=NPER(rate,pmt,pv,fv)Use the formula icon (x) when you cant remember the exact formula

    TVM Functions

    EXCEL TVM FUNCTIONS

    N5

    I/Y10%

    PV$(100.00)

    PMT0

    FV$161.05=FV(B3,B2,B5,B4)

    N5

    I/Y10%

    PV($100.00)=PV(B12,B11,B14,B15)

    PMT0

    FV$161.05

    N5

    I/Y10%=RATE(B16,B19,B18,B20)

    PV$(100.00)

    PMT0

    FV$161.05

    N5.00=NPER(B24,B26,B25,B27)

    I/Y10%

    PV$(100.00)

    PMT0

    FV$161.05

    UnEven CFs-1

    Rate12%

    PeriodCash FlowPresent ValueFormula

    1$200.00($178.57)=PV($B$3,A6,0,B6)

    2$400.00($318.88)=PV($B$3,A7,0,B7)

    3$600.00($427.07)=PV($B$3,A8,0,B8)

    4$800.00($508.41)=PV($B$3,A9,0,B9)

    Total PV =($1,432.93)=SUM(C6:C9)

    ($1,432.93)=-NPV(B3,B6:B9)

    The functions require a PMT = 0.

    Case_Solutions_1

    NI/YPVPMTFVFunction

    FV of $100 for 3 years at 10%:30.10-$100.00$0.00$133.10=FV(F2,E2,H2,G2)

    PV of $100 in 3 years at 10%:30.10-$75.13$0.00$100.00=PV(F4,E4,H4,I4)

    Rate for 3 years to grow $100 to $125.97:30.08-$100.00$0.00$125.97=RATE(E6,H6,G6,I6)

    N to double if rate = 20%:3.800.20-$1.00$0.00$2.00=NPER(F8,H8,G8,I8)

    Annuities

    TypeNRatePVPMTFVFunction

    END030.100-100$331.00=FV(D2,C2,F2,E2)

    END030.10($248.69)1000=PV(D4,C4,F4,G4)

    BEGIN130.100-100$364.10=FV(D6,C6,F6,E6,1)

    BEGIN130.10($273.55)1000=PV(D8,C8,F8,G8,B8)

    END050.10($379.08)1000=PV(D10,C10,F10,G10)

    END0100.10($614.46)1000=PV(D12,C12,F12,G12)

    END0250.10($907.70)1000=PV(D13,C13,F13,G13)

    END0450.120-1095$1,487,261.89=FV(D15,C15,F15,E15)

    END0250.120-1095$146,000.59=FV(D17,C17,F17,E17)

    END0250.120($11,154.42)$1,487,261.89=PMT(D19,C19,E19,G19)

    UnEven CFs (2)

    Rate10%

    PeriodCash FlowPresent ValueFormula

    000

    1$100.00($90.91)=PV($B$3,A6,0,B6)

    2$300.00($247.93)=PV($B$3,A7,0,B7)

    3$300.00($225.39)=PV($B$3,A8,0,B8)

    4($50.00)$34.15=PV($B$3,A9,0,B9)

    Total PV =($530.09)=SUM(C6:C9)

    ($530.09)=-NPV(B3,B6:B9)

    The functions require a PMT = 0.

    AMORT

    AMORtBEG BALPMTINTPRINEND BAL

    1$1,000$402$100$302$698

    2$698$402$70$332$366

    3$366$402$37$365$0

    Total$1,206$206$1,000

  • Future Values Example Suppose you invest $100 for 5 years at 10%How much would you have?Formula Solution: FV=PV(1+I)N=100(1.10)5=100(1.6105)=161.05

  • Future Value Example Suppose you invest $100 for 5 years at 10%. How much would you have?Calculator Solution5 N 10 I/Y -100 PV0 PMTCPT FV = 161.05

  • Future Value:Important Relationship 1 For a given interest rate:The longer the time period, The higher the future valueFV = PV(1 + I)N

    For a given I, as N increases, FV increases

  • Future Value Important Relationship 2For a given time period: The higher the interest rate, The larger the future valueFor a given N, as I increases, FV increasesFV = PV(1 + I)N

  • Present ValuesThe current value of future cash flows discounted at the appropriate discount rateValue at t=0 on a time lineAnswers the questions:How much do I have to invest today to have some amount in the future?What is the current value of an amount to be received in the future?

  • Present Values FV = PV(1 + I)NRearrange to solve for PV

    PV = FV / (1+I)N PV = FV(1+I)-N

    Discounting = finding the present value of one or more future amounts

  • Present Value: One Period ExampleYou need $10,000 for the down payment on a new carYou can earn 7% annually.How much do you need to invest today?1 N; 7 I/Y; 0 PMT;10000 FV;CPT PV = -9345.79=PV(0.07,1,0,10000)PV = 10,000(1.07)-1 = 9,345.79

  • Present Value:Important Relationship 1 For a given interest rate:The longer the time period, The lower the present value

    For a given I, as N increases, PV decreases

  • Present Value Important Relationship 2For a given time period: The higher the interest rate, The smaller the present valueFor a given N, as I increases, PV decreases

  • The Basic PV Equation - RefresherPV = FV / (1 + I)NThere are four parts to this equationPV, FV, I and NKnow any three, solve for the fourthIf you are using a financial calculator, be sure and remember the sign convention+CF = Cash INFLOW -CF = Cash OUTFLOW

  • Multiple Cash FlowsPresent ValueThe Basic FormulaThe TI BA II+Using the PV/FV keysUsing the Cash Flow WorksheetExcel

  • Multiple Uneven Cash Flows Present ValueYou are offered an investment that will pay$200 in year 1, $400 the next year, $600 the following year, and $800 at the end of the 4th year. You can earn 12% on similar investments. What is the most you should pay for this investment?

  • What is the PV of this uneven cash flow stream?-1,432.93 = PV

  • Present Value of an Uneven Cash Flow Stream: Formula

  • Multiple Uneven Cash Flows PV Year 1 CF: 1 N; 12 I/Y; 200 FV; CPT PV = -178.57Year 2 CF: 2 N; 12 I/Y; 400 FV; CPT PV = -318.88Year 3 CF: 3 N; 12 I/Y; 600 FV; CPT PV = -427.07Year 4 CF: 4 N; 12 I/Y; 800 FV; CPT PV = -508.41Total PV = -$1,432.93

  • Multiple Uneven Cash Flows Using the TI BAIIs Cash Flow WorksheetClear all: Press CF Then 2nd And CLR WORK (above CE/C)CF0 is displayed and is 0Enter the Period 0 cash flowIf it is an outflow, hit +/- to change the signTo enter the figure in the cash flow register, press ENTER

  • TI BAII+: Uneven CFsPress the down arrow () to move to the next cash flow register.Enter the cash flow amount, press ENTER and then down arrow to move to the cash flow counter (Fn).The default counter value is 1.To accept the value of 1, press the down arrow again.To change the counter, enter the correct count, press ENTER and then the down arrow.

  • TI BAII+: Uneven CFsRepeat for all cash flows, in order.To find NPV:Press NPV: I appears on the screenEnter the interest rate, press ENTER and the down arrow to display NPV.Press compute CPT

  • TI BAII+: Uneven Cash Flows CFC000 ENTER C01200 ENTER F011 ENTER C02400 ENTER F021 ENTER C03600 ENTER F031 ENTER C04800 ENTER F041 ENTER NPVI12 ENTER NPV CPT1432.93Cash Flows:CF0= 0CF1=200CF2=400CF3=600CF4=800

  • Excel PV of multiple uneven CFs

    Sheet1

    Rate12%

    PeriodCash FlowPresent ValueFormula

    1$200.00($178.57)=PV($B$3,A6,0,B6)

    2$400.00($318.88)=PV($B$3,A7,0,B7)

    3$600.00($427.07)=PV($B$3,A8,0,B8)

    4$800.00($508.41)=PV($B$3,A9,0,B9)

    Total PV =($1,432.93)=SUM(C6:C9)

    ($1,432.93)=-NPV(B3,B6:B9)

    The functions require a PMT = 0.

    TVM Functions

    EXCEL TVM FUNCTIONS

    N5

    I/Y10%

    PV$(100.00)

    PMT0

    FV$161.05=FV(B3,B2,B5,B4)

    N5

    I/Y10%

    PV($100.00)=PV(B12,B11,B14,B15)

    PMT0

    FV$161.05

    N5

    I/Y10%=RATE(B16,B19,B18,B20)

    PV$(100.00)

    PMT0

    FV$161.05

    N5.00=NPER(B24,B26,B25,B27)

    I/Y10%

    PV$(100.00)

    PMT0

    FV$161.05

    UnEven CFs-1

    Rate12%

    PeriodCash FlowPresent ValueFormula

    1$200.00($178.57)=PV($B$3,A6,0,B6)

    2$400.00($318.88)=PV($B$3,A7,0,B7)

    3$600.00($427.07)=PV($B$3,A8,0,B8)

    4$800.00($508.41)=PV($B$3,A9,0,B9)

    Total PV =($1,432.93)=SUM(C6:C9)

    ($1,432.93)=-NPV(B3,B6:B9)

    The functions require a PMT = 0.

    Case_Solutions_1

    NI/YPVPMTFVFunction

    FV of $100 for 3 years at 10%:30.10-$100.00$0.00$133.10=FV(F2,E2,H2,G2)

    PV of $100 in 3 years at 10%:30.10-$75.13$0.00$100.00=PV(F4,E4,H4,I4)

    Rate for 3 years to grow $100 to $125.97:30.08-$100.00$0.00$125.97=RATE(E6,H6,G6,I6)

    N to double if rate = 20%:3.800.20-$1.00$0.00$2.00=NPER(F8,H8,G8,I8)

    Annuities

    TypeNRatePVPMTFVFunction

    END030.100-100$331.00=FV(D2,C2,F2,E2)

    END030.10($248.69)1000=PV(D4,C4,F4,G4)

    BEGIN130.100-100$364.10=FV(D6,C6,F6,E6,1)

    BEGIN130.10($273.55)1000=PV(D8,C8,F8,G8,B8)

    END050.10($379.08)1000=PV(D10,C10,F10,G10)

    END0100.10($614.46)1000=PV(D12,C12,F12,G12)

    END0250.10($907.70)1000=PV(D13,C13,F13,G13)

    END0450.120-1095$1,487,261.89=FV(D15,C15,F15,E15)

    END0250.120-1095$146,000.59=FV(D17,C17,F17,E17)

    END0250.120($11,154.42)$1,487,261.89=PMT(D19,C19,E19,G19)

    UnEven CFs (2)

    Rate10%

    PeriodCash FlowPresent ValueFormula

    000

    1$100.00($90.91)=PV($B$3,A6,0,B6)

    2$300.00($247.93)=PV($B$3,A7,0,B7)

    3$300.00($225.39)=PV($B$3,A8,0,B8)

    4($50.00)$34.15=PV($B$3,A9,0,B9)

    Total PV =($530.09)=SUM(C6:C9)

    ($530.09)=-NPV(B3,B6:B9)

    The functions require a PMT = 0.

