Earth Science 22.2B Motions Earth-Moon System Motions Earth – Moon System.
Figure 50.0x Earth from the moon
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Transcript of Figure 50.0x Earth from the moon
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Figure 50.0x Earth from the moon
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Figure 50.1 Distribution and abundance of the red kangaroo in Australia, based on aerial surveys
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Figure 50.x1 Patterns of distribution in the biosphere
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Figure 50.2 Sample questions at different levels of ecology
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Figure 50.4 Biogeographic realms
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Figure 50.5 Flowchart of factors limiting geographic distribution
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Figure 50.6 Set of transplant experiments for a hypothetical species
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Figure 50.7 Spread of the African honeybee in the Americas since 1956
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Figure 50.8 Expansion of the geographic range of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) since its discovery near Detroit in 1988
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Figure 55.7x Zebra mussels
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Figure 50.9 Predator-removal experiments
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Figure 50.10 A climograph for some major kinds of ecosystems (biomes) in North America
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Figure 50.11 Solar radiation and latitude
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Figure 50.12 What causes the seasons?
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Figure 50.13 Global air circulation, precipitation, and winds
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Figure 50.14 How mountains affect rainfall
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Figure 50.15 Lake stratification and seasonal turnover (Layer 4)
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Figure 50.16 Current geographic range and predicted future range for the American beech (Fagus grandifolia) under two climate-change scenarios
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Figure 50.17 The distribution of major aquatic biomes
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Figure 50.18 Zonation in a lake
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Figure 50.19 Freshwater biomes: Oligotrophic lake (left), eutrophic lake (top right), stream flowing into a river (bottom right)
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Figure 50.20 Damming the Columbia River Basin
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Figure 50.21 Wetlands (top) and estuaries (bottom)
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Figure 50.22 Zonation in the marine environment
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Figure 50.23 Examples of marine biomes
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Figure 50.23cx Black smoker
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Figure 50.24 The distribution of major terrestrial biomes
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Figure 50.25a Tropical forests
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Figure 50.25b Savanna
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Figure 50.25bx Savanna
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Figure 50.25c Deserts
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Figure 50.25d Chaparral
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Figure 50.25dx Chaparral
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Figure 50.25e Temperate grassland
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Figure 20.25f Temperate deciduous forest
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Figure 20.25g Coniferous forests
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Figure 20.25h Tundra
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Figure 50.26 A hierarchy of scales for analyzing the geographic distribution of the moss Tetraphis
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Figure 50.27 Most species have small geographic ranges
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Figure 52.0 Monarch butterflies
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Figure 52.1 Aerial census for African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in the Serengeti of East Africa
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Figure 52.2 Patterns of dispersion within a population’s geographic range
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Figure 52.2ax2 Clumped dispersion: buffalo, swans, fish, lupine
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Table 52.1 Life Table for Belding Ground Squirrels (Spermophilus beldini) at Tioga Pass, in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California
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Table 52.2 Reproductive Table for Belding Ground Squirrels (Spermophilus beldingi) at Tioga Pass, in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California
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Figure 52.3 Idealized survivorship curves
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Figure 52.4 An example of big-bang reproduction: Agave (century plant)
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Figure 52.5 Cost of reproduction in female red deer on the island of Rhum, in Scotland
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Figure 52.6 Probability of survival over the following year for European kestrels after raising a modified brood
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Figure 52.7 Variation in seed crop size in plants: Dandelion and coconut palm
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Figure 52.8 Population growth predicted by the exponential model
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Figure 52.9 Example of exponential population growth in nature
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Figure 52.10 Reduction of population growth rate with increasing population size (N)
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Table 52.3 A Hypothetical Example of Logistic Population Growth, Where K=1,000 and rmax=0.05 per Individual per Year
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Figure 52.11 Population growth predicted by the logistic model
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Figure 52.12 How well do these populations fit the logistic population growth model?
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Figure 52.14 Decreased fecundity at high population densities
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Figure 52.15 Decreased survivorship at high population densities
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Figure 52.16 Decline in the breeding population of the northern pintail (Anas actua) from 1955 to 1998
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Figure 52.17 Long-term study of the moose (Alces alces) population of Isle Royale, Michigan
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Figure 52.18 Extreme population fluctuations
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Figure 52.19 Population cycles in the snowshoe hare and lynx
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Figure 52.20 Human population growth
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Figure 52.21 Demographic transition in Sweden and Mexico, 1750-1997
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Figure 52.22 Age-structure pyramids for the human population of Kenya (growing at 2.1% per year), the United States (growing at 0.6% per year), and Italy (zero growth) for 1995
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Figure 52.23 Ecological footprint in relation to available ecological capacity
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Figure 53.0 Lion with kill in a grassland community
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Figure 53.1 Testing the individualistic and interactive hypotheses of communities
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Table 53.1 Interspecific Interactions
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Figure 53.2 Testing a competitive exclusion hypothesis in the field
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Figure 53.3a Resource partitioning in a group of lizards
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Figure 53.3bc Anolis distichus (left) and Anolis insolitus (right)
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Figure 53.4 Character displacement: circumstantial evidence for competition in nature
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Figure 53.5 Camouflage: Poor-will (left), lizard (right)
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Figure 53.6 Aposematic (warning) coloration in a poisonous blue frog
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Figure 53.x1 Deceptive coloration: moth with "eyeballs"
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Figure 53.7 Batesian mimicry
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Figure 53.8 Müllerian mimicry: Cuckoo bee (left), yellow jacket (right)
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Figure 53.x2 Parasitic behavior: A female Nasonia vitripennis laying a clutch of eggs into the pupa of a blowfly (Phormia regina)
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Figure 53.9 Mutualism between acacia trees and ants
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Figure 53.x3 Commensalism between a bird and mammal
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Figure 53.10 Examples of terrestrial and marine food chains
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Figure 53.11 An antarctic marine food web
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Figure 53.12 Partial food web for the Chesapeake Bay estuary on the U.S. Atlantic coast
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Figure 53.13 Test of the energetic hypothesis for the restriction on food chain length
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Figure 53.14a Testing a keystone predator hypothesis
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Figure 53.14b Testing a keystone predator hypothesis
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Figure 53.15 Sea otters as keystone predators in the North Pacific
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Figure 53.16 Routine disturbance in a grassland community
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Figure 53.17 Storm disturbance to coral reef communities: Heron Island Reef in Australia
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Figure 53.x4 Environmental patchiness caused by small-scale disturbances: A fallen tree
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Figure 53.18x2 Forest fire
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Figure 53.18 Patchiness and recovery following a large-scale disturbance
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Figure 53.18x1 Large-scale disturbance: Mount St. Helens
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Figure 53.19 A glacial retreat in southeastern Alaska
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Table 53.2 The Pattern of Succession on Moraines in Glacier Bay
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Figure 53.20 Alders and cottonwoods covering the hillsides
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Figure 53.20 Spruce coming into the alder and cottonwood forest
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Figure 53.20 Spruce and hemlock forest
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Figure 53.21 Which forest is more diverse?
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Figure 53.22 Relative abundance of Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) captured in a light trap in Rothamsted, England
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Figure 53.24 Energy and species richness
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Figure 53.25 Species-area curve for North American birds
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Figure 53.26 The hypothesis of island biogeography
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Figure 53.27 Number of plant species on the Galápagos Islands in relation to the area of the island
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Figure 54.0 A terrarium, an example of an ecosystem
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Figure 54.1 An overview of ecosystem dynamics
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Figure 54.2 Fungi decomposing a log
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Figure 54.3 Primary production of different ecosystems
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Figure 54.4 Regional annual net primary production for Earth
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Figure 54.5 Vertical distribution of temperature, nutrients, and production in the upper layer of the central North Pacific during summer
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Figure 54.6 Experiments on nutrient limitations to phytoplankton production in coastal waters of Long Island
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Table 54.1 Nutrient Enrichment Experiments for Sargasso Sea Samples
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Figure 54.7 Remote sensing of primary production in oceans
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Figure 54.8 The experimental eutrophication of a lake
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Figure 54.9 Nutrient addition experiments in a Hudson Bay salt marsh
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Figure 54.10 Energy partitioning within a link of the food chain
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Figure 54.11 An idealized pyramid of net production
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Figure 54.12 Pyramids of biomass (standing crop)
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Figure 54.13 A pyramid of numbers
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Figure 54.14 Food energy available to the human population at different trophic levels
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Figure 54.15 A general model of nutrient cycling
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Figure 54.16 The water cycle
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Figure 54.17 The carbon cycle
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Figure 54.18 The nitrogen cycle
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Figure 54.19 The phosphorous cycle
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Figure 54.20 Review: Generalized scheme for biogeochemical cycles
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Figure 54.21 Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: Concrete dams (left), logged watersheds (right)
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Figure 54.21c Nutrient cycling in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: an example of long-term ecological research
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Figure 54.22 Agricultural impact on soil nutrients
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Figure 54.23a Distribution of acid precipitation in North America and Europe
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Figure 54.23b U.S. map profiling pH averages for precipitation in 1999
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Figure 54.24 We’ve changed our tune
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Figure 54.25 Biological magnification of DDT in a food chain
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Figure 54.26 The increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide and average temperatures from 1958 to 2000
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Figure 54.27a Erosion of Earth’s ozone shield: The ozone hole over the Antarctic
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Figure 54.27b Erosion of Earth’s ozone shield: Thickness of the ozone layer
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Figure 55.0 Deforestation of tropical forests
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Figure 55.00x Deforestation in the United States
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Figure 55.1 Three levels of biodiversity
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Figure 55.2 A hundred heartbeats from extinction: Philippine eagle (left), Chinese river dolphin (right)
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Figure 55.3 The rosy periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus): a plant that saves lives
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Figure 55.4 What scientists learned about ecosystem services from the world’s largest terrarium
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Figure 55.5 Fragmentation of a forest ecosystem
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Figure 55.6 The history of habitat reduction and fragmentation in a Wisconsin forest
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Figure 55.7 Disastrous species introductions: Nile perch (top left), brown tree snake (top right), Argentine ants (bottom left), seaweed Caulerpa (bottom right)
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Figure 55.7x Zebra mussels
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Figure 55.8 The great auk (Pinguinis impennis)
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Figure 55.9 North Atlantic bluefin tuna auctioned in a Japanese fish market
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Figure 55.10 The extinction vortex of the small-population approach
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Figure 55.11 The decline of the greater prairie chicken (Tympanuchus cupido) in central Illinois from 1970 to 1997
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Figure 55.12 Two species of edible plants whose persistence is threatened by habitat loss and overharvesting
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Figure 55.13 Long-term monitoring of a grizzly bear population
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Figure 55.14 Habitat requirements of the red-cockaded woodpecker
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Figure 55.15 Edges between ecosystems
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Figure 55.16 An artificial corridor
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Figure 55.17 Some biodiversity hot spots
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Figure 55.18 The legal and biotic boundaries for grizzly bears in Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks
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Figure 55.19 Zoned reserves in Costa Rica
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Figure 55.19 Local schoolchildren marvel at the diversity of life in one of Costa Rica's reserves
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Figure 55.20b An endangered, endemic species in its unique habitat
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Figure 55.21 The size-time relationship for community recovery from natural (salmon-colored) and human-caused (white) disasters
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Figure 55.22 Restoration of degraded roadsides in the tropics
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Figure 55.23 Biophilia, past and present