FIGURE 4.1 Energy bands for solids. Only conduction-band electrons are free to carry current. Curtis...
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Transcript of FIGURE 4.1 Energy bands for solids. Only conduction-band electrons are free to carry current. Curtis...
![Page 1: FIGURE 4.1 Energy bands for solids. Only conduction-band electrons are free to carry current. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5515178955034673228b4cb9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
FIGURE 4.1 Energy bands for solids. Only conduction-band electrons are free to carry current.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
![Page 2: FIGURE 4.1 Energy bands for solids. Only conduction-band electrons are free to carry current. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5515178955034673228b4cb9/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
FIGURE 4.2 Metal resistance increases almost linearly with temperature.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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![Page 3: FIGURE 4.1 Energy bands for solids. Only conduction-band electrons are free to carry current. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5515178955034673228b4cb9/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
FIGURE 4.3 Line L represents a linear approximation of resistance versus temperature between T1 and T2.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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![Page 4: FIGURE 4.1 Energy bands for solids. Only conduction-band electrons are free to carry current. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5515178955034673228b4cb9/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
FIGURE 4.4 Note the compensation lines in this typical RTD signal-conditioning circuit.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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![Page 5: FIGURE 4.1 Energy bands for solids. Only conduction-band electrons are free to carry current. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5515178955034673228b4cb9/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
FIGURE 4.5 Thermistor resistance versus temperature is highly nonlinear and usually has a negativeslope.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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![Page 6: FIGURE 4.1 Energy bands for solids. Only conduction-band electrons are free to carry current. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5515178955034673228b4cb9/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
FIGURE 4.6 Divider circuit for Example 4.8.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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![Page 7: FIGURE 4.1 Energy bands for solids. Only conduction-band electrons are free to carry current. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5515178955034673228b4cb9/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
FIGURE 4.7 The Seebeck and Peltier effects refer to the relation between emf and temperature in a two-wire system.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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![Page 8: FIGURE 4.1 Energy bands for solids. Only conduction-band electrons are free to carry current. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5515178955034673228b4cb9/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
FIGURE 4.8 Practical measurements with a thermocouple system often employ extension wires to move the reference to a more secure location.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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![Page 9: FIGURE 4.1 Energy bands for solids. Only conduction-band electrons are free to carry current. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5515178955034673228b4cb9/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
FIGURE 4.9 These curves of thermocouple voltage versus temperature for a reference show the different sensitivities and nonlinearities of three types.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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![Page 10: FIGURE 4.1 Energy bands for solids. Only conduction-band electrons are free to carry current. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5515178955034673228b4cb9/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
FIGURE 4.10 A change of reference from 0°C to 20°C is equivalent to sliding the TC curve down in voltage.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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![Page 11: FIGURE 4.1 Energy bands for solids. Only conduction-band electrons are free to carry current. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5515178955034673228b4cb9/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
FIGURE 4.11 Automatic reference correction is now common in TC systems. Frequently thermistors or other solid-state temperature sensors are used for the reference measurement.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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![Page 12: FIGURE 4.1 Energy bands for solids. Only conduction-band electrons are free to carry current. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5515178955034673228b4cb9/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
FIGURE 4.12 Since TC voltages are small, great care must be taken to protect against electrical noise by using shielding, twisting, and differential amplification.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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![Page 13: FIGURE 4.1 Energy bands for solids. Only conduction-band electrons are free to carry current. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5515178955034673228b4cb9/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
FIGURE 4.13 A solid object experiences a physical expansion in proportion to temperature. Here the effect is highly exaggerated.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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![Page 14: FIGURE 4.1 Energy bands for solids. Only conduction-band electrons are free to carry current. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5515178955034673228b4cb9/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
FIGURE 4.14 A bimetal strip will curve when exposed to a temperature change because of different thermal expansion coefficients. Metal thickness has been exaggerated in this view.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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![Page 15: FIGURE 4.1 Energy bands for solids. Only conduction-band electrons are free to carry current. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5515178955034673228b4cb9/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
FIGURE 4.15 Vapor-pressure curve for methyl chloride.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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![Page 16: FIGURE 4.1 Energy bands for solids. Only conduction-band electrons are free to carry current. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5515178955034673228b4cb9/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
FIGURE 4.16 Some solid-state temperature sensors operate like a zener diode whose voltage depends upon temperature.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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![Page 17: FIGURE 4.1 Energy bands for solids. Only conduction-band electrons are free to carry current. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5515178955034673228b4cb9/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
FIGURE 4.17 One possible solution to Example 4.17.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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![Page 18: FIGURE 4.1 Energy bands for solids. Only conduction-band electrons are free to carry current. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5515178955034673228b4cb9/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
FIGURE 4.18 Circuit solution for Example 4.18. Trimmer resistors are used to obtain nonstandard resistance values.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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![Page 19: FIGURE 4.1 Energy bands for solids. Only conduction-band electrons are free to carry current. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5515178955034673228b4cb9/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
FIGURE 4.19 Vapor temperature-control process for Example 4.19.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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![Page 20: FIGURE 4.1 Energy bands for solids. Only conduction-band electrons are free to carry current. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5515178955034673228b4cb9/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
FIGURE 4.20 One possible solution for Example 4.19.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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![Page 21: FIGURE 4.1 Energy bands for solids. Only conduction-band electrons are free to carry current. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5515178955034673228b4cb9/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
FIGURE 4.21 One possible solution for Example 4.20.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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![Page 22: FIGURE 4.1 Energy bands for solids. Only conduction-band electrons are free to carry current. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5515178955034673228b4cb9/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
FIGURE 4.22 Circuit for Problem 4.13.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
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![Page 23: FIGURE 4.1 Energy bands for solids. Only conduction-band electrons are free to carry current. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5515178955034673228b4cb9/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
FIGURE 4.23 Electrical power from a lantern flame using thermocouples. See Problem S4.1.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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![Page 24: FIGURE 4.1 Energy bands for solids. Only conduction-band electrons are free to carry current. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5515178955034673228b4cb9/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
FIGURE 4.24 Use of thermistors for measurement of wind speed in Problem S4.3.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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