FIlE ROLE OF NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN …

FIlE ROLE OF NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN PROMOTING

DEVELOPMENT A CASE OF COMPANSSION INTERNATIONAL,

KALUNGU DISTRICT.

BY

MULINDWA JOSEPH

REG. NO: BDS1418491133/DU

A RESEARCH REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES AND

SOCIAL SCIENCES AS A PARTIAL FULLFILMENT FOR

THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELORS OF

DEVELOPMENT STUDIES OF KAMPALA

INTERNATIONAL

UNIVERSITY

AUGUST: 2016

DECLARATIONI Mulindwa Joseph, REG. NO: BDS/41849/133/DU declares that this is my own original work

and has not been submitted by anybody else for the award of a Degree.

~

Date

11

APPROVALThis is to certify that the under the topic “The role of non-governmental organizations in

promoting development in Kyamulibwa sub-county, Kalungu district.” has been under my

supervision an~ is now ready for submission to the faculty of Social Sciences.

Sign

(ACADEMIC SUPERVISOR)

DEDICATION

I dedicate this book to my most dear parents, Mum, brothers, may God fill upon you his endless

mercy.

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I extend my special thanks to the almighty God for his wonderful blessing and guidance. Without

God’s intervention I would not have reached this far.

My grateful thanks to my supervisor Mr. Nuwamanya Richard for his professional advice and

support he rendered to me throughout this research project.

Special thanks go to my respondents from the NGOs in Kalungu district who spared their time to

give me the data required to accomplish this study.

I thank my lovely parents Mr. Lubega Leo and Mrs. Nakanwagi Jalia, my brothers Mr. Juuko

Shalvin, Mr. Ddungu Simon, Mr. Kalema Robert, my sisters Namugumya Justine and my uncle

Kiziti Mathias it’s your financial support, care, advice and prayers that made me reach great

heights.

Special thanks go to all my lecturers at Kampala International University and teachers in all

schools I attended God bless you.

V

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONSNon Governmental Organizations

Community Based Rehabilitation

World Health Organization

People with Disabilities

National Union of Disabled Persons of Uganda

NGOs

CBR

WHO

PWDs

NUDIPU

vi

TABLE OF CONTENTSDECLARATION.

APPROVAL iii

DEDICATION iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS V

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS VI

TABLE OF CONTENTS VII

LIST OF TABLE x

LIST OF FIGURES X~

ABSTRACT xii

CHAPTERONE 1

iNTRODUCTION I

1.0 Introduction 1

1.1 Background of the study 1

1.2 The statement of the problem 3

1.3 Purpose of the study 3

1 .4 Objectives of the study

1 .5 Research Questions

1.6 The scope of the study 4

1.6.1 Time scope 4

I .6.2 Geographical scope

1.6.3 Subject scope 4

1.7 Significance of the study 4

CHAPTER ~wo 5

LITERATURE REVIEW 5

2.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 5

2.2 Activities of non-governmental organizations 6

2.2.2Operations of non-governmental organizations 7

2.3 Roles played by non-government organization in the national development 9

2.4 The relationship between NGOS and national development 12

2.5 Challenges encountered by NGOs in pursuing its activities 16

vii

2.4 Solutions to the challenges encountered in the pursuit of their activities 20

CHAPTER THREE 22

METHODOLOGY 22

3.0 Introduction 22

3.1 Research design 22

3.2 Research population 22

3.3 Sample frame work 22

3.3.1 Sample size 23

3.3.2 Sample Techniques 23

3.3.3 Sample Procedure 23

3.4 Data collection methods 23

3.4. 1 Questionnaires 23

3.4.2 InterviewS 24

3.6 Statistical treatment of data 24

3.6.1 F)ata processing 24

3.6.2 Presentation of data 24

3.6.3 Analysis 24

3.7 Validi~ and reliabili~ of the instruments 24

3.8 limitations to the study 25

CHAPTER FOUR 26

PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS 26

4.0 Introduction 26

4.1 Demographic characteristics 26

4.2 To examine the role played by non governmental organizations in the development of KalunguDistrict, Kyamul ibwa sub-county 28

4.2. 1 Whether non governmental organizations are beneficial to the people of Kalungu district9 28

4.1 .3 Ways in which non governmental organizations are important to the people of Kalungu district... 29

4.2 Challenges encountered in the activities ofNGOs in Kalungu district 32

4.3 What are some of the solutions to counter the challenges faced by NGOs 35

4.4 What is the relationship between NGOs activities and development of Kalungu district 37

4.4.2 Ways in which NGOs relates to development 38

viii

CHAPTER FIVE .40

DISCUSSION, SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 40

5.0 Introduction 40

Discussion of findings 40

5.1.1 Role ofNon governmental organizations in the development perspective of Kalungu district 40

5.1.2 Challenges encountered by NGOs in the pursuit of their activities 41

5.1.3 Solutions to the challenges encountered by NGOs 41

5.1.4 Relationship between NGOs activities and development 42

5.2 Summary of the findings 42

5.3 Conclusion 42

5.4 Recommendations

5.5 Areas of further research

REFERENCES

APPENDICES 47

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT: QUESTIONNARE 47

APPENDICES 50



APPENDIX (II) TIME FRAME 54

APPENDIX III ACTUAL RESEARCH BUDGET 55

ix

LIST OF TABLETable (i) Showing Gender respondents 26

Table (ii) Showing Academic Qualifications of the Respondents 27

Table iii: Showing response to whether non governmental organizations are beneficial to thepeople of Kalungu district 28

Table iv: Showing response to ways in which NGOs are important for the people of Kalungudistrict 29

Table v: Showing response the challenges encountered by NGOs 32

Table vi: Showing solutions or the mechanisms to encounter challenges faced by NGOs 35

Table vii: Showing response to whether NGOs activities relates to the development 37

Table viii: Showing response to the ways in which NGOs relate to development of Kalungudistrict 38

x

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: The bar graph showing age distribution of respondents 27

Figure 2: Shows the number of respondents who responded on the importance of NOOsFigure 3: The challenges encountered in the pursuit of activities ofNGOs in Kalungu 34

Figure 4: Showing the solutions to the challenges encountered in the pursuit of activities of NGOs inKalungu district 36

xi

ABSTRACTThe study was carried out in Kyamulibwa Sub County, Kalungu district. It was intended to examine the

main objectives of the study were to the to examine the roles of nongovernmental organizations

towards national development, to establish the challenges non-governmental organizations

encountered in the pursuit of their activities and also to examine the solutions to the challenges

encountered in the pursuit of their activities in Kyamulibwa Sub-county Kalungu district in

central Uganda.

The methods used in the study were quantitative and qualitative in nature. Questionnaires were

used in the study. Simple random stratified sampling producer was used to get a preventative

sample size of fifty respondents. The selected respondents included direct beneficially, staff

member and the member of the community. The study findings revealed that In reference to the

research question one, it is concluded that NGOs plays a recommendable role in the development

through encouraging innovation and development through the support of orphans through

provision of scholastic materials and provision of basic needs.

It was found that In reference to the research question it was found out that According to the

responses from the employees and beneficiaries concerning the challenges encountered, of the

respondents who Strongly agreed and agreed, it’s evident that all the challenges that the

researcher suggested in with inadequate funding being the most inching challenge.

In view of the challenges encountered by the NGOs in the pursuit of their activities, the

respondents agreed with the solutions suggested that there is need for balancing the needs of

different stakeholders, participation by all sectors, form voluntary national associations,

establish clear sources of finance and strategic choice through good relationship with

government and the established policy.

It was concluded and recommended that there is need for improve community participation in

NGO activities, improve accountability and transparency of NGOs, improve policy environment

for NGOs, Networking and improve monitoring of NGOs, there is need to strengthen correct

avenue for service extension, government giving ample time for operation of Nongovernmental

organizations, all the stakeholders involved involvement, adoption of clear mechanisms of

finance and should device mechanisms such effective sensitization and prevention of corruption

that challenge development, establishment of a clear means of operations with government

through following the regulations set so as to operate well with government.

xl’

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction

This chapter presents the background of the study, statement of the problem, purpose, objectives,

Research questions, scope and significance of the study.

1.1 Background of the study.

During the colonial period, most NGO activity in Uganda was restricted to humanitarian and

missionary causes. There was, however, a formalization of voluntary services led by churches,

primarily in education and health care. During the early post-colonial era, indigenous NGOs

were not very active. This was reflective of the repressive political situation as well as the socio

cultural climate in the country at the time. Churches, however, remained significant during the

Amin regime when most managers of NGOs either fled the country or cancelled services. In the

virtual disintegration of the state under the governments of Milton Obote and Idi Amin, it

became necessary to incorporate autonomous self-help organizations and NGOs to fill in the

vacuum (Dicklitch, 1998).

Since 1986, there has been a rapid proliferation of both indigenous and international NGOs in

Uganda (Kwesiga and Ratter, 1993). By 1995, more than 1200 NOOs had been registered with

the Ministry of Internal Affairs (Barton and Bizimana, 1995). NOOs include locally constituted

agencies, locally based international agencies, and external organizations. NGOs provide many

forms of support to communities, including religious, educational, literary, agricultural, social or

charitable. NGO contributions can also be classified as technical (capacity building, skill and

knowledge); resources (equipment, supplies and funds); liaisonulinkages with other agencies and

advocacy. In the period of relative peace since 1986, there has been a shift in focus of the NGO

activity from relief to development (Kwesiga and Ratter, 1993).

NGOs are organizations that work in many different fields, but the term is generally associated

with those seeking social transformation and improvements in quality of life. Development

NOOs is the most highly visible sector, and includes both international and local organizations,

as well as those working in humanitarian emergency sector. Many are associated with

international aid and voluntary donation, but there are also NGOs that choose not to take funds

from donors and try to generate funding in other Ways, such as selling handicrafts or charging for

services.

