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Conditions for European defence RTD collaboration

Mr Stefan Törnqvist

FOI – Swedish Defence Research Agency

Sweden

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International RTD collaboration

European alphabet soup

OCCAR

UK GE FR IT

SP SEFA/LoI

GARTEUREREA

NL

WEAG

DE TU PL HU CZ NO

GR PO LU FI AU

EDA IR

BE

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International RTD collaboration

What is research in terms of defence?

Research and technology (R&T)

R&T activities embedded in development funding

Demonstrators constitute middle ground

Does generally not include basic research

Armed Forces

Tetchnology

development

Force

developmentSuppliers

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Political impact of defence R&T

Highly political

– Security, defence, industry, regional, research policies

Still founded on national capabilities

International dimension increasingly important

Highly unequal distribution of capabilities in Europe

– 97 % of defence R&D among six nations

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Strong Customer focus

Nations are only customer

– Armed forces and/or Government

Stability

– Longterm plans

Rights of use IPR

Security of information

National resources

What’s R&T for?

– Providing advice

– Developing technology for the supplier base

– Creating critical technologies for new capabilities

Over the entire acquisition cycle!

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Partnership with R&T suppliers

Government research institutes

– FOI, Dstl, ONERA

Other state agencies or laboratories

– VTT, TNO, CEA

Research foundations

– Fraunhofer

Partnership with industry

Integrated project teams

– Long cycles

Supplier base no longer strictly national

European Defence Industrial and Technological Base (DTIB)

European Defence Equipment market (EDEM)

Separate from civil industry

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R&T Programming

Research programming has so far been predominately technology-driven (bottom-up)

Stronger top-down programming from customer needs

“research programming increasingly starts not with scientists, but with men in uniform”

Techn.

Dev.

Military

Req.

Effect

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View on technologies

Narrower scope of “defence specific” technologies

– Electronic warfare, energetic materials, NBC defence

Technology insertion increasingly important

– Emerging technologies, some of which may be disruptive, e.g. nanotechnology

Analysis suggests limited duplication on ”narrow” technologies

Close interaction with test and evaluation activities

Aeronautics a special case

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Agreement-based collaboration

Bilateral agreements

– Memoranda of Understanding

Multilateral agreements

– ”WEAG instruments” primarily EUROPA MOU

Aeronautics

Agreements are not always identical to organisations!

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Multilateralisation of collaboration

Collaboration primarily bilateral

– E.g. Franco-German collaboration

Multilateralisation

– WEAG, Letter of Intent, European Defence Agency

Acceptance of interdependence and trust

Aeronautics already collaborate multilaterally

Industry restructuring

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WEAG Project activities

Since 1991– Ca 200 R&T projects worth ca. 1 G €

Currently ca 70 on-going projects (>300 M€) Average yearly funding 70 M€ per country The average project

– ca 3 M€– Lasts three years– Has 3,5 participating nations

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European Defence Agency

Agency in support of ESDP in terms of

– Capabilities, armaments, R&T and indstrial aspects

Agent for R&T strategy, policy, guidance and co-ordination

Will not finance its own R&T activities

Funding remains with nations

Hence, EU is no new customer but sets capability requirements jointly for nations

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Defence R&T Strategy (WARRP 04)

Enhance European capabilities

Maintain technology-driven perspective

Identify priority areas for co-operation

Enhance co-operation

Build partnerships with industry and research providers

Create strong base for technology and test activities

Improve interaction with other research sectors

Deliver defence and security capabilities