    AMORT

    AMORtBEG BALPMTINTPRINEND BAL

    1$1,000$402$100$302$698

    2$698$402$70$332$366

    3$366$402$37$365$0

    Total$1,206$206$1,000

  • CHAPTER 3Financial Statements, Cash Flow, and TaxesKey Financial Statements Balance sheet Income statements Statement of cash flows

  • The Annual ReportBalance sheet Snapshot of a firms financial position at a point in timeIncome statement Summarizes a firms revenues and expenses over a given period of timeStatement of cash flows Reports the impact of a firms activities on cash flows over a given period of time

  • Sample Balance SheetAssets =Liabilities +Owners Equity

    BS-new

    Allied Food Products

    Balance Sheets

    ASSETS20052004

    Cash & Equivalents$10$80

    Accounts receivable$375$315

    Inventories$615$415

    Total current assets$1,000$810

    Net plant & equipment$1,000$870

    TOTAL ASSETS$2,000$1,680

    LIABILITIES & EQUITY20082007

    Accounts payable$60$30

    Notes payable$110$60

    Accruals$140$130

    Total current liabilities$310$220

    Long-term bonds$750$580

    Total liabilities$1,060$800

    Common stock (50,000,000 shares)$130$130

    Retained earnings$810$750

    Total common equity$940$880

    Total Liabilities & Equity$2,000$1,680

    IS-NEW

    INCOME STATEMENTS

    2008% of Sales2007

    Net sales$3,000.0$2,850.0

    Operating costs$2,616.287.21%$2,497.0

    Gross profit$383.812.79%$353.0

    Depreciation$100.03.33%$86.7

    Other Operating Expenses$2.00.07%$9.0

    Operating Income$281.89.39%$257.3

    Interest expense$82.02.73%$60.0

    Pretax income$199.86.66%$197.3

    Taxes (40%)$79.92.66%$81.2

    NET INCOME$119.94.00%$116.1

    Common dividends$63.953.3%$60.151.8%

    Addtion to retained earnings$56.046.7%$56.048.3%

    SCF-new

    Statement of Cash Flows

    Cash Provided or Used

    Operating Activities

    Net Income$119.9

    Adjustments

    Noncash adjustments

    Depreciation$100.0

    Due to changes in working capital

    Increase in accounts receivable($60.0)

    Increase in inventories($200.0)

    Increase in accounts payable$30.0

    Increase in accruals$10.0

    Net cash provided by operating activities($0.1)

    Long-term Investing activities

    Cash used to acquire fixed assets($230.0)

    Financing Activities

    Sale of short-term investments$65.0

    Increase in notes payable$50.0

    Increase in bonds outstanding$174.0

    Payment of common dividends($63.9)

    Net cash provided by financing activities$225.1($5.0)

    Summary

    Net change in cash($5.0)

    Cash at beginning of year$15.0

    Cash at end of year$10.0

  • Sample Income StatementNet income=Dividends + Retained earnings

    BS-new

    Allied Food Products

    Balance Sheets

    ASSETS20052004

    Cash & Equivalents$10$80

    Accounts receivable$375$315

    Inventories$615$415

    Total current assets$1,000$810

    Net plant & equipment$1,000$870

    TOTAL ASSETS$2,000$1,680

    LIABILITIES & EQUITY20082007

    Accounts payable$60$30

    Notes payable$110$60

    Accruals$140$130

    Total current liabilities$310$220

    Long-term bonds$754$580

    Total liabilities$1,064$800

    Common stock (50,000,000 shares)$130$130

    Retained earnings$806$750

    Total common equity$936$880

    Total Liabilities & Equity$2,000$1,680

    IS-NEW

    Allied Food Products

    INCOME STATEMENTS

    2005% of Sales2004

    Net sales$3,000.0$2,850.0

    Operating costs$2,616.287.21%$2,497.0

    Gross profit (EBITDA)$383.812.79%$353.0

    Depreciation$100.03.33%$90.0

    Operating Income (EBIT)$283.89.46%$263.0

    Interest expense$88.02.93%$60.0

    Pretax income (EBT)$195.86.53%$203.0

    Taxes (40%)$78.32.61%$81.2

    NET INCOME$117.53.92%$121.8

    Common dividends$57.553.3%$53.0

    Addtion to retained earnings$60.051.1%$56.0

    Per Share Data

    Common stock price$23.00$26.00

    Earnings per share$2.35$2.44

    Dividends per share$1.15$1.06

    Book value per share$18.80$17.60

    Cash Flow per share$4.35$4.24

    SCF-new

    Statement of Cash Flows

    Cash Provided or Used

    Operating Activities

    Net Income$117.5

    Adjustments

    Noncash adjustments

    Depreciation$100.0

    Due to changes in working capital

    Increase in accounts receivable($60.0)

    Increase in inventories($200.0)

    Increase in accounts payable$30.0

    Increase in accruals$10.0

    Net cash provided by operating activities($2.5)

    Long-term Investing activities

    Cash used to acquire fixed assets($230.0)

    Financing Activities

    Sale of short-term investments$65.0

    Increase in notes payable$50.0

    Increase in bonds outstanding$174.0

    Payment of common dividends($57.5)

    Net cash provided by financing activities$231.5($1.0)

    Summary

    Net change in cash($5.0)

    Cash at beginning of year$15.0

    Cash at end of year$10.0

  • Allied Food Products

    BS-new

    Allied Food Products

    Balance Sheets

    ASSETS20052004

    Cash & Equivalents$10$80

    Accounts receivable$375$315

    Inventories$615$415

    Total current assets$1,000$810

    Net plant & equipment$1,000$870

    TOTAL ASSETS$2,000$1,680

    LIABILITIES & EQUITY20082007

    Accounts payable$60$30

    Notes payable$110$60

    Accruals$140$130

    Total current liabilities$310$220

    Long-term bonds$754$580

    Total liabilities$1,064$800

    Common stock (50,000,000 shares)$130$130

    Retained earnings$806$750

    Total common equity$936$880

    Total Liabilities & Equity$2,000$1,680

    IS-NEW

    Allied Food Products

    INCOME STATEMENTS

    2005% of Sales2004

    Net sales$3,000.0$2,850.0

    Operating costs$2,616.287.21%$2,497.0

    Gross profit (EBITDA)$383.812.79%$353.0

    Depreciation$100.03.33%$90.0

    Operating Income (EBIT)$283.89.46%$263.0

    Interest expense$88.02.93%$60.0

    Pretax income (EBT)$195.86.53%$203.0

    Taxes (40%)$78.32.61%$81.2

    NET INCOME$117.53.92%$121.8

    Common dividends$57.553.3%$53.0

    Addtion to retained earnings$60.051.1%$56.0

    Per Share Data

    Common stock price$23.00$26.00

    Earnings per share$2.35$2.44

    Dividends per share$1.15$1.06

    Book value per share$18.80$17.60

    Cash Flow per share$4.35$4.24

    SCF-new

    Statement of Cash Flows

    Cash Provided or Used

    Operating Activities

    Net Income$117.5

    Adjustments

    Noncash adjustments

    Depreciation$100.0

    Due to changes in working capital

    Increase in accounts receivable($60.0)

    Increase in inventories($200.0)

    Increase in accounts payable$30.0

    Increase in accruals$10.0

    Net cash provided by operating activities($2.5)

    Long-term Investing activities

    Cash used to acquire fixed assets($230.0)

    Financing Activities

    Sale of short-term investments$65.0

    Increase in notes payable$50.0

    Increase in bonds outstanding$174.0

    Payment of common dividends($57.5)

    Net cash provided by financing activities$231.5($1.0)

    Summary

    Net change in cash($5.0)

    Cash at beginning of year$15.0

    Cash at end of year$10.0

  • Allied 2005 Per-Share Ratios

  • Statement of Cash FlowsProvides information about cash inflows and outflows during an accounting period Required since 1988Developed from Balance Sheet and Income Statement data

  • Statement of Cash FlowsReconciles the change in Cash & Equivalents

    BS-new

    Allied Food Products

    Balance Sheets

    ASSETS20052004

    Cash & Equivalents$10$80

    Accounts receivable$375$315

    Inventories$615$415

    Total current assets$1,000$810

    Net plant & equipment$1,000$870

    TOTAL ASSETS$2,000$1,680

    LIABILITIES & EQUITY20082007

    Accounts payable$60$30

    Notes payable$110$60

    Accruals$140$130

    Total current liabilities$310$220

    Long-term bonds$754$580

    Total liabilities$1,064$800

    Common stock (50,000,000 shares)$130$130

    Retained earnings$806$750

    Total common equity$936$880

    Total Liabilities & Equity$2,000$1,680

    IS-NEW

    Allied Food Products

    INCOME STATEMENTS

    2005% of Sales2004

    Net sales$3,000.0$2,850.0

    Operating costs$2,616.287.21%$2,497.0

    Gross profit (EBITDA)$383.812.79%$353.0

    Depreciation$100.03.33%$90.0

    Operating Income (EBIT)$283.89.46%$263.0

    Interest expense$88.02.93%$60.0

    Pretax income (EBT)$195.86.53%$203.0

    Taxes (40%)$78.32.61%$81.2

    NET INCOME$117.53.92%$121.8

    Common dividends$57.553.3%$53.0

    Addtion to retained earnings$60.051.1%$56.0

    Per Share Data

    Common stock price$23.00$26.00

    Earnings per share$2.35$2.44

    Dividends per share$1.15$1.06

    Book value per share$18.80$17.60

    Cash Flow per share$4.35$4.24

    SCF-new

    Allied Food Products: Statement of Cash Flows

    2005

    IOperating Activities

    Net Income before dividends$117.5

    Adjustments

    Additions

    Increase in accounts payable$30.0

    Increase in accruals$10.0

    Depreciation$100.0

    Subtractions

    Increase in accounts receivable($60.0)

    Increase in inventories($200.0)

    Net cash provided by operating activities($2.5)

    IILong-term Investing activities

    Cash used to acquire fixed assets($230.0)

    IIIFinancing Activities

    Increase in notes payable$50.0

    Increase in bonds$170.0

    Payment of dividends($57.5)

    Net cash provided by financing activities$162.5

    Net change in cash & equivalents($70.0)

    Cash & equivalents at beginning of year$80.0

    IVCash & equivalents at end of year$10.0

  • BS-new

    Allied Food Products

    Balance Sheets

    ASSETS20052004

    Cash & Equivalents$10$80

    Accounts receivable$375$315

    Inventories$615$415

    Total current assets$1,000$810

    Net plant & equipment$1,000$870

    TOTAL ASSETS$2,000$1,680

    LIABILITIES & EQUITY20082007

    Accounts payable$60$30

    Notes payable$110$60

    Accruals$140$130

    Total current liabilities$310$220

    Long-term bonds$754$580

    Total liabilities$1,064$800

    Common stock (50,000,000 shares)$130$130

    Retained earnings$806$750

    Total common equity$936$880

    Total Liabilities & Equity$2,000$1,680

    IS-NEW

    Allied Food Products

    INCOME STATEMENTS

    2005% of Sales2004

    Net sales$3,000.0$2,850.0

    Operating costs$2,616.287.21%$2,497.0

    Gross profit (EBITDA)$383.812.79%$353.0

    Depreciation$100.03.33%$90.0

    Operating Income (EBIT)$283.89.46%$263.0

    Interest expense$88.02.93%$60.0

    Pretax income (EBT)$195.86.53%$203.0

    Taxes (40%)$78.32.61%$81.2

    NET INCOME$117.53.92%$121.8

    Common dividends$57.553.3%$53.0

    Addtion to retained earnings$60.051.1%$56.0

    Per Share Data

    Common stock price$23.00$26.00

    Earnings per share$2.35$2.44

    Dividends per share$1.15$1.06

    Book value per share$18.80$17.60

    Cash Flow per share$4.35$4.24

    SCF-new

    Allied Food Products: Statement of Cash Flows

    2005

    IOperating Activities

    Net Income before dividends$117.5

    Adjustments

    Additions

    Increase in accounts payable$30.0

    Increase in accruals$10.0

    Depreciation$100.0

    Subtractions

    Increase in accounts receivable($60.0)

    Increase in inventories($200.0)

    Net cash provided by operating activities($2.5)

    IILong-term Investing activities

    Cash used to acquire fixed assets($230.0)

    IIIFinancing Activities

    Increase in notes payable$50.0

    Increase in bonds$170.0

    Payment of dividends($57.5)

    Net cash provided by financing activities$162.5

    Net change in cash & equivalents($70.0)

    Cash & equivalents at beginning of year$80.0

    IVCash & equivalents at end of year$10.0

  • Statement of Cash FlowsReconciles the Income Statement and Balance Sheet to the flow of cashThe Matching Principle requires estimates and accruals to prepare Financial statementsFinancial Analysis is concerned with Cash FlowWhy is it important???