Environmental NGOs are another sub-sector, and sometimes overlap with development NGOs.

An example is Greenpeace. (see: List of Environmental NGOs). Just like other NGOs networks,

transnational environmental networks might acquire a variety of benefits in sharing information

with other organizations, campaigning towards an issue, and exchanging contact information.

Since Transnational environmental NGOs advocate for different issues like public goods, such as

pollution in the air, deforestation of areas and water issues, it is more difficult for them to give

their campaigns a human face than NGOs campaigning directly for human rights issues.

Some of the earliest forms of transnational environmental NGOs started to appear after the

Second World War with the creation of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature

and Natural Resources . After the UN was formed in 1945, more environmental. NGO started to

emerge in order to address more specific environmental issues. In 1946, the UN Educational,

Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) was created with the purpose of advocating and

representing scientific issues and collaboration among environmental N’GOs. In 1969, the

Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE) was funded to increase and

improve collaboration among environmentalists. This collaboration was later reinforced and

stimulated with the creation of UNESCOs Man and the Biosphere Program in 1971. In 1972, the

UN Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm, tried to address the issues on

Sweden’s plead for international intervention on trans-boundary pollution from other European

industrialized nations.

Compassion International is a Christian non-governmental organization dedicated to child

development. Through a holistic approach, Compassion International addresses the spiritual,

economic, social and physical aspects of the neediest children in communities within our

reach to help them b~come responsible and fulfilled Christian adults Madon (2004),

Compassion International was founded in 1952 by an American Evangelist, the Rev. Everett

Swanson when he saw the plight of Korean War orphans while on an evangelistic tour in South

Korea. Upon his return home, Swanson felt compelled to share the plight of the orphans during

2

speaking engagements in North America and people began giving him money to help them.

Since then Compassion has expanded with 14 Global Partner Alliance countries (GPA) and 28

Field offices in Africa, Asia and Latin America Change (2014).

In Uganda Compassion International has been operational since 1980 when the first children

were registered in the program in Masaka. Since 1980 Compassion Ugan~a has been steadily

growing. Currently, operate in over 75 districts, supporting over 88,000 children while working

with 336 Implementing Church Partners Madon (2004).

1.2 The statement of the problem

It is now over a decade since Uganda adopted the World Bank and the International Monetary

Fund (IMF) sponsored Structural Adjustment Policies and Programs (SAPs). Although

economic gro~h has been registered at a national level during this time, poverty is still a critical

issue in much of Uganda (Lore, 1993). Local NGOs and external organizations have played an

essential role in social and economic development including efforts against pove~y and toward

alleviating some of the negative impacts of SAPs. The contribution of the NGO sector to national

develOpment is sufficiently important to justify measures aimed at reinforcing and promoting the

sector. There are, however, some limitations. This therefore made the researcher to conduct a

~esearch in this field so as to establish key measures for effective operation of non-governmental

organizations using compassion international as the case study.

1.3 Purpose of the study.

The purpose of the study was to assess the role of nongovernmental organizations in promoting

development, a case of Compassion international in Kyarnulibwa sub-county Kalungu district-

Uganda

1.4 Objectives of the study.

1) To examine the roles of nongovernmental organizations towards national development.

2) To establish the challenges non~goverflmental organizations encountered in the pursuit of

their activities in Kyamulibwa Sub-county Kalungu district.

3) To examine the solutions to the challenges encountered in the pursuit of their activities.

1.5 Research Questions

1) What is the roles nongovernmental organizations to national development?

2) What are the challenges nongovernmental organizations encounter in the pursuit of their

activities in Kyamulibwa Sub-county, Kalungu district-Uganda local government.

3) What are possible solutions to the challenges encountered in the pursuit of their activities

1.6 The scope of the study.

1.6.1 Time scope.

The research was carried out for the period of 2 months from the year. This time period was

chosen because it provided ample time to collect factual data from the field.

1.6.2 Geographical scope.

The research was confined to Kyamulibwa Sub-county, Kalungu district-Uganda local

government because of its accessibility by the i~esearcher and the fact that it holds substantial

community development projects that help the researcher to accomplish the objectives set in

finding out the topic of study.

1.6.3 Subject scope

The investigation was limited to the role nongovernmental organizations in promoting society

development and so the research centered on getting all the relevant data and information about

this subject.

1.7 Significance of the study

The finding will be used to establish a better method of dealing with aspects of the community

based rehabilitation

In the recommendation, the research will provide avenues through which community workers

can improve on community rehabilitation by reducing the challenges encountered.

4

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

This chapter discuss the existing literature on an assessment of the role nongovernmental

organizations in promoting society as was documented by various scholars and authors in the

area of the study, with the focus on Kyamulibwa Sub-county, Kalungu District-Uganda local

government.

2.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY.

NOOs are difficult to define and classify, and the term ‘NGO’ is not used consistently. As a

result, there are many different classifications in use. The most common use a framework that

includes orientation and level of operation. An NGO’s orientation refers to the type of activities it

takes on. These activities might include human rights, environmental, or development work. An

NOOs level of operation indicates the scale at which an organization works, such as local,

international or national. Confronting the Classification Problem: Toward a Taxonomy of

NGOs’ Wiggins, (1993)

The acronym “NGO” was established in 1945, when the ~ was created. The ~, which is an

inter~goVernmental organization, made it possible for certain approved specialized international

non-state agencies - or non~governmefltal organizations - to be awarded observer status at its

assemblies and some of its meetings. Later the term became used more widely. Today, according

to the ~, any kind of private organization that is independent from government control can be

termed an ‘NGO”, provided it is not-profit, non-criminal and not simply an opposition political

party Singh, (1990).

Professor Peter Willetts, from the University of London, argues the definition of NGOs can be

interpreted differently by various organizations and depending on a situation’s context. He

defines an NGO as “ian independent voluntary association of people acting together on a

continuous basis for some common purpose other than achieving government office, making

money or illegal activities.’In this view, two main types of NGOs are recognized according to

the activities they pursue: operational NGOs that deliver services and campaigning NGOs.

5

Although Willetts proposes the operational and campaigning NGOs as a tool to differentiate the

main activities of these organizations, he also explains that a single NGO may often be engaged

in both activities. Many NGOs also see them as mutually reinforcing Jordan, (1989)

2.2 Activities of non~goverflmCntal organizations.

There are also numerous classifications of NGOs. The typology the World Bank uses divides

them into Operational and Advocacy

NGOs vary in their methods. Some act primarily as lobbyists, while others primarily conduct

programs and activities. For instance, an NGO such as Oxfam, concerned with poverty

alleviation, might provide needy people with the equipment and skills to find food and clean

drinking water, whereas an NGO like the FIDA helps through investigation and documentation

of human rights violations and provides legal assistance to victims of human rights abuses.

Others, such as Afghanistan Information Management Services, provide specialized technical

products and services to support development activities implemented on the ground by other

organizations Korten (1987).

NGOs were intended to fill a gap in government services, but in countries like India, NGOs are

gaining a powerful stronghold in decision making. In the interest of sustainability, most donors

require that NGOs demonstrate a relationship with governments. State Governments themselves

are vulnerable because they lack strategic planning and vision. They are therefore sometimes

tightly bound by a nexus of NGOs, political bodies, commercial organizations and major

donors/funders, making decisions that have short term outputs but no long term affect. NGOs in

India are under regulated, political, and recipients of large government and international donor

funds. NGOs often take up responsibilities outside their skill ambit. Governments have no access

to the number of projects or amount of funding received by these NGOs. There is a pressing need

to regulate this group while not curtailing their unique role as a supplement to government

services Madon, (2004)

6

2.2,2OperatiOnS of non-governmental organizations

Operational NGOs seek to “achieve small scale change directly through projects.They mobilize

financial resources, materials and volunteers to create localized programs in the field. They hold

large scale fundraising events, apply to governments and organizations for grants and contracts

in order to raise money for projects. They often operate in a hierarchical structure; with a main

headquarters staffed by professionals who plan projects, create budgets, keep accounts, report,

and communicate with operational fieldworkers who work directly on projects Operational

NGOs deal with a wide range of issues, but are most often associated with the delivery of

services and welfare, emergency relief and environmental issues. Operational NGOs can be

further categorized, one frequently used categorization is the division into relief-oriented versus

development-Oriented organizations; they can also be classified according to whether they stress

service delivery or participation; or whether they are religious or secular; and whether they are

more public or private-oriented. Operational NGOs can be community-based, national or

international. The defining activity of operational NGOs is implementing projectsKohl,( 1991).

Public relations,NOn~gOvernmental organisations need healthy relationships with the public to

meet their goals. Foundations and charities use sophisticated public relations campaigns to raise

funds and employ standard lobbying techniques with governments. Interest groups may be of

political importance because of their ability to influence social and political outcomes. A code of

ethics was established in 2002 by The World Association of Non Governmental NGOs.

Corporate structure Staffing, Some NGOs are highly professionalized and rely mainly on paid

staff Others are based around voluntary labour and are less formalized. Not all people working

for non-governmental organizations are volunteei~s.

Many NGOs are associated with the use of international staff working in ‘developing’ countries,

but there are many NGOs in both North and South who rely on local employees or volunteers.

There is some dispute as to whether expatriates should be sent to developing countries.

