Figure 14.1 Local School District Governance District Administrators Teachers Parents Community...

Figure 14.1Figure 14.1

Local School District Local School District GovernanceGovernance

District Administrators

TeachersParents

Community

School Board

Superintendent

Principal

Local SchoolParents Teachers

Community

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Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.

HennigerThe Teaching Experience:An Introduction to Reflective Practice


Race and Gender of School Race and Gender of School AdministratorsAdministrators

Gender

Male87%

Female13%

Male

Female

Race

White95%

Black2%

Hispanic1%

Other2%

White

Black

Hispanic

Other

Source: Data from “The Changing Face of Education,” by K. Vail, 2001, American School Board Journal, 188(12), pp. 39-42. Reprinted with permission from Education Vital Signs 2001. Copyright 2001 National School Boards Association. All rights reserved.

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Race and Gender of School BoardsRace and Gender of School Boards

Gender

Male61%

Female39% Male

Female

Race

White86%

Black8%

Hispanic4%

Other2%

White

Black

Hispanic

Other

Source: Data from “The Changing Face of Education,” by K. Vail, 2001, American School Board Journal, 188(12), pp. 39-42. Reprinted with permission from Education Vital Signs 2001. Copyright 2001 National School Boards Association. All rights reserved.

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State Governance of State Governance of SchoolsSchools State Legislature

Laws and regulations regarding state board anddepartment of educationLaws and regulations on educationState education budgets

State CourtsInterprets laws

State Board of EducationGeneral oversight of state education issues

Governor’s OfficeBudget plansLobby legislation

State Department of Education(Chief state school officer is head administrator)School accreditationCertify teachers and administratorsDistribute state and federal money for education

Local School Districts

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Key Staff, Texas Department of EducationKey Staff, Texas Department of Education

Commissioner of Education (Chief State School Officer)

Deputy Commissioner for Initiative and Administration

Assistant Commissioner, Statewide Initiatives Assistant Commissioner, Governmental Relations Managing Director, Charter Schools Chief of Operations Managing Director, Fiscal Management

Deputy Commissioner for Finance and Accountability

Associate Commissioner, Quality, Compliance, and Accountability Reviews Associate Commissioner, Finance and Support Systems Managing Director, Information Systems Associate Commissioner, Accountability Reporting and Research

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(continued)


Key Staff, Texas Department of Education Key Staff, Texas Department of Education (continued)(continued)

Deputy Commissioner for Programs and Instruction

Associate Commissioner, Curriculum, Assessment, & Technology Managing Director, Curriculum and Professional Development Associate Commissioner, Continuing Education and School Improvement Managing Director, Continuing Education Associate Commissioner, Special Populations

Source: Retrieved November 8, 2001, from http://www.tea.state.tx.us/hr/chart.html

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State Budget (Percent) Allocated to State Budget (Percent) Allocated to EducationEducation

30.3

27.2

Source: Data from “State of the States: A Statistical Portrait of U.S. Schools,” 2001, American School Board Journal, 188(12), pp. 43-49. Reprinted with permission from Education Vital Signs 2001. Copyright 2001 National School Boards Association. All rights reserved.

27.4

19.0

17.1

17.0

24.1

N/A

29.528.6

23.9

19.6

20.6

17.8

17.3

13.7

29.5

24.3

16.7

24.9

19.5

18.7

24.1

19.7

21.1

25.024.7

20.9

19.531.6

25.6

20.7

18.616.9

23.6

18.1

18.2

19.9

26.326.0

18.8

17.5

22.3

22.5

20.5

28.7

14.4

13.8

16.6

U.S. Average: 22.5%

19.5

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Federal Government Involvement in Federal Government Involvement in EducationEducation U.S. Congress

Laws related to educationBudgets for education issues

Federal CourtsInterpreting laws

PresidencyLobbying Congress

Educational attitudes

U.S. Department of EducationNational leadership for education

Clearinghouse for educational innovationEnsuring nondiscrimination for use of federal

funds

Department of Health and Human Services

Head Start

Department of AgricultureSchool lunch program

School breakfast program

State Educational Efforts

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Table 14.1Table 14.1

Other Groups Shaping Educational PoliciesOther Groups Shaping Educational Policies

Group Description

Business The need for highly skilled workers entering the workforce has led to increased numbers of business/education partnerships.

Special interest groups

These organizations have an interest in education and work to influence its direction both locally and nationally.

College and university faculty

College and university faculty associated with teacher education programs shape the profession through their role in the preparation of future teachers.

Professional education associations

Professional education associations lobby for better schooling and also help identify best practices for the profession.

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Financial Support for K-12 EducationFinancial Support for K-12 Education

School Year

Federal (%) State (%) Local (%)

1919-1920 0.3 16.5 83.2

1941-1942 1.4 31.4 67.1

1951-1952 3.5 38.6 57.9

1961-1962 4.3 38.7 56.9

1971-1972 8.9 38.3 52.8

1981-1982 7.4 47.6 45.0

1991-1992 6.6 46.4 47.0

1997-1998 6.8 48.4 44.8

Source: From Digest of Education Statistics, by National Center for Education Statistics, 2000, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

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State Per-Pupil Funding for Education*State Per-Pupil Funding for Education*

6384

4372

Source: Data from “State of the States: A Statistical Portrait of U.S. Schools,” 2001, American School Board Journal, 188(12), pp. 43-49. Reprinted with permission from Education Vital Signs 2001. Copyright 2001 National School Boards Association. All rights reserved.

6255

6085

6391

5632

6463

7928

73575386

6496

4968

6390

9031

7660

6115

6789

5943

7050

8453

5269

5982

6003

6707

5283

5968 6478

7190

83638045

7754

9935

57336586

6028

6750

6809

7656

68297565

8321

7773

8752

10,787

8527

7302

9188

10,135

9515

U.S. Average: 7079

5983

*Estimate for 2000-2001.

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Recent Funding OptionsRecent Funding OptionsOption Description

Schools for profit

Private enterprise takes over failing schools in a last-ditch effort to improve teaching and learning.

School district foundations

School districts are creating nonprofit foundations to receive gifts from individuals and corporations.

Booster clubs

Parents and interested community members create a club to provide assistance to a single school and focus their energy and fund-raising efforts on a specific aspect of school activity.

User fees Certain services such as driver education programs, swimming instruction, certain types of school supplies, participation in athletics, and bus use are being paid for in some schools through fees charged to those using the services.

Leasing facilities and services

Some schools are leasing unused facilities to community organizations or local businesses to generate revenue.

Advertising on school property

Some schools are allowing advertising on school buses, on homework handouts, and on educational television programming broadcast in the schools as a method of fund-raising.

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