Figure 49.0 Bat locating a moth

Figure 49.x1 Chemoreceptors: Snake tongue

Figure 49.2 Sensory transduction by a taste receptor

Figure 49.3 Sensory receptors in human skin

Figure 49.4 Mechanoreception by a hair cell

Figure 49.5 Chemoreceptors in an insect: Female silk moth Bombyx mori releasing pheromones; SEM of male Bombyx mori antenna

Figure 49.6bx Beluga whale pod

Figure 49.6 Specialized electromagnetic receptors: Rattle snake with infrared recpters, beluga whale pod

Figure 49.7 Eye cups and orientation behavior of a planarian

Figure 49.8 Compound eyes

(a)

Figure 49.8x1 SEM of compound eye

Figure 49.8x2 Insect vision: A black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta) as humans see it and in ultraviolet light as visible to an insect

Figure 49.9 Structure of the vertebrate eye

Figure 49.10 Focusing in the mammalian eye

Figure 49.11 Photoreceptors in the vertebrate retina

Figure 49.12 Effect of light on retinal

Figure 49.13 From light reception to receptor potential: A rod cell’s signal-transduction pathway

Figure 49.14 The effect of light on synapses between rod cells and bipolar cells

Figure 49.15 The vertebrate retina

Figure 49.15x Photoreceptor cells

Figure 49.16 Neural pathways for vision

Figure 49.17 Structure and function of the human ear

Figure 49.18 How the cochlea distinguishes pitch

Figure 49.19 Organs of balance in the inner ear

Figure 49.20 The lateral line system in a fish

Figure 49.21 The statocyst of an invertebrate

Figure 49.22 An insect ear

Figure 49.x2 Salmon follow their noses home

Figure 49.23 The mechanism of taste in a blowfly

Figure 49.23x Sensillae (hairs) on the foot of an insect

Figure 49.24 Olfaction in humans

Figure 49.25 The cost of transport

Figure 49.x3 Swimming

Figure 49.x4 Locomotion on land

Figure 49.x5 Flying

Figure 49.26 Energy-efficient locomotion on land

Figure 49.27 Peristaltic locomotion in an earthworm

Figure 49.28a The human skeleton

Figure 49.28b The human skeleton

Figure 49.29 Posture helps support large land vertebrates, such as bears, deer, moose, and cheetahs

Figure 49.30 The cooperation of muscles and skeletons in movement

Figure 49.31 The structure of skeletal muscle

Figure 49.31x1 Skeletal muscle

Figure 49.31x2 Muscle tissue

Figure 49.32 The sliding-filament model of muscle contraction

Figure 49.33 One hypothesis for how myosin-actin interactions generate the force for muscle contraction (Layer 1)

Figure 49.33 One hypothesis for how myosin-actin interactions generate the force for muscle contraction (Layer 2)

Figure 49.33 One hypothesis for how myosin-actin interactions generate the force for muscle contraction (Layer 3)

Figure 49.33 One hypothesis for how myosin-actin interactions generate the force for muscle contraction (Layer 4)

Figure 49.34 Hypothetical mechanism for the control of muscle contraction

Figure 49.35 The roles of the muscle fiber’s sarcoplasmic reticulum and T tubules in contraction

Figure 49.36 Review of skeletal muscle contraction

Figure 49.37 Temporal summation of muscle cell contractions

Figure 49.38 Motor units in a vertebrate muscle

Figure 49.38x Motor units in a vertebrate muscle