Frequently this type of personnel is employed to satisfy a donor who wants to see the supported

project managed by someone from an industrialized country. However, the expertise these

employees or volunteers may be counterbalanced by a number of factQrs: the cost of foreigners is

7

typically higher, they have no grassroot connections in the country they are sent to, and local

expertise is often undervalued Madon, S. (2004)

Funding,Whether the NGOs are small or large, various NGOs need budgets to operate. The

amount of budget that they need would differ from NGOs to NGOs. Unlike small NGOs, large

NOOs may have annual budgets in the hundreds of millions or billions of dollars. For instance,

the budget of the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) was over US$540 million in

1999. Funding such large budgets demands significant fundraising efforts on the part of most

NGOs. Major sources of NGO funding are membership dues, the sale of goods and services,

grants from international institutions or national governments, and private donations. Several

EU-grants provide funds accessible to NGOs, Lewis, (2003)

Even though the term non-governmental organization’ implies independence from

governments, many NGOs depend heavily on governments for their funding.A quarter of the

US$162 million income in 1998 of the famine-relief organization Oxfam was donated by the

British government and the EU. The Christian relief and development organization World Vision

United States collected US$55 million worth of goods in 1998 from the American government.

Nobel Prize winner (MSF) (known in the USA as Doctors Without Borders) gets 46% of its

income from government sources Miclat-TeveS, (1993).

Monitoring and control, In a March 2000 report on United Nations Reform priorities, former

U.N. Secretary General Kofi Annan wrote in favor of international humanitarian intervention,

arguing that the international community has a “right to protect citizens of the world against

ethnic cleansing, genocide, and crimes against humanity. On the heels of the report, the Canadian

government launched the Responsibility to Protect R2P project, outlining the issue of

humanitarian intervention. While the R2P doctrine has wide applications, among the more

controversial has been the Canadian governments use of R2P to justify its intervention and

support of the coup in Haiti. Years after R2P, the World Federalist Movement, an organization

which supports “the creation of democratic global structures accountable to the citizens of the

world and call for the division of international authority among separate agencies”, has launched

Responsibility to Protect - Engaging Civil Society (R2PCS). A collaboration between the WFM

8

and the Canadian government, this project aims to bring NGOs into lockstep with the principles

outlined under the original R2P projectFarnworth, E. 0. (1991

The governments of the countries an NGO works or is registered in may require reporting or

other monitoring and oversight. Funders gendrally require reporting and assessment, such

information is not necessarily publicly available. There may also be associations and watchdog

organizations that research and publish details on the actions of NGOs working in particular

geographic or program areas Gonsalves, (1993).

In recent years, many large corporations have increased their corporate ~ocial responsibility

departments in an attempt to preempt N0O campaigns against certain corporate practices. As the

logic goes, if corporations work with NGOs, NGOs will not work against corporations.

In December 2007, The United States Department of Defense Assistant Secretary of Defense

(Health Affairs) S. Ward Casscells established an International Health Division under Force

Health Protection & Readiness. Part of International Health’s mission is to communicate with

NOOs in areas of mutual interest. Department of Defense Directive 3000.05,in 2005, requires

DoD to regard stability-enhancing activities as a mission of importance equal to combat. In

compliance with international law, DoD has necessarily built a capacity to improve essential

services in areas of conflict such as Iraq, where the customary lead agencies (State Department

and USAID) find it difficult to operate. Unlike the “co-option’ strategy described for

corporations, the OASD(HA) recognizes the neutrality of health as an essential service.

International Health cultivates collaborative relationships with NGOs, albeit at arms-length,

recognizing their traditional independence, expertise and honest broker status. While the goals of

DoD and NOOs may seem incongruent, the DoD’s emphasis on stability and security to reduce

and prevent conflict suggests, on careful analysis, important mutual interestsFarnworth, E. 0.

(2010)

2.3 Roles played by non-government organization in the national development

One of NOOs’ main concerns has been to identify the needs of the rural poor in sustainable

agricultural development. They have therefore pioneered a wide range of participatory methods

for diagnosis3 and, in some contexts, have developed and introduced systems approaches for

9

testing new technology, for example in Chile (Sotomayor, 1991). In some cases, these

approaches have extended beyond fanning systems into processing and marketing, as with soya

in Bangladesh (Buckland & Graham, 1990), sesame in the Gambia (Gilbert, 1990), and cocoa in

Bolivia (Trujillo, 1991).

NGOs rapport with farmers has allowed them to draw on local knowledge systems in the design

of technology options and to strengthen such systems by ensuring that the technologies

developed are reintegrated into them (Chagunta & Gumbo, 1993).

NGOs have also developed innovative dissemination methods, relying 9n farmer-to-farmer

contact, whether on a group or individual basis (e.g., Sollows, Thongpan, & Leelapatra, 1993).

In some cases, NGOs have developed new technologies such as soya production in Bangladesh

(Buckland & Graham, 1990) or management practices such as the sloping agricultural land

technology in the Philippines (Watson & Laquihon, 1993), but more often they have sought to

adapi existing technologies, such as PRADAN’s efforts in India to scale down technologies

developed by government for mushroom and raw silk production and so make them accessible to

small-scale farmers (Vasimalai, 1993)

Social service provider: NGOs have been delivering social services which governments are

unable or sometimes unwilling to provide. More and more NGOs in developing countries or

countries in transition receive funds from their governments or donors and perform as service

providers. Even though NGOs have been providing services independently from government

since their beginning, cooperation with government in providing direct services increasingly

became more common during the last two decades. This is mainly due to the tendency of

governments to encourage NGOs to engage in service providing more and more on behalf of

governments for several reasons. In the late 1 970s and early 1 980s conservative governments in

Britain and in America and many other countries afterwards, reduced the roles of government in

direct service provision along with the privatizatiOn of public sector. By funding NGOs

government is able to avoid many of its ‘nitty gritty’ works of service provision. Instead it

directs, regulates and overlooks NGO’s performance. Another reason is a strategic one. It seems

that NGO activities are to some extent seen as a guaranteed way of promoting democracy, civil

10

society and active citizenship. Due to their commitment to non-profit methods and the spirit of

public service, NGO’s ‘probity’ gives government an approval of ‘good’ policy when

government works with them (Hulme and David, 1997). Sometimes this has not only ethical

benefits but also financial ones. Since NGOs promote and utilize volunteerism, they can be more

cost-effective than government. Increased government funding channeled through NGOs for the

last two decades may not be the sole cause of NGO growth but is surely one of the main factors

especially in Western industrialized countries (Hulme and David 1997:6)

Activities involving the function of service providing are: promoting volunteerism, assessing

people’s needs, inventing new services or ways of provision, delivering services, evaluating

results, funding small grass roots organizations, etc. These may contribute significantly to socio

economic development.

Project management There is an increasing awareness that management techniques are crucial to

project success in non-governmental organizations. Generally, non-governmental organizations

that are private have either a community or environmental focus. They address varieties of issues

such as religion, emergency aid, or humanitarian affairs. They mobilize public support and

voluntary contributions for aid; they often have strong links with community groups in

developing countries, and they often work in areas where government~tO~g0Verflhl~nt aid is not

possible. NGOs are accepted as a part of the international relations landscape, and while they

influence national and multilateral policy-making, increasingly they are more directly involved

in local action.

Campaigning Campaigning NGOs seek to ‘achieve large scale change promoted indirectly

through influence of the political system.”Campaigning NGOs need an efficient and effective

group of professional members who are able to keep supporters informed, and motivated. They

must plan and host demonstrations and events that will keep their cause in the media. They must

maintain a large informed network of supporters who can be mobilized for events to garner

media attention and influence policy changes. Campaigning NGOs often deal with issues relating

to human rights, women’s rights, children’s rights. The primary purpose of an Advocacy NGO is

to defend or promote a specific cause. As opposed to operational project management, these

organizations typically try to raise awareness, acceptance and knowledge by lobbying, press

work and activist events.

2.4 The relationship between NGOS and national development.

The potential positive impact of NGOs in three different levels: first impact on grass-roots,

secondly impact on government policy and finally impact on civil society. Non-governmental

organizations ~GOs) have played a major role in pushing for sustainable development at the

international level. Campaigning groups have been key drivers of inter-governmental

negotiations, ranging from the regulation of hazardous wastes to a global ban on land mines and

the elimination of slavery.(Edwards and I-{ulme, 1995).

NOOs are not only focusing their energies on governments and inter-governmental processes.

With the retreat of the state from a number of public functions and regulatory activities, NGOs

have begun to fix their sights on powerful corporations - many of which can rival entire nations

in terms of their resources and influence. (Marcuello, 2001)

Aided by advances in information and communications technology, NGOs have helped to focus

attention on the social and environmental externalities of business activity. Multinational brands

have been acutely susceptible to pressure from activists and from NGOs eager to challenge a

company’s labour, environmental or human rights record. Even those businesses that do not

specialize in highly visible branded goods are feeling the pressure, as campaigners develop

techniques to target downstream customers and shareholders. (Lewis, 2005)

In response to such pressures, many businesses are abandoning their narrow Milton Friedmanite

shareholder theory of value in favour of a broader, stakeholder approach which not only seeks

increased share value, but cares about how this increased value is to be attained(Mukasa, 2006)

Such a stakeholder approach takes into account the effects of business activity - not just on

shareholders, but on customers, employees, communities and other interested groups.

There are many visible manifestations of this shift. One has been the devotion of energy and

resources by companies to environmental and social affairs. Companies are taking responsibility

for their externalities and reporting on the impact of their activities on a range of stakeholders

(REC~ 1997)

Nor are companies merely reporting; many are striving to design new management structures

which integrate sustainable development concerns into the decision-making process.