  • Statement of Cash FlowsA positive net income on the income statement is ultimately insignificant unless a company can translate its earnings into cash, and the only source in financial statement data for learning about the generation of cash from operations is the statement of cash flows

  • DeficitsCovered by new debt and cash

    BS-new

    Allied Food Products

    Balance Sheets

    ASSETS20052004

    Cash & Equivalents$10$80

    Accounts receivable$375$315

    Inventories$615$415

    Total current assets$1,000$810

    Net plant & equipment$1,000$870

    TOTAL ASSETS$2,000$1,680

    LIABILITIES & EQUITY20082007

    Accounts payable$60$30

    Notes payable$110$60

    Accruals$140$130

    Total current liabilities$310$220

    Long-term bonds$754$580

    Total liabilities$1,064$800

    Common stock (50,000,000 shares)$130$130

    Retained earnings$806$750

    Total common equity$936$880

    Total Liabilities & Equity$2,000$1,680

    IS-NEW

    Allied Food Products

    INCOME STATEMENTS

    2005% of Sales2004

    Net sales$3,000.0$2,850.0

    Operating costs$2,616.287.21%$2,497.0

    Gross profit (EBITDA)$383.812.79%$353.0

    Depreciation$100.03.33%$90.0

    Operating Income (EBIT)$283.89.46%$263.0

    Interest expense$88.02.93%$60.0

    Pretax income (EBT)$195.86.53%$203.0

    Taxes (40%)$78.32.61%$81.2

    NET INCOME$117.53.92%$121.8

    Common dividends$57.553.3%$53.0

    Addtion to retained earnings$60.051.1%$56.0

    Per Share Data

    Common stock price$23.00$26.00

    Earnings per share$2.35$2.44

    Dividends per share$1.15$1.06

    Book value per share$18.80$17.60

    Cash Flow per share$4.35$4.24

    SCF-new

    Allied Food Products: Statement of Cash Flows

    2005

    IOperating Activities

    Net Income before dividends$117.5

    Adjustments

    Additions

    Increase in accounts payable$30.0

    Increase in accruals$10.0

    Depreciation$100.0

    Subtractions

    Increase in accounts receivable($60.0)

    Increase in inventories($200.0)

    Net cash provided by operating activities($2.5)

    IILong-term Investing activities

    Cash used to acquire fixed assets($230.0)

    IIIFinancing Activities

    Increase in notes payable$50.0

    Increase in bonds$170.0

    Payment of dividends($57.5)

    Net cash provided by financing activities$162.5

    Net change in cash & equivalents($70.0)

    Cash & equivalents at beginning of year$80.0

    IVCash & equivalents at end of year$10.0

  • Net Operating Working Capital

    Allied_BS

    Allied Food Products

    Balance Sheets

    ASSETS20052004

    Cash & Equivalents$10$80

    Accounts receivable$375$315

    Inventories$615$415

    Total current assets$1,000$810

    Net plant & equipment$1,000$870

    TOTAL ASSETS$2,000$1,680

    LIABILITIES & EQUITY20082007

    Accounts payable$60$30

    Notes payable$110$60

    Accruals$140$130

    Total current liabilities$310$220

    Long-term bonds$754$580

    Total liabilities$1,064$800

    Common stock (50,000,000 shares)$130$130

    Retained earnings$806$750

    Total common equity$936$880

    Total Liabilities & Equity$2,000$1,680

    Allied_IS

    Allied Food Products

    INCOME STATEMENTS

    2005% of Sales2004

    Net sales$3,000.0$2,850.0

    Operating costs$2,616.287.21%$2,497.0

    Gross profit (EBITDA)$383.812.79%$353.0

    Depreciation$100.03.33%$90.0

    Operating Income (EBIT)$283.89.46%$263.0

    Interest expense$88.02.93%$60.0

    Pretax income (EBT)$195.86.53%$203.0

    Taxes (40%)$78.32.61%$81.2

    NET INCOME$117.53.92%$121.8

    Common dividends$57.553.3%$53.0

    Addtion to retained earnings$60.051.1%$56.0

    Per Share Data

    Common stock price$23.00$26.00

    Earnings per share$2.35$2.44

    Dividends per share$1.15$1.06

    Book value per share$18.80$17.60

    Cash Flow per share$4.35$4.24

    Allied_SCF

    Allied Food Products: Statement of Cash Flows

    2005

    IOperating Activities

    Net Income before dividends$117.5

    Adjustments

    Additions

    Increase in accounts payable$30.0

    Increase in accruals$10.0

    Depreciation$100.0

    Subtractions

    Increase in accounts receivable($60.0)

    Increase in inventories($200.0)

    Net cash provided by operating activities($2.5)

    IILong-term Investing activities

    Cash used to acquire fixed assets($230.0)

    IIIFinancing Activities

    Increase in notes payable$50.0

    Increase in bonds$170.0

    Payment of dividends($57.5)

    Net cash provided by financing activities$162.5

    Net change in cash & equivalents($70.0)

    Cash & equivalents at beginning of year$80.0

    IVCash & equivalents at end of year$10.0

    Allied_SRE

    Allied Food Products

    Statement of Retained Earnings

    2005

    Balance of retained earnings, Dec 31, 2004$750.0

    Add: Net Income, 2005$117.5

    Less: Dividends to common shareholders($57.5)

    Balance of retained earnings, Dec 31, 2005$810.0

    Allied_BS_2

    Allied Food Products

    Balance Sheets

    ASSETS20052004LIABILITIES & EQUITY20082007

    Cash & Equivalents$10$80Accounts payable$60$30

    Accounts receivable$375$315Notes payable$110$60

    Inventories$615$415Accruals$140$130

    Total current assets$1,000$810Total current liabilities$310$220

    Current Operating Assets$1,000$810Current Operating Liabilities$200$160

    Net Operating Working Capital = Current Operating Assets - Current Operating Liabilities

    Net Operating Working Capital (2005)$800

    Net Operating Working Capital (2004)$650

    $150

  • Operating Capital (also called Total Net Operating Capital)Operating Capital= NOWC + Net fixed assetsOperating Capital(2005) = $800 + $1,000 = $1,800 million(2004) = $650 + $870 = $1,520 millionNet Investment in Operating Capital = Op Cap (2005) Op Cap (2004) = $1,800 - $1,520 = $280 million

  • Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT) & Operating Cash FlowNOPAT = EBIT(1 - Tax rate)NOPAT05= $283.8(1 - 0.4) = $170.3 mOCF05 = NOPAT + Deprec + Amort= $170.3 + $100= $270.3

  • Free Cash Flow (FCF) for 2005EBIT = $283.8 m T = 40% Depreciation = $100 mCapital Expenditures = FA + Deprec = $130+$100 = $230NOWC = $800 - $650 = $150 m

    FCF = [$283.8(1-.4)+$100] [$230-$150] = -$109.7 m

  • CHAPTER 4Analysis of Financial StatementsRatio AnalysisLimitations of ratio analysisQualitative factors

  • Five Major Categories of RatiosLiquidity CR - Current RatioQR - Quick Ratio or Acid-Test Asset managementInventory TurnoverDSO Days sales outstandingFAT - Fixed Assets TurnoverTAT - Total Assets TurnoverDebt management Debt RatioTIE Times interest earnedEBITDA coverage (EC)

  • Five Major Categories of RatiosProfitabilityPM - Profit margin on salesBEP Basic earning powerROA Return on total assetsROE Return on common equityMarket valueP/E Price-Earnings ratioP/CF Price cash flow ratioM/B Market to book

  • Liquidity RatiosCR = Current Ratio = CA/CL

    QR = Quick Ratio or Acid-Test = (CA-INV)/CL

  • Asset Management RatiosInventory Turnover = Sales/InventoriesDSO = Days sales outstanding = Receivables /(Annual sales/365)FAT = Fixed Assets Turnover = Sales/Net Fixed AssetsTAT= Total Assets Turnover = Sales/Total Assets

  • Debt Management RatiosDebt Ratio = Total Liabilities/Total Assets

    TIE = Times interest earned = EBIT/Interest

    EBITDA coverage = EC

    (EBITDA + lease pmts) .(Interest + principal pmts + lease pmts)

  • Profitability RatiosPM = Profit margin on sales = NI/SalesBEP = Basic earning power = EBIT/Total AssetsROA = Return on total assets = NI/Total AssetsROE = Return on common equity = NI/Common Equity

  • Market Value MetricsP/E = Price-Earnings ratio= Price per share/Earnings per share

    P/CF = Pricecash flow ratio= Price per share/Cash flow per share

    M/B = Market to book= Market price per share Book value per share

  • The 5 Major Categories of Ratios and What Questions They Answer

  • Potential Problems and Limitations of Ratio AnalysisComparison with industry averages is difficult if the firm operates many different divisionsAverage performance necessarily goodSeasonal factors can distort ratiosWindow dressing techniques

  • Problems and Limitations (Continued)Different accounting and operating practices can distort comparisonsSometimes difficult to tell if a ratio value is good or badDifferent ratios give different signals Difficult to tell, on balance, whether a company is in a strong or weak financial condition

  • Qualitative FactorsRevenues tied to a single customer?Revenues tied to a single product?Reliance on a single supplier?Percentage of business generated overseas?Competitive situation?Legal and regulatory environment?

  • CHAPTER 16Financial Planning and ForecastingForecasting salesProjecting the assets and internally generated fundsProjecting outside funds neededDeciding how to raise funds

  • The AFN FormulaIf ratios are expected to remain constant:

    AFN = (A*/S0)S - (L*/S0)S - M(S1)(RR)

    Required AssetsSpontaneously Liabilities Retained Earnings

  • Variables in the AFN FormulaA* = Assets tied directly to salesS0 = Last years salesS1 = Next years projected salesS = Increase in sales; (S1-S0)L* = Liabilities that spontaneously increase with sales

  • Variables in the AFN FormulaA*/S0: assets required to support sales; Capital Intensity RatioL*/S0: spontaneous liabilities ratioM: profit margin (Net income/sales)RR: retention ratio; percent of net income not paid as dividend

  • Key Factors in AFNS=Sales GrowthA*/S0=Capital Intensity RatioL*/S0=Spontaneous Liability RatioM=Profit MarginRR=Retention Ratio

  • CHAPTER 6Interest Rates

  • Nominal vs. Real ratesr= Any nominal rate

    r*= The real risk-free rate T-bill rate with no inflation Typically ranges from 1% to 4% per year

    rRF= Rate on Treasury securitiesProxied by T-bill or T-bond rate

  • r = r* + IP + DRP + LP + MRPHere: r=Required rate of return on a debt security r*= Real risk-free rate IP= Inflation premiumDRP= Default risk premium LP= Liquidity premiumMRP= Maturity risk premiumrRF =

  • Premiums Added to r* for Different Types of DebtST Treasury ST IPLT Treasury LT IP MRP

    ST Corporate ST IP DRP LPLT Corporate LT IP DRP MRP LPDebt Instrument IP DRP MRP LP

  • CHAPTER 7Bonds and Their ValuationBond valuationMeasuring yield

  • Discount Rate = YTMThe discount rate (YTM) is: The opportunity cost of capitalThe rate that could be earned on alternative investments of equal riskRequired returnFor debt securities:YTM = r* + IP + LP + MRP + DRP

  • Bond ValueBond Value = PV(coupons) + PV(par)Bond Value = PV(annuity) + PV(lump sum)Remember: As interest rates increase present values decrease as YTM PV As interest rates increase, bond prices decrease and vice versa

  • The Bond-Pricing EquationPV(Annuity)PV(lump sum)C = Coupon payment; F = Face value

  • Texas Instruments BA-II PlusFV = future value/face value/par valuePV = present value=bond value/priceI/Y = period interest rate = YTMN = number of periods to maturityPMT = coupon payment

  • Spreadsheet FunctionsFV(Rate,Nper,Pmt,PV,0/1)PV(Rate,Nper,Pmt,FV,0/1)RATE(Nper,Pmt,PV,FV,0/1)NPER(Rate,Pmt,PV,FV,0/1)PMT(Rate,Nper,PV,FV,0/1)

    Inside parens: (RATE,NPER,PMT,PV,FV,0/1) 0/1 Ordinary annuity = 0 (default) Annuity Due = 1 (must be entered)

  • Pricing Specific Bonds TI BA II+Bond Worksheet [2nd] BONDSDT CPN RDT RV ACT 2/Y YLD PRIExcel:PRICE(Settlement,Maturity,Rate,Yld,Redemption, Frequency,Basis)YIELD(Settlement,Maturity,Rate,Pr,Redemption, Frequency,Basis)Settlement and maturity need to be actual datesRedemption and Pr need to given as % of par value

  • Yield to Maturity (YTM)The market required rate of return for bonds of similar risk and maturityThe discount rate used to value a bondReturn earned if bond held to maturityUsually = coupon rate at issueQuoted as an APRThe IRR of a bond

