Figure 1Mughal dagger Courtesy J. D. Verhoeven
Transcript of Figure 1Mughal dagger Courtesy J. D. Verhoeven
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Figure 1Mughal dagger
Courtesy J. D. Verhoeven
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Figure 2. Portrait of J N Tata, Founder of Tata Steel and the Indian Institute of Science
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Figure 3. The Materials civilisation timeline (after L E Hummel)
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Figure 4. The intensity of use of materials (after M F Ashby)
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Figure 5 Golden mask of Pharaoh Tutankhamen
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Figure 6. Chola bronze image of Nataraja, Velankanni, Government Museum, Chennai, ca AD 1000
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Figure 7. Widmanstatten pattern in meteoritic iron. Note the beautiful geometry of the pattern and the scale visible to the naked eye
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Figure 8. Emperor Gupta looking on, as the Delhi Iron Pillar is being completed and inscribed.
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Figure 9. Cast iron pagoda from China
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Figure 10. Tatara Iron Making in JapanCourtesy T. Inoue
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Figure 11 Tama-hagane- Japanese ironmade in a tatara furnaceCourtesy T. Inoue
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Figure 11. Iron-carbon (Fe-C) diagram and first phase diagram of any alloy to be established, done by Roberts-Austen in 1898 after whom austenite is named ( redrawn from the original).
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Figure 12. Historical evolution of Fe-C diagram (after J. Wadsworth)
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Figure 13. Microstructures of steels (a) ferrite grains in a hypoeutectoidsteel, (b) pearlite lamellae in an eutectoid steel (c) pearlite with cementite at grain boundaries in a hypereutectoid steel (d) martensite from Osmond
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Figure 15. Sir Henry Bessemer, inventor of the Steel Converternamed after him.
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Figure 16. Sketch of an Italian rapier sword
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Figure 17. Greek conqueror Alexander being presented ‘ferrum candidum’ or bright iron by Indian kingPorus.
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Figure 18. Encounter between King Richard and Sultan Saladin, showing off their swords: Richard cuts a steel bar, while Saladinamazingly slices a pillow with a Damascus sword ofwootz steel.
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Figure 19. A view of the fabled Hampi bazaar of theVijayanagara kingdom
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Figure 20. A Deccan painting showing swords kept at hand even during a romantic rendezvous
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Figure 21. Shivaji with soldiers and retinue
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Figure 22. Sword blades of wootz being sheared by the British as part of the disarmamentdrive following the Indian Mutiny of 1857.
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Figure 23 Sword of Tipu SultanCourtesy the Clive Museum
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Figure 24. Tipu, seated on his fabled Tiger Throne looking at his collection of swords, while the sculpture-cum-organ of the Tipu’sTiger with the Englishman being mauled, gives a plaintive cry in the background!.
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Figure 25. A conjectural sketch of Buchanan’s furnace.
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Figure 26. A sword from the Thanjavur armoury
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Figure 27. A Damascus dagger found in Ootacamund
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Figure 28. Michael Faraday, inventor of electricity and investigator of wootz
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Figure 29. Specimen of wootz in Science Museum, London
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Figure 30 Etched structure of Wootz ingot revealing dendrites
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Figure 31. The word for ironsmith (lohar) in Sanskrit as inscribeby Michael Faraday
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Figure 32. A conjecture of Breant in the thick of experiments, finally exclaiming “Enfin! (At last!), Experiment No. 301 shows thatwootz= iron + carbon!” alluding to the astonishing 300 odd experiments he did onwootz steel.
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Figure 33 Sketch of P A Anossoff, Russian Investigator
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Figure 34 Sketch of N. Belaiew
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Figure 35 Sketch of D. K. Tschernoff
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Figure 36 Sketch of Cyril Stanley Smith
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Figure 37. Superplastic flow in ultra high carbon steel (after Sherby)
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Figure 38. Fine grained microstructure Courtesy O. Sherby and J. Wadsworth)
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Figure 39. Banding in V containing steels Courtesy J. D. Verhoeven
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Figure 40 Ladder patternCourtesy J. D. Verhoeven
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Figure 41. Bladesmith Ric Fuller forging ‘Damascus ‘ blades at the Smithsonian Folk Life Festival in Washington Courtesy Ric Fuller
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Figure 42. Sketch of Indonesian Kris
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Figure 43 Steps involved in making the Samurai swordCourtesy T. Inoue
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Figure 44. Sketch of a Japanese samurai warrior with his sword
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Figure 45 Making Japanese samurai swords and testing for fatal errors'
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Figure 46. Sketch of Japanese tsuba – wrought iron guards
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Figure 47 Mokuma gane
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Figure 48 Damask patternCourtesy Manfred Sachse
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Figure 49 Illustration of toughening by laminate compositeCourtesy J Wadsworth
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Figure 50 Wootz Crucible sites in IndiaAfter P. T. Craddock
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Figure 51 Kodumanl crucibles and iron smelting debris
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Figure 52 Artistic conjecture inspired bySangam Tamil literature of poetess Auvaiyarlooking on as chieftainAnci is locked in battle while artisans work overtime to make crucible steel for spears
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Figure 53 Assemblage of crucibles from Mel siruvalur
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Figure 54 Microstructure of a cross section of crucible from Mel-Siruvalur showing globule of steel
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Figure 55 Crucibles collected by K. N. P. RaoCourtesy P. T. Craddock
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Figure 56 Refractory of the crucible Courtesy Thelma Lowe and Gareth Thomas
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Figure 57 Iron Making in Sri Lanka (after Gill Juleff)
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Figure 58 Reconstruction of Furnace used at Merv (From Griffiths and Feuerbach, 1999)
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Figure 59 Sketch of iron making by the Agarias
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Figure 60 Materials Tetrahedron
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•Mechanical: Superplasticity•High strength •Toughness•Damascus Swords
•Ultra high carbon Steel•Ferrite and carbide
•Crucible steel making•Forging
MaterialsHypertetrahedron
Wootz Steel
Image002.gif
Figure 61 Materials hypertetrahedron for Wootz steel
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Figure 62 NanowiresCourtesy W. Kochmann
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Figure 63. Indentation curvesCourtesy W. Kochmann
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Figure 64 Multiscale ModellingCourtesy Greg Olson
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Figure 65. Damascene Cu (Image courtesy IBM)
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