12

Much of the credit for creating these trends can be taken by NOOs. But how should the business

world react to NGOs in the future? Should companies batten down the hatches and gird

themselves against attacks from hostile critics? Or should they hold out hope that NOOs can

sometimes be helpful partners? Chang, W. (2014)”

For those businesses willing to engage with the NGO community, how can they do so? The term

NGO may be a ubiquitous term, but it is used to describe a bewildering array of groups and

organizations - from activist groups reclaiming the streets’ to development organizations

delivering aid and providing essential public services. Other NGOs are research-driven policy

organizations, looking to engage with decision-makers. Still others see themselves as watchdogs,

casting a critical eye over current events. Lewis, (Eds.). (1993).

They hail from north and south and from all points in between - with the contrasting levels of

resources which such differences often imply. Some are highly sophisticated, media-savvy

organizations like Friends of the Earth and WWF; others are tiny, grassroots collectives, never

destined to be household names.Fernandez, (1993 a).

Although it is often assumed that NGOs are chai~ities or enjoy non-profit status, some NGOs are

profit-making organizations such as cooperatives or groups which lobby on behalf of profit-

driven interests. For example, the World Trade Organization’s definition of NOOs is broad

enough to include industry lobby groups such as the Association of Swiss Bankers and the

International Chamber of Commerce Farrington, (1993).

Such a broad definition has its critics. It is more common to define NGOs as those organizations

which pursue some sort of public interest or public good, rather than individual or commercial

interests.Even then, the NGO community remains a diverse constellation. Some groups may

pursue a single policy objective - for example access to AIDS drugs in developing countries or

press freedom. Others will pursue more sweeping policy goals such as poverty eradication or

human rights protection Miclat-Teves (1993).

However, one characteristic these diverse organizations share is that their non-profit status

means they are not hindered by short-term financial objectives. Accordingly, they are able to

devote themselves to issues which occur across longer time horizons, such as climate change,

13

malaria prevention or a global ban on landmines. Public surveys reveal that NGOs often enjoy a

high degree of public trust, which can make them a useful - but not always sufficient - proxy for

the concerns of society and stakeholders Satish, (1993)

Not all NOOs are amenable to collaboration with the private sector. Some will prefer to remain

at a distance, by monitoring, publicizing, and criticizing in cases where companies fail to take

seriously their impacts upon the wider community. However, many are showing a willingness to

devote some of their energy and resources to working alongside business, in order to address

corporate social responsibility Wiggins, 5. (1993)

Impact on grass-roots: NGOs’ impact on the grass-roots can be at its best most adequately

described as empowerment of the poor or the disadvantaged. The Grameen bank, as I mentioned

above, becomes a model which many other NGOs follow. After 26 years of operation it has

grown to have 1,000 branches in Bangladesh. So far 10% of the total population of Bangladesh

benefit from the Grameen bank and it seems that 42% of them have escaped out of extreme

poverty. (Internet Hankyoreh, http ://~~w.hani.co .kr).

Another rather new way of empowering people is through a community movement as an

alternative way of living. There have been many different kinds of community movements but

here I mean the community movement as a citizen movement which originated from the

recognition that individuals are isolated from decisions about ways of producing all the goods

they consume by the enormous market system. Community movements encourage people to be

aware of issues related to every-day life such as food, house, waste, medical service Fernandez,

(1993a).

Transportation etc. and to control their life more autonomously. Many of these movements are

initiated by rurally based community groups or environmental NGOs which promote organic

farming technology and link these producers of organic agricultural food and consumers.

Such locally based movements may not have had great impact on many people so far. However

in places where extreme poverty is not the main problem, the community movement is a rapidly

growing NGO activity and not only criticizes whatever is wrong with government policy and

private markets but also proposes alternative ways of living. It may set out to all kinds of

14

‘sickness’ which the modernized world has such as environmental degradation, exclusion,

insecurity, etc. and build an ‘ideal’ society Farrington, (1993).

Impact on government policy: NGOs have a huge interest in influencing public policy.

McCormick (1993:142) describes this, saying ‘the fundamental objective of an NGO is to

influence public policy from outside the formal structure of elected government’. Trying to

influence the policy process is far from simple. Authors come up with different views about the

policy process itself: Lasswell argues there are seven stages of policy process which are

intelligence, promotion, prescription, invocation, application, evaluation and termination; Dror

revised this to meta-policymaking, policymaking and post-policymaking; others (Brewer and

deLeon) divide it into initiation, estimation, selection, implementation, evaluation and

termination

Impact on civil society: Located between government and individual, organizations in civil

societ) may protect individual rights, check on exclusive power of government and encourage

the general public to participate actively in processes of decision making which will affect their

lives (Park, 2002:56). NGOs and civil society have interactive relationships. As I indicated above

NGOs are a based on growth of civil society and political democratization. At the same time

NGOs reinforce democracy and promote civil society (Yang, 2002).

Civil society requires citizens who recognize their own rights and duties as community members.

They regard themselves as autonomous individuals and possess capability of critical thinking

especially in relation to government and market power. NGOs, through their issue awareness

programmes targeting the general public, educate them as citizen in direct or indirect ways by

encouraging them to be their supporting members or just simply bring their attention to social

issues. People who become supporting members of one specific organization are likely to have

interests in other social issues as well. It is hard to measure NGO impact on civil society in

numbers or in any tangible way. However, episodes in Seattle and Genoa as well as the recent

movement by Korean people who marched with candle everyday for peace and equality are clear

evidence of growing streams within civil society Wiggins, S. (1993)

2.5 Challenges encountered by NGOs in pursuing its activities.

Research into this area produced a number of common problems and dilemmas that NGOs

experienced. One of the most mentioned was that of the decision-making processes. Tensions

often occurred between staff and senior managers because of the staff expectations that they

would be equal partners in the decision-making process (Mukasa, 2006).

Another common problem was to do with the governance of the organizations and the relations

between board members and staff. These stemmed largely from the boards’ inability or

unwillingness to carry out their responsibilities Qf governing the organizations. Board members

often lacked the time or the expertise to be able to carry out these responsibilities effectively. As

a result, senior staffs were often left to make policy decisions with little or no support from board

members (Mukasa, 2006). Governance and decision making; The governance picture of many

NGOs is quite complex. Most nonprofits are governed by self-perpetuating, largely self-

appointing boards of directors. “Though trustees are not elected by society at large, their

essential purpose is to hold an organization in trust for the benefit of society, as specified in its

papers of incorporation and grants of tax exemption” (Lewis, 2005)

Another problem is about unskilled staff personel, poor recruitment process, poor human

resources development and administration (Vilain, 2006). NGOs were found to be weak at staff

career development, often organizations lack a career structure in which staff could develop. In

addition they were not good at budgeting for staff training. In situations where the organizations

were expanding rapidly, it created problems for many who were unable to keep up with the

demands of their work. Not all people working for non-governmental organizations are

volunteers. Paid staff members typically receive lower pay than in the commercial private sector.

Their members usually do not get paid in any way and only invest little of their leisure in order

to fulfill their duties. Sometimes they only have little organizational and professional skills

(Mukasa, 2006). The poor quality of training or lack of importance attached to training NGO

workers has been discussed elsewhere (Ahmad, 2002)

Fund raising activities were often the source of much tension in organizations. The strategies and

images used to raise funds from the public were often felt to compromise the nature of the work

16

done by other members of staff. These images often depicted beneficiaries as helpless victims in

need of assistance, which other staff felt was inaccurate and lacked respect for the beneficiaries

(Mukasa, 2006).

The difficulties of managing NGOs with operations in several countries also raised concerns.

The difficulties came from the inability to define proper lines of autonomy on policy issues.

Field staff often felt isolated unsupported and felt there was a lack of understanding of the issues

they were dealing with at field level. In addition, they oflen found it difficult to be loyal to

headquarters. Headquarters staff on the other hand, felt that field staff had too much power

which needed to be controlled if all the interests within the organization were to be adequately

addressed (Mukasa, 2006).

Funding such large budgets demands significant fundraising efforts on the part of most NGOs.

Major sources of NGO funding include membership dues, the sale of goods and services, grants

from international institutions or national governments, and private donations Even though the

term ‘non-governmental organization’ implies independence of governments, some NGOs

depend heavily on governments for their funding (Wikipedia, 2006).

The most commonly identified weaknesses Of the sector include; limited financial and

management expertise, limited institutional capacity, low levels of self-sustainability,

isolation/lack of inter-organizational communication and/or coordination, lack of understanding

of the broader social or economic context(Malena, 1995).

NGOs can have members but many do not. NOOs may also be a trust or association of members.

The organization may be controlled by its members who elect the Board of Directors or Board of

Trustees. NGOs may have a delegate structure to allow for the representation of groups or

corporations as members. Alternately, it may be a non-membership organization and the board of

directors may elect its own successors (Wikipedia, 2006).

The structural growth problem, once workers becomes successful world-wide, they think of

establishing their own, and NGOs commonly face the problems of replacing one-person

17

management (or family management) with a more institutionalized structure. The founder is used

to having total control and doing things his or her way. It is difficult to persuade her/him to

create independent management or expert roles, or to respect the authority and autonomy of

independent managers and experts once they are in place. Their styles, ethos, and values are

often severely challenged by the formality and the bureaucratic discipline that is imposed by this

volume and variety of external funding from public organizations. The accountability problem;

This has both a ‘real’ and a ‘perceived’ dimension. The ‘real’ problem is quite clear and is

articulated repeatedly; Who are these people accountable to?(Moore & Stewart, 1998).

The evaluation problem; this is most immediately a problem for donors, but failure to resolve it

reflects back on NGOs eventually, and should be perceived as their problem. Performance

evaluation; is relatively easy in ‘post-office’ type organizations where (a) activities are routine;

(b) objectives are few and clear; (c) there is no great distinction between immediate ‘outputs’

medium-term ‘effects’ , and long-term ‘impacts’ ; and (d) outputs, effects or impacts can be

measured relatively cheaply and reliably without the measurement process itself distorting the

objectives of the organization or the goals of the staff. Few public organizations are like post

offices. Many, including many development NOOs, are very different: their activities are

experimental rather than routine; their goals are often intangible (such as changing the

consciousness of clients or the opinions of policymakers); they may be operating in the face of

official obstruction and hostility; and it may be difficult to find other organizations with which

their performances can usefully be compared in any quantitative sense. (Moore & Stewart,

1998).