  • What is the YTM on a 10-year, 9% annual coupon, $1,000 par value bond, selling for $887?Must find the rd that solves this model:

  • Using a financial calculator to solve for the YTMYTM =10.91%Bond sells at a discount because YTM > coupon rateINPUTSOUTPUTNI/YRPMTPVFV1010.91901000- 887

  • Solving for YTMCoupon rate = 9%Annual couponsPar = $1,000Maturity = 10 yearsPrice = $887Using the calculator:N = 10 PV = -887PMT = 90FV = 1000CPT I/Y = 10.91=RATE(10,90,-887,1000)YTM on a 10-year, 9% annual coupon, $1,000 par value bond selling for $887

  • Find YTM, if the bond price is $1,134.20YTM = 7.08% Bond sells at a premium because YTM < coupon rateINPUTSOUTPUTNI/YRPMTPVFV107.08901000-1134.2

  • Solving for YTMCoupon rate = 9%Annual couponsPar = $1,000Maturity = 10 yearsPrice = $1,134.20Using the calculator:N = 10 PV = -1134.20PMT = 90FV = 1000CPT I/Y = 7.08=RATE(10,90,-1134.20,1000)YTM on a 10-year, 9% annual coupon, $1,000 par value bond selling for $1,134.20

  • Semiannual bondsMultiply years by 2 : number of periods = 2N.Divide nominal rate by 2 : periodic rate (I/YR) = rd / 2.Divide annual coupon by 2 : PMT = ann cpn / 2.INPUTSOUTPUTNI/YRPMTPVFV2Nrd / 2cpn / 2OKOK

  • What is the value of a 10-year, 10% semiannual coupon bond, if rd = 13%?Multiply years by 2 : N = 2 * 10 = 20Divide nominal rate by 2 : I/YR = 13 / 2 = 6.5Divide annual coupon by 2 : PMT = 100 / 2 = 50INPUTSOUTPUTNI/YRPMTPVFV206.5501000- 834.72

  • Valuing a Semiannual BondCoupon rate = 10%Annual couponsPar = $1,000Maturity = 10 yearsYTM = 13% Using the formula:Using the calculator:N = 20 I/Y = 6.5PMT = 50FV = 1000CPT PV = -834.72=PV(0.065, 10, 50, 1000)

  • YTM with Semiannual CouponsSuppose a bond with a 10% coupon rate and semiannual coupons, has a face value of $1000, 20 years to maturity and is selling for $1197.93.Is the YTM more or less than 10%?What is the semiannual coupon payment?How many periods are there?

  • YTM with Semiannual CouponsSuppose a bond with a 10% coupon rate and semiannual coupons, has a face value of $1000, 20 years to maturity and is selling for $1197.93.N = 40 PV = -1197.93 PMT = 50FV = 1000CPT I/Y = 4% YTM = 4%*2 = 8% Result = YTM

    NOTE: Solving a semi-annual payer for YTM will result in a 6-month YTM answerCalculator solves what you enter.

  • CHAPTER 8Risk and Rates of ReturnStand-alone RiskPortfolio RiskRisk & Return: CAPM / SML

  • The Expected Rate of Returnr hat = expected returnri = expected return in ith state of the economyPi = Probability of ith state occurring

  • Calculating the Expected Return

    Return and STD

    Portfolio Return

    Portfolio %50%50%Portfolio

    EconomyProbHTCollPortfolioReturn

    Recession0.1-27%27%0.0%0.0%

    Below Avg0.2-7%13%3.0%0.6%

    Average0.415%0%7.5%3.0%

    Above Avg0.230%-11%9.5%1.9%

    Boom0.145%-21%12.0%1.2%

    E(R )12.4%1.0%6.7%

    Portfolio Standard Deviation

    Squared

    EconomyProbPortfolioDeviation

    Recession0.10.0%0.00045

    Below Avg0.23.0%0.00027

    Average0.47.5%0.00003

    Above Avg0.29.5%0.00016

    Boom0.112.0%0.00028

    E(R )6.7%0.00119Variance

    =3.44%

    Recap

    HTCOLLPortfolio

    E(R )12.40%1.00%6.7%

    Std Dev20.00%13.20%3.4%

    CV1.613.20.51

    Pf Std

    WStd DevVarianceCov

    HT50%20.00%0.0400-0.0264-1.00

    Coll50%13.20%0.0174

    ijfor n=2

    110.0100

    12(0.0066)

    21(0.0066)

    220.0044

    0.00116Variance

    3.40%Std Dev

    STD DEV

    Deviation

    EconomyProbHTDeviationSquaredx Prob

    Recession0.1-27%-39%15.5%1.6%

    Below Avg0.2-7%-19%3.8%0.8%

    Average0.415%3%0.1%0.0%

    Above Avg0.230%18%3.1%0.6%

    Boom0.145%33%10.6%1.1%

    E(R )12.4%Variance4.0%

    Std Dev20.0%

    COvariance

    EconomyProbHTCollHT DevColl DevHT x Collx Prob

    Recession0.1-27%27%-39.4%26.0%-10.244%-0.0102

    Below Avg0.2-7%13%-19.4%12.0%-2.328%-0.0047

    Average0.415%0%2.6%-1.0%-0.026%-0.0001

    Above Avg0.230%-11%17.6%-12.0%-2.112%-0.0042

    Boom0.145%-21%32.6%-22.0%-7.172%-0.0072

    E(R )12.4%1.0%COV(HT,Coll) =-0.0264

    HTColl

    Std Dev20.0%13.2%

    Cov-0.0264

    Correlation-1.000

    Coefficient

    Sheet1

    EconomyProbHTProb x HT

    Recession0.1-27%-2.7%

    Below Avg0.2-7%-1.4%

    Average0.415%6.0%

    Above Avg0.230%6.0%

    Boom0.145%4.5%

    E(R )12.4%

    Return and STD (2)

    Portfolio Return

    Portfolio %50%50%Portfolio

    EconomyProbHTCollPortfolioReturn

    Recession0.1-27%27%0.0%0.0%

    Below Avg0.2-7%13%3.0%0.6%

    Average0.415%0%7.5%3.0%

    Above Avg0.230%-11%9.5%1.9%

    Boom0.145%-21%12.0%1.2%

    E(R )12.4%1.0%6.7%

    Portfolio Standard Deviation

    Squared

    EconomyProbPortfolioDeviation

    Recession0.10.0%0.00045

    Below Avg0.23.0%0.00027

    Average0.47.5%0.00003

    Above Avg0.29.5%0.00016

    Boom0.112.0%0.00028

    E(R )6.7%0.00119Variance

    =3.44%

    MBD0031B52F.unknown

    MBD0030B13F.unknown

  • The Standard Deviation of Returns = Standard deviation = Variance = 2

  • Standard deviation for each investment

  • Standard Deviation of HTs Returns

    Return and STD

    Portfolio Return

    Portfolio %50%50%Portfolio

    EconomyProbHTCollPortfolioReturn

    Recession0.1-27%27%0.0%0.0%

    Below Avg0.2-7%13%3.0%0.6%

    Average0.415%0%7.5%3.0%

    Above Avg0.230%-11%9.5%1.9%

    Boom0.145%-21%12.0%1.2%

    E(R )12.4%1.0%6.7%

    Portfolio Standard Deviation

    Squared

    EconomyProbPortfolioDeviation

    Recession0.10.0%0.00045

    Below Avg0.23.0%0.00027

    Average0.47.5%0.00003

    Above Avg0.29.5%0.00016

    Boom0.112.0%0.00028

    E(R )6.7%0.00119Variance

    =3.44%

    Recap

    HTCOLLPortfolio

    E(R )12.40%1.00%6.7%

    Std Dev20.00%13.20%3.4%

    CV1.613.20.51

    Pf Std

    WStd DevVarianceCov

    HT50%20.00%0.0400-0.0264-1.00

    Coll50%13.20%0.0174

    ijfor n=2

    110.0100

    12(0.0066)

    21(0.0066)

    220.0044

    0.00116Variance

    3.40%Std Dev

    STD DEV

    Deviation

    EconomyProbHTDeviationSquaredx Prob

    Recession0.1-27%-39.4%15.5%1.6%

    Below Avg0.2-7%-19.4%3.8%0.8%

    Average0.415%2.6%0.1%0.0%

    Above Avg0.230%17.6%3.1%0.6%

    Boom0.145%32.6%10.6%1.1%

    E(R )12.4%Variance4.0%

    Std Dev20.0%

    COvariance

    EconomyProbHTCollHT DevColl DevHT x Collx Prob

    Recession0.1-27%27%-39.4%26.0%-10.244%-0.0102

    Below Avg0.2-7%13%-19.4%12.0%-2.328%-0.0047

    Average0.415%0%2.6%-1.0%-0.026%-0.0001

    Above Avg0.230%-11%17.6%-12.0%-2.112%-0.0042

    Boom0.145%-21%32.6%-22.0%-7.172%-0.0072

    E(R )12.4%1.0%COV(HT,Coll) =-0.0264

    HTColl

    Std Dev20.0%13.2%

    Cov-0.0264

    Correlation-1.000

    Coefficient

    Sheet1

    EconomyProbHTProb x HT

    Recession0.1-27%-2.7%

    Below Avg0.2-7%-1.4%

    Average0.415%6.0%

    Above Avg0.230%6.0%

    Boom0.145%4.5%

    E(R )12.4%

    Return and STD (2)

    Portfolio Return

    Portfolio %50%50%Portfolio

    EconomyProbHTCollPortfolioReturn

    Recession0.1-27%27%0.0%0.0%

    Below Avg0.2-7%13%3.0%0.6%

    Average0.415%0%7.5%3.0%

    Above Avg0.230%-11%9.5%1.9%

    Boom0.145%-21%12.0%1.2%

    E(R )12.4%1.0%6.7%

    Portfolio Standard Deviation

    Squared

    EconomyProbPortfolioDeviation

    Recession0.10.0%0.00045

    Below Avg0.23.0%0.00027

    Average0.47.5%0.00003

    Above Avg0.29.5%0.00016

    Boom0.112.0%0.00028

    E(R )6.7%0.00119Variance

    =3.44%

    MBD0031B52F.unknown

    MBD0030B13F.unknown

  • Risk versus Return:Do we know enough now?^

  • Coefficient of Variation (CV)CV = Standard deviation/expected return = Risk per unit of return =

  • Portfolio Expected Returnrp = weighted average wi = % of portfolio in stock i ri = return on stock i^

  • Portfolio Expected ReturnAssume a two-stock portfolio is created with $50,000 invested in both HT and Collections

    rp = 0.5(12.4%) + 0.5(1.0%) = 6.7%^

  • Portfolio ReturnPortfolio = (50% x HT) + (50% x Coll)Portfolio Return = Prob x Portfolio

    Sheet1

    Portfolio Return

    Portfolio %50%50%Portfolio

    EconomyProbHTCollPortfolioReturn

    Recession0.1-27%27%0.0%0.0%

    Below Avg0.2-7%13%3.0%0.6%

    Average0.415%0%7.5%3.0%

    Above Avg0.230%-11%9.5%1.9%

    Boom0.145%-21%12.0%1.2%

    E(R )12.4%1.0%6.7%

    Portfolio Standard Deviation

    Squared

    EconomyProbPortfolioDeviation

    Recession0.10.0%0.00045

    Below Avg0.23.0%0.00027

    Average0.47.5%0.00003

    Above Avg0.29.5%0.00016

    Boom0.112.0%0.00028

    E(R )6.7%0.00119Variance

    =3.44%

    Sheet2

    Sheet3

  • Portfolio RiskPortfolio Standard deviation is NOT a weighted average of the standard deviations of the component assets

  • Calculating portfolio standard deviation and CV

  • Portfolio Standard Deviation

    Sheet1

    Portfolio Return

    Portfolio %50%50%Portfolio

    EconomyProbHTCollPortfolioReturn

    Recession0.1-27%27%0.0%0.0%

    Below Avg0.2-7%13%3.0%0.6%

    Average0.415%0%7.5%3.0%

    Above Avg0.230%-11%9.5%1.9%

    Boom0.145%-21%12.0%1.2%

    E(R )12.4%1.0%6.7%

    Portfolio Standard Deviation

    Squared

    EconomyProbPortfolioDeviation

    Recession0.10.0%0.00045

    Below Avg0.23.0%0.00027

    Average0.47.5%0.00003

    Above Avg0.29.5%0.00016

    Boom0.112.0%0.00028

    E(R )6.7%0.00119Variance

    =3.4%

    Sheet2

    Sheet3

  • Portfolio Risk & Returnp = 3.4% is much lower than the of either stock p = 3.4% is lower than the weighted average of HT and Coll.s (16.6%)The portfolio provides the average return of component stocks, but lower than the average riskWhy? Negative correlation between stocks

    Return and STD

    Portfolio Return

    Portfolio %50%50%Portfolio

    EconomyProbHTCollPortfolioReturn

    Recession0.1-27%27%0.0%0.0%

    Below Avg0.2-7%13%3.0%0.6%

    Average0.415%0%7.5%3.0%

    Above Avg0.230%-11%9.5%1.9%

    Boom0.145%-21%12.0%1.2%

    E(R )12.4%1.0%6.7%

    Portfolio Standard Deviation

    Squared

    EconomyProbPortfolioDeviation

    Recession0.10.0%0.00045

    Below Avg0.23.0%0.00027

    Average0.47.5%0.00003

    Above Avg0.29.5%0.00016

    Boom0.112.0%0.00028

    E(R )6.7%0.00119Variance

    =3.44%

    Recap

    HTCOLLPortfolio

    E(R )12.40%1.00%6.7%

    Std Dev20.00%13.20%3.4%

    CV1.613.20.51

    Sheet4

    WStd DevVarianceCovCorr Coeff

    HT50%20.00%0.0400-0.0264-1.00

    Coll50%13.20%0.0174

    ijfor n=2

    110.0100

    12(0.0066)

    21(0.0066)

    220.0044

    0.00116

    3.40%

    Sheet1 (2)

    EconomyProbHTCollHT DevColl DevHT x Collx Prob

    Recession0.1-27%27%-39.4%26.0%-10.244%-0.0102

    Below Avg0.2-7%13%-19.4%12.0%-2.328%-0.0047

    Average0.415%0%2.6%-1.0%-0.026%-0.0001

    Above Avg0.230%-11%17.6%-12.0%-2.112%-0.0042

    Boom0.145%-21%32.6%-22.0%-7.172%-0.0072

    E(R )12.4%1.0%COV(HT,Coll) =-0.0264

    HTColl

    Std Dev20.0%13.2%

    Cov-0.0264

    Correlation-1.000

    Coefficient

    MBD0031B52F.unknown

    MBD0030B13F.unknown

  • Covariance of ReturnsMeasures how much the returns on two risky assets move together

  • Covariance vs. Variance of Returns

  • CovarianceCovariance (HT:Coll) = -0.0264

    Return and STD

    Portfolio Return

    Portfolio %50%50%Portfolio

    EconomyProbHTCollPortfolioReturn

    Recession0.1-27%27%0.0%0.0%

    Below Avg0.2-7%13%3.0%0.6%

    Average0.415%0%7.5%3.0%

    Above Avg0.230%-11%9.5%1.9%

    Boom0.145%-21%12.0%1.2%

    E(R )12.4%1.0%6.7%

    Portfolio Standard Deviation

    Squared

    EconomyProbPortfolioDeviation

    Recession0.10.0%0.00045

    Below Avg0.23.0%0.00027

    Average0.47.5%0.00003

    Above Avg0.29.5%0.00016

    Boom0.112.0%0.00028

    E(R )6.7%0.00119Variance

    =3.44%

    Recap

    HTCOLLPortfolio

    E(R )12.40%1.00%6.70%

    Std Dev20.00%13.20%3.44%

    CV1.613.20.51

    Sheet1 (2)

    EconomyProbHTCollHT DevColl DevHT x Collx Prob

    Recession0.1-27%27%-39.4%26.0%-10.244%-0.0102

    Below Avg0.2-7%13%-19.4%12.0%-2.328%-0.0047

    Average0.415%0%2.6%-1.0%-0.026%-0.0001

    Above Avg0.230%-11%17.6%-12.0%-2.112%-0.0042

    Boom0.145%-21%32.6%-22.0%-7.172%-0.0072

    E(R )12.4%1.0%COV(HT,Coll) =-0.0264

    MBD0030B13F.unknown

  • Correlation CoefficientCorrelation Coefficient = (rho)Scales covariance to [-1,+1]-1 = Perfectly negatively correlated 0 = Uncorrelated; not related+1 = Perfectly positively correlated

  • Two-Stock PortfoliosIf r = -1.0Two stocks can be combined to form a riskless portfolio If r = +1.0 No risk reduction at all In general, stocks have r 0.35Risk is lowered but not eliminatedInvestors typically hold many stocks

  • s of n-Stock PortfolioSubscripts denote stocks i and jri,j = Correlation between stocks i and j i and j =Standard deviations of stocks i and jij = Covariance of stocks i and j

  • Portfolio Risk-n Risky Assetsi jfor n=211w1w111 = w121212w1w21221w2w12122w2w222 = w2222 p2 = w1212 + w2222 + 2w1w2 12

  • Portfolio Risk-2 Risky Assets

    Return and STD

    Portfolio Return

    Portfolio %50%50%Portfolio

    EconomyProbHTCollPortfolioReturn

    Recession0.1-27%27%0.0%0.0%

    Below Avg0.2-7%13%3.0%0.6%

    Average0.415%0%7.5%3.0%

    Above Avg0.230%-11%9.5%1.9%

    Boom0.145%-21%12.0%1.2%

    E(R )12.4%1.0%6.7%

    Portfolio Standard Deviation

    Squared

    EconomyProbPortfolioDeviation

    Recession0.10.0%0.00045

    Below Avg0.23.0%0.00027

    Average0.47.5%0.00003

    Above Avg0.29.5%0.00016

    Boom0.112.0%0.00028

    E(R )6.7%0.00119Variance

    =3.44%

    Recap

    HTCOLLPortfolio

    E(R )12.40%1.00%6.7%

    Std Dev20.00%13.20%3.4%

    CV1.613.20.51

    Pf Std

    WStd DevVarianceCov

    HT50%20.00%0.0400-0.0264-1.00

    Coll50%13.20%0.0174

    ijfor n=2

    110.0100

    12(0.0066)

    21(0.0066)

    220.0044

    0.00116Variance

    3.40%Std Dev

    Sheet1 (2)

    EconomyProbHTCollHT DevColl DevHT x Collx Prob

    Recession0.1-27%27%-39.4%26.0%-10.244%-0.0102

    Below Avg0.2-7%13%-19.4%12.0%-2.328%-0.0047

    Average0.415%0%2.6%-1.0%-0.026%-0.0001

    Above Avg0.230%-11%17.6%-12.0%-2.112%-0.0042

    Boom0.145%-21%32.6%-22.0%-7.172%-0.0072

    E(R )12.4%1.0%COV(HT,Coll) =-0.0264

    HTColl

    Std Dev20.0%13.2%

    Cov-0.0264

    Correlation-1.000

    Coefficient

    MBD0031B52F.unknown

    MBD0030B13F.unknown

  • Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)Links risk and required returns Security Market Line (SML):A stocks required return equals the risk-free return (rRF) plus a risk premium (RPM x ) that reflects the stocks risk after diversificationPrimary conclusion: The relevant riskiness of a stock is its contribution to the riskiness of a well-diversified portfolio.

  • The SML and Required ReturnThe Security Market Line (SML) is part of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)

    rRF = Risk-free rateRPM = Market risk premium = rM rRF

  • The Market Risk Premium (rM rRF = RPM)Additional return over the risk-free rate to compensate investors for assuming an average amount of riskSize depends on:Perceived risk of the stock market Investors degree of risk aversionVaries from year to yearEstimates suggest a range between 4% and 8% per year

  • Required Rates of ReturnAssume:rRF = 5.5%RPM = 5%

    rHT = 5.5% + (5.0%)(1.32)= 5.5% + 6.6%= 12.10%rM = 5.5% + (5.0%)(1.00)= 10.50%rUSR= 5.5% + (5.0%)(0.88)= 9.90%rT-bill= 5.5% + (5.0%)(0.00)= 5.50%rColl = 5.5% + (5.0%)(-0.87)= 1.15%

  • Expected vs Required ReturnsRequired by the marketExpected by YOU

  • Illustrating the Security Market Line..Coll..HTT-bills.USRSMLrM = 10.5

    rRF = 5.5-1 0 1 2.SML: ri = 5.5% + (5.0%) i ri (%)Risk, i

  • Portfolio Beta

    Where:wi = weight (% dollars invested in asset i)i = Beta of asset i p = Portfolio Beta

  • CHAPTER 9Stocks and Their Valuation

  • Constant growth stockDividends expected to grow forever at a constant rate, g:

    D1 = D0 (1+g)1D2 = D0 (1+g)2Dt = D0 (1+g)t

    Dividend growth formula converges to:

  • Constant Growth ModelNeeded data:D0 = Dividend just paidD1 = Next expected dividendg = constant growth raters = required return on the stock

  • Expected Value at time tValue at t=0Value at t

  • Supernormal GrowthWhat if g = 30% for 3 years before achieving long-run growth of 6%?

    Constant growth model no longer applicableBut - growth constant after 3 years

  • Valuing common stock with nonconstant growth$P^

  • Corporate Value Model= Free Cash Flow methodValue of the firm = present value of the firms expected future free cash flows

    Free cash flow =after-tax operating income less net capital investmentFCF = NOPAT Net capital investment

  • Applying the corporate value modelMarket value of firm: (MVF) = PV(future FCFs)MV of common stock:= MVF MV of debtIntrinsic stock value:= MVCS /# shares

  • Issues regarding the corporate value modelOften preferred to the dividend growth modelFirms that dont pay dividends Dividends hard to forecastAssumes at some point free cash flow growth rate will be constant Terminal value (TVN) = value of firm at the point that growth becomes constant

  • Firms Intrinsic ValueLong-run gFCF = 6%WACC = 10%

  • If the firm has $40 million in debt and has 10 million shares of stock, what is the firms intrinsic value per share?MV of equity= MV of firm MV of debt= $416.94 - $40= $376.94 millionValue per share= MV of equity / # of shares= $376.94 / 10= $37.69

  • Firm multiples methodOften used by analysts to value stocksP / EPrice-earning P / CFPrice-cash flowP / SalesPrice-salesMethod: Estimate appropriate ratio based on comparable firmsMultiply estimate by expected metric to estimate stock price

  • CHAPTER 10The Cost of CapitalCost of equityWACCAdjusting for risk

  • WACCWeighted Average Cost of CapitalWACC = wdrd(1-T) + wprp + wcrs

    Where:

    wD = % of debt in capital structurewP= % of preferred stock in capital structurewC= % of common equity in capital structurerD = firms cost of debtrP= firms cost of preferred stockrC= firms cost of equityT = firms corporate tax rateWeightsComponent costs

  • Three ways to determine the cost of equity, rs: 1.DCF: rs = D1/P0 + g2.CAPM: rs= rRF + (rM - rRF)i= rRF + (RPM)i3.Own-Bond-Yield-Plus-Risk Premium:rs = rd + Bond RP

  • DCF Approach: InputsCurrent stock price (P0)Current dividend (D0)Growth rate (g)

  • Four Mistakes to AvoidCurrent (YTM) vs. historical (Coupon rate) cost of debtMixing current and historical measures to estimate the market risk premiumBook weights vs. Market WeightsUse Target weightsUse market value of equityBook value of debt = reasonable proxy for market value.Incorrect cost of capital componentsOnly investor provided funding

  • Should the company use the composite WACC as the hurdle rate for each of its projects?NO!A firms composite WACC reflects the risk of an average project WACC = hurdle rate for an average risk projectDifferent divisions/projects may have different risksDivision or project WACC should be adjusted to reflect appropriate risk

  • Divisional and Project Costs of CapitalUsing the WACC as the discount rate is only appropriate for projects that are the same risk as the firms current operationsIf considering a project that is NOT of the same risk as the firm, then an appropriate discount rate for that project is neededDivisions also often require separate discount rates

  • Using WACC for All Projects - ExampleWhat would happen if we use the WACC for all projects regardless of risk?Assume the WACC = 15%

    Sheet1

    Required

    Return

    20%

    15%WACC

    10%

    5%

    05%10%15%20%IRR

    Sheet2

    RequiredExpectedDecision

    ProjectReturnReturnIf 15%Risk Adj

    A20%17%AcceptReject

    B15%18%AcceptAccept

    C10%12%RejectAccept

    Sheet3

  • Divisional Risk and the Cost of Capital Rate of Return (%) WACC Rejection Region Acceptance Region Risk WACCH WACCL WACCF 0 RiskL RiskH Acceptance RegionRejection Region

  • Subjective ApproachConsider the projects risk relative to the firm overallIf project risk > firm risk project discount rate > WACCIf project risk < firm risk project discount rate < WACC

  • Subjective Approach - Example

  • CHAPTER 11The Basics of Capital BudgetingShould we build thisplant?

  • Steps to capital budgetingEstimate CFs (inflows & outflows)Assess riskiness of CFsDetermine appropriate cost of capitalFind NPV and/or IRRAccept if NPV>0 and/or IRR>WACC

  • Independent versus Mutually Exclusive ProjectsIndependent:The cash flows of one are unaffected by the acceptance of the otherMutually Exclusive:The acceptance of one project precludes acceptance of the other

  • NPV: Sum of the PVs of all cash flows.Cost often is CF0 and is negativeNOTE: t=0

  • TI BAII+: Uneven Cash FlowsCFC00100 +/- ENTER C0110 ENTER F011 ENTER C0260 ENTER F021 ENTER C0380 ENTER F031 ENTER NPVI10 ENTER NPV CPT$18.78Cash Flows:CF0= -100CF1=10CF2=60CF3=80

  • Internal Rate of Return (IRR)IRR = the discount rate that forces PV of inflows equal to cost, and the NPV = 0:

    Solving for IRR with a financial calculator:Enter CFs in CFLO registerPress IRR:

  • NPV vs IRRIRR: Enter NPV = 0, solve for IRRNPV: Enter r, solve for NPV

  • Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR)MIRR = discount rate which causes the PV of a projects terminal value (TV) to equal the PV of costsTV = inflows compounded at WACCMIRR assumes cash inflows reinvested at WACC

  • Normal vs. Non-normal Cash FlowsNormal Cash Flow Project:Cost (negative CF) followed by a series of positive cash inflowsOne change of signsNon-normal Cash Flow Project:Two or more changes of signsMost common: Cost (negative CF), then string of positive CFs, then cost to close projectFor example, nuclear power plant or strip mine

  • Multiple IRRsDescartes Rule of Signs

    Polynomial of degree nn roots1 real root per sign changeRest = imaginary (i2 = -1)

  • 012-800,0005,000,000-5,000,000PV outflows @ 10% = -4,932,231.40TV inflows @ 10% = 5,500,000.00MIRR = 5.6%The Pavillion Project:Non-normal CFs and MIRR

  • MIRR versus IRRMIRR correctly assumes reinvestment at opportunity cost = WACC

    MIRR avoids the multiple IRR problem

    Managers like rate of return comparisons, and MIRR is better for this than IRR

  • When to use the MIRR instead of the IRR? Accept Project P?When there are nonnormal CFs and more than one IRR, use MIRR.PV of outflows @ 10% = -$4,932.2314.TV of inflows @ 10% = $5,500.MIRR = 5.6%.Do not accept Project P.NPV = -$386.78 < 0.MIRR = 5.6% < WACC = 10%.

  • Excel Functions

    Sheet1

    Project

    LS

    NPV$18.79$19.98

    IRR18.13%23.56%

    MIRR16.50%16.89%

    PB2.3751.600

    DPB2.701.88

    0123

    -100705020

    20

    55

    84.7

    -100159.7

    16.89%

    0123

    -100705020

    63.636363636441.322314049615.026296018

    -36.36363636364.958677686

    1.88

    Sheet2

    A1BCD

    2Project Expected

    3Net Cash Flows

    4YearLS

    50($100)($100)

    611070

    726050

    838020

    9NPV$18.78$19.98

    10IRR18.13%23.56%

    11MIRR16.50%16.89%

    12

    13=NPV(0.1,C6:C8)+C5

    14=IRR(C5:C8)

    15=MIRR(C5:C8,0.1,0.1)

    Sheet3

  • CHAPTER 12

    Cash Flow Estimation and Risk Analysis

  • Relevant Cash Flows:Incremental Cash Flow for a ProjectProjects incremental cash flow is:

    Corporate cash flow with the projectMinus Corporate cash flow without the project

  • Relevant Cash FlowsChanges in Net Working CapitalYInterest/Dividends ....NSunk Costs ..NOpportunity Costs .YExternalities/Cannibalism ..YTax Effects ....Y

  • Tax Effect on Salvage Net Salvage Cash Flow = SP - (SP-BV)(T)

    Where:SP = Selling PriceBV = Book ValueT = Corporate tax rate

  • Including inflation when estimating cash flowsNominal r > real rThe cost of capital, r, includes a premium for inflationNominal CF > real CF Nominal cash flows incorporate inflationIf you discount real CF with the higher nominal r, then your NPV estimate is too low

  • INFLATIONReal vs. Nominal Cash flowsNominalReal

  • INFLATIONReal vs. Nominal Cash flows2 Ways to adjust

    Adjust WACCCash Flows = RealAdjust WACC to remove inflation

    Adjust Cash Flows for InflationUse Nominal WACC

  • Sensitivity AnalysisShows how changes in an input variable affect NPV or IRREach variable is fixed except oneChange one variable to see the effect on NPV or IRRAnswers what if questions

  • Sensitivity Analysis

    Scenario

    Scenario Analysis

    BaseLowerUpper

    Units6,0005,5006,500

    Price/unit$80.00$75.00$85.00

    Variable cost/unit$60.00$58.00$62.00

    Fixed cost/year$50,000$45,000$55,000

    BASEBESTWORST

    Initial investment$200,000

    Depreciated to salvage value of 0 over 5 years

    Deprec/yr$40,000

    Project Life5years

    Tax rate34%

    Required return12%

    BASEWORSTBEST

    Units6,0005,5006,500

    Price/unit$80.00$75.00$85.00

    Variable cost/unit$60.00$62.00$58.00

    Fixed Cost$50,000$55,000$45,000

    Sales$480,000$412,500$552,500

    Variable Cost360,000341,000377,000

    Fixed Cost50,00055,00045,000

    Depreciation40,00040,00040,000

    EBIT30,000(23,500)90,500

    Taxes10,200(7,990)30,770

    Net Income19,800(15,510)59,730

    + Deprec40,00040,00040,000

    TOTAL CF59,80024,49099,730

    NPV15,566(111,719)159,504

    IRR15.1%-14.4%40.9%

    NOTE:Note in WORST CASE, tax credit for negative earnings

    $(200,000)$(200,000)$(200,000)

    59,80024,49099,730

    59,80024,49099,730

    59,80024,49099,730

    59,80024,49099,730

    59,80024,49099,730

    PV$215,566$88,281$359,504

    NPV15,566(111,719)159,504

    Sensitivity

    Sensitivity Analysis

    BaseUnitsFixed CostVar Cost

    Units6,0006,6006,0006,000

    Price/unit$80808080

    Variable cost/unit$60606054

    Fixed cost/year$50,00050,00055,00050,000

    Initial investment$200,000

    Depreciated to salvage value of 0 over 5 years

    Deprec/yr$40,000

    Tax rate40%

    Required Return10%

    BASEUNITSFCVC

    Units6,0006,6006,0006,000

    Price/unit$80$80$80$80

    Variable cost/unit$60$60$60$54

    Fixed cost$50,000$50,000$55,000$50,000

    Sales$480,000$528,000$480,000$480,000

    Variable Cost360,000396,000360,000324,000

    Fixed Cost50,00050,00055,00050,000

    Depreciation40,00040,00040,00040,000UNITSFCVC

    EBIT30,00042,00025,00066,000-30%$(62,015)$53,983$265,509

    Taxes12,00016,80010,00026,400-20%$(34,722)$42,610$183,628

    Net Income18,00025,20015,00039,600-10%$(7,428)$31,238$101,747

    + Deprec40,00040,00040,00040,000BASE$19,866$19,866$19,866

    10%$47,159$8,493$(62,015)

    TOTAL CF58,00065,20055,00079,60020%$74,453$(2,879)$(143,896)

    30%$101,747$(14,251)$(225,777)

    NPV$19,866$47,159$8,493$101,747

    % Change in NPV137.4%-57.2%412.2%

    % Change in Variable10.0%10.0%-10.0%

    SENSITIVITY RATIO13.74-5.72-41.22

    DIRECTINVERSEINVERSE

    Sensitivity Ratio = (% Change in NPV)/% Change in Variable

    Positive = Direct relationship

    Negative = Inverse relationship

    $(200,000)$(200,000)$(200,000)$(200,000)

    58,00065,20055,00079,600

    58,00065,20055,00079,600

    58,00065,20055,00079,600

    58,00065,20055,00079,600

    58,00065,20055,00079,600

    PV$219,866$247,159$208,493$301,747

    NPV$19,866$47,159$8,493$101,747

    Sensitivity

    Units

    FC

    VC

  • Scenario

    Scenario Analysis

    BaseLowerUpper

    Units6,0005,5006,500

    Price/unit$80.00$75.00$85.00

    Variable cost/unit$60.00$58.00$62.00

    Fixed cost/year$50,000$45,000$55,000

    BASEBESTWORST

    Initial investment$200,000

    Depreciated to salvage value of 0 over 5 years

    Deprec/yr$40,000

    Project Life5years

    Tax rate34%

    Required return12%

    BASEWORSTBEST

    Units6,0005,5006,500

    Price/unit$80.00$75.00$85.00

    Variable cost/unit$60.00$62.00$58.00

    Fixed Cost$50,000$55,000$45,000

    Sales$480,000$412,500$552,500

    Variable Cost360,000341,000377,000

    Fixed Cost50,00055,00045,000

    Depreciation40,00040,00040,000

    EBIT30,000(23,500)90,500

    Taxes10,200(7,990)30,770

    Net Income19,800(15,510)59,730

    + Deprec40,00040,00040,000

    TOTAL CF59,80024,49099,730

    NPV15,566(111,719)159,504

    IRR15.1%-14.4%40.9%

    NOTE:Note in WORST CASE, tax credit for negative earnings

    $(200,000)$(200,000)$(200,000)

    59,80024,49099,730

    59,80024,49099,730

    59,80024,49099,730

    59,80024,49099,730

    59,80024,49099,730

    PV$215,566$88,281$359,504

    NPV15,566(111,719)159,504

    Sensitivity

    Sensitivity Analysis

    BaseUnitsFixed CostVar Cost

    Units6,0006,6006,0006,000

    Price/unit$80808080

    Variable cost/unit$60606054

    Fixed cost/year$50,00050,00055,00050,000

    Initial investment$200,000

    Depreciated to salvage value of 0 over 5 years

    Deprec/yr$40,000

    Tax rate40%

    Required Return10%

    BASEUNITSFCVC

    Units6,0006,6006,0006,000

    Price/unit$80$80$80$80

    Variable cost/unit$60$60$60$54

    Fixed cost$50,000$50,000$55,000$50,000

    Sales$480,000$528,000$480,000$480,000

    Variable Cost360,000396,000360,000324,000

    Fixed Cost50,00050,00055,00050,000

    Depreciation40,00040,00040,00040,000UNITSFCVC

    EBIT30,00042,00025,00066,000-30%$(62,015)$53,983$265,509

    Taxes12,00016,80010,00026,400-20%$(34,722)$42,610$183,628

    Net Income18,00025,20015,00039,600-10%$(7,428)$31,238$101,747

    + Deprec40,00040,00040,00040,000BASE$19,866$19,866$19,866

    10%$47,159$8,493$(62,015)

    TOTAL CF58,00065,20055,00079,60020%$74,453$(2,879)$(143,896)

    30%$101,747$(14,251)$(225,777)

    NPV$19,866$47,159$8,493$101,747

    % Change in NPV137.4%-57.2%412.2%

    % Change in Variable10.0%10.0%-10.0%

    SENSITIVITY RATIO13.74-5.72-41.22

    DIRECTINVERSEINVERSE

    Sensitivity Ratio = (% Change in NPV)/% Change in Variable

    Positive = Direct relationship

    Negative = Inverse relationship

    $(200,000)$(200,000)$(200,000)$(200,000)

    58,00065,20055,00079,600

    58,00065,20055,00079,600

    58,00065,20055,00079,600

    58,00065,20055,00079,600

    58,00065,20055,00079,600

    PV$219,866$247,159$208,493$301,747

    NPV$19,866$47,159$8,493$101,747

    Sensitivity

    Units

    FC

    VC

  • Sensitivity Analysis

    Scenario

    Scenario Analysis

    BaseLowerUpper

    Units6,0005,5006,500

    Price/unit$80.00$75.00$85.00

    Variable cost/unit$60.00$58.00$62.00

    Fixed cost/year$50,000$45,000$55,000

    BASEBESTWORST

    Initial investment$200,000

    Depreciated to salvage value of 0 over 5 years

    Deprec/yr$40,000

    Project Life5years

    Tax rate34%

    Required return12%

    BASEWORSTBEST

    Units6,0005,5006,500

    Price/unit$80.00$75.00$85.00

    Variable cost/unit$60.00$62.00$58.00

    Fixed Cost$50,000$55,000$45,000

    Sales$480,000$412,500$552,500

    Variable Cost360,000341,000377,000

    Fixed Cost50,00055,00045,000

    Depreciation40,00040,00040,000

    EBIT30,000(23,500)90,500

    Taxes10,200(7,990)30,770

    Net Income19,800(15,510)59,730

    + Deprec40,00040,00040,000

    TOTAL CF59,80024,49099,730

    NPV15,566(111,719)159,504

    IRR15.1%-14.4%40.9%

    NOTE:Note in WORST CASE, tax credit for negative earnings

    $(200,000)$(200,000)$(200,000)

    59,80024,49099,730

    59,80024,49099,730

    59,80024,49099,730

    59,80024,49099,730

    59,80024,49099,730

    PV$215,566$88,281$359,504

    NPV15,566(111,719)159,504

    Sensitivity

    Sensitivity Analysis

    BaseUnitsFixed CostVar Cost

    Units6,0006,6006,0006,000

    Price/unit$80808080

    Variable cost/unit$60606054

    Fixed cost/year$50,00050,00055,00050,000

    Initial investment$200,000

    Depreciated to salvage value of 0 over 5 years

    Deprec/yr$40,000

    Tax rate40%

    Required Return10%

    BASEUNITSFCVC

    Units6,0006,6006,0006,000

    Price/unit$80$80$80$80

    Variable cost/unit$60$60$60$54

    Fixed cost$50,000$50,000$55,000$50,000

    Sales$480,000$528,000$480,000$480,000

    Variable Cost360,000396,000360,000324,000

    Fixed Cost50,00050,00055,00050,000

    Depreciation40,00040,00040,00040,000UNITSFCVC

    EBIT30,00042,00025,00066,000-30%$(62,015)$53,983$265,509

    Taxes12,00016,80010,00026,400-20%$(34,722)$42,610$183,628

    Net Income18,00025,20015,00039,600-10%$(7,428)$31,238$101,747

    + Deprec40,00040,00040,00040,000BASE$19,866$19,866$19,866

    10%$47,159$8,493$(62,015)

    TOTAL CF58,00065,20055,00079,60020%$74,453$(2,879)$(143,896)

    30%$101,747$(14,251)$(225,777)

    NPV$19,866$47,159$8,493$101,747

    % Change in NPV137.4%-57.2%412.2%

    % Change in Variable10.0%10.0%-10.0%

    SENSITIVITY RATIO13.74-5.72-41.22

    DIRECTINVERSEINVERSE

    Sensitivity Ratio = (% Change in NPV)/% Change in Variable

    Positive = Direct relationship

    Negative = Inverse relationship

    $(200,000)$(200,000)$(200,000)$(200,000)

    58,00065,20055,00079,600

    58,00065,20055,00079,600

    58,00065,20055,00079,600

    58,00065,20055,00079,600

    58,00065,20055,00079,600

    PV$219,866$247,159$208,493$301,747

    NPV$19,866$47,159$8,493$101,747

    Sensitivity

    Units

    FC

    VC

  • Sensitivity GraphUnit SalesVariable CostFixed Cost

    Chart3

    -6201553983265509

    -3472242610183628

    -7428.032114050931238101747

    19865.632625689919865.632625689919865.6326256899

    471598493.2723174646-62015

    74453-2879-143896

    101747-14251-225777

    Units

    FC

    VC

    Scenario

    Scenario Analysis

    BaseLowerUpper

    Units6,0005,5006,500

    Price/unit$80.00$75.00$85.00

    Variable cost/unit$60.00$58.00$62.00

    Fixed cost/year$50,000$45,000$55,000

    BASEBESTWORST

    Initial investment$200,000

    Depreciated to salvage value of 0 over 5 years

    Deprec/yr$40,000

    Project Life5years

    Tax rate34%

    Required return12%

    BASEWORSTBEST

    Units6,0005,5006,500

    Price/unit$80.00$75.00$85.00

    Variable cost/unit$60.00$62.00$58.00

    Fixed Cost$50,000$55,000$45,000

    Sales$480,000$412,500$552,500

    Variable Cost360,000341,000377,000

    Fixed Cost50,00055,00045,000

    Depreciation40,00040,00040,000

    EBIT30,000(23,500)90,500

    Taxes10,200(7,990)30,770

    Net Income19,800(15,510)59,730

    + Deprec40,00040,00040,000

    TOTAL CF59,80024,49099,730

    NPV15,566(111,719)159,504

    IRR15.1%-14.4%40.9%

    NOTE:Note in WORST CASE, tax credit for negative earnings

    $(200,000)$(200,000)$(200,000)

    59,80024,49099,730

    59,80024,49099,730

    59,80024,49099,730

    59,80024,49099,730

    59,80024,49099,730

    PV$215,566$88,281$359,504

    NPV15,566(111,719)159,504

    Sensitivity

    Sensitivity Analysis

    BaseUnitsFixed CostVar Cost

    Units6,0006,6006,0006,000

    Price/unit$80808080

    Variable cost/unit$60606054

    Fixed cost/year$50,00050,00055,00050,000

    Initial investment$200,000

    Depreciated to salvage value of 0 over 5 years

    Deprec/yr$40,000

    Tax rate40%

    Required Return10%

    BASEUNITSFCVC

    Units6,0006,6006,0006,000

    Price/unit$80$80$80$80

    Variable cost/unit$60$60$60$54

    Fixed cost$50,000$50,000$55,000$50,000

    Sales$480,000$528,000$480,000$480,000

    Variable Cost360,000396,000360,000324,000

    Fixed Cost50,00050,00055,00050,000

    Depreciation40,00040,00040,00040,000UNITSFCVC

    EBIT30,00042,00025,00066,000-30%$(62,015)$53,983$265,509

    Taxes12,00016,80010,00026,400-20%$(34,722)$42,610$183,628

    Net Income18,00025,20015,00039,600-10%$(7,428)$31,238$101,747

    + Deprec40,00040,00040,00040,000BASE$19,866$19,866$19,866

    10%$47,159$8,493$(62,015)

    TOTAL CF58,00065,20055,00079,60020%$74,453$(2,879)$(143,896)

    30%$101,747$(14,251)$(225,777)

    NPV$19,866$47,159$8,493$101,747

    % Change in NPV137.4%-57.2%412.2%

    % Change in Variable10.0%10.0%-10.0%

    SENSITIVITY RATIO13.74-5.72-41.22

    DIRECTINVERSEINVERSE

    Sensitivity Ratio = (% Change in NPV)/% Change in Variable

    Positive = Direct relationship

    Negative = Inverse relationship

    $(200,000)$(200,000)$(200,000)$(200,000)

    58,00065,20055,00079,600

    58,00065,20055,00079,600

    58,00065,20055,00079,600

    58,00065,20055,00079,600

    58,00065,20055,00079,600

    PV$219,866$247,159$208,493$301,747

    NPV$19,866$47,159$8,493$101,747

    Sensitivity

    Units

    FC

    VC

  • Sensitivity Ratio%NPV = (New NPV - Base NPV)/Base NPV%VAR = (New VAR - Base VAR)/Base VAR If SR>0 Direct relationship If SR
  • Sensitivity Ratio -30%$ -62$54$266 0202020%NPV (-62-20)/20 (54-20)/20 (266-20)/20 -4.1% 1.7% 12.3% %VAR -30% -30% -30% SR 13.74 -5.72 -41.22 Change from Resulting NPV (000s) Base LevelUnit Sales FC VC14-*

  • Sensitivity GraphUnit Sales13.74Variable Cost-41.22Fixed Cost-5.72

    Chart3

    -6201553983265509

    -3472242610183628

    -7428.032114050931238101747

    19865.632625689919865.632625689919865.6326256899

    471598493.2723174646-62015

    74453-2879-143896

    101747-14251-225777

    Units

    FC

    VC

    Scenario

    Scenario Analysis

    BaseLowerUpper

    Units6,0005,5006,500

    Price/unit$80.00$75.00$85.00

    Variable cost/unit$60.00$58.00$62.00

    Fixed cost/year$50,000$45,000$55,000

    BASEBESTWORST

    Initial investment$200,000

    Depreciated to salvage value of 0 over 5 years

    Deprec/yr$40,000

    Project Life5years

    Tax rate34%

    Required return12%

    BASEWORSTBEST

    Units6,0005,5006,500

    Price/unit$80.00$75.00$85.00

    Variable cost/unit$60.00$62.00$58.00

    Fixed Cost$50,000$55,000$45,000

    Sales$480,000$412,500$552,500

    Variable Cost360,000341,000377,000

    Fixed Cost50,00055,00045,000

    Depreciation40,00040,00040,000

    EBIT30,000(23,500)90,500

    Taxes10,200(7,990)30,770

    Net Income19,800(15,510)59,730

    + Deprec40,00040,00040,000

    TOTAL CF59,80024,49099,730

    NPV15,566(111,719)159,504

    IRR15.1%-14.4%40.9%

    NOTE:Note in WORST CASE, tax credit for negative earnings

    $(200,000)$(200,000)$(200,000)

    59,80024,49099,730

    59,80024,49099,730

    59,80024,49099,730

    59,80024,49099,730

    59,80024,49099,730

    PV$215,566$88,281$359,504

    NPV15,566(111,719)159,504

    Sensitivity

    Sensitivity Analysis

    BaseUnitsFixed CostVar Cost

    Units6,0006,6006,0006,000

    Price/unit$80808080

    Variable cost/unit$60606054

    Fixed cost/year$50,00050,00055,00050,000

    Initial investment$200,000

    Depreciated to salvage value of 0 over 5 years

    Deprec/yr$40,000

    Tax rate40%

    Required Return10%

    BASEUNITSFCVC

    Units6,0006,6006,0006,000

    Price/unit$80$80$80$80

    Variable cost/unit$60$60$60$54

    Fixed cost$50,000$50,000$55,000$50,000

    Sales$480,000$528,000$480,000$480,000

    Variable Cost360,000396,000360,000324,000

    Fixed Cost50,00050,00055,00050,000

    Depreciation40,00040,00040,00040,000UNITSFCVC

    EBIT30,00042,00025,00066,000-30%$(62,015)$53,983$265,509

    Taxes12,00016,80010,00026,400-20%$(34,722)$42,610$183,628

    Net Income18,00025,20015,00039,600-10%$(7,428)$31,238$101,747

    + Deprec40,00040,00040,00040,000BASE$19,866$19,866$19,866

    10%$47,159$8,493$(62,015)

    TOTAL CF58,00065,20055,00079,60020%$74,453$(2,879)$(143,896)

    30%$101,747$(14,251)$(225,777)

    NPV$19,866$47,159$8,493$101,747

    % Change in NPV137.4%-57.2%412.2%

    % Change in Variable10.0%10.0%-10.0%

    SENSITIVITY RATIO13.74-5.72-41.22

    DIRECTINVERSEINVERSE

    Sensitivity Ratio = (% Change in NPV)/% Change in Variable

    Positive = Direct relationship

    Negative = Inverse relationship

    $(200,000)$(200,000)$(200,000)$(200,000)

    58,00065,20055,00079,600

    58,00065,20055,00079,600

    58,00065,20055,00079,600

    58,00065,20055,00079,600

    58,00065,20055,00079,600

    PV$219,866$247,159$208,493$301,747

    NPV$19,866$47,159$8,493$101,747

    Sensitivity

    Units

    FC

    VC

  • Results of Sensitivity AnalysisSteeper sensitivity lines = greater risk Small changes large declines in NPV

    The Variable Cost line is steeper than unit sales or fixed cost so, for this project, the firm should focus on the accuracy of variable cost forecasts.

  • Sensitivity Analysis:WeaknessesDoes not reflect diversificationSays nothing about the likelihood of change in a variablei.e. a steep sales line is not a problem if sales wont fallIgnores relationships among variables

  • Sensitivity Analysis:StrengthsProvides indication of stand-alone riskIdentifies dangerous variablesGives some breakeven information

  • Scenario AnalysisExamines several possible situations, usually:Worst case Base case or most likely case, and Best caseProvides a range of possible outcomes

  • Scenario Example

    Scenario

    Scenario Analysis

    BaseLowerUpper

    Units6,0005,5006,500

    Price/unit$80.00$75.00$85.00

    Variable cost/unit$60.00$58.00$62.00

    Fixed cost/year$50,000$45,000$55,000

    BASEBESTWORST

    Initial investment$200,000

    Depreciated to salvage value of 0 over 5 years

    Deprec/yr$40,000

    Project Life5years

    Tax rate34%

    Required return12%

    BASEWORSTBEST

    Units6,0005,5006,500

    Price/unit$80.00$75.00$85.00

    Variable cost/unit$60.00$62.00$58.00

    Fixed Cost$50,000$55,000$45,000

    Sales$480,000$412,500$552,500

    Variable Cost360,000341,000377,000

    Fixed Cost50,00055,00045,000

    Depreciation40,00040,00040,000

    EBIT30,000(23,500)90,500

    Taxes10,200(7,990)30,770

    Net Income19,800(15,510)59,730

    + Deprec40,00040,00040,000

    TOTAL CF59,80024,49099,730

    NPV15,566(111,719)159,504

    IRR15.1%-14.4%40.9%

    NOTE:Note in WORST CASE, tax credit for negative earnings

    $(200,000)$(200,000)$(200,000)

    59,80024,49099,730

    59,80024,49099,730

    59,80024,49099,730

    59,80024,49099,730

    59,80024,49099,730

    PV$215,566$88,281$359,504

    NPV15,566(111,719)159,504

    Sensitivity

    Sensitivity Analysis

    BaseUnitsFixed Cost

    Units6,0005,5006,000

    Price/unit$808080

    Variable cost/unit$606060

    Fixed cost/year$50,00050,00055,000

    Initial investment$200,000

    Depreciated to salvage value of 0 over 5 years

    Deprec/yr$40,000

    Tax rate34%

    Required Return12%

    BASEUNITSFC

    Units6,0005,5006,000

    Price/unit$80$80$80

    Variable cost/unit$60$60$60

    Fixed cost$50,000$50,000$55,000

    Sales$480,000$440,000$480,000

    Variable Cost360,000330,000360,000

    Fixed Cost50,00050,00055,000

    Depreciation40,00040,00040,000

    EBIT30,00020,00025,000

    Taxes10,2006,8008,500

    Net Income19,80013,20016,500

    + Deprec40,00040,00040,000

    TOTAL CF59,80053,20056,500

    NPV$15,566$(8,226)$3,670

    % Change in NPV-152.8%-76.4%

    % Change in Variable-8.3%10.0%

    SENSITIVITY RATIO18.34-7.64

    DIRECTINVERSE

    Sensitivity Ratio = (% Change in NPV)/% Change in Variable

    Positive = Direct relationship

    Negative = Inverse relationship

    $(200,000)$(200,000)$(200,000)

    59,80053,20056,500

    59,80053,20056,500

    59,80053,20056,500

    59,80053,20056,500

    59,80053,20056,500

    PV$215,566$191,774$203,670

    NPV$15,566$(8,226)$3,670

  • Scenario

    Scenario Analysis

    BaseLowerUpper

    Units6,0005,5006,500

    Price/unit$80.00$75.00$85.00

    Variable cost/unit$60.00$58.00$62.00

    Fixed cost/year$50,000$45,000$55,000

    BASEBESTWORST

    Initial investment$200,000

    Depreciated to salvage value of 0 over 5 years

    Deprec/yr$40,000

    Project Life5years

    Tax rate34%

    Required return12%

    BASEWORSTBEST

    Units6,0005,5006,500

    Price/unit$80.00$75.00$85.00

    Variable cost/unit$60.00$62.00$58.00

    Fixed Cost$50,000$55,000$45,000

    Sales$480,000$412,500$552,500

    Variable Cost360,000341,000377,000

    Fixed Cost50,00055,00045,000

    Depreciation40,00040,00040,000

    EBIT30,000(23,500)90,500

    Taxes10,200(7,990)30,770

    Net Income19,800(15,510)59,730

    + Deprec40,00040,00040,000

    TOTAL CF59,80024,49099,730

    NPV15,566(111,719)159,504

    IRR15.1%-14.4%40.9%

    NOTE:Note in WORST CASE, tax credit for negative earnings

    $(200,000)$(200,000)$(200,000)

    59,80024,49099,730

    59,80024,49099,730

    59,80024,49099,730

    59,80024,49099,730

    59,80024,49099,730

    PV$215,566$88,281$359,504

    NPV15,566(111,719)159,504

    Sensitivity

    Sensitivity Analysis

    BaseUnitsFixed Cost

    Units6,0005,5006,000

    Price/unit$808080

    Variable cost/unit$606060

    Fixed cost/year$50,00050,00055,000

    Initial investment$200,000

    Depreciated to salvage value of 0 over 5 years

    Deprec/yr$40,000

    Tax rate34%

    Required Return12%

    BASEUNITSFC

    Units6,0005,5006,000

    Price/unit$80$80$80

    Variable cost/unit$60$60$60

    Fixed cost$50,000$50,000$55,000

    Sales$480,000$440,000$480,000

    Variable Cost360,000330,000360,000

    Fixed Cost50,00050,00055,000

    Depreciation40,00040,00040,000

    EBIT30,00020,00025,000

    Taxes10,2006,8008,500

    Net Income19,80013,20016,500

    + Deprec40,00040,00040,000

    TOTAL CF59,80053,20056,500

    NPV$15,566$(8,226)$3,670

    % Change in NPV-152.8%-76.4%

    % Change in Variable-8.3%10.0%

    SENSITIVITY RATIO18.34-7.64

    DIRECTINVERSE

    Sensitivity Ratio = (% Change in NPV)/% Change in Variable

    Positive = Direct relationship

    Negative = Inverse relationship

    $(200,000)$(200,000)$(200,000)

    59,80053,20056,500

    59,80053,20056,500

    59,80053,20056,500

    59,80053,20056,500

    59,80053,20056,500

    PV$215,566$191,774$203,670

    NPV$15,566$(8,226)$3,670

  • Problems with Scenario AnalysisOnly considers a few possible out-comesAssumes that inputs are perfectly correlatedAll bad values occur together and all good values occur togetherFocuses on stand-alone risk

  • Monte Carlo Simulation AnalysisComputerized version of scenario analysis using continuous probability distributionsComputer selects values for each variable based on given probability distributions

  • Monte Carlo Simulation AnalysisCalculates NPV and IRR Process is repeated many times (1,000 or more)End result: Probability distribution of NPV and IRR based on sample of simulated valuesGenerally shown graphically

  • Histogram of Results

  • Advantages of Simulation AnalysisReflects the probability distributions of each inputShows range of NPVs, the expected NPV, NPV, and CVNPVGives an intuitive graph of the risk situation

  • Disadvantages of Simulation AnalysisDifficult to specify probability distributions and correlationsIf inputs are bad, output will be bad: Garbage in, garbage out

  • Disadvantages of Sensitivity, Scenario and Simulation AnalysisSensitivity, scenario, and simulation analyses do not provide a decision rule Do not indicate whether a projects expected return is sufficient to compensate for its riskSensitivity, scenario, and simulation analyses all ignore diversification Measure only stand-alone risk, which may not be the most relevant risk in capital budgeting

  • Real Options When managers can influence the size and risk of a projects cash flows by taking different actions during the projects life in response to changing market conditionsAlert managers always look for real options in projectsSmarter managers try to create real options

  • Types of Real OptionsInvestment timing optionsGrowth options Expansion of existing product lineNew productsNew geographic marketsAbandonment optionsContractionTemporary suspensionFlexibility options

  • FIN 331 in a NutshellFinancial Management I Reviewfor FIN 338

    Its important to point out that there are many different ways to refer to the interest rate that we use in time value of money calculations. Students often get confused with the terminology, especially since they tend to think of an interest rate only in terms of loans and savings accounts.I am providing information on the Texas Instruments BA-II Plus other calculators are similar. If you recommend or require a specific calculator other than this one, you may want to make the appropriate changes.

    Note: the more information students have to remember to enter the more likely they are to make a mistake. For this reason, I normally tell my students to set P/Y = 1 and leave it that way. Then I teach them to work on a period basis, which is consistent with using the formulas. If you want them to use the P/Y function, remind them that they will need to set it every time they work a new problem and that CLR TVM does not affect P/Y.

    If students are having difficulty getting the correct answer, make sure they have done the following:Set decimal places to floating point (2nd Format, Dec = 9 enter) or show 4 to 5 decimal places if using and HPDouble check and make sure P/Y = 1Make sure to clear the TVM registers after finishing a problem (or before starting a problem) It is important to point out that CLR TVM clears the FV, PV, N, I/Y and PMT registers. C/CE and CLR Work DO NOT affect the TVM keys

    The remaining slides will work the problems using the notation provided above for calculator keys. The formulas are presented in the notes section.Click on the tabs at the bottom of the worksheet to move between examples.It is important at this point to discuss the sign convention in the calculator. The calculator is programmed so that cash outflows are entered as negative and inflows are entered as positive. If you enter the PV as positive, the calculator assumes that you have received a loan that you will have to repay at some point. The negative sign on the future value indicates that you would have to repay 1276.28 in 5 years. Show the students that if they enter the 1000 as negative, the FV will compute as a positive number.

    Also, you may want to point out the change sign key on the calculator. There seem to be a few students each semester that have never had to use it before.

    Formula: FV = 1000(1.05)5 = 1000(1.27628) = 1276.28It is important at this point to discuss the sign convention in the calculator. The calculator is programmed so that cash outflows are entered as negative and inflows are entered as positive. If you enter the PV as positive, the calculator assumes that you have received a loan that you will have to repay at some point. The negative sign on the future value indicates that you would have to repay 1276.28 in 5 years. Show the students that if they enter the 1000 as negative, the FV will compute as a positive number.

    Also, you may want to point out the change sign key on the calculator. There seem to be a few students each semester that have never had to use it before.

    Formula: FV = 1000(1.05)5 = 1000(1.27628) = 1276.28Remember the sign convention.

    Formulas: PV = 500 / (1.1)5 = 500(.620921323) = 310.46PV = 500 / (1.1)10 = 500(.385543289) = 192.77Formulas: PV = 500 / (1.1)5 = 500(.620921323) = 310.46PV = 500 / (1.15)5 = 500(.497176735) = 248.59Point out that the PV interest factor = 1 / (1 + r)tPoint out that the PV interest factor = 1 / (1 + r)tThe students can read the example in the book.

    After carefully going over your budget, you have determined you can afford to pay $632 per month towards a new sports car. You call up your local bank and find out that the going rate is 1 percent per month for 48 months. How much can you borrow?

    Note that the difference between the answer here and the one in the book is due to the rounding of the Annuity PV factor in the book.Remember the sign convention.

    Formulas: PV = 500 / (1.1)5 = 500(.620921323) = 310.46PV = 500 / (1.1)10 = 500(.385543289) = 192.77Formulas: PV = 500 / (1.1)5 = 500(.620921323) = 310.46PV = 500 / (1.15)5 = 500(.497176735) = 248.59FV = 100(1.08)4 + 300(1.08)2 = 136.05 + 349.92 = 485.97Olympics balance sheet is pretty straightforward. Assets consist of cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, accounts receivable and inventories under current assets plus net plant and equipment.Liabilities include accounts payable, notes payable, and accruals under current liabilities plus Olympic has long-term bonds outstanding.Shareh