The economies of scale problem; most NGOs are very small. They lack easy and cheap access to

the specialist knowledge they require. For example, they may be aware that ‘staff development’

is important, but have little idea about how to do it (Moore & Stewart, 1998).

Volunteer relationships; “volunteering means any activity in which time is given freely to benefit

another person, group or organization”. Organizational volunteering can further be defined as

proactive (e.g., signing up to serve meals at a shelter every Sunday) rather than reactive (e.g.,

stopping to help an accident victim after a car accident) and entails commitment of time and

effort (Lewis, 2005)

Mission, effectiveness, and accountability; for NGOs to thrive, it must fulfill a mission that is

valued by the community, staff, board, and founders. NGOs must create value within operational

and environmental constraints that are at once more complex than those faced by corporations

and more opaque than those confronted by government (Lewis, 2005).

Main future needs: more funds and more staff, and above all the former, is more or less

universal. Older voluntary organizations desire more paid staff. Younger voluntary organizations

appear in relatively greater need of information and management advice. The desire for more

volunteers is very widespread. (Marcuello, 2001)

For the last two decades NGOs have become increasingly involved with government. They

actively participate in government policy formulation and provide social services which were

once carried out by government. This means that they have become important players in society

and possess capacity to influence social processes. However, this also means that NGOs could

lose many of their original characteristics. Many authors analyze adverse impacts of close

government and NGOs relations. Edwards and Hulme (1995) accurately point out:

As NGOs become more involved in large-scale service delivery (or grow for other reasons),

and/or become more reliant on official funding, one might expect some fall-off in their

flexibility, speed of response and ability to innovate. ... Time and space for reflection may be

reduced and the ability of NGOs to articulate approaches, ideas, language and values which run

counter to official orthodoxies may also be compromised (Edwards and Hulrne, 1995:8).

Problems of poverty and injustice will be diluted by their government dependence (Edwards and

Hulme, 1995:8). Another concern is that ‘a context in which NGOs compete with each other for

government grants seems unlikely to foster the collaborative relationships on which effective

policy alliances are built’ (Covey, 1995). As NGOs (especially Northern NGO5) become

19

dependent on government or donors, the concern increases about whether the dependent

relationship damages autonomy of NGOs.

Accountability: NGOs are often accused of not being able to demonstrate impact and

effectiveness in a reasonably rigorous manner. This is partly because of complexity in their

accountability but also partly because of lack of eagerness to assess the impact accurately.

Edwards and Hulme also point out that ‘effective performance assessment and strong, multiple

accountability mechanisms’ are critical to NOOs. Despite their staff and supporters’ continued

belief that ‘NGOs are ethical according to explicit values and principles (Zadek and Gatward,

cited in Edwards and Hulme, 1995:224)’ Edwards and Hulme argue that ‘improving

performance-assessment and accountability is central to their existence as independent

organizations with a mission to pursue.

Professionalism / Paternalism: As NGO-donor relations become more complicated, sometimes it

is not so clear who decides needs of the poor or the disadvantaged needs are. .NGOs have explicit

or implicit pressure that they have to satisfy not only the poor but also their donors.

2.4 Solutions to the challenges encountered in the pursuit of their activities.

The tendency is to offer decentralization, in which some power is devolved to field level, as a

solution to the problem of tensions between field offices and headquarters. However,

decentralization can have the paradoxical effect of increasing bureaucracy as organizations

devolving power on the one hand, tend to set up all sorts of control measures on the other.

These problems revealed a clear gap between the values that NGOs espouse and what actually

happens in practice. Balancing the needs of the different stakeholders who each feel they have an

equal right to the decision-making process has created a number of management problems for

these organizations. (Mukasa, 2006)

NGOs have to make strategic choices between confrontational, complementary or collaborative

strategic relationships with government. The process of making these strategic choices gives rise

to internal tensions concerning expenditure priorities, the conflicting demands of clients and

20

donors, which result in disagreements over an appropriate balance between quality services and

meeting fundraising targets. Service-deliverers are pulled towards clients and fund-raisers

towards donors. The result can be a split within the organization, which can be resolved by the

voluntary organization acting as a mediator or bridge between donor and client (Norrell, 2006)

Focus on fostering the participation of all sectors of society in environmental decision-making

and in supporting regional cooperation. Offer the following services: information exchange and

publications, with an emphasis on facilitating access to informatiqn; training and capacity

building; and grants programs for NGOs with limited access to local resources. Consist of a

network of national offices, as well as a head office that acts as a coordination and information

center with financial authority (REC, 1997)

To develop the organization, individuals have to be able to contribute in the decision making

process and they need to learn. All participants need to understand their responsibility to

represent their particular stakeholders and to support the implementation activities

(Inglis&Minahan, 2006).

NGOs could form voluntary national professional associations, like associations of engineers,

accountants, or insurance companies, aimed at promoting the sector, partly through self-policing

of standards. The solution list is likely to include several of the following issues (Moore &

Stewart, 1998).:

Timeliness of issuing of annual reports; Issues to be included in the annual report (or elsewhere

publicly available), such as degree of disclosure of assets and liabilities, of salaries and all other

benefits paid to staff, directors, board members, and consultants;

Employment, recruitment and staff development policies and practices;

Sources of finance; Arrangements for internal or external scrutiny of financial transactions,

employment practices, organizational policies, etc.;

Arrangements for the evaluation of organizational performance

21

CHAPTE1 THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

This chapter explains and describes how the research was carried out. It focuses on the research

design, target population, sampled population, sample size data collection and data analysis.

3.1 Research design

The researcher used both quantitative and qualitative approaches in data collection, however,

quantitative method of data collection dominated or was largely used and emphases in the

collection of data because it is more accurate in terms of data collection and yet again more

reliable in terms of research results. This means that quantitative research design was only used

for expressing the numerical information captured during the study which could not easily be

expressed in words. This comprised of mainly statistical information expressed in words. This

comprised of mainly statistical information expressed in the research dissertation and the report

as a whole.

3.2 Research population

A population can be defined as a complete collection of all elements (units) that are of interest to

the researcher. A population is the aggregate or totality of objects or individual having one or

more characteristics in common that are of interest to the researcher and where interferences are

to be made of an estimated population of 120 employees, a sample of 50 employees and

beneficiaries of NGOs the NGOs included world vision, save the children, red cross,

Compassion International, the Aids support org~nization (TASO) were used as respondents for

the purpose of this study

3.3 Sample frame work

This is a plan of action for obtaining a sample from the target population which for the purpose

of this study the role of NGOs in promoting development of Kalungu District Local

Government.

A sample design can be obtained through either of 3 basic methods collecting data from the

whole population , collecting data from a random sample of units or collecting data from a

22

sample unit. For the purpose of this study , the sample design was obtained by collecting data

from a sample unit.

3.3.1 Sample size

A sample is a portion of the population whose results can be generalized to the entire population.

From an estimated population of about 120 employees and beneficiaries of NGOs from the

Kalungu district local government, 50 were be randomly selected as respondents for this study.

3.3.2 Sample Techniques

The sample population comprised of employees that included political leaders, cultural leaders,

district administrators and public servants. Stratified sampling was therefore used because it

enabled the researcher to fairly represent, sample errors are avoided. It is more accurate and

resized compared to other methods like systematic random sampling

3.3.3 Sample Procedure

Sampling is the process of selecting elements from a population in such a way that the sample

elements selected represents the population. It is the process of extracting a portion of the

population from which generalization to the population can be made.

The researcher will probability sampling method and in particular stratified sampling. In

probability of being selected while in stratified sampling that the researcher used, he will divide

the population into sub populations such that elements within these sub populations are

homogeneous. Then he will select simple random sample independently from each sub

population.

3.4 Data collection methods

The researcher will obtain data from the field using the following important instruments:

3.4. 1 Questionnaires

These are inter-related questions designed by the researcher and given to the respondents in order

to fill in data/information. Here, self-administered questionnaires were employed containing both

open-ended and close-ended question. This reduce costs of movement and also because the

researcher dealt with literate people who have the capacity of filling the forms.

23

3.4.2 Interviews

Here the researcher was conducted face-to-face interactions make conversations between the

interviewee and himself with the sole aim of soliciting data. The researcher used both formal and

informal interviews with the respondents. This enabled the researchet to get more information in

greater depth, reduce resistance and also obtain personal information from the respondents

3.6 Statistical treatment of data

Once the researcher has obtained the necessary data from this study, the researcher analyzed, and

interpreted it in relation to the objectives of the study using the questionnaire

The researcher presented the findings in form of tables, graphs and pie charts. Analysis and

presentation of the findings in this way to enhance the easy understanding of the interface made

thereby improving reliability and validity

3.6.1 Data processing.

In this section the researcher ensured that responses and data collected is processed into logical,

consistent and relevant information. The researcher classified answers to the questions into

categories as a process which involves editing, copying and tabulating the research findings as

presented in chapter four of this research study.

3.6.2 Presentation of data.

It addressed calculations, tabulations as well as comparisons of the percentage proportion and

drawing conclusions.

3.6.3 Analysis

This included percentages for the purpose of assisting in making analysis and interpretation of

data.

3.7 Validity and reliability of the instruments.

To establish the validity of the instruments, the researcher administered questionnaires to the

various officials; computation was done by the use of computer program special package for

social science. This is for the case of questionnaire research instrument. The data were analyzed

and fed accordingly.

24

3.8 limitations to the study

Financial constraints, the researcher faced difficult to raise enough funds for the research study.

However the researcher was in position to use the money available minimally to ensure that the

research was completed successful.

It was also not be easy to locate some project managers and other officials who were doing other

responsibilities on this ground the research disseminated questionnaire that enabled the

respondent answer at the convenient time.

The time frame might was also limited to allow the researcher gather meaningful data and also

make realistic conclusions, on this ground the researcher was in position to allocate the time

wisely to ensure that the time allocated enable the finalizing of the project.

25

CHAPTER FOUR

PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS

4.0 Introduction.

This chapter comprises of the findings that by the researcher from the employees and

beneficiaries of the services rendered by non-govenm~ental organizations in relation to the topic,

the role of non-governmental organizations in promoting development in Kalungu district,

Kyamulibwa sub-county.

The data is presented and interpreted in view of the objectives mentioned in chapter one of this

research. The interpretation also seeks to answer the research questions that were raised in

chapter one.

Presentation and interpretation of data in this chapter has been done with the aid of quantitative

and qualitative methods for example the use of tables, graphs, percentages and personal analysis

and interpretation presented in essay form.

Questionnaires were provided to 50 respondents who filled them to the best of their knowledge.

4.1 Demographic characteristics

Table (i) Showing Gender respondents

From the table above, it can be seen that the majority of respondents are male that is 28%

respondents representing 56% of the total respondents and 22% respondents are female

representing 44% of the respondents

26

Figure i: The bar graph showing age distribution of respondents

30

25

20

15

age distribution2510

155

64

0

18-25 26-35 36-49 50+

Source: primary data2Ol6

From the figure above ,it can be seen that the majority of the respondents are aged between 26-

35 years representing 50%,followed by 36 -49 years representing 30% ,18 -25 represented by

l2%and above 50+ represented by 8%.from the above analysis, it can be construed that the

majority of the respondents are young people and therefore they have an active memory hence

the information obtained from them can be trusted and looked at as true and good

representation of the information the researcher was looking for

Table (ii) Showing Academic Qualifications of the Respondents.

~Acaden~1ification~Jjequenc~ Percentage

~S.4/S.6Cei~jfi~~ 16

f~ificate 20

bJp1oin~ ~

F Degree 24

L Masters 10

L~Source: primary data2Ol6

27

From the above table it is seen that the majority of the employees from community based

organizations are Diploma Holders representing 30% followed by degree holder at 24%

followed by certificate holders representing 20% followed by S.4 ai~d S.6 holders representing

16% and then masters holder at 10%. This implies that the respondents are well educated and

therefore the information obtained from them can be relied upon for the purpose of this study

4.2 To examine the role played by nongovernmental organizations in the development of

Kalungu District, Kyamulibwa sub-county.

The first objective of the study was to find out the importance of decentralization

4.2.1 Whether nongovernmental organizations are beneficial to the people of Kalungu

district?

The responses that were gathered from the respoiidents are shown in the table below:

Table iii: Showing response to whether nongovernmental organizations are beneficial tothe co Ic of Kalun u district.

From the table above, it’s clearly that 56% of the respondents agree that non-governmental

organizations are important, 26% disagree while 18% are not sure. This indicates that whereas

non-governmental organizations leads to development it may not be a major catalyst to

development as viewed by 44% of respondents who disagree and are not sure.

28

4.1.3 Ways in which nongovernmental organizations are important to the people ofKalungu district.

Table iv: Showing response to ways in which NGOs are important for the people ofKalungu district.

.~~~ Cl)

.— .. 4.~~ .~ ~

~ z ~ Total

Importance F % f % f % f % f % F %

Gender agitation

especially for

women 30 60 15 30 3 6 0 0 2 4 50 100

provision of

maternal and child

health services

42 84 5 10 2 4 0 0 1 2 50 100

Support of orphans

~ 35 70 2 4 1 2 12 24 0 0 50 100

30 60 0 0 5 10 5 10 10 20 50 100

Support ofagriculture

35 70 7 14 3 6 4 8 1 2 50 100Guidance in

political issues

30 60 10 20 0 0 5 10 5 10 50 100

protection of

human rights 20 40 15 35 4 8 3 6 8 16 50 100

improving water

and sanitation

25 50 12 24 0 0 8 16 5 10 50 100

Source: Primary Data 2016

29

From the table above, 80% of the respondents strongly agreed that nongovernmental

organizations are important through gender agitation especially for women, 10% of the

respondents agreed, 6% were not sure, 2% disagreed and 2% of the respondents strongly

disagreed.

The issue of provision of maternal and child health services’ had 60% of the respondents who

strongly agreed and also 30% who agreed,6% of the respondents strongly agreed, none disagreed

and 4% were not sure.

‘Support of orphans’ had 84% of the respondents who strongly agreed, 10% agreed, 4% were not

sure, iione disagreed and 2% strongly disagreed.

Support of orphans for example Compassion International and Child’s Restoration Out reach.’

had 70% of the respondents who strongly agreed, 4% agreed, 2% who disagreed and 24% who

strongly disagreed and non were not sure.

Guidance and interventions on political issues had 60% of the respondents who agreed, 10%

were Not sure, 10% strongly disagreed and 20% disagreed in regard to improving societal

healthy conditions.

Protection of human rights had 70% of the respondents who strongly agreed, 14% agreed ,6%

were not sure,8% strongly agreed and 2% disagreed in regard to revitalization.

Improving water and sanitation had 60% of the respondents who strongly agreed,20 agreed none

were not sure 10% strongly disagreed and agreed respectively.

The respondents also suggested the following additional ways in which NGOs are beneficial to

the people of Kalungu district:

Restructuring of social amenities such as schools, hospitals

Funding to government

Provision principles of equality in society

Improved social sustainability of children.

Control of diseases for both agriculture and people.

The information is further presented in the figure below;

Figure 2: Shows the number of respondents who responded on the importance of NGOs

The chart below shows the number of respondents who responded on theimportance of NGOs (Those who strongly agreed andAgreed in percentage)

J!E~~J~

Source: Primary Data2Ol6

As seen in the graph above, the main way in which NGOs are important to the people according

to the respondents is through the support of orphans with 92% of the respondents who strongly

agreed and agreed.

Provision of maternal and child health services and gender agitation especially for women are

other significant key importance of NGOs with 90% and of the respondents who strongly agreed

and agreed.

100%90%80%70%60%50%40%30%20%10% Agree

0% strongly agree

4.2 Challenges encountered in the activities of NGOs in Kalungu district.

The second objective of the study was to determine the challenges faced in activities of NGOs.

Table v: Showing response the Challenges Encountered by NGOsStrongly Not Strongly

Challenges Agree Agree Sure Disagree Disagree Total

F % f %f %F % f % F %

Political30 60 3 6 14 28 5 10 3 6 50 100

interference

33 66 4 8 4 8 7 14 2 4 50 100Corruption

Inefficiencies in

administration 32 60 9 18 2 4 4 8 5 10 50 100

Difficulty in

determining proper

lines of autonomy 25 50 14 28 5 10 4 8 2 4 50 100

Inadequate finding

29 58 14 28 2 4 2 4 3 6 50 100

Inadequate

mobilization

35 70 0 0 2 4 10 20 3 6 50 100

lack of

transparency 27 54 7 14 3 6 10 20 3 6 50 100

Accountability

problems. 30 60 5 10 4 8 5 10 6 12 50 100

Source: Primary Data2Ol6

The data collected above shows that:

The challenge of political interference had 60% of the respondents who strongly agreed, 6%

agreed, 28% were not sure, 1 O% respondents disagreed and 1 2%strongly disagreed.

66% of the respondents strongly agreed that corruption is a key challenge to the operation of the

NGOs 8% agreed, 8% were not sure, 14% disagreed and 4% strongly disagreed.

‘Inefficiencies in administration’ had 60% of the respondents who strongly agreed, 18% agreed,

4% were not sure, 8% of the respondents disagreed and 10% strongly disagreed.

50% of the respondents strongly agreed with Difficulty in determining proper lines of autonomy,

28% agreed, 10% were not sure and 4% of the respondents strongly disagreed and 8%

disagreed.

The challenge of inadequate funding had 58% of the respondents who strongly agreed, 28%

agreed, 4% were not sure, 4% disagreed and 6% of the respondents strongly disagreed

Inadequate mobilization as a challenge had 70% respondents who strongly agree, none agreed,

4% were not sure, 20% of respondents disagreed and 6%% of the respondents strongly

disagreed

Lack of transparency had 60% of the respondents who strongly agreed, 14% agreed 6% were not

sure, 20% disagreed and 6% strongly disagreed.

Accountability problem as a challenge had 60% respondents who strongly agreed,10% agreed,

8% were not sure, 10% disagreed and 12% strongly disagreed.

The following were brought in light of the employees as potential challenges to the operation of

NOOs.

Poor needs assessment

Escalating administration costs

Disasters that cause inconveniences

Un clear objectives from the start of operations.

33

Figure 3: The challenges encountered in the pursuit of activities of NGOs in KalunguGraph showing the challenges encountered in the pursuit of activities of NGOs in Kalungu

district local government showing those who Strongly agree and Agree in percentage.

According to the responses from the employees concerning the challenges encountered ; as

shown in the graph above, of the respondents who Strongly agreed and agreed, it’s evident that

all the challenges that the researcher suggested in table IV were being faced “inadequate funding

carrying the most weight since it had a total agreement of 86% ,followed by inefficiencies in

administration and difficulty in determining the line of autonomy with an average of 78%.

100%90%80%70%60%50%40%

20%30% Agree

10% Strongly agree0%

>~c~

A


34

4.3 What are some of the solutions to counter the challenges faced by NGOs.

Table vi: Showing solutions or the mechanisms to encounter challenges faced by NGOs.

c~ ~l)~

~— —~ ccl2~ Z

WAYS F % T% F % F % f % F %

15 30 20 40 0 0 15 30 0 0 50 100

Participation by

all sectors

Strategic choice 20 40 15 30 5 10 5 10 5 10 50 100

through good

relationship with

government and

the established

policy.

15 30 25 50 3 6 5 10 2 4 50 100

establish clear

sources of finance

40 80 5 10 0 0 4 8 1 2 50 100

Balancing the

needs of different

stakeholders

28 56 10 20 3 6 4 8 3 6 50 100

form voluntary

national

associations


35

From the table above, 30% and 40% of the respondents strongly agreed and agreed respectively

with participation by all sectors as a solution to the challenges encountered by NGOs and none of

the respondents were not sure, and disagreed 30% strongly disagreed.

40% strongly agreed 30% agreeing as well strategic choice through good relationship with

government and the established policy. While 10% respondents were recorded for not being sure,

10% disagreed and 10% strongly in disagreed

30% of the respondents Agreed in respect with A establish clear sources of finance50% strongly

agreed, 6% of the respondents were not sure, 10% disagreed and 4% strongly disagreed.

“that Balancing the needs of different stakeholders” as a solution to the challenges of NOOs was

strongly agreed upon 80% of the respondents, 10% agreed, none of the respondents were not

sure, 8% strongly disagreed and 2% disagreed.

form voluntary national associations was strongly agreed upon by 56% of respondents,20%

agreed, 6% were not sure,8% strongly disagreed and 6% disagreed.

Figure 4: Showing the solutions to the challenges encountered in the pursuit of activities ofNGOs in Kalungu districtGraph showing the solutions to the challenges encountered in the pursuit of activities of

NGOs in Kalungu district showing those who ‘Strongly agree and Agree.

-H :~- F-ii

I i_participation by strategic choice establish clear Balancing the form voluntary

all sectors through good sources of financeneeds of different nationalrelationship with stakeholders associationsgovernment andthe established

policy.

Agree

I~ Strongly agree

36

From the above, it is shown that the solutions suggested by the researcher are workable in the

case of their application as suggested by the researcher. These were agreed upon in almost the

same terms with an average of 75% of the respondents who agreed and strongly agreed.

4.4 What is the relationship between NGOs activities and development of Kalungu district

One other question of the research was to find out the relationship between activities of NGOs

and development. The following were the responses that were gathered from the employees and

beneficiaries.

As seen in the table above, since 60% of the re~pondents agreed that NGOs activities have a

relationship with development. However this argument is not so convincing because of the

substantial percentage of disagreements and those who are not sure, that is 30% and 10%

respectively which totals up to almost the percentage of agreements therefore before drawing any

conclusions on this objective other parameters need to be seriously considered and addressed as

well.

response to whether NGOs activities relates to the develo]FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

Source: Primary Data

4.4.2 Ways in which NGOs relates to development.

Table viii: Showing response to the ways in which NGOs relate to development of Kalungudistrict.

Strongly Not Strongly

Relationship Agree Agree Sure Disagree Disagree Total

f % F %F %f % f % F %

infrastructural

development like

that of agriculture.

27 54 10 20 5 10 8 16 0 0 50 100

agitation for

democratic

governance and rule

of law 25 50 10 20 0 0 15 30 0 0 50 100

establishment of

social amenities

30 60 9 18 7 14 0 0 4 8 50 100

capacity building

for example

empowerment of

PWDs

20 40 18 36 5 10 3 6 5 10 50 100


In reference to the table above, 54% of the respondents strongly agreed with the a point of

infrastructural development like that of agriculture. As a way in which NGOs activities relate to

development ,20% agreed 10% were not sure, 16% disagreed and non of the respondents

strongly disagreed.

38

Agitation for democratic governance and rule of law had 50% of the respondents who strongly

disagreed, 20% agreed, none of the respondents was not sure 30% disagreed and no respondent

strongly disagreed.

Establishment of social amenities had 60% of the respondents who strongly agreed, 18% agreed,

14% were not sure, none of the respondents disagreed and 8% strongly disagreed.

Finally, 40% of the respondents strongly agreed, 10% were not sure, 6% disagreed, 10%

strongly disagreed and 36% agreed; that capacity building for example empowerment of PWDs

as a point of relationship between NGOs activities and development.

From the chart above, it’s observed that NOOs activities lead to development through the

following parameters infrastructural development like that of agriculture, agitation for

democratic governance and rule of law,establishment of social amenities and capacity building

for example empowerment of PWDs. All the above were agreed upon by over an average of 70%

of the respondents who agreed and strongly agreed.

39

CHAPTER FIVE

DISCUSSION, SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS AND

SUGGESTIONS

5.0 Introduction

The study was carried out with the view to assess the role of Non-governmental organizations in

promoting the development of Kalungu district.

This chapter is concerned with discussion, summary, conclusion, recommendations and

suggestions about the findings that were gathered from the case study.

Discussion of findings

5.1.1 Role of Nongovernmental organizations in the development perspective of Kalungu

district.

In view of the first objective which sought to find out the importance of nongovernmental

organizations, the researcher found out that NGOs play a commendable role in the development

of Kalungu district as expressed by the respondents. Furthermore, it was found out by the

researcher that the main way in which NGOs are important is through encouraging innovation

and development through the support of orphans through provision of scholastic materials and

provision of basic needs including paying fees with 92% of the respondents who strongly agreed

and agreed. This finding is in line with, Bangladesh (Buckland & Graham, 1990), sesame in the

Gambia (Gilbert, 1990), and cocoa in Bolivia (Trujillo, 1991), who argue that One of NGOs’

main concerns has been to identify the needs of the rural poor in sustainable development

especially in supporting the orphans. NGOs have therefore pioneered a wide range of

participatory methods for diagnosis and in some contexts, have developed and introduced

systems approaches for testing new technology.

NGOs have been delivering social services which governments are unable or sometimes

unwilling to provide. This function of NGOs can be found more in Western industrialized

countries where NGOs work closely with their governments as partners or contractors

40

Provision of maternal and child health services and gender agitation especially for women are

other significant key importance of NGOs with 90% and of the respondents who strongly

agreed and agreed..

5.1.2 Challenges encountered by NGOs in the pursuit of their activities.

Considering the second objective which was to find out the challenges that are encountered by

the NOOs, it was found out that according to the responses from the employees and beneficiaries

concerning the challenges encountered, of the respondents who strongly agreed and agreed, it’s

evident that all the challenges that the researcher suggested in Table iv with inadequate funding

carrying the most weight since it had a total agreement of 88%.

These findings were in line with Fund raising acfivities were often the source of much tension in

organizations. The strategies and images used to raise funds from the public were often felt to

compromise the nature of the work done by other members of staff. These images often depicted

beneficiaries as helpless victims in need of assistance, which other staff felt was inaccurate and

lacked respect for the beneficiaries (Mukasa, 2006).

This is in line with (Wikipedia, 2006) that argued that funding such large budgets demands

significant fundraising efforts on the part of most NGOs. Major sources of NGO funding include

membership dues, the sale of goods and services, grants from international institutions or

national governments, and private donations Even though the term non-governmental

organization’ implies independence of governments, some NGOs depend heavily on

governments for their funding

5.1.3 Solutions to the challenges encountered by NGOs

In view of the challenges encountered by the NGOs in the pursuit of their activities, the

respondents agreed with the solutions suggested by the respondents were balancing the needs of

different stakeholders, participation by all sectors, form voluntary national associations and

establishing clear sources of finance

Strategic choice through good relationship with government and the e~tablished policy.

The researcher strongly agreed and agreed with the above solutions with an average of 70%. The

researchers also brought in light to the researcher the following solutions. Identify and

implement workable ideas, establish corruption fighting mechanisms such court interventions.

41

5.1.4 Relationship between NGOs activities and development.

In relations to the researcher’s suggestions, the respondents agreed with the suggested points by

researcher, that NGOs activities have a direct relationship with development as seen in

parameters that NGOs activities lead to development through infrastructural development like

that of agriculture, agitation for democratic governance and rule of law, establishment of social

amenities and capacity building for example empowerment of PWDs. All the above were agreed

upon by over an average of 70% of the respondents.

5.2 Summary of the findings.

The key findings of the study include the following:

The researcher found out that 56% of the respondents agreed that NGOs activities directly

contribute to development. This does not ignore the fact that 44% of the respondents are in

disagreement .so if development is to be measured correctly other factors other than NOOs have

to be considered

The researcher found out that 66% of the respondents agreed NOOs play a key role in

promoting development to the people of Kalungu district. However a substantial disagreement

(34% who do not agree and not sure can’t be underestimated when prescribing recommendations

The findings were that 80% of the respondents agreed that NGOs ‘5 key importance is through

supporting orphans this is with other points Provision of maternal and child health services and

gender agitation especially for women, Support of agriculture improving water and sanitation,

prevention and aids control ,Guidance in political issues and protection of human rights

The researcher found out that the challenges encountered includes inadequate funding

,inadequate mobilization, accounting problems, inefficiencies in administration, poor quality of

service delivery, difficulty in determining proper lines of autonomy political interference,

corruption from government which has an average of 75% respondents who strongly agree and

agree.

5.3 Conclusion

According to the objectives set out in this research, the researcher observes that

nongoverm~enta1 organizations activities have a direct relationship with development as per

42

the evidence showed by the findings of the study that renders non-governmental organizations

developmental bodies in the places they exist because of majorly improving people’s welfare

through service provision for development. This makes the researche~ give necessary assessment

that Nongovernmental organizations provide a key avenue for society development based on the

importance and impact analyzed above. This therefore makes NGOs a key aspect of interest that

the government has to embark on and reduce all the shortfalls associated with it. Sensitizations of

the general public so as to have all participants take part in the pursuit of activities with less

inefficiency in administratioi~.

5.4 Recommendations

Nongovernmental organizations in Uganda seems to be working well and is a correct avenue

for service extension nearer to the people as seen from the respondents from Kalungu district

local government, therefore it should be strengthened, government should give it ample time for

operation of Nongovernmental organizations, to enable its operation with less inconveniences.

In relation to the challenges faced in the pursuit activities of Nongovernmental organizations,

the researcher recommends that all the stakeholders involved should adopt a clear mechanisms of

finance such as effective sensitization and prevention of colTuption that challenge development.

Nongovernmental organizations establish a clear means of operations with government

through following the regulations set so as to operate well with government .This is on top of

adopting all the solutions raised by the researcher in the previous section so as to reverse the

trends their operations in Kalungu District and the country at large.

~ Basing on the fact that a substantial 44% disagreed with a view that nongovernmental

organizations do not contributed to development, government should strengthen service delivery

even with direct provisions from government or create a mechanism that will effectively render

services to citizens so as to improve on people’s standard of living that is necessary for the

development of Kalungu district and Uganda as a country.

43

5.5 Areas of further research

The researcher suggests the following as possible areas for further research on NGOs and

development:

An assessment of role NGOs in promoting community rehabilitation

The role of NGOs in the restoration of Refugees.

The role of government in promoting non Governmental organizations.

44

REFERENCES

Ahrnad, M. M. (2002) “Who cares? The personal and professional problems of NGO

fleidworkers Bangladesh “, Development in Practice, Volume 12, Number 2

Chambers, R. Pacey, A., &Thrupp, L. A. (Eds.). (1989). Farmer first: Farmer innovation and

agricultural research. London: Intermediate Technology Publications.

Chang, W. (2005) “Expatriate training in international nongovernmental organizations: A Model

for Research”, Human Resource Development Review Vol. 4, No. 4 , pp. 440-461

Cromwell, E. & Wiggins, S. (1993). Sowing beyond the state:NGOs and seed supply in

developing counfries. London: Overseas Development Institute.

Farnworth, E. G. (1991, June).The Inter-American Development Bank~ interactions with non

governmental environmental organizations. Paper presented at the Third Consultative Meeting

on the Environment, Caracas, Venezuela.

Farrington, J. & Lewis, D. (Eds.). (1993). NGOs and the state in Asia: Rethinking roles in

sustainable agricultural development. London: Routledge.

Fernandez, A. (1993a). NGOs and government: A love-hate relationship. In J. Farrington & D.

Lewis (Eds.), NGOs and the stale in Asia: Rethinking roles in sustainable agricultural

development. London: Routledge.

Fernandez, A. P. &Mascarenhas, J. (l993).MYRADA-participàtory rural appraisal and

participatory learning methods. In J. Farrington & D. Lewis (Eds.), NGOs and the state in Asia:

Rethinking roles in sustainable agricultural development. London: Routledge.

Giordano, E., Satish, S. & Farrington, J. (1993).Greenwork at Auroville: From survival to inter

institutional collaboration. In J. Farrington & D. Lewis (Eds.), NGOs and the state in Asia:

Rethinking roles in sustainable agricultural development. London: Routledge.

45

Gonsalves, J. &Miclat-Teves, A. (1993). The International Institute for Rural Reconstruction

(IIRR): Developing an agroforestry kit. In J. Farrington & D. Lewis (Eds.), NGOs and the state

in Asia: Rethinking roles in sustainable agricultural development. London: Routledge.

Henderson, P. A. & Singh, R. (1990). NGO-government links in seed production: Case studies

from the Gambia and Ethiopia. Agricultural Research and Extension Network Paper No. 14.

London: Overseas Development Institute.

Jordan. F. (Ed.). (1989). La economlacampesina: Crisis, reactivacidn, polIticas. San Jose, Costa

Rica: Institute Interamericano de Cooperaciónpara la Agricultura.

Kohl, B. (1991).Protected horticultural systems in the Bolivian Andes: A case study of NGOs

and inappropriate technology.Agricultural Research and Extension Network Paper No. 29.

London: Overseas Development Institute.

Korten, D. (1987). Third generation NGO strategies: A key to people-centred development.

World Development, 75 (Supplement), 145-159.

Lewis, D. &Madon, S. (2004) “Ii~formation systems and nongovernmental development

organizations: advocacy, organizational learning, and accountability “, The

Information Society, 20: 1 17—126

Lewis, D. (2003,) “Theorizing the organization and management of non-governmental

development organizations towards a composite approach “, Public Management

Review, Vol. 5 Issue 3, pp. 325—344

Lewis, L. (2005), “The civil society sector; a review of critical issues and research agenda for

organizational communication scholars “, Management Communication Quarterly,

Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 23 8-267

Malena, C. (1995) “A Practical Guide to Operational Collaboration be~een the World Bank

and Non-Governmental Organization “, World Bank

46

APPENDICES

STAFF MEMBERS

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT: QUESTIONNARE

Dear respondent

I Mulindwa Joseph a student of Kampala International University pursuing a Bachelors Degree

of Bachelors of development studies carrying out research on the role of nongovernmental

organizations in promoting development a case of Compassion International, Kalungu District.

This questionnaire is mainly for data collection and has been designed for academic reasons and

as a partial fulfillment of Bachelors of development studies of Kampala international University.

The researcher will hold confidential any information given and under no circumstance will any

one’s name appear as an individual. I kindly therefore request that you fill in the questions as

instructed respectively.

Tick the appropriate box according to you where applicable. Fill in the information in the space

provided.

SECTION A:

A) Respondent’s particulars.

I. Age bracket

Lu-i

30-40

40-50

50+

2. Sex:

Male Female

3. Position held

4. For how long have you served in that position?

47

0-1 years 1-2 years 3-5 years 5 and above

5. What is your qualification?

Certificate post graduate

Diploma other

Masters

SECTION B

6. What is the role of nongovernmental organizations in facilitating development?

1. Strongly agree 2.Agree 3. Not sure 4. Disagree 5. Strongly agree.

i) Gender agitation especially for women.

ii) Support of orphans

iii) Support of agriculture

iv) Improving water and sanitation

v) Prevention and aids control

vi) Provision of maternal and child health services

vii) Guidance in political issues

viii) Protection of human rights

7. Are there challenges that you encounter in the persuit of your activities?

Yes No

8. If yes, what are some of the problems encountered in conducting your activities?

1. Strongly agree 2. Agree 3. Not sure 4. Disagree 5.strongly disagree.

i) Inadequate mobilization

ii) Lack of transparency

iii) Inadequate funding

iv) Accountability problems

v) Decline in quality of service delivery

vi) Political interference

48

vii) Difficulty in determining proper lines of autonomy

viii) Corruption

ix) Inefficiencies in administration

9. The following are some of the solutions to the challenges encountered by local government.

i) Balancing the needs of different stakeholders

ii) Participation by all sectors

iii) Form voluntary national associations

iv) Establish clear sources of finance

v) Strategic choice through good relationship with government and the established policy.

5. What is the relationship between non-governmental organizations and development?

i) Establishment of social amenities L1ii) Capacity building for example empowerment of PWDs

iii) Agitation for democratic governance and rule of law

iv) Infrastructural development like that of agriculture.

Thank you for your response and time.

May God bless you.

49

APPENDICES

DIRECT BENEFICIARIES


Dear respondent



organizations in promoting development a case of Compassion International, ~Ka1ungu District.







provided.

SECTION A:

Respondent’s particulars.

1. Age bracket

7-15

16-25

26-40

41+

2. Sex:

Male Female

3. Who are you in e organization

4. For how long have you served in that organization?


9. Which level of education are you?

50

P.1-P.4 Secondary ‘A’

P.5-P.7 Above

Secondary ‘0’

SECTION B

10. What do you think NGOs’ roles in the community?


i) Gender agitation especially for women.


ix) Support of agriculture

x) Improving water and sanitation

xi) Prevention and aids control

xii) Provision of maternal and child health services

xiii) Guidance in political issues

xiv) Protection of human rights

11. Are there challenges that you encounter as a beneficially of the Organization?

Yes No

12. If yes, specify:

9. What do you think should be done to solve the above challenge? Please specify


May God bless you?

51

APPENDICES:

MEMBERS OF THE COMMUNITY


Dear respondent



organizations in promoting development a case of Compassion International, Kalungu District.







provided.

SECTION A:

I. Respondent’s particulars.

5. Age bracket~ .-,LU-.)

30-40

40-50

50+

2. Sex:

Male Female

3. Position held in the community

4. For how long have you known this organization?


52

5. What is your level of education?Primary Certificate

0’ level Diploma

A’ level Degree +

Others

6. As members of the com~ity how to you benefits from Compassion International?


i) Gender promotion.


iii) Support of agriculture

iv) Improving water and sanitation

v) Prevention and aids control

vi) Provision of maternal and child health services

vii) Protection of human rights

viii) Prevention AIDs spread

7. Are there some problems that the NGOs impact on the society?

Yes No

8. If yes, please specify:

9. Suggest the measures that the NGOs to overcome those problems identified


May God bless you.

53

APPENDIX (II) TIME FRAME

Pilot study

Study analysis

proposal

design

proposal

development

Submission of

proposal for

approvaland

Final report

writing and

submission

MONTHS (Duration)

ACTIVITIES MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST

54

FIlE ROLE OF NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN …

Documents

Transcript of FIlE ROLE OF